第一篇:水利专业英语
长江三峡
【内容提示】
请用英语写一篇描写长江三峡的文章,内容要求如下:
①长江三峡闻名于全世界。
②沿三峡有许多美丽的名胜。
③在三峡的入口处建有葛洲坝水电站。
④改革开放以来,长江三峡发生了巨大变化,呈现出新面貌。
⑤现在长江三峡上正在建设一座大型水利枢纽工程。
⑥三峡的建设将会更加有益于人民,为中国做出更大贡献。
【作文示范】The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
The Three Gorges are situated ① in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and are famous throughout the world.The Three Gorges are: the Xiling Gorge(西陵峡), Wu Gorge(巫峡)and Qutang Gorge(瞿塘峡).Along with them there are a number of beautiful places of interest, such as, Zhaojun Village, Qu Yuan Temple and Baidi Town.The Gezhouba Dam is at the entrance to the Gorges.A big power station has been built here.Since the reform and open policies began to be carried out, great changes
have taken place and the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River have taken on a new look.At present a large multipurpose water conservancy project ② is under construction.The Three Gorges will benefit ③ the people more and make greater contributions to China.【词语解释】
①be situated(in)位于„„
②large multi-purpose water conservancy project 大型水利枢纽工程
③benefit['benifit] v 有益于
【写法指要】
这是一篇景点描写文。这类文章一般包括三部分:开头是总的介绍,引出主题;中间是正文部分,具体介绍此地、此景的特色,如著名的风景、名胜古迹,著名建筑等。本文的正文部分有两个自然段,第二段写美丽的名胜和景点,第三段写著名的建筑。第三部分是结尾,一般是作者的建议、感想或总结性的话。本篇结尾是作者的感想。
【词汇】
•Permeat 渗入,渗透=percolate=seepage
•overlay 覆盖
•impair 损害
•raw 原状的,原始的•available 可利用的•sanitary 卫生的,保健的•basin 盆地,流域
•hydrologic 水文学的,水文的•hydrologic cycle 水循环
•precipitation 降水,降雨
•runoff 径流
•percolate 渗透
•drought 干旱季节,旱灾
•vadose渗流 infiltration
•flowage 泛滥,积水
•sub-surface water 地下水
•flooding 洪水泛滥,漫灌
•levee堤 ;筑堤
•deluge洪水;大雨,暴雨
•meandering蜿蜒的;曲流的•winding曲折的;弯曲的;迂回的•erode侵蚀;冲刷;腐蚀
•enhancement增加 提高
•objectionable不适合的•sluice-way=sluiceway 泄洪道
•ungated无门的;闭塞的•orifice孔口;管口
•detention basin蓄洪区;拦洪区
•retarding basin滞洪水库
•abutment坝座
•embankment土堤
•impermeable 不渗透的,不透水
•uplift 上托力,扬压力,上举
•heel坝踵,上游坡脚
•tailwater尾水,尾水位
•toe 坝趾,坡脚,坝脚
•pretest 事先实验
•fieldtest野外试验
•tensile拉力的•factor系数,倍数,因素
•coefficient折算率,程度
•chute斜槽,瀑布,泻物架
•infiltration 渗流
•spillway 溢洪道
•stage construction 分期施工
•drainage basin流域
•50-year frequency flood 五十年一遇洪水
•outlet works泄水(排水,河口)工程
•discharge capacity 泄水能力
•soil conservation 土壤保持
•water and soil erosion 水土流失
•flow hydrograph流量过程线
•the Yangtze River 长江
•the estimated flow径流量
•MississippiRiver密西西比河
•water table地下水位
•soil erosion土壤侵蚀
•the outer curve 凹岸
take。。for granted 认为。。是理所当然的•storage reservoir 蓄水库
•flooding control reservoir 防洪水库
•distribution reservoir 配水水库
•multipurpose reservoir 综合利用水库
•flood-mitigation reservoir减洪水库,滞洪水库
•peakflow洪峰流量;洪水
•flood peak洪峰=flood crest
•storage capacity 蓄水库容,库容
•spillway crest溢洪道顶部
•sediment deposits泥沙沉积;
•seepage water 渗水
•impervious blanket不透水铺盖
•drainage blanket排水铺盖
•allowable stress允许应力,•runoff characteristics径流特征
•reservoir inflow design flood入库设计洪水
•stream flow 河川流量
•emergency spillway非常溢洪道
•synthetic curve综合曲线;
•curved dam弧形坝 拱形坝
•sluice gate弧形坝
•abutment坝座,桥台,岸墩
•tensilestress拉应力
•breaking stress 破坏应力
Lesson4
1)The water table level is highest under the highest parts of the surface, and lowest under thel„„the water table, while seepage from the ground-water zone into creeks and lakes lowers thelevel.在地面最高的地方,地下水位也最高;而在地面最低的地方,地下水位就最低。丘陵和 山脉的地下水位比峡谷和湖泊的地下水位高。这是因为水通过包气带不断地渗透提高了 地下水位;地下水层的渗流进入河沟和湖泊,从而降低了地下水位。
The depth of the water table below the land surface is greatest „„if not at the surface, aswater from the higher areas builds it up.在山区高地,地下水位的埋藏深度最大,在重力作用下,那里的地下水非常顺畅地向下 流动。靠近河流、湖泊和沼泽地区时,地下水位即使未达到地表,也接近地表,因为水 从较高的地方汇集而来使地下水位升高。
These vast underground water deposits provide much needed moisture „„in similar ways to surface water,also performing geomorphic work as an agent of gradation.这些广阔的地下含水层为干旱地区和灌溉区域提供了迫切需要的水分。地下水的作用与地表水的作用相似,也以均夷作用塑造着地貌。
During precipitation water infiltrates into the ground,under the influence of gravity,„„height depending on soil characteristics and rainfall supply。
在降雨期间,水渗入地下。在重力的影响下,这种水通过土壤颗粒间的孔隙向下流动直至水流到达不透水岩层为止。向下移动的过量水分,充满了土壤颗粒之间的孔隙,挤出了土壤中的空气。在雨水过多时,整个土壤剖面达到饱和状态,而在干旱时期就不存在饱和土壤。通常,饱和土壤的上部界限称为地下水位,约在地面以下一米,其高度取决于土壤特性和降雨量。
Lesson8
When a barrier is constructed across„拦筑一条像坝的障碍时,水就被拦蓄在障碍物的上游并形成水塘,通常称之为水库。Broadly speaking„总而言之,被蓄集在水塘或湖泊里的水就称为水库。水库所蓄的水可有多种用途。水库根据其用途可分为以下几类:①蓄水水库②防洪水库③配水水库④综合利用水库。
Storage or conservation reservoirs„蓄水水库城市给水、灌溉供水或直接从河流中取水的水电工程或者溪流,在枯水期,也许不能满足用户的需要;在丰水期,由于洪水泛滥他们可能又无法发挥作用。蓄水水库在洪峰期能拦蓄多余的水量,而在枯水期需要水的时候又能平缓的把水放出。Incidentally„顺便提一下,蓄水出了今后的用水外蓄洪还可能减少书库下游的洪水灾害。因此,数以哭可以用于防洪或者还有别的用途。前一种情况称为“防洪水库”,而后一种情况称为“综合利用水库”。
Flooding control reservoirs
防洪水库。防洪水库一般称之为减洪水库,以拦蓄一部分洪水流量的方式降低洪峰,保护下游地区,为了达到这一目的,流进水库的水是全部排放,直到排水流量达到下游河槽的安全泄量为止。超过这个血量的入流量就蓄存在水库的,待洪峰消退后,再逐渐排放,为迎战下一次洪水恢复蓄洪容积。
Lesson11
Dams are classified on the basis of the type and materials of construction… for the remainder of their length.坝按其形式和建筑材料分为:重力坝、拱坝、支墩坝和土坝。前三种坝通常是用混凝土浇筑的。重力坝依靠自重维持稳定,通常在平面上呈直线状,不过有时略带点弧形。拱坝通过拱的作用把水的水平推力中的大部分传给拱座,因此,它的横截面比重力坝单薄些。拱坝只用于崖壁能承受拱作用所产生的推力的峡谷中。各种支墩坝中最简单的是平板坝,它是由许多支墩间隔地支撑着倾斜的面板。土坝是一种由土或石料填筑而成并借助于不透水的心墙或上游铺盖防渗透的土堤。在一座大坝的结构中可包含不止一种坝形。弧形坝可以把重力作用和拱作用结合起来,以利坝的稳定。长坝常常有一个包括溢洪道、泄水闸在内的混凝土坝段,其余坝段是用土或石填筑的副坝。
Lesson15
In the first aspect, the flow is studied for periods of drought and periods of excess water in
relation „„methods are available in various texts, journals, and reports to estimate stream flow.第一方面,要联系工程开发中的用水情况,按枯水期和丰水期来研究流量。优先的用水权必 须调查清除,并纳入研究中。要做出若干年一段时期内河川径流的累积曲线,以便确定可利 用的水量。累计曲线表示一定时期内通过河道上某一地点的累计总水量。遗憾的是,大部分 小河流上都没有足够的记录可用以编制水文资料。工程技术人员通常都从相邻的河流数据和 雨量资料编制出综合曲线。从各种教材、杂志和报告中也可以得到各种估算河川流量的方法。
An advanced procedure to estimate the maximum flood is to transpose storms producing greatfloods in „„combined with other flood-contributing characteristics of the basin(includingmelting snow)to produce the flood hydrograph.估算最大洪水的一种先进方法是将该地区内能产生大洪水的暴雨转换成流域的洪水,将所得 出的洪水加以分析,就可以用来确定洪峰流量和流量过程线。流量过程线是表示洪水产生特 性的流量-时间关系曲线。如果用综合流域内的其他洪水形成特性(包括融雪)来研究最大 可能降水量,则也可以得到相似的方法求出洪水过程线。
第二篇:水利专业英语课文标题
Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环
Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学
Lesson 4 underground water 地下水
Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质
Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库
Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性
Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 Lesson 11 dams 坝
Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝
Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道
Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力
Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水
Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机
Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电
Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量(微差水准测量)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备
Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价
Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文
第三篇:水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
strain meter 应变计
temperature sensor 温度传感器 terminal station 集线站 set out 放线、放样 stake-line 测桩线
state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标其他(Others)check hole 检查孔 compartment 灌区 dense mix 浓浆
foundation uplift 基础隆起 grout hole 灌浆孔
instrument hole 仪器孔
primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一序、二序、三序灌浆孔
spilt spacing 加密灌浆孔距 waste mix 弃浆
◆ 测量(Survey)
测量方法及术语(Methods and Terms)adjust 校正、调整 adjustment平差 allowance 容许误差 backsight point 后视点 basic point 基础点 bench mark 水准点 compass 罗盘
chainage(station number)桩号 chain of triangulation 三角锁 check 校核、对照 control point 控制点 coordinate point 坐标点 datum 基础面
datum point 基准点 deviation 偏差
easily identifiable point 容易识别点 error 误差
first order triangulation 一等三角测量 geodetic 大地测量学的
geodetic surveying 大地测量 joint survey 联合测量 known point 已知点 level surface 水准面
local triangulation networks 局部三角网 national coordination system 国家坐标网 observe 观测、监视
point to be located 待定点 position 定位、位置
reconnaissance 选点、踏勘 reference point 参考点
second order triangulation 二等三角测量
系
survey point 测点
theoretical point 理论点
traverse(polygon)导线(测量)、横断 error of traverse 导线闭合差 lattice traverse 网格状导线 long side traverse 长导线 open traverse 非闭合导线 short side traverse 短导线 traverse closure 导线闭合 traverse station 导线点 traverse survey 导线测量 triangulation 三角测量
triangulation network 三角网
triangulation of high order 高等级三角网triangulation point 三角点 trilateration 三边测量
vertical-control net 高程控制网 wood pile 木桩
角度测量(Angular Measure)azimuth 方位角
bearing 方位、象限角 buddle 气泡、水准器 circle 度盘、圆盘
circular bubble 圆水准器 collimation axis 视准轴
cross-line(cross-hair)十字丝 depression angle 俯角 elevation angle 仰角 eyepiece(ocular)目镜 field pole(staff)标杆 foot-screw 脚螺栓
horizontal angle 水平角 mark 标志(明)objective lens 物镜
plumb(plummet)铅垂、垂线 sight 瞄准、观测 target 目标、瞄准 theodolite 经纬仪 tranverse axis 横轴 tripod 三脚架
vertical angle 竖直角 vertical axis 竖轴
望远镜(Telescope)
centering 对中 face left 盘左 face right 盘右 focus 集中、焦点 focusing 调焦
index error 指标误差
inverted position of telescope(reverse telescope)倒镜、盘右
normal position of telescope(direct telescope)正镜、盘右
optical plummet 光学垂准器 round 测回 set 套、组 station 测站
距离测量(Distance Measure)barometer 气压计
base line(basic line/datum line)基线 battery 电池
EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement)电磁波测距
filter 滤光片、滤波器
laser alignment system 激光准直系统 laser beam 激光束 prism 棱镜
range 测程、距离 long range 远程 medium range 中程 short range 短程 range finder 测距仪 signal 信号
spring balance 弹簧称 tape 卷尺
invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺
高程测量(Height Measurement)altitude/elevation 高程、海拔
approximate leveling近似置平、粗平automatic level 自动定平水准仪 difference in altitude(difference of elevation ,height difference)高差
error of closure in leveling 水准闭合差 exact leveling 精平、确置平level 水准仪(测点)level circuit 水准闭合环 level shoe 水准尺垫 line of level 水准线路
national geodetic vertical datum 国家大地高程基准面
reduced level 归化高差 run back 返测 run out 往测
three-wire leveling 三丝法水准测量 地形测量(Topographic Survey)boundary 边界、界线
construction stake 施工标桩 contour 等高线
contour interval 等高距 contouring 绘等高线
contour-length method 等高线延长法 contour line 等高线 control network 控制网 detail 细部、详图 draw 绘图 field 外业
fix 固定、确定 form line 地形图 grid 格网
information 注记、资料、情报 marginal information 轮廓注记 large-scale 大比例尺的 latitude 纬度、范围 latitude circle 纬圈 latitude line 纬线 legend 图例
location 定线、定位 longitude 经度 longitude line 经线 map 地图、制图
mapping 制图、测图、地质 素描 match line 拼接线
monument 标石、石柱 object 地物、目标 plan平面图、略图 plot 绘图
profile 断面(图)、纵剖图 record 记录、资料 setup 定置仪器 site location 定位
stake out 放样、定线、立桩 symbol 符号、记号
topographic detail 地形细部 topographic map 地形图
◆原形观测观测仪器和设施{Instrumentation and Facilities)
air-entraining meter 掺气剂 Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计 concrete strain meter 砼应变计 convergent point 收敛测点 direct plumb line 正垂线 earth pressure cell 土压力盒
embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计 embankment strain meter 堤应变计 extended wire 引张线
foundation piezometer 基础渗压计 horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪 hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器 hydrophone 水听器
inclinometer casing 测斜管
interface joint meter 界面变位计 inverted plumb line 倒垂线 micro piezometer 微压计
multiple position extensometer 多点位移计 observation point 观测标点 observation well 观测井
optical alignment line 视准线 plate strain meter 钢板计
pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计 pressure fluctuation meter 脉动压力计 prestressed tendon anchorage dynamometer 预应力锚索测力计 rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计 single point extensometer 单点位移计 spiral sensor 测扭仪 standpipe 测压管
strong-motion seismogragh 强震仪 surface monument 表面标点 temperature sensor 温度传感器 terminal house 终端房 terminal station 终端站 tilt meter 倾角计
time average pressure cell 时均压力计 total pressure cell 总压力盒 velometer 流速计
vertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪
vibrating wire piezometer 震旋式渗压计 vibrating wire settlement sensor 振旋式沉降仪
weir with micro piezometer 带微压计的量水堰working base point 工作基点
zero stress-strain meter 砼无应力计
附件及配件(Acessories and Spare Parts)coil 盘绕
component 零部件 coordinator 坐标仪 damping box 阻尼角
differential resistance 差动电阻
double layer rubber sleeve 双层保护 forced centering plate 强制对中盘 instrument lead 仪器电缆 invar wire 铟瓦丝 metal ring 金属环
plumb coordinate meter 垂线坐标仪 pulley 滑轮
regulator 调节器 riser 立管
sensor 传感器 spool 绕轴
steel socket 钢底座 tablet 药片
tensioning weight 张拉重锤 thermistor 热敏电阻 tip 测头
安装过程(Procession of Installation)assemble 组装 couple 连接 embed 埋设 install 安装 insulate 绝缘
maintenance 维护 monitor 监测
protection of instrumentation 仪器保护 reduce 归纳 seal 密封 splice 拼接 supply 提供 test 测试
资料(Information)
assemble schematic 装配简图 certificate 合格证书 description 使用说明书
maintenace guideline 维护指南 manual 说明书
operating principle 工作原理 operating restraint 操作范围 procedure 程序
trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌分析程序其他(Others)
annular space 环行空间 data acquisition 数据采集
data recording 数据记录 leas drilling hole 引线孔 permanent record 永久记录 readout device 读数设备 saturated 饱和的
seepage isolation dike 截渗堤 trapezoidal 梯形 ◆水工常规试验
砼原材料试验(Test of Raw and Processed Material of Concrete)骨料(Aggregate)
abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler 洛杉机磨耗量
accumulated retained percentage 累计筛余百分率
acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与片状颗粒含量
alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应 apparent density 视密度
bulk density(unity weight)容重
clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate 黏土块及易碎颗粒含量
coefficient of softening 软化系数 crush index 压碎指标 dry state 干燥状态
exceeding and inferior grain in aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量 fineness modulus 细度模数 gaping place rate 空隙率
grader retained percentage 分计筛余百分率 grain composition 颗粒级配 grain size 粒径
lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含量 mica content 云母含量
moisture content(water rate)含水率 mud content 含泥量
organic content 有机质含量
potential reactivity of aggregate 骨料潜在活性 saturation 饱和的
sieving curve 筛分曲线
soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含量 soundness 坚固性
surface moisture content 表面含水率 water-soluble sulphide 水溶性硫化物 水硬性胶凝材料(Hydraulicity cementitious material)age 龄期
cement mark(strength of cement /cement grade)水泥标号
consumptive use of water normal consistance 标准稠度用水量
degree of mobilization 流动性
dissolution heat(solution heat)溶解热 final set 终凝
flexural strength 抗弯强度 flyash 粉煤灰
hydration heat 水化热 initial set 初凝
loss on ignition(ignition loss)烧矢量 setting time 凝结时间 silica fume 硅粉
soundness 水泥的安定性
specific surface area 比表面积 specific heat 比热
water demand ratio 吸水量比 外加剂(Admixture)
bubble stability 泡沫稳定性 bubbling ability 起泡能力 chloride content 氯化物含量
compressive strength rate 抗压强度比 contract with dry rate 干缩率 dispersing coefficient 分散系数 dispersing ability of water
-reducing agent 减水剂分散能力 loss of slump 塌落度损失 sulphate content 硫酸盐含量 solid content 固体含量 surface tension 表面张力 water-reducing rate 减水率 水(Water)alkalinity 碱度 calcion 钙离子 carbonic acid 钙酸 chlorion 氯离子
equivalent concentration 当量浓度 oxygen consumption 耗氧量 normal solution(standard solution)标准溶液 PH value PH值
water analysis 水值分析 砼(Concrete)
砼拌和物(Mixture)
assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度 bleeding rate 泌水率 cement-sand ration 灰砂比
design strength of concrete 砼设计标号 flowability of concrete 砼的流动性
mix proportion(proportion of mixture)砼配合比
mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性
penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法 probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼强度保证率 sand rate 砂率
unit consumption of water 单位用水量
water retention(water retentiveness)保水性 water-cement ratio 水灰比
硬化砼(Hardened concrete)axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度
coefficient of thermal conductivity 导热系数 cooling rate 冷却率 core of concrete 砼芯样
creep deformation(time deformation)徐变变形
form coefficient(form factor)形状系数 freezing-melting circulation 冻融循环 frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号
heat property of concrete 砼热学性能 height-diameter ration 高径比
linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数 loss of weight 重量损失 natural frequency 自振频率 permeate 渗透
permeated height 渗透高度
permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号
relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗透系数
resonance frequency 共振频率 sample 试件
self-grown volume deformation(砼)自生体积变形
splitting tensile strength 劈裂抗拉强度
static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力抗压弹数
temperature conductivity 导温系数
tensile modulus of elasticity 抗拉弹性模量 thermal insulation warming 绝热温升 ultimate tensile strain 极限拉应变
ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度 wear rate 磨损率
wear-resisting strength 抗冲磨强度
砂浆(Cement)
cement lime mortar 水泥石灰砂浆 cement mortar 水泥砂浆
cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土砂浆 epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆 lime mortar 石灰砂浆
plastering mortar 抹面砂浆 pointing joint mortar 勾缝砂浆 土(Soil)
accumulation curve(cumulative curve)累计曲线
activity index 活性指标 angle of friction 摩擦角
Atterberg limits(water content as limit)阿太堡界限(界限含水量)
California bearing ratio 载重比 coarse-grained soil 粗粒土
coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数 coefficient of cubical
compressibility 体积压缩系数 coefficient of curvature 曲率系数 compression 压缩
compression index 压缩指数 compression modulus 压缩模数
consolidated-undrained(quick)shear test 固结不排水剪(固结快剪)试验
consolidated-drained(slow)shear test 固结不排水剪(慢剪)试验 consolidation 固结
consolidation coefficient 固结系数 consolidation settlement 固结沉降 consolidation stress 固结应力
continuous grading/gradation 连接级配 contraction test(shrinkage test)收缩试验 core cutter method 环刀法 creep curve 蠕变曲线
critical slope 逸出坡降(临界坡降)Darcy's law 达西定律
degree of consolidation 固结度 degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率 direct shear test 直接剪切试验
direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试验
distribution curve 分布曲线
drift soil(shifting soil/mass flow)流土
effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角 effective strength envelope 有效强度包线 expansion force 膨胀力
expansion ration(specific expansion)膨胀率 filtering flow(seepage flow)渗流 fine-grained soil 细粒土 flow net(drift net)流网 hydraulic slope 水力坡降
hydrometer method 比重计法
hydrostatic head method 常水头法 limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态 liquefaction 液化 liquid limit 液限
liquidity index 液化指标
maximum dry density 最大干密度 method of sieving 筛分法
Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆
Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-库伦破坏准则
normal stress 法向应力(正应力)oedometer curve 压缩曲线
optimum moisture content 最优含水量 piping 管涌
plastic limit 塑限
plasticity index 塑性指标
pore water pressure 空隙水压力 porosity 空隙率
principal stress 主应力
Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验 relative density 相对密度
sand replacement method 灌砂法 saturability(saturation degree/percent saturation)饱和度
saturated unit weight 饱和容重 seepage deformation 渗透变形
seepage force(seepage pressure)渗透力 seepage line 渗透线
seepage speed 渗透速度
shear stress 切向应力(剪应力)shrinkage limit 缩限
skip(gap/jump)grading 间断级配
specific gravity of soil particle 土粒比重 steady seepage field 稳定渗流场 stress path 应力路径
total strength envelope 总强度包线 triaxial compression test 三轴压缩试验
unconfined compression strength 无侧限抗压强度
unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水
剪(快剪)试验
variable head method 变水头法 void(pore)ratio 孔隙比
water replacement method 灌水法 wet density 湿密度 其它建筑材料 钢筋(steel)
bending and unbending 反复弯曲 cold bending test 冷弯试验 elongation test 拉伸试验 nominal diameter 公称直径 ratio of elongation 伸长率 relaxation test 松弛试验 steel strand 钢绞线
tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度 ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度木材(Wood)
curshing strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗压强度
tensile strength paralled to the grain 顺纹抗拉强度
crushing strength across th e grain 横纹抗压强度
tensile strength across to the grain 横纹抗拉强度 沥青(Asphalt)
brittle temperature test 脆化点试验 expansion test 延伸度试验 penetration test 针入式试验 softening point test 软化点试验 test of aging 老化试验 viscosity test 粘滞性试验
质量管理(Quality Management)average平均值
deviation standard(error of mean squares)均方差
deviation coefficient(dispersion coefficient)离差系数
index of correlation 相关系数 management limit 管理界限 mathematic statistics 数理统计 maximum 最大值 minimum 最小值
normal distribution 正态分布 quality assurance 质量保证 quality examination 质量检测 regression curve 回归曲线
relative dampness 相对湿度 sample capacity 样本容量 sampling frequency 取样频率 specimen 样品
statistical analysis 统计分析 technical specification 技术规范 technical standard 技术标准 testing circumstance 试验环境 testing error 试验误差
testing regulation 试验规程 variance analysis 方差分析 ◆地质(Geology)地质年代(Geochronology of Geologic Ages)
Archaeozoic era(erathem)太古代(界)Proterozoic era(erathem)元古代(界)Palaeozoic era(erathem)古生代(界)Mesozoic era(erathem)中生代(界)Cenozoic era(erathem)新生代(界)Sinian period(system)震旦纪(系)Cambrian period(system)寒武纪(系)Ordovician period(system)奥陶纪(系)Silurian period(system)志留纪(系)Devonian period(system)泥盘纪(系)
Carboniferous period(system)石碳纪(系)Permian period(system)二叠纪(系)Triassic period(system)三叠纪(系)Jurassic period(system)侏罗纪(系)Cretaceous period(system)白垩纪(系)Tertiary period(system)第三纪(系)Quaternary period(system)第四纪(系)地质构造(Geologic Structural)fault 断层
normal fault 正断层 reversed fault 逆断层 parallel fault平移断层 gouge 断层泥 stria 擦痕 joint 节理
primary joint 原生节理 secondary joint 次生节理 tension joint 张节理
unloading joint 卸荷节理 schistosity 片理 bedding 层理
foliation 板理(叶理)ripple mark 波痕
mud crack 泥痕 rain print 雨痕
orientation of bedrock 岩层产状 strike 走向 dip 倾向
angle of dip(dip angle)倾角 fold 褶皱
anticline 背斜 syncline 向斜
Monocline(homocline)单斜 dome 穹隆
soft stratum 软弱岩层
zone of fracture(broken zone)破碎带affected zone 影响带 platy structure 板状构造 cleavage 解理
fracture(rupture)断裂
fissure(crack/fracture)裂隙 岩石类型(Rock type)petrology 岩石学 igneous rock 火成岩 magmatic rock 岩浆岩 lava(vocanic rock)火山岩 intrusive(invade)rock 侵入岩 effusive rock 深成岩 pypabussal rock 浅成岩 acid rock 酸性岩
inter-mediate rock 中性岩 basic rock 基性岩
ultrabasic rock 超基性岩 granite 花岗岩 porphyry 斑岩 rhyolite 玢岩 syenite 流纹岩 trachyte 粗面岩 diorite 闪长岩 andesite 安山岩 gabbro 辉长岩 basalt 玄武岩 aplite 细晶岩
pegmatite 伟晶岩 lamprophyre 煌斑岩 diabase 辉绿岩 dunite 橄榄岩 pumice 浮岩
sedimentary rock 沉积岩 clastic rock 碎屑岩
clay rock 黏土岩
chemical rock 化学岩 biolith 生物岩
conglomerate 砾岩 siltstone 粉砂岩 mudstone 泥岩 shale 页岩
saline rock 盐岩 limestone 石灰岩 dolomite 白云岩 marl 泥灰岩
volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩
volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩tuff 凝灰岩
metamorphic rock 变质岩 slate 板岩 phyllite 千枚岩 schist 片岩 gneiss 片麻岩 quartzite 石英岩 marble 大理岩 mylonite 糜棱岩 migmatite 混合岩 cataclasite 碎裂岩
sediment(deposit)沉积物(层)boulder 漂石、顽石 cobble 卵石 gravel 砾石 sand 砂
siltstone 粉土 clay 黏土
sandy clay 砂质黏土 clayey sand 粘质砂土 sandy loam 壤土、亚黏土 regolith(topsoil)浮土、表土 loess 黄土 laterite 红土 peat 泥炭
ooze 软泥、海泥
造岩矿物(Rock-forming Minerals)talc 滑石 gypsum 石膏 calcite 方解石 fluorite 萤石 apatite 磷灰石 feldspar 长石
quartz 石英 topaz 黄玉 corundum 刚玉 diamand 金刚石 orthoclase 正长石 plagloclase 斜长石 biotite 黑云母 muscovite 白云母 amphibole 角闪石 phroxene 辉石 olivine 橄榄石 dolomite 白云石 kaolinite 高岭石
montmorillonite 蒙脱石 bentonite 斑脱石、膨润土 illite 伊力石
garnet 石榴子石 chlorite 绿泥石 serpentine 蛇纹石 pyrite 黄铁矿 hematite 赤铁矿 magnetite 磁铁矿 limonite 褐铁矿
工程地质(Engineering Geology)
Geotechnics(geotechnique)土工学(土工技术、岩石工程)
rock mechanics 岩石力学 soil mechanics 土力学
geomechanics 地质力学、岩石力学 engineering geological conditons 工程地质条件
engineering geological problem 工程地质问题rock mass structure 岩体结构
geographic and geomorphic conditions 地形地貌条件
geophysical phenomenon 物理地质现象 hydrogeological conditions 水文地质条件 natural materials 天然材料 reservoir 水库 settlement 沉降 displacement 位移 deformation 变形
tectonic stress 构造应力 residual stress 残余应力
angle of internal friction 内摩擦角 cohesion 内聚力(粘聚力、凝聚力)pressure tunnel 压力隧洞
underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室 overburden 覆盖物
bed rock(base rock/foundation rock)基岩 firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石 weak/soft rock 软弱岩石 interbed 夹层
zone of fracture(broken zones)破碎带 homogeneity 均质性
nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性 alluvium 冲积物(层)
proluvium(diluvium)洪积物(层)deluvium 坡积物(层)eluvium 残积物(层)
eolian deposit 风积物(层)lake deposit 湖积物(层)marine deposit 海积物(层)
glacial(drift)deposit 冰川沉积物(层)colluvial deposit(colluvium)崩积物(层)isotropy 各向同性 anisotropy 各向异性
矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of Minerals)hardness 硬度 luster 光泽 color 颜色
transparencey/pellucidity 透明度 streak 条痕
rent/fracture 断口 crystal form 晶形 岩石学(Petrology)classification 分类 structure 构造应力 texture 结构 fabric 组构
mineral composition 矿物组成 crystalline 结晶质
amorphous substance 非晶质 fossil 化石
degree of rounding 磨圆度 degree of grains 粒度
地层地貌(Stratum andPhysiognomy)basin 盆地
river valley 河谷 river bed 河床 topography 地形 terrain 地势 attitude 产状
rock base(batholite)岩基 rock stock 岩株 rock flow 岩流 rock loccolith 岩盖 rock lopolith 岩盆 rock dike 岩墙 rock sill 岩床 vein dyke 岩脉
sediment(deposit)沉积物(层)
cross-bedding 交错层
geologic structure 地质构造 geotectonics 大地构造学 graben 地堑 horst 地垒
cordance(conformity)整合
discordance(unconformity)非整合
deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合 地质作用(Physical Geology Action)weathering 风化 erosion 侵蚀
transportation 搬运
deposition/sediment 沉积 denudation 剥蚀 corrasion 磨蚀 corrosion 腐蚀 dissolution 溶蚀 landslide 滑坡
collapse(rock fall)崩塌 mud flow 泥石流 earthquake 地震 intensity 烈度 magnitude 震级 ◆水文(Hydrology)
ground water(subsurface water)地下水 surface water 地表水
atmospheric water 大气水 runoff 径流
fresh /plain /sweet water 淡水 river flow/discharge 河水流量 peak flood flow 洪峰流量 flood out flow 洪水下泄流量 dry season 枯水季 wet season 丰水季
flood(raining)season 汛期 non-flood season 非汛期
5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水 flood control 防汛
(二)工程施工.机电类
◆金属结构(Hydromechanical work)闸门(Gate)service gate 工作门 emergency gate 事故门 maintenance gate 检修门 sector gate 弧形闸门
eccentric hinge sector gate 偏心铰闸门 plane gate平面闸门
fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门 trashrack 拦污栅 trash rake 清污机
预埋件(Embedded Parts)sill 底砍
main guide 主轨 auxiliary guide 副轨 reverse guide 反轨 side guide 侧轨 lintel 门楣
steel liner 钢衬
high pressure water pipe 高压冲水管 pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管 组件/部件(Assembly/parts)gate leaf 门叶 crank 拐臂 arm 支撑 seal 水封
main seal 主水封 side seal 侧水封 top seal 顶水封 bottom seal 底水封
auxiliary seal 辅助水封、节流器 clip plate 压板 slide block 滑块
side slide block 侧向滑块 reverse slide block 反向滑块 fixed wheel 定轮 main wheel 主轮 side wheel 侧轮 ballast 配重 lifting ear 吊耳 lifting link 拉杆 trunion 支饺 hinge 铰链
hinged support 饺座 hinged shaft 铰轴 cover 端盖
trunion beam 支饺梁 dogging beam 锁定梁 启闭机(Hoist)
wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机 hydraulic hoist 液压启闭机 monorail hoist 单轨启闭机 overhead crane 桥机 bridge crane 桥机 support frame 机架 reducer 减速器 motor 电动机 pulley 滑轮
live pulley 动滑轮 fixed pulley 定滑轮
equalizer pulley平衡滑轮 drum 卷筒
steel wire rope 钢丝绳
position sensor 高度传感器 load sensor 荷载传感器 brake 制动器
hydraulic system 液压系统 oil cylinder 油缸 piston rod 活塞杆 pump station 泵站 oil tank 邮箱 pipe 管道 filter 过滤器
accumulator 蓄能器 valve 阀
logic valve 逻辑阀 check valve 单向阀 ball valve 球阀
cartridge valve 插装阀
solenoid operated directional valve 电磁换向阀
门式起重机(Grantry Crane)rail 轨道
lifting mechanism 起升机构 traveling mechanism 运行机构 inspection trolley 检修小车 gantry 门架
support column 门腿 primary beam 主梁 bridge beam 横梁 cross beam 端梁 side beam 边梁 lifting beam 起吊梁 hook 吊狗
buffer 缓冲装置
rail clamping device 夹轨器 driving wheel 主动轮 driven wheel 从动轮 其他(Others)
abnormal vibration 反常震动 activate 激活
anti-clockwise 逆时针 anticorrosion 防腐 carry on 继续进行 carry out 执行 clockwise 顺时针
commissioning 试运行
concentricity deviation 同心度偏差 connect 连接 debris 碎片
de-energize 断电 detect 探测
dry test 无水试验
dynamic loading test 动载试验 energize 给……加电 erection 架立 expansion 伸展 fasten 扣紧 fit 安装
flowing water 动水 gate closure 闭门 gate opening 启门
gate position restoration 门位恢复 idle test 空载试验 impact 碰撞
in pressure balance condition平压条件下lift……into position 将……起吊到位 locate 定位 lower 降下
manual operation 手动操作 noise 噪声 note 记录
operating gap 运作空隙 pack 衬垫 particle 微粒 perform 执行
position accurately 精确定位 precise 精确的 pre-set 预留/预置
press button 按下按钮
progressively 逐渐地 purity 纯度 push 推
reliable 可靠的 residual oil 余油 retraction 回缩 run 运行 secure 保护
separately or simultaneously 单独/同时地 set up 架设
setting 设置/读数 shim 薄垫片 slack 松弛
static loading test 静载试验 still water 静水 switch off 切断 synchronize 同步 tighten 拧紧
under water head condition 水压作用条件下 wet test 有水试验
◆ 焊接和无损检验(Welding and Nondestructive Testing)焊接{Welding)arc strike 引弧/弧伤 arc welding 电弧焊
automatic welding 自动焊 back gouging 背面清根 backing 垫板 base metal 母材
build-up welding 堆焊/补焊 butt joint 对接接头 carbon rode 碳棒
complete fusion 完全融合 corner joint 角接接头
covered electrode 涂料焊条 coupon 试件
direct current electrode
negative(DCEN)直流电极接负 direct current electrode
positive(DCEP)直流电极接正 double welding 双面焊
double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝 double-J groove weld 双面J 型坡口焊缝 double-U groove weld 双面U型坡口焊缝 double-Vee groove weld 双面V 型坡口焊缝 electrode 焊条/电极 electrode holder 焊钳
electrosgas welding 电气焊 electroslag welding 电渣焊 filler metal 填充金属 fillet weld 角焊缝
full fillet weld 大填角焊缝 flat welding平焊 flux 焊剂
flux cored arc welding 药芯焊丝弧焊 forehand welding 左焊法 friction welding 摩擦焊
full penetration weld 全融透焊缝 fusion 熔合
fusion line 熔合线 groove weld 坡口焊缝
heat affecter zone 热影响区 horizontal welding 横焊 lap joint 搭接接头
machine welding 机器焊 manual welding 手工焊 overhead welding 仰焊
oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC)氧燃料气割 oxyfuel gas welding(OFW)氧燃料气焊 partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝 pass 焊道 peening 锤击
plasma arc welding 等离子弧焊 plug weld 塞焊 porosity 气孔 postheating 后热
postweld heat treatment 焊后热处理 preheating 预热
resistance welding 电阻焊 seal weld 密封焊缝 seam welding 缝焊
semi-automatic welding 半自动焊
single-bevel groove weld 单斜边坡口焊缝 single-J groove weld 单面J 型坡口焊缝 single-U groove weld 单面U型坡口焊缝 single-Vee groove weld 单面V型坡口焊缝slag inclusion 夹渣 spot welding 点焊
square groove weld 直坡口焊缝 submerged arc welding 埋弧焊 tack welding 定位焊 undercut 咬边
vertical welding 立焊 weld head 焊道
weldment 焊件
无损检验(Nondestructive Testing)angled beam 斜射波 back scatter 背散射
calibration block 校准试块 cleaning agent 清洗剂 contact beam 接触波 couplaut 偶合剂 crimp 褶皱
definition 清晰度
delayed sweep 延时扫描 detergent 去污剂 developer 显像剂
double-wall viewing 双壁透照 echo 回波
eddy current examination 涡流检验 emulsifier 乳化剂
examination medium 检验介质 exposure 暴光
inage quality indicator 象质显示器 inspector 检验师
liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验 magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验 mass spectrometer 质普仪
nondestructive inspection 无损探伤 penetrameter 透度计 penetrant 渗透剂
radiographic testing 射线检验 scan 扫描 scratch 划痕 search unit 探头
single-wall viewing 单壁透照 sniffer 嗅探器
straight beam 直射波 streak 条纹
ultrasonic instrument 超声仪 ultrasonic testing 超声波检验 visual testing 目测、外观检验 wheel search unit 轮式探头 X-ray machine X-射线仪
◆ 水轮机(Hydraulic Turbine)hydraulic turbine 水轮机
reaction turbine 反击式水轮机 impulse turbine 冲击式水轮机 francis turbine 混流式水轮机 axial turbine 轴流式水轮机 prototype turbine 原型水轮机
rated head 额定水头 effective head 有效水头 net head 净水头
maximal head 最大水头 minimal head 最小水头 spiral case 蜗壳 stay ring 座环 wicket gate 导叶 main shaft 主轴 shaft seal 主轴密封
coupling flange 连接法兰 runner 转轮
runner crown 转轮上冠 runner band 转轮下环 runner cone 转轮泄水锥
runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片 head cover 顶盖 bottom ring 底环
discharge ring 基础环 draft tube 尾水管
draft tube cone 尾水锥管 draft tube elbow 尾水肘管 governor 调速器
governor cubicle/cabinet 调速器柜 oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐 oil sump tank 回油箱 gate ring 控制环 distributor 导水机构 shear pin 剪断销 ring gate 筒形阀 servomotor 接力器 efficiency 效率 output 出力 discharge 流量
sir admission system 补气系统 vortex 涡流检验
special tool 专用工具
auxiliary equipment 辅助设备
damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器 runout 摆度
water hammer 水击 guide bearing 导轴承
operation condition 运行工况 opening 开度 cavitation 空蚀
erosion resistant coating 抗磨涂层 load 负荷
inertia 惯性
flywheel effect 飞轮效应 time constant 时间常数 mandoor 进入门 pit liner 机坑里衬
elastic layer 弹性垫层 turbine pit 机坑 feedback 反馈
main distributing valve 主配压阀 solenoid 线圈 relay 继电器
transfer function 传递函数 ◆ 机械通用词汇
abrasion performance 耐磨性 abrasion test 磨耗试验
accessory 附件、配件、零件 accuracy 准确性、精度 anti-corrosion 抗蚀 balance test平衡试验 bearing 轴承
bearing box 轴承箱
bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套 bearing carrier 轴承座
bearing collar 轴承环、推力头 bearing cover 轴承盖 bearing journal 轴颈 bend 弯头
bend radius 弯曲半径
bending strength 抗弯强度 bolt 螺栓 bore 钻孔
bore machine 镗床 brake valve 制动阀 by-pass 旁通 callipers 卡尺
cardan shaft 万向轴 cast 铸造
characteristic test 特性试验 chock 楔子、垫块 clamp 卡头、夹板
clearing of fault 故障排除 clip 夹具、钳 coat 涂层
correction value 矫正值 cottor pin 开口销
coupling flange 联结法兰 damping device 缓冲装置 deflection 挠度 density 密度 derusting 除锈 descale 除垢 deviation 偏差 dial 刻度盘
dial gauge 千分尺 distort 变形
dowel pin(setpin)定位销 eccentric cam 偏心凸轮 eccentric pin 偏心销
eccentricity 偏心、偏心率、偏心度elastic bearing 弹性轴承 elastic deformation 弹性变形 elastic limit 弹性极限 facility 设备、设施
factory assembly 工厂装配 fashioned iron 型钢 feed pipe 供水管 female end 内止口 field welding 现场焊缝 finish 表面光洁度、精加工 fitting allowance 装配公差 fitting assembling 零件装配 fitting face 配合面 flange 法兰 flatness平整度 flaw 缺陷
flexibility 挠性、柔性 forge 锻造
foundation 基础 friction 摩擦
gauge 规、计、表 gear 齿轮
globe valve 球阀 grade 等级 hardness 硬度
heat treatment 热处理
interface 分界面、接触面、接口 joint接头、接缝、连接、焊接 joint face 结合面、接缝面 lubricant 润滑剂、润滑材料 lubrication circuit 润滑管道 lubrication oil 润滑油 machine 机加工 machine tool 机床 male end 外止口
monkey wrench 活动扳手 nail 钉子
nipple 管接头 nut 螺母
o-ring O 形环
operating condition 运行情况 pretreatment 预处理 process 流程、工艺 screw cap 螺帽 spigot 套管、止口 stroke 行程 valve 阀门
verticality 垂直度 washer 垫圈 wedge 楔子板
◆ 电气设备及元器件(Electrical Equipment & Element Parts)generator 发电机 motor 电动机
3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor 三相鼠笼式电动机
3-phase wind asynchronous 三相绕线式电动机
motor armature 电枢 brush 电刷 coil 线圈、绕组
energizing coil 励磁线圈 stator 定子
stator core 定子铁芯 stator winding 定子绕组 rotator 转子
transformer 变压器
isolating transformer 隔离变压器 mutual inductor 互感器
current transformer(CT)电流互感器 potential transformer(PT)电压互感器 high-voltage equipment 高压电器 breaker 断路器
isolating switch 隔离开关 bushing 套管 insulator 绝缘子
suspended insulator 悬式绝缘子 column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子 reactor 电抗器 capacitor 电容器
lightning rod 避雷针(器)
low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器
knife switch 刀开关 fuse 熔断器
automatic switch 自动开关 contactor 接触器 contact 触点
wiring terminal 接线端子
terminal block 接线板、接线盒 illuminator 照明 lamp 灯
lightning distribution box(board)照明配电箱 constant close contact 常闭触点 constant open contact 常开触点 starter 启动器
overtravel-limit switch 行程开关 changeover switch 转换开关 controller 控制器 resistor 电阻器
light resistor 光敏电阻 varistor 变阻器
electromagnet 电磁铁 bus 母线
bare bus bar 裸母线 cable 电缆
power cable 电力电缆 control cable 控制电缆 armored cable 铠装电缆
cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆 cable clamp 电缆夹
cable connector 电缆接头 cable core 电缆芯 cable drum 电缆卷筒 cable hanger 电缆挂钩 cable rack 电缆架
cable terminal end 电缆终端 H cable 屏蔽电缆 bare wire 裸线 ammeter 电流表 ohmmeter 欧姆表 voltmeter 电压表
kilowatt-hour meter 电度表 megger 兆欧表 relay 继电器
over current relay 过流继电器 under current relay 欠流继电器 time relay(timer)时间继电器 thermal relay 热继电器
shortdown relay 断路继电器 battery 蓄电池
battery charger 蓄电池充电器 pannel 盘屏
swithboard 配电盘
distributing cabinet 分线(配电)盒
screw socket 螺口灯头 fluorescence lamp 日光灯 buld 灯泡 socket 插座 grounding 接地
grounding resistance 接地电阻 grounding switch 接地开关 ground connector 接地体 galvanized flat steel 镀锌扁钢 ground wire 接地线
working grounding 工作接地 protection grounding 保护接地 others 其他
master switch 主令开关 induction coil 感应线圈 magnetic coil 电磁线圈 stabilizator 稳压器 bell 电铃 IPC 共控机
local control unit(LCU)现地控制单元 programmable logic
controller(PLC)可编程控制器 programmer 编程器 motor valve 电动阀
electromagnetic valve 电磁阀 ◆ 电气通用词汇
alternation current(AC)交流电 allowed value 容许值 ampere 安培
automatic operation 自动操作 bridge 电桥
cabling diagram 电缆连接图
capacity of storage battery 蓄电池容量charging 充电
charging current 充电电流 close 闭合
constant close contact 常闭触点 constant open contact 常开触点 control circuit 控制电路 current intensity 电流强度 direct current(DC)直流电
de-energise(deenergize)切断、断电
dynamic test 动态试验 electric arc 电弧
electric leakage 漏电 flash test 高压闪络试验
generator active power 发电机有功功率 generator efficiency 发电机效率
generator reactive power 发电机无功功率 transient current 瞬时电流 transient voltage 瞬时电压 volt 伏(特)voltage 电压
wiring scheme 接线图
withstand voltage test 耐压试验
◆ 计算机监控系统(Computer Supervisory input 输入(量)
insulating coating 绝缘涂层 insulation grade 绝缘等级 insulation test 绝缘试验
interlocker(interlocking)联锁装置 kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度 leakage protection 漏电保护 line-to-line short circuit 线间短路 malfunction 误动作
manual operation 手动操作 megohm 兆欧
mis-operation 误操作 ohm 欧姆
outlet 引出线、电源插座 outlet box 引出盒、接线盒 outlet line 输出线路 output 输出量
overcurrent protection 电流过载保护 parallel circuit 并联电路 power factor 功率因数 power supply 电源
primary circuit 一次电路 rated current 额定电流 rated voltage 额定电压
recharging current 充电电流
release 释放(机构、线圈)、断开 remote control 远控
secondary circuit 二次电路 secondary coil 二次绕组 secondary winding 二次线圈 series circuit 串联电路 shielding 屏蔽 short-circuit 短路
simulation test 模拟试验 spark over 绝缘击穿 static test 静态试验
switching-in 合闸、接通(入)
switching –off 断开(路)、开闸、掉闸 three phase ciruit 三相电路
three-phase four-wire system 三相四线制
and Control System)A/D converter 模数变换器
analog control loop 模拟控制回路 automatic-restoration 自恢复 automatic element 自动化元件 block diagram 方框图 coaxial cable 同轴电缆 command 指令
communication 通信 compatibility 兼容性 console 控制台
current transducer 电流变送器 cursor(显示器)光标 D/A converter 数模变换器 data bus 数据总线 database 数据库
digital signal 数字信号 digital screen 显示屏
electric quantity transducer 电量变送器 eletromagnetic interference 电磁干扰 fiber optic cable 光纤电缆 floppy disk 软盘 flowchart 流程图 function 功能 hardware 硬盘
I/O(input/output)输入/输出
industy television system 工业电视系统ink jet printer 喷墨打印机 interface 接口 keyboard 键盘
laser printer 激光打印机 local control 现地控制 logic diagram 逻辑图
man-machine conmmunicate 人机交换 man-machine dialogue 人机对话 memory 存储器 microwave 微波 mimic board 模拟屏
mimic board driver 模拟屏驱动器 module 模数、模量
monitor terminal 监视终端 mouse 鼠标
multi-windows 多窗口 network 网络 node 节点
non-electric quantity transducer 非电量变送器
off-line 脱机
on-line 连机、在线
open system 开放性系统 operating system 操作系统 optic isolator 光频隔离器
peripheral equipment 外围设备 plug-in card 插件
pressure transmitter 压力变送器 printer 打印机
procedure 程序、工艺
programming language 程序设计语言 pulse 脉冲
pulse signal 脉冲信号 real-time control 实时控制
real-time multi-tasking system 实时多任务控制
remote control 远方控制 resolution 分辨率
self-diagnostic 自诊断(程序)self-start 自启动 software 软件
storage battery 蓄电池(组)storage cell 存储单元
supervisory circuit 监控电路
temperature transimitter 温度变送器 trackball 轨迹球 transducer 变送器
uninterruptable power supply(UPS)不间断电源
version 版本
toltage transducer 电压变送器 workstation 工作站
三、工程管理(Management of Project)(一)费用 Ⅰ.直接费 Ⅰ)人工 1.人工费
basic wage 基本工资
subsidy for price differential of non-staple food 副食差价补贴
construction subsidy 施工津贴 night meal subsidy 夜餐津贴 sbusidy for readings 书报费
social welfare fund 社会福利基金 labour union fund 工会基金 labour protection fund 劳保基金 subsidies for water、electricity and coal 水、电、煤补贴
subsidies for price differencial of
grain ,coal,meat and vegetables 粮、煤、肉、菜差价补贴
subsidy for heating in winter time 冬季供暖补贴
other subsidies 其他补贴 expanditures for labour protection 劳保费用
work insurance 工作保险 subsidy for housing 住房津贴 tax 税收
overheads 管理费 others 其它
cost for entering into tunnels 进洞费 cost for mobilization,assignment and dismissal 进场、分派和解雇费用 logging subsidy 住房费
costs for work outside standard work time 标准工作时间外的工作费 cost of idleness 闲置费用
sbusidy for small tools hand-operated facilities 小工具及手工操作设备津贴 costs for insurance of Chinese camps 中方营地保险费 2.劳务类别
unskilled labour(grade/class 1)非熟练工(1 级工)
semiskilled labour(grade/class2)熟练工(2级工)
car driver 小车司机
assistant driller 助理钻工 assistant miner 助理矿工
assistant mechanic 助理机修工 assistant carpenter 助理木匠 assistant concreter 助理砼工 assistant cook 助理厨师 assistant loader 吊车装卸工 winchman 卷扬机手 pump attendant 水泵工 skilled labour(grade/glass 3)熟练工 driller 钻工 employment bureau 职业介绍所(美国)employment exchange(labour exchange)职blaster 炮工 miner 矿工 plumber 管工 rigger 装配工 shotcreter 喷砼工
loader operator 装载机操作手 water pump-man 水泵工 dumper driver 自卸车司机
excavator operator 挖掘机操作手 bulldozer operator 推土机操作手 compactor operator 压路机操作手 transit mixer driver 搅拌运输卡车司机 truck driver 卡车司机 mechanic 机械工 electrician 电工 welder 焊工
drill sharpener 钻头研磨员 carpenter 木工 concreter 砼工
steel fixer 钢筋绑_扎工 water blaster 冲毛工 tester 试验人员
hydromechanical installer 机电安装工 cook 厨师
highly-skilled labour(grade/class 4)高级熟练工(4 级工)
concrete pump-man 砼泵工 crane operator 吊车操作手
tunnel jumbo operator 洞挖多臂钻操作手 foreman 工长 3.职员和其他
accountant 会计师
assistant engineer 助理工程师 camp boss 营地老板
chief accountant 责任会计师 chief cook 主厨
chief draftman 责任绘图员 chief purchaser 责任购物员
chief quantity surveyor 责任计量师
computer equipment personnel 计算机设备人员
daily rate 日工资费率
department of labour 劳工部(美国)doctor 医生 driver 司机
业介绍所
field engineer 野外工程师 first shift 1班
full employment 整日制工作 general pay master 会计长 holiday overtime 节假日加班 hourly rate 小时费率 house maid 女仆 interpreter 口译人员
junior accountant 初级会计师 junior engineer 初级工程师
junior quantity surveyor 初级计量师 junior surveyor 初级测量师
laboratory engineer 试验工程师 labour market 劳工市场 labour officer 劳工人员 local labour 当地工人 local personnel 当地人员 ministry of labour 劳工部 normal hours 正常小时 normal overtime 正常加班 nurse 护士
overtime 加班小时
pay master 出纳员、发款员 pay-day 发薪日
payroll checker 工资核查人员 payroll officer 工资支付人员 payroll(paysheet)工资单 pay-slip 薪资核算单 piecework 记件工作
public relationship officer 公关人员 purchaser 购物员
safety officer 安全人员 seasonal work 季节工作 second shift 2班 secrectary 秘书
security assistant 保安人员 senior engineer 高级工程师
senior quantity surveyor 高级计量师 senior surveyor 高级测量师 shift work 换班工作
store accountant 仓库会计 storekeeper 保管员
Sunday overtime 周日加班 teamwork 联合工作 third shift 3班
time-work 计时工作
to be paid by hour 按小时付报酬 translator 笔译人员 Ⅱ)设备及运输
arrival month at site 到达现场月份
average service conditions 正常使用条件 back freight 退货运费 bill of lading 提货单
railway bill of lading 铁路提货单 carriage paid 运费已付
carriage(traffic,transportation)运输 cartage 运货费
conditions of hire 租用条件 consign 托运
construction equipment company 建筑设备公司
construction plant 施工机械
construction of carriage 运输合同 convey 运送
cost of facilities capital(CFC)设备资金费用 cost of fuel 油料费 cost of lube 润滑油费 cost of overhaul 大修费用
cost of overhaul parts 大修配件费 cost of tires 轮胎费
costing of equipments 设备成本计算 costing of plant 设备成本计算 country of origin 原产地 demurrage 滞期费 depreciation 折旧
abnormal depreciation 特别折旧 accelerated methods of depreciation 加速折旧法
allowed depreciation 折旧的范围额度 classified depreciation 分类折旧 depreciation methods 折旧方法
depreciation of equipment(equipment depreciation)设备折旧
depreciation value 折旧价值
normal(ordinary)depreciation 正常折旧 description of equipment 设备说明 direct shipment 直接运输 design of plant 设备的设计
dismantling of plant 设备的拆除 economic hours 经济小时
employer's equipment 业主的设备
equipment and plant 机械设备
equipment cost estimating 施工机械费预算 equipment flow chart information 施工机械核算流程图
equipment format 施工机械表格式 equipment leasing 设备租赁 equipment overhead
cost(indirect cost)设备管理费用 equipment records 施工机械的记录 equipment rental 施工机械的租金 equipment supply loan 设备贷款 equipment's specification 设备型号 erection of plant 设备的安装 field repair 野外修理 fix(mend/repair)修理 fixed equipment 固定设备
free on rail/truck(FOR/FOT)火车(敞车)交货freight forwarder 运输代理行
freight or carriage paid to(FCP)运费付至……
freight to be paid at destination(freight to collect)运费到付
full replacement cost 全部重置成本
ground engaging component(GEC)接地部件 harbor dues 入港税 hire 租用
horse power 马力
hydraclic equipment 液压设备 inland transportation 内陆运输 joint rate 联运费率 landed price 抵岸价 lay days 装卸期限 lease 租约
leased equipment 租用的施工机械 maintenance 维修
maintenance of plant 设备的维修保养 mechanical start up 机械设备试运行 normal conditions 正常条件 operating cost 正常损耗 overhaul expense 大修费
owned equipment 自有施工机械 ownership 占有权
packing slip/list 装箱单 park 停车场
partial shipment 分批装运 pass 通行 permit 通行证
]plant and transport 设备及运输 plant cost estimating 设备费预算 plant planning 设备计划 plant records 设备的记录 railway freight 铁路运费
rate of depreciation charges 折旧费率 rated power per unit 额定功率 recovery value 回收价值
reducing balance depreciation method 余额递减折旧法
renting of construction equipment 租赁建筑设备
road toll 养路费
round trip air ticket 往返机票 scrap value 废品残价 ship cubes 装船立方
shipment by first opportunity 优先装运 shipment port 发运港 shipping advice 发运通知 shipping mark 装运标准 shipping order 发货单 shipping terms 发运条件
straight method of depreciation 直线折旧法 straight time 正式工作时间 supply of equipment 设备供应 through freight 直达货运
transportation insurance 运输保险 un-depreciated value 未折旧的价值 unload 卸货 upkeep 维修费
waterborne traffic 水运
year of manufacture 制造年份 Ⅲ)材料
acceptable material 合格材料 bag 袋装
base price 基价
bill of materials 材料表 bulk 散装
certificate of testing(test certificate)检验证书
construction materials 建筑材料 consumption of materials 材料消耗 cost and freight 成本加运输
costing of materials 材料成本计算 current cost 现行费用
customs declaration(declaration/entry)报关单
delay in delivery 交货逾期 delivery of materials 运送材料 description of materials 材料说明 designated suppliers 指定供货商
designated-supply materials 指定供应材料 distance via railway 铁路运输距离 enter out 报关出口
goods allocation bill 物资调拨单 imported materials 进口材料
international and local shopping 国际和国内采购
invoice 发票
local materials 当地材料 materials cost 材料费
materials planning 材料计划 materials records 材料记录
materials requisition 材料申请单 material supply 材料供应 partial shipment 分批装运 porterage 搬运费
price of local materials 当地材料价格 purchasing records 采购单 quality assurance 质量保证 quality of materials 材料质量 railway freight rate 铁路运输费率 receiving clerk 受料员
road freight rate 公路运输费率
road transportation charge table 公路余数价格表
standard of materials 材料标准
storage(storage building.store)仓库
test of materials(testing of materials)材料试验
transportation of materials 材料运输 Ⅱ管理费和利润 salary 工资
standard salary 标准工资 allowance 补贴
social welfare 社会福利 insurance 保险 medical care 医疗 travel expense 交通费 others 其他
office expense 办公费 camp 营地
general vehicle expense 一般uc2性交通车辆费 financial cost 财务费用 insurance 保险 tax 税收
home office cost 总部办公费 profit 利润(二)进度
acceptable date 可以接受的期限 advance 提前的
ahead of schedule 提前完成计划 bar graph schedule 横道图进度表
bonus for early completion of works 提前完工奖
commence(commencement of work/start)开工
commencement date of work 开工日期 commencement of works 工程开工 completion 竣工
completion of works 工程竣工
compliance with schedule 符合进度表 concurrent delay 同期延误 construction cycle 建设周期 construction period 工期
construction plan(construction program)施工计划
construction progress(rate of progress)施工进度
construction stage 建造阶段 continue 继续
continuous 连续的 critical 关键的
critical path method schedule 关键路线法进度表
data date 数据日期 date 日期
defer(postpone)推迟 deferment of a project(postponement of the works)工程延期 delay in completion 竣工拖期
disruption of progress 进度的打乱 double shift 两班制 duration 持续时间
earlier completion 提前完工 effective date 生效日期
excusable compensable delay 可原谅可补偿的延误
excusable non-compensable delay 可原谅但不可补偿的延误
expedite(accelerate/speed up)加快进度 extension of time for completion 竣工时间的延长
festival(holiday)节(假)日 float time 浮时
fulfil(achieve/complete,/succeed)完成 fulfilment of shedule 完成进度 idle time 闲置时间
interium completion data 中间完工期
interim determination of extention 临时延期的决定
job progress(progress of works)工程进度 key 关键的
labour planning 劳务计划 landmark(milestone)里程碑
linked bar chart program 有联系的横道图 method of programming 计划编制方法 network 网络
network analysis 网络分析 network program 网络计划 notice to commence 开工通知
number of working days per year每年工作日 order of commencement of work 开工令
percentage of completion method 完工百分率法
period of construction 施工期限 periodic report 定期报告
Plan,do,check an action(P.D.C.A)计划、实施、检查和处理
pan(program/project/schedule)计划 plot date 策划日期 predecessor 紧前工序 prerequisite 先决条件 proceed 继续进行
program evaluation and review technique 计划评估法
program with progress 工程计划进展图 programme to be submitted 应提交的进度计划
progress(schedule)进度 progress chart 进度表 progress meeting 进度会 progress report 进度报告 project finish 计划结束 project program 工程计划 project start 计划开工
prolonged delay 进一步的误期 prolonged suspension 持续的暂停工 public holiday 公共假日
restriction on working hours 工作时间的限制 revise a schedule 调整进度表
schedule of earhworks 土方工程进度表 schedule 计划表
schedule of construction/works 工程进度表 statement at completion 竣工报告 substantial completion 基本完工 successor 紧后工序
suspension of work 工程停工 term 期限
test on completion 竣工检验 time for completion 竣工时间
weekly progress meeting 周进度会 weekly time distribution 每周工时分配 work program 工作计划
work instruction /order 工作命令
(三)招投标
abandonment(cancel/repeal)撤销 additional cost 额外费用 agency(proxy)代理
agent(attorney/representative)代理人
amount of insurance(insurance coverage)保险金额
annex(appendix)附录
annex(attachment/enclosure)附件 announcement of tender 招标通知 base price(tender price)标底 bear expense 承担费用
bid bond(tender bond/tender guarantee)投标保函
bid cost(cost of tendering)投标费用 bid form(tender form)投标格式 bid invitation(call for bids, call for tenders)邀请招标 bid language 投标语言
bid opening minutes 投标开标纪要 bid preparation 投标编写 bid price 投标报价
bid schedule of price 投标价格表 bid substance 投标实质内容
bid(bidding ,enter a bid, submission of bid ,tender)投标
bidder(tenderer)投标人
bidding conditions(tendering conditions)投标条件
bidding documents 投标文件 bidding phase 投标阶段 bidding progress 投标步骤
bidding requirement(instruction to bidders)投标须知
bidding /tender book 投标书
bond(cash deposit ,surety money)保证金 bonding / surety company 担保公司 bottom price 最低价
clarification of bidding document(clarification of tendering document)投标文件的澄清
closed bidding(sealed bid)非公开招标 compensation(consideration/ind enmity /reimburse)补偿
competitive bid 有竞争性的投标
contingencies(contingency fund)不可预见费 contract awarded(contract gained)中标合同
credit guarantee 贷款信用担保 dead loss 纯损失
decline an offer 不接受报价 deadline 最后期限 difference 差额
evaluation of bids/tender 投标评估 export licence 出口许可证 financial capacity 财务能力 financial position 财务状况 finishing bid 备好投标文件 guarantee bond 担保书 guarantee letter 保函
guarantee(surety / warrant)保证 guarantor(sponsor)担保人 high-level talks 高级谈判 initial price 初步价格 inquiry 查询
insurance premium 保险费 insurance subject 保险标的
inviting tenders(open tendering , public bidding)公开招标
issue bidding document 发行招标文件 issue guarantee 出具保函 letter of acceptance 中标函 loan agreement 贷款协议 lowest bidder 最低价投标人 lowest bidder /tender 最低报价 master format 标准格式 modification of bids /tenders 招标文件的修改 notary 公证员
notarial certificate 公证书
negotiated bidding(negotiating tender)议标 negotiation 谈判
offer(offer in a bid /quotation)报价 offerer 报价人
open inquiry of the offer 公开询价 participate in a tender 参加投标 performance security 履约保函 port of exit 出口港
pre-bid conference /meeting 标前会议 preliminary evaluation 初步评估 pure interest 纯利
reasonable price 公平价格 re-bid(retender)重新招标
report on tenders 投标审查报告
restitution of the guarantee 撤消保函 retention(retention money)保留金 scope of work 工作范围
sealing and marking of bid 投标的绝密和标志 selective bidding(selective tendering)选择性投标
single tender 单项投标
specimen of letter of guarantee 保函格式 statement of financial position 财务状况报表 successful bidder / tender 中标者 sum in words 大写金额
tender committee 投标委员会
tender / tendering document 投标文件 tender result 投标结果
the closing date of the offer 报价截止日 unbalanced bid 不平衡报价 uncertain factor 不确定因素 undertake 承担
unfair competition 不公平竞争
unpredictable element 不可预见因素 valid period of the offer 报价有效期 valid of bid / tender 投标有效期 warranty 担保 win a tender 中标 winning bidder 中标人(四)计量和支付
advance payment for the project 工程预付款 amount 金额
amount due this month 本月金额 application(承包商)申请
bank account 银行帐户
benefit of agreement 协议利益 breakdown 分摊、分解
breakdown of foreign currency 外币分摊 cash flow 现金流
cash flow estimate 现金流通量的估计 Certificate 证书
correction of Certificate 证书的修改 costs for acceleration measures 赶工费 currency 货币
currency of payment 支付的货币 currency proportion 货币比例 currency restriction 货币限制 current 当月、本期 customs 海关、关税 customs clearance 清关 daywork 计日工
on the daywork basis 按计日工的方式
evidence and terms of insurance 保险证据和条款
expense settlement 费用结算 finial certificate 最终证书 final statement 最终报表 fix rate 确定费率
foreign currency 外币 installment 分期付款
liquidated damages for delay 误期违约罚金 minium amount of insurance 保险的最低数额 monthly payment 月支付
monthly payment certificate 月支付证书 monthly statement 月报表 on account payment 挂帐支付
payment of material on site 现场材料支付 penalty 罚金
performance security 履约担保 previous payment 前期支付 price adjustment 价格调整
price of local materials and service 当地材料和服务的价格
provisional payment 暂时支付 provisional price 暂定价 provisional sum 暂定金额 rate 费率
rate of exchange 汇率
release of retension 保留金返还 rental for camp 营地租赁费
statement an completion 竣工报告 tax 税
additional tax 附加税 advertisement tax 广告税
business income tax 工商所得税 business profit tax 营业所得税 business tax 营业税
consolidated tax 货物统一(综合)税 consumption tax 消费税 customs duty 关税
duty free(duty exempt, free of tax)免税 export tax 出口税 goods tax 货物税 income tax 所得税 insurance tax 保险税 irregular tax 杂税 issue tax 发行税 landing tax 入境税 levy tax 征税
licence tax 牌照税 local tax 地方税
personnel income tax 个人所得税 protection tax 保护税 service tax 劳务税 stamp tax 印花税
taxer(tax payer)纳税人
tax reduction / exemption 免税、减税 turnover tax 流转税
(五)变更和索赔
abide by the contract 遵守合同 accept a claim 接受索赔 act of god 天灾
additional cost 额外费用 additional work 额外的工作
advantage(benefit ,interests)利益
adverse physical obstructions or conditions 不利的外界障碍和条件
amicable settlement 友好解决 amount of claim 索赔额
arbitration agreement 仲裁协议 arbitration award 仲裁裁决
assessment of claims 索赔评定 blanket claim 一揽子索赔
change any specified sequence of construction 改变人祸规定的施工顺序
change any timing of construction 改变任何施工安排
change the character of any such work
改变任何此类工作的性质
change the kind of any such work 改变任何此类工作的种类
change the quality of any such work 改变任何此类工作的质量
claim for additional payment 索赔额外费用 claim right 索赔权
conflict of interest 利益的冲突
contemplated variation notice 变更意向通知 contemporary records 同期记录 contesting parties 有争议的双方 contingency 意外事件
contract provisions 合同规定
contract scope of works 合同工作范围 contractor's opinion 承包商的意见 contractor's position 承包商的立场 contractor's request 承包商的请求 contractual claims 合同规定的索赔 decrease in cost 费用的减少 decrease the quantity of the contract 减少合同工程量 default party 违约方 defect liability 缺陷责任 design change 设计变化 detailed claim 详细索赔 disclaim(waive)放弃 discount 折扣
dispute review board 争议评审团 DRB hearing DRB 听证
DRB's recommendation DRB 的建议 effective contract price 有效合同价 Employer's position 业主的立场 Engineer's decision 工程师的决定 Engineer's opinion 工程师的意见 Engineer's position 工程师的立场 Engineer's proposal 工程师的建议 face-to-face negotiation 当面谈判 failure to comply 未能遵守 final claim 最终索赔
force majeure(irresistible force)不可抗力 increase in cost 费用的增加
increase the quantity of the contract 增加合同工程量
increased cost 增加的费用
instruction for variation 变更指令
instructions to contractor 向承包商下达指令 intention to claim 索赔意向 interim claim 中间索赔 International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会
issue an instruction 发布指令 make a claim 索赔
minutes of meeting 会议纪要 notice of claims 索赔通知 notice of default 违约通知
notice to contractor 致承包商的通知 omit work 省略工作
oral instruction 口头指令 overhead rate 管理费费率 payment of claims 索赔的支付 place of arbitration 仲裁地点 potential dispute 潜在争议
power of Engineeer to fix rates 工程师确定费率的权利
procedure to claims 索赔程序
pursuant to(according to ,in accordance with)根据
rate or price applicable to the varied work 适合变更工作的费率或价格 reason for variation 变更原因 records of costs 费用记录
reimbursable expense 可补偿的费用 relevant clause 相关条款 revaluation 重新估价
rules for arbitration 仲裁规则 settlement of dispute 争议的处理 site diary / journal 值班日志 site record 现场记录
subsequent legislation 后续证明 substantiation of claim 索赔证明 time keeping 工时记录
valuation of variation 变更估价 variation of quantity 工程量变更 variation order 变更令
variations exceeding 15 percent 变更超过15% vary a rate or price 变更费率或价格 waive right of claim 放弃索赔权利 附录1.工程结构物名称统计 ◆ 拦河大坝
ballast weight 石渣压戗 berm 马道
blended impervious blanket 混合不透水铺盖 concrete cutoff wall 砼防渗墙
core cutoff trench 芯墙截水槽 crest access 坝顶公路 cutoff dike 截渗堤 dam abutment 坝肩 dam axis 坝轴线
dam body(embankment)坝体 dam crest 坝顶
dam foundation 坝基 dam shell 坝壳 dam site 坝址
drainage curtain 排水帷幕 filter 反滤层
freeboard section 超高段 grout curtain 灌浆帷幕 heel of dam 坝踵 main dam 主坝 parapet wall 防浪墙 pitched work 块石护坡 plastic zone 塑性区
rock contact part 基岩连接部分 rockfill riprap 堆石护坡 saddle dam 副坝
soil sloping core 土质斜芯墙 toe of dam 坝址
transition zone 过渡区
upstream blanket 上游铺盖 ◆ 泄洪排沙系统
access bridge 交通桥
bridge abutment 桥台、桥肩 bridge pier 桥墩 bridge span 桥跨 cable trench 电缆沟 cored beam 空心梁 diaphragm 隔板 inside beam 内梁
neoprene bearing 橡胶支座 outside beam 外梁 pavement 铺盖层 road surface 路面 T-beam T 型梁 walkway 人行道 air vent 通气孔
approach channel 引水渠 central pier 中墩 chamber 室
auxiliary trashrack maintenance chamber 副拦污栅检修室 booster pump chamber 加压泵室 carousel rail chamber 环行轨道室 drainage sump chamber 集水井室 gate dogging chamber 闸门锁定室
gate maintenance chamber 闸门检修室 hoist chamber 启闭机室
main trashrack maintenance chamber 主拦污栅检修室
Channel Training Wall 引水导墙 concrete liner 砼衬砌 control room 控制室 corbel 牛腿 cover 盖板
direct plumb line hole 正垂孔 gallery 廊道
access gallery 交通廊道 drainage gallery 排水廊道 observation gallery 观测廊道
pressue balance gallery 冲水平压廊道 gate slot 门槽
auxiliary trashrack slot 副拦污栅槽 emergency gate slot 事故门槽 main trashrack slot 主拦污栅槽 maintenance gate slot 检修门槽 trash rake shot 清污机槽 handrail 扶手
intake tower 进水塔 persion tower 导流塔 free flow tower 明流塔 irrigation tower 灌溉塔 orifice tower 孔板塔 power tower 发电塔
inverted plumb line pipe 倒垂孔 lamp post 灯柱
longitude strut 纵向联系梁 parapet wall 栏杆、女儿墙 shaft 竖井
auxiliary trashrack shaft 副拦污栅井 elevator shaft 电梯井
emergency gate shaft 事故门井 lifting case shaft 吊箱井
main trashrack shaft 住拦污栅井 service shaft 交通井 staircase shaft 楼梯井 temporary shaft 临时竖井 steel plate liner 钢板衬砌 transverse strut 横向联系梁
water passage 流道 ◆ 洞群及溢洪道 tunnels 洞群
access tunnel 交通洞 anchorage boxout 锚具槽 closure gate 封堵门 concrete plug 砼封堵
connector section 龙抬头连接段 crown(vault)顶拱 drainage tunnel 排水洞 free flow tunnel 明流洞 hoist shaft 吊物井 invert 底拱
irrigation tunnel 灌溉洞 mid-gate chamber 中闸室 orifice ring 孔板环 orifice tunnel 孔板洞 sediment tunnel 排沙洞 transition section 渐变洞 upper bend section 上弯段 spillway 溢洪道 aerator 掺七坎
emergency spillway 非常溢洪道 flip bucket 挑流鼻坎 free flow chute 明流泄槽 headwork 渠首 retaining wall 挡墙
service spillway 正常溢洪道 出口区
approach wall 引水墙 base slab 底板
concrete apron 砼护袒 discharge channel 泄水渠 pider wall 隔墙 plunge pool 消力塘
plunge pool weir 消力塘尾堰 stilling basin 静水池 ◆引水发电系统
power tunnel 发电洞
upper horizontal section 上平段 upper cured section 上弯段 inclined section 斜井段
lower curved section 下弯段 lower horizontal section 下平段 penstock 压力钢管
main power house 主厂房 concrete ledge 岩臂梁 generator floor 发电机层 turbine floor 水轮机层
operating gallery 操作廊道 unwatering gallery 排水廊道 auxiliary powerhouse 副厂房 erection bay 安装间
drainage system 排水系统 drainage tunnel 排水洞 bus tunnel 母线洞
high-voltage cable tunnel 高压电缆洞 transformer chamber 主变室 draft tube gate chamber 尾闸室 draft tube tunnel 尾水管洞 tailrace tunnel 尾水洞 tailrace outlet 尾水出口 tailrace channel 尾水渠
tailrace pider wall 尾水隔墙 working bridge 工作桥 seperating pier 隔墩 sediment gate 防淤闸
tailrace conic apron 尾水护袒 tailrace training wall 尾水导墙 vent shaft 通风竖井 ◆临时建筑及附属设施 临时建筑
cofferdam 围堰
deep-water cofferdam 深水围堰 grouting tunnel 灌浆洞 starter cofferdam 枯水围堰 附属设施
aggregate processing plant 骨料加工厂 batching plant 拌和楼 carpentry yard 木工房
construction camps 施工营地
crushing and screening plant 破碎筛分厂laboratory 实验室
main office building 主办公楼 main(general)store 主仓库 mechanical workshop 机修车间 precast yard 预制厂
railway transfer platform 铁路转运站 rebar yard 钢筋加工厂 rock quarry 采石场
spoil disposal area 弃渣场 stockpile area 堆渣场
water treatment plant 水处理厂 附录2.工程常用机械
bridge crane 桥吊 chain block 倒链
crawler(caterpillar)crane 履带式吊车 electric winch 电动葫芦 fork lift 叉车
grantry crane 门机 hoist 启闭机
hydraulic hoist 液压启闭机
wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机 mobile crane 汽车吊 portal crane 桥式启重机 tower crane 吊踏
truck with crane 汽车式起重机 ◆运输机械
ambulance 救护车
bulk cement truck 散装水泥车 conveyor belt 输送带 dump truck 自卸卡车 fire engine 消防车
flat bed trailor平板拖车 front dumper 前自卸车 front tipper 前翻斗车 fuel tank 油罐车 loader 装载机
loader for shafts 竖井用装运机 lorry 货车、载重车
low bed trailor 低底盘拖车 mine car 矿车
mucking machine 出渣车
pick –up 小吨位卡车(皮卡车)
ready-mix concrete truck 砼搅拌罐车 rear dumper 后卸式汽车 refrigerated truck 冷藏车 rigid flat truck平板车 skip lorry 翻斗卡车 three-wheeler 三轮车 tractor 拖拉机
transit mixer 搅拌车 truck agitator 搅拌车
vacuum silica fume tanker 真空硅粉罐车water tanker 撒水车
wheel loader 轮式装载机
◆混凝土生产、浇筑及振捣机械 aggregate cooling silo 骨料冷却仓 cement silo 水泥罐
compartment silo 隔仓罐
concrete batcher(distributor)砼配料器
concrete bucket 砼吊罐 concrete feeder 砼喂料器 concrete mixer 砼拌和机
concrete rebanding silo 砼再处理罐 creter crane 胶带机
dry method shotcreting machine 砼干喷机 electric vibrator 电动振捣棒 ecternal vibrator 附着式振捣器 flyash silo 粉煤灰罐
grout pump and mixer 灌浆泵和拌和机 high speed vibrator 高频振捣棒 ice-plant 制冰厂
mobile concrete pump 移动式砼泵 pneumatic vibrator 气动振捣棒 sack emptying machine 倒袋机
stationary concrete pump 固定式砼泵 toer belt 塔带
water chiller 水冷却器
wet shotcreting machine 砼湿喷机 ◆钻空开挖支护机械及设备 3-arm jumbo drill 3臂凿岩台车 backhoe 反铲
breaker hammer 手风钻 bulldozer 推土机 clamshell 抓铲
climbing platform 升降平台 column drill 架式风钻
crawler excavator 履带式挖掘机 down-hole drill 潜孔钻 explosive truck 炸药车 band drill 正铲 hand drill 手钻
hydraulic rockbreaker for excavation backhole 反铲液压碎石机 hydrofraise 水力铰倒(双轮铣)jackhammer 风镐
multi-boom drill 多臂钻 percussion chisels 冲击钻 percussive bammer 冲击锤
pneumatic concretebreaker 风动砼破碎机 pneumatic rockbreaker 风动岩石破碎机 pneumatic rockdrill 风动岩石钻机 ripper for dozer 裂土器
rockbolting machine 锚杆机 scabling rod 橇棍 table drill 台钻
trenching machine 挖沟机
wheel excavator 轮式挖掘机 ◆填筑碾压机械 frog tamper 挖夯
grader(leveler / scraper)平地机 hand guided heavy duty
mechanical tamper 手扶式机械夯
hand guided vibratory roller 手扶式碾压夯 rammer 夯实机
roller compator 碾压机
smooth drum vibratory roller 震动平碾 special compactor 专门压土机
tamping foot vibratory roller 羊足碾
vibration plate compactor平板震动碾压机 vibration roller 震动碾 ◆材料加工机械 band saw 带锯
bar bending machine 弯筋机 bar cutter 钢筋切断机 bench planer 台式刨床 bench saw 台式锯 breaker 破碎机 classifier 分选机
column drilling machine 柱式钻床 concrete saw 砼锯 diesel welder 柴油焊机 double grinder 双层磨床 drilling machine 钻床 electric welder 电气焊机
gasoline chain saw 机械链锯 grinder 砂轮机
grinding machine 磨床
hand circular saw 摇杆圆锯
horizontal drilling machine 卧式钻床 milling machine 铣床
mobile circular saw bench 移动圆锯平台 planing machine 刨床 radial arm saw 圆盘锯
radial drilling machine 径向钻床 rod mill 棒磨机
sand blasting machine 喷砂机 shaping machine 刨床
sharpening machine 磨钻机 shield arc welder 手工电弧焊机
stationary circular saw bench 固定圆锯平台 swinging saw 侧移圆锯 welding rectifier 焊接纠正仪 ◆办公用品 computer plotter 计算机绘图仪 computer software 计算机软件 drawing board 绘图板
drawings print machine 图纸打印机 fax machine 传真机 PC computer PC计算机 photocopier 照片复制机
radio walkie(talkie)无线电步话机 safe 保险柜
typewriter 打字机 ◆其他设备及工具
air compressor 空气压缩机
mobile compressor 移动式空压机 electric compressor 电动空压机 diesel compressor 柴油空压机 air heater 热风机 air receiver 储气罐 angle grinder 角磨机 blowser 鼓风机
cleaning machine for scaffolding 脚手架清扫机
concrete rotary smoother 砼旋转整平机 container 集装箱
diesel generator 柴油发电机 electric motor 电动机 extinguisher 灭火器 file 锉子
gas leak detector 露气检验器 hammer 锤子
band operrated rotating cleaner 手动旋转清扫机
hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶 lighting equipment 照明设备 nozzle 喷嘴 oxe 斧头 pick 镐 pump 泵
air operated diaph pump 气动膜泵 centrifugal pump 离心泵 deepwell pump 深水泵
high pressure water pump 高压水泵 submersible pump 潜水泵 riveting machine 铆钉机 scaffolding 脚手架 screw driver 螺栓刀 spade 铁秋
spanner / wrench 扳手
taper drift 锥形锤 trowel 抹子、镘刀
vibrating finisher 震动修整机 vice 老虎钳
wire brush 钢丝刷
◆ 劳保用品(personnel protection equipment)
anti-dust mask 防尘面具 boot 靴子
canvas gloove 帆布手套 raincoat 雨衣 respirator 呼吸器 safety belt 安全带 safety belmet 安全帽 safety shoe 劳保鞋 附录3.工程常用材料 steel bar 钢筋 coil rod 盘条 angle bar 角钢
angle bar of uneven sides 不等边角钢 I-beam 工字钢 channel bar 槽钢 flat bar 扁钢
thin steel plate 薄板钢
medium steel plate 中厚钢板
galvanized thin steel plate 渡锌薄钢板 chechered steel plate 花(纹)钢板 welded steel plate 焊接钢管
galvanized welded pipe 渡锌焊接钢管 spiral welded pipe 螺纹焊接钢管
hot finished seamless pipe 热轧无缝钢管 light steel rail 轻形钢轨 heavy steel rail 重型钢轨
steel rail for crane 起重机钢轨 steel wire 钢丝
wire tendon 预应力钢索
high-strength wire tendon 高强预应力钢索 thin copper plate 薄铜板 ◆木材 lathe 木条 log 圆木 plank 板材
plywood 胶合板 raw timber 原木 square timber 方木 ◆水泥
bagged cement 袋装水泥 bulk cement 散装水泥 plug 插头
dam cement 大坝水泥
prime paint 底漆
expanding cement 膨胀水泥
PVC(polyvinyl chloride)pipe PVC管 ordinary Portland cement 普通硅酸盐水泥 rivet 铆钉 Portland moderate heat cement 中热硅酸盐sack 麻袋片 水泥
sleeve 套筒
Portland-flyash cement 粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥 stainless steel 不锈钢 Portland-pozzolan cement 火山灰硅酸盐水泥 tarpaulin 油布 Portland-slag cement 矿渣硅酸盐水泥 water cock 水龙头 quick-hardening cement 快硬水泥 wing nut 碟型螺母 self-prestressed cement 自应力水泥
sulphate-resisting cement 抗硫酸盐水泥
◆爆破用品
cotton fuse 棉芯导火索
delay electric detonator 延时电雷管
detonating fuse 导火索、导爆索
detonator 雷管
explosive 炸药
ammonium nitrate explosive 销铵炸药
waterproof a-nitrate explosive 防水销铵炸药
open air a-nitrate explosive 露天销铵炸药
emulsion explosive 乳胶炸药
ammonium nitrate fuel oil explosive 销铵燃油炸药
plastic fuse 塑料导火索
short electric detonator 瞬发电雷管
◆燃油
diesel 柴油
kerosene 煤油
petrol / gasoline 汽油
◆其他
acetone 丙酮
acetylene 乙炔
anti-rust paint 防锈漆
asphalt felt 油毛毡
asphalt sheet 沥青纸
binding wire 绑丝
chain 链条
ethafoam 乙烷泡沫
expansion bolt 膨胀螺栓
foam 泡沫
geotextile 土工布
hose 软管
liquid nitrogen 液氮
nail 钉子
organic glass 有机玻璃
oxygen 氧气
目
录
一、基础词汇............................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
二、工程施工类........................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
(一)工程施工-土建类...................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
◆开挖与支护(Excavation and Support)..........................................错误!未定义书签。
明挖(Open Excavation)..............................................................错误!未定义书签。洞挖及地下开挖(Tunnel and Underground Excavation)......错误!未定义书签。钻孔爆破(Drilling and Blasting)...................................................错误!未定义书签。延时支护(rock support).................................................................错误!未定义书签。◆土石料的填筑及碾压施工工序(Working Sequence)....................错误!未定义书签。
缺陷(Defects)..............................................................................错误!未定义书签。其它(Others)..................................................................................错误!未定义书签。◆混凝土(Concrete).........................................................................错误!未定义书签。
作业(Activity)..............................................................................错误!未定义书签。缺陷(Defects)..............................................................................错误!未定义书签。外加剂(Admixture).....................................................................错误!未定义书签。指标(Indexes)..............................................................................错误!未定义书签。其他(Others)................................................................................错误!未定义书签。◆模板(Formwok/Shutteringform)....................................................错误!未定义书签。◆钢筋(Reinforcement Rebar)........................................................错误!未定义书签。◆灌浆(Grouting)................................................................................错误!未定义书签。
工艺过程(Activity)......................................................................错误!未定义书签。管路及组件(Circuit and Elements).......................................错误!未定义书签。参数及指标(Parameter and.........................................................错误!未定义书签。Indexes)..........................................................................................错误!未定义书签。仪器设备(Plant and Instrument)...........................................错误!未定义书签。其他(Others)..................................................................................................................1 ◆ 测量(Survey).............................................................................................................1 测量方法及术语(Methods and Terms).....................................................................1 角度测量(Angular Measure)......................................................................................1 望远镜(Telescope).......................................................................................................1 距离测量(Distance Measure).....................................................................................2 高程测量(Height Measurement)..............................................................................2 地形测量(Topographic Survey)..............................................................................2 ◆原形观测观测仪器和设施{Instrumentation and Facilities)........................................2 附件及配件(Acessories and Spare Parts)..............................................................3 安装过程(Procession of Installation)....................................................................3 资料(Information).........................................................................................................3 其他(Others)..................................................................................................................3 ◆水工常规试验...........................................................................................................................4 砼原材料试验(Test of Raw and Processed Material of Concrete)....................4 骨料(Aggregate)...................................................................................................4
i 外加剂(Admixture)...............................................................................................4 水(Water)................................................................................................................4 砼(Concrete).................................................................................................................4 砼拌和物(Mixture).................................................................................................4 硬化砼(Hardened concrete).......................................................................................5 砂浆(Cement)................................................................................................................5 土(Soil)...........................................................................................................................5 Atterberg limits(water content as limit)阿太堡界限(界限含水量)....................5 其它建筑材料.......................................................................................................................6 钢筋(steel).............................................................................................................6 木材(Wood)............................................................................................................6 沥青(Asphalt)........................................................................................................6 质量管理(Quality Management)..............................................................................6 ◆地质(Geology)........................................................................................................................7 地质年代(Geochronology of Geologic Ages).......................................................7 地质构造(Geologic Structural)..................................................................................7 岩石类型(Rock type)....................................................................................................7 工程地质(Engineering Geology).............................................................................8 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of Minerals)..................................................9 地层地貌(Stratum andPhysiognomy)...........................................................................9 地质作用(Physical Geology Action).............................................................................9 ◆水文(Hydrology)....................................................................................................................9
(二)工程施工.机电类...................................................................................................................10 ◆金属结构(Hydromechanical work)................................................................................10 闸门(Gate).........................................................................................................................10 预埋件(Embedded Parts).........................................................................................10 组件/部件(Assembly/parts)......................................................................................10 启闭机(Hoist)...............................................................................................................10 门式起重机(Grantry Crane)......................................................................................10 其他(Others).................................................................................................................11 ◆ 焊接和无损检验(Welding and Nondestructive Testing).......................................11 焊接{Welding)................................................................................................................11 无损检验(Nondestructive Testing)......................................................................12 ◆ 水轮机(Hydraulic Turbine).........................................................................................12 ◆ 机械通用词汇.......................................................................................................................13 ◆ 电气设备及元器件(Electrical Equipment & Element Parts)................................14 ◆ 电气通用词汇.......................................................................................................................15 ◆ 计算机监控系统(Computer Supervisory and Control System).........................16
三、工程管理(Management of Project)...........................................................................................17(一)费用...........................................................................................................................................17 Ⅰ.直接费...................................................................................................................................17 Ⅰ)人工.............................................................................................................................17 1.人工费.....................................................................................................................17 2.劳务类别.................................................................................................................17 3.职员和其他.............................................................................................................18 Ⅱ)设备及运输.................................................................................................................19 Ⅲ)材料.............................................................................................................................20
ii Ⅱ管理费和利润.........................................................................................................................20(二)进度...........................................................................................................................................21
(三)招投标.....................................................................................................................................22(四)计量和支付...............................................................................................................................23
(五)变更和索赔.............................................................................................................................24 附录1.工程结构物名称统计....................................................................................................................25 ◆ 拦河大坝.......................................................................................................................................25 ◆ 泄洪排沙系统...............................................................................................................................25 ◆ 洞群及溢洪道...............................................................................................................................26 出口区.........................................................................................................................................26 ◆引水发电系统.................................................................................................................................26 ◆临时建筑及附属设施.....................................................................................................................27 临时建筑.....................................................................................................................................27 附属设施.....................................................................................................................................27 附录2.工程常用机械...............................................................................................................................27 ◆运输机械.........................................................................................................................................27 ◆混凝土生产、浇筑及振捣机械.....................................................................................................27 ◆钻空开挖支护机械及设备.............................................................................................................28 ◆填筑碾压机械.................................................................................................................................28 ◆材料加工机械.................................................................................................................................28 ◆办公用品.........................................................................................................................................28 ◆其他设备及工具.............................................................................................................................29 ◆ 劳保用品(personnel protection equipment)................................................................29 附录3.工程常用材料................................................................................................................................29 ◆木材.................................................................................................................................................29 ◆水泥.................................................................................................................................................29 ◆爆破用品.........................................................................................................................................30 ◆燃油.................................................................................................................................................30 ◆其他.................................................................................................................................................30
iii
第四篇:水利水电工程专业英语段翻译
Owing to the fact that electricity can be transmitted from where it is generated to where it is needed by means of power lines and transformers, large power stations can be built in remote places far from industrial centers or large cities, as is cited the case with hydroelectric power stations that are inseparable from water sources.• 由于电力可以从发电的地方通过电线和变压器输送到需要用电的地方,因此大型电站可以建在远离工业中心或大城市的地方,离不开水源的水力发电站就常常是这样建立的。
Ideally suited to narrow canyon s composed of rock, the arch dam provides an economical and efficient structure to control the stream flow.The load-carrying capacity of an arch dam enables the designer to conserve material and still maintain an extremely safe structure.• 拱坝最适合于修建在岩石峡谷中,它是一种控制河道中水流经济而有效的建筑物。一座拱坝的承载能力足以使设计人员用较少的材料而仍能建成极为安全的结构。
The general theory of arch dam design is comparatively new and changing rapidly as more information is obtained.Engineers have cautiously applied mathematical theory, the law of mechanics, and theories of elasticity to reduce the thickness of arch dams and gain substantial economies.• 拱坝的一般设计理论比较新颖,同时在获得更多的资料之后,理论的变化也很迅速。工程师们曾慎重的应用数学理论、力学定律和弹性理论,以减小拱坝的厚度,并取得了很大的经济效果。
• Historically, the method of analysis of arch dams grew from the cylinder theory to independent arches, crown cantilever analysis, and then multiple cantilever analysis.The crown cantilever and arch action theory has prove d satisfactory for arch dam analysis.• 从历史发展来看,拱坝分析方法从圆筒理论开始,发展到多个独立拱圈分析、拱冠悬臂梁分析,以及多悬臂梁分析。拱冠悬臂梁和拱作用的理论已被证明能满足拱坝分析用。
• All earth dams must have sufficient extra height known as freeboard to prevent overtopping by the pool.The freeboard must be of such height that wave action, wind setup, and earthquake effects will not result in overtopping of the dam.In addition to freeboard, an allowance must be made for settlement of the embankment and the foundation which will occur upon completion of the embankment.• 所有的土坝都必须有一个足够的额外高度,称为超高,以防止水库漫顶。超高的高度必须足以在波浪作用、风浪壅高和地震影响下,不会导致坝的漫顶。除了超高外,对于坝建成时发生的坝体和地基沉陷,还必须在高度上留有余地。
• The width of the earth dam top is generally controlled by the required width of fill for ease of construction using conventional equipment.In general, the top width should not be less than 30 ft.if a danger exists of an overtopping wave caused either by massive landslides in the pool or by seismic block tipping, then extra top width of erosion resistive fill will be required.• 土坝的坝顶宽度一般用常规设备便于施工的填筑宽度来控制。通常,坝顶宽度应不小于30英尺。如果存在着大规模塌方进入水库,或者有因地震使岩块倒落而引起波浪漫顶的危险,则需要采用抗冲刷的材料填筑更宽的坝顶高度。
• The alignment of an earthfill dam should be such as to minimize construction costs but such alignment should not be such as to encourage sliding or cracking of the embankment.Normally the shortest straight line across the valley will be satisfactory, but local topographic and foundation conditions may dictate otherwise.Dams located in narrow valleys often are given an alignment which is arched upstream so that deflections of the embankment under pool load will put the embankment in compression thus minimizing transverse cracking.土坝的坝轴线选定应尽量使建设费用降到最少,但是也不能因此引起坝体发生滑动或开裂。一般来说,一条横跨河谷的最短的直线,可能满足要求。但是,当地的地形和地基条件可能要求采用另外的方案。对于峡谷的坝,常采用向上游拱出的坝轴线,以便在坝体受库水压力作用而发生变形时,能使坝体压紧,从而尽量减少其横向开裂。
• Three problems are generally associated with the abutments of earth dams: ① seepage, ②instability, and ③transverse cracking of the embankment.If the abutment consists of deposits of pervious soils it may be necessary to construct an upstream impervious blanket and downstream drainage measures to minimize and control abutment seepage.• 一般有三个问题与土坝坝座有关:①渗透;②不稳定;③ 坝体的横向开裂。如果坝座是由透水的沉积土构成,就可能需要建造一道上游不透水的铺盖和下游排水设施,可尽量减少和控制坝座内的渗透。
• Where steep abutments exist, especially with sudden changes of slopes or with steep bluff, there exists a danger of transverse cracking of the embankment fills.This can be treated by excavation of the abutment to reduce the slope, especially in the impervious and transition zones.The transition zones, especially the upstream, should be constructed of fills which have little or no cohesion and a well-distributed gradation of soils which will promote self-healing should transverse cracking occur.• 在坝座岸坡很陡的地方,特别在边坡突变或有陡壁处,那里的坝体填土会产生横向裂缝的危险。这个问题可以用开挖坝座放缓边坡来处理,这样的处理在不透水区和过渡区特别需要。过渡区,尤其是在上游侧的过渡区,必须用粘着力很小或无粘着力且颗粒级配良好的土料来填筑,这种土料如发生横向裂缝时能自行愈合。
• It is often possible, and in some cases necessary, to construct the dam embankment in stages.Factors dictating such a procedure are: ①a wide valley permitting the construction of the persion or outlet works and part of the embankment at the same time;②a weak foundation requiring that the embankment not be built too rapidly to prevent overstressing the foundation soils;③a wet borrow area which requires a slow construction to permit an increase in shear strength through consolidation of the fill.In some cases it may be necessary to provide additional drainage of the foundation or fill by means of sand drain wells or by means of horizontal pervious drainage blanket.• 土坝的分期施工往往是可能的,而且在一些情况下是必须的。要求这样施工程序的因素是:①河谷宽阔,可以允许导流或泄水工程与一部分坝体同时施工;②地基软弱,要求坝体不要过快填筑,以防止地基中产生过大的应力;③料场潮湿,要求放慢施工,以使土料能通过固结作用来增加抗剪强度。在某些情况下,可以需要增设基础排水设施或填筑排水沙井,或采用水平透水的排水铺盖。
• Most soils are suitable for use for embankment construction, however, there are physical and chemical limitations, soils which contain excessive salts or other soluble materials should not be used.Substantial organic content should not exist in the soils.Lignite sufficiently scattered through the fill to prevent the danger of spontaneous combustion, is not objectionable.Fat clays with high liquid limits may prove difficult to work and should be avoided.• 大多数土料适合于坝体填筑,然而,在物理和化学性质上也有一定的局限,含有过多盐和可溶性物质的土料,不可以使用。在土壤里不应存在大量的有机质成分。褐煤若能通过填筑而充分分散,无自燃危险,就不妨碍使用。而具有高度流限的肥粘土,多半难以施工,必须避免使用。
• The strength of the impervious and semi-impervious soils depends upon the compacted densities.These depend in turn upon the water content and weight of the compacting equipment.The design of the embankment is thus influenced by the water content of the borrow soils and by the practicable alternations to the water content either prior to placement of the fill or after placement but prior to rolling.If the natural water content is too high, then it may be reduced in borrow area by drainage, or by harrowing.If the soil is too dry it should be moistened in the borrow area either by sprinkling or by ponding and then permitted to stabilize the moisture content before use.The range of placement water content is generally between 2 percent dry to 2 or 3 percent wet of the standard Proter optimum water content.Pervious soils should be compacted to at least 80 percent of relative density.• 不透水和半透水的土料的强度取决于压实的密度。压实密度又取决于土料的含水量和压实设备的重量。因此,料场土料的含水量和在填筑前或堆筑后而未碾压前的填土实际含水量的变化,都会影响坝体的填筑。如果天然含水量太高,可以在料场用排水或将土料耙松的办法来减低。如果土料太干燥,则需在料场用洒水和泡水的办法把土料润湿,然后再让土料在使用以前保持稳定的含水量。填筑时的含水量范围一般介于比标准普氏最优含水量低2%到高2%~3%之间。透水性土料至少压实到相对密度的80%。
• If necessary, test fills should be constructed with variations in placement water content, lift thickness, number of roller passes and type of rollers.For cases of steep abutment, the fill must be placed in thin lifts and compacted by mechanical hand
tampers.All overhangs should either be removed or filled with lean concrete prior to fill placement.•
如果需要,应该变换填筑层的含水量、铺层厚度、碾压遍数和碾压机的型式等,进行填筑试验。对于坡度很陡的坝座部位,必须用薄层填筑,并用手扶打夯机夯实。所有外悬突出部位,均应在填土堆筑以前挖除或用贫混凝土填平
• The type of instrumentation depends upon the size and complexity of the project.The devices in common use are: ① piezometers;②surface movement monuments;③settlement gages;④inclinometers;⑤internal movement and strain indicators;⑥pressure cells;⑦seismic acceleration meter ; ⑧movement indicators at conduit joints and other concrete structures
• 观测仪器的类型取决于工程的规模和复杂性。通用的装置是:①测压计; ②表面位移标志;③沉陷量测仪(计); ④测斜仪;⑤内部位移和应变指示仪;⑥压力盒(压力传感器或压应力计);⑦地震加速度仪;⑧在管道接头和其他混凝土结构上的位移标志。
第五篇:专业英语
我国经济和科学技术正在高速发展,随着我国机械行业实力的不断提升,中国正在加速产品与设备的更新与改造,我国与其他国家在各技术领域也正在实现进一步的合作,许多企业引进了很多进口设备,大量资料是英文原版的。因此,学生将来在工作岗位上能否读懂这些资料就是摆在面前的一个严峻的问题,特别是在生产实际中碰到现场实际问题的时候,很可能需要查阅原版英文资料或与相关专家用英语交流专业技术来谋取解决途径,所以机械工程专业英语的掌握就变得越来越重要。
一、学习机械专业英语面临的主要问题
1.缺乏足够的重视,认为没必要
许多学生对专业英语重视不够,认为自己以后在工作岗位上一般用不上,学起来又不容易,不想花功夫去学习和加强专业英语方面的能力,即便有专业英语课程也是抱着及格万岁的思想,敷衍了事。其实,随着社会的发展,各种工作岗位对人才的要求越来越高,即使作为一名操作工,也有很大可能要面对纯英文的说明书、加工图纸等专业文献,更无须说将来担任管理和领导岗位对专业英语的需求了。
2专业基础知识不扎实
专业基础不扎实、专业知识的缺乏是专业英语学习和翻译的一大障碍。只有既懂外语又懂专业的人才能适应全面的对外开放,4.无法适应专业英语本身的特点
专业英语一般内容较为枯燥,阐述的是原理概念,结构严谨,不注重文字修饰,重在客观事实;专业词汇多,逻辑性强,理论推导多,有独特的文体形式和表达方式。在学习开始阶段,我感觉很难适应。
二、大学生学好机械专业英语的方法
1.把握专业知识
必须将机械专业知识与英语知识相结合。缺乏专业知识,翻译专业文献就没有了根基,成了无本之末。也许自己在学习过程中就会对翻译出来的东西拿捏不稳,或者自己都不明白,更不能保证对错了。所以,学生必须加强开设本课程前的相关专业知识的学习,为本课程的学习扫清这方面的阻碍,减轻负担。也有学生反映,专业英语学完以后,英语和专业两方面都有所巩固和加强,所以学生要做的仍旧是树立信心,保持良好积极的心态。
2.积累专业词汇和专业术语
在专业英语的学习过程中,学生既要巩固基础词汇,也要学习专业词汇,更要注重基础词汇的习惯用法、含义和在专业英语中的特殊用法、含义,同时,学生还需要在识记专业词汇的同时,掌握一定量的词根、词缀[7]。提高专业英语资料的阅读能力必须扩大词汇量,掌握一定量的专业词汇。如果词汇量掌握得不够,阅读时就会感到生词多,障碍大,不但影响阅读的速度,而且影响理解的程度,从而不能进行有效的阅读,还容易使人产生挫败感。而学生要想扩大词汇量,就必须在阅读的同时进行识记,并扩大阅读范围。
3培养浓厚兴趣
培养对英语的兴趣至关重要。“兴趣是最好的老师”,兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力,有了兴趣,学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验:喜欢的事,就容易坚持下去;不喜欢的事,是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的,需要培养。必须要用正确的态度对待英语学习,用科学的方法指导学习。多让自己去尝试,通过努力让自己体会成功的愉悦。
三、结语
用英语进行专业交流是学习机械工程专业英语的最终目的。由于翻译过程是个创造性的、从生疏到熟练的过程,只有具备刻苦的精神、严肃认真的学习态度和一定的英语水平、专业水平和汉语表达水平,才能充分理解原专业文献的含义,把握原文的想要表述的实质内容,运用种种表达手段和翻译技巧,用准确流畅的符合汉语言习惯的语言生动地再现原文。所以,为把自己培养成为复合型、有发展后劲的高技能人才,大学生必须把握机械工程专业知识,培养专业英语的学习兴趣,积累专业英语学习方法和基础知识,加强英文原始专业文献的阅读,扩大知识面,迅速而切实地提高自己的专业英语的应用能力,为将来更好地适应高素质工作岗位和进一步发展的需要打下良好的基础。