第一篇：《欧洲古典音乐》教学实施计划要点

《欧洲古典音乐主题单元设计》教学实施计划要点

教学准备

1.开展调查，根据学生学习状况及主动性合理分配学习小组。2.设计学生专题研究的欧洲古典音乐模板发给学生。3.要求学生考虑自己对欧洲古典音乐的初步认识。

4.联系好具备上网及投影功能的多媒体教室或网络教室，教师个人准备好优盘。5.事先交给学生在多媒体教室或网络教室中的座位表。

专题1: 巴洛克时期音乐

1.准备好录音机、CD、MP3供学生播放磁带、光盘或网络音乐。2.向学生播放《哈利路亚》和《马太受难曲》

专题2: 古典主义时期音乐

1.提供给学生电子画作《最后的晚餐》及阅读物《卡通绘画中的透视原理》。2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题二之1—4部分。

3.提醒学生各学习小组需制作多媒体演示文稿供学校电视台滚动播出，并出版宣传板报在操场作全校展示；每位同学亦需写作小论文一篇，将实践中的收获感知作全面总结

专题3: 浪漫主义时期音乐

1.告知学生做数字诗歌游戏比赛的规则。2.提醒学生携带学习工具：尺、笔、橡皮。

3.提醒学生携带包含有黄金分割特征的绘画、雕塑、摄影等作品。4.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题三之1—4部分。

专题四：理论探讨

1.安排好理论探讨时的教学环境布置。

2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题五之1—4部分。

3.提示学生填写《科学与艺术K-W-L表》中的第3 列，说明通过“科学与艺术”的主题学习自己学会了什么，有哪些收获。4.完成综合作业：一是写作一篇议论文来综合阐述科学和艺术的关系，二是完善制作的多媒体演示报告。

教学实施后

1.要求学生运用《学生信息素养评价量规》、《学生小组学习表现评价量规》、《多媒体演示文稿评价量规》及《学生小论文评价量规》自评、互评自身在小组合作学习中的表现、态度，分析、解决问题的能力，动手操作的能力，运用信息技术制作多媒体演示文稿的能力，以及运用支持材料以通顺的文字、清晰的结构阐述自己观点的写作能力。2.整合学生作品，做一次学习成果交流。

第二篇：欧洲古典音乐

巴赫：G弦上的咏叹调（只在一根上弦演奏）、勃兰登堡协奏曲、英国组曲、法国组曲、帕蒂塔、哥德堡变奏曲（为贵族解决失眠而作）

亨德尔：皇家烟火音乐（据说当时弄出了火灾）、弥塞亚、水上音乐（旋律直白形象）、D大调第五号大协奏曲、G小调第六号大协奏曲、C大调大协奏曲“亚历山大的盛宴”、快乐的铁匠

帕哈贝尔：卡农

海顿：创世纪（咏叹调与合唱）、104部交响曲（如45“告别”、82“熊”、83“母鸡”、94“惊愕”、101“钟”、104“伦敦”）、奏鸣曲（我也不记得多少部了）、皇帝四重奏（第二乐章悠扬变奏，今被引用为德国国歌）

维瓦尔第：小提琴协奏曲《四季》（其中《春》第一乐章最有名、还有《冬》的经典冬雨演绎等等）

莫扎特：第20、21、23、27钢琴协奏曲（20、21的第二乐章优美„„唯美）、第40、41交响乐、弦乐小夜曲（共四个乐章，都很熟悉的）、D小调幻想曲、魔笛、费加罗的婚礼（序曲很好听）、单簧管协奏曲、长笛与竖琴协奏曲、星星变奏曲、四重奏（如：罗迪、米兰、维也纳、海顿、霍夫美斯特、普鲁士等，还有嬉游曲推荐）

利奥波德·莫扎特（神童莫扎特之父）：玩具交响曲

贝多芬：九首交响乐（当然三“英雄”、五“命运”、六“田园”最著名啦）、小提琴奏鸣曲“春天”“克鲁采”、D小调小提琴协奏曲（四大小提琴协奏曲之一）、钢琴奏鸣曲、浪漫曲两首

舒伯特：A大调五重奏“鳟鱼”（第三乐章“幽默曲”最有名）、D小调第十四弦乐四重奏“死神与少女”、小夜曲、音乐瞬间、多首艺术歌曲

柏辽兹：幻想交响曲（第二乐章四把竖琴绝无仅有）、罗马狂欢节序曲

门德尔松：仲夏夜之梦（有熟悉的婚礼进行曲）、E大调小提琴协奏曲（三个乐章都很有名，四大小提琴协奏曲之一）、交响曲（比较著名的有第三“苏格兰”和第四“意大利”）

勃拉姆斯：第一（又称“贝多芬第十交响曲”，第四乐章五分三十秒起旋律模仿欢乐颂）、二、三、四交响曲（四是最深刻的，很好听，气势磅礴）、匈牙利舞曲（原为钢琴曲，后被改编为弦乐版本，2、6较有名）、学院庆典序曲（少有的欢快）

肖邦：19首夜曲（前三首最著名）、第一叙事曲、4首即兴曲、多首诙谐曲、多首圆舞曲、多首大圆舞曲（又名波兰舞曲、波罗乃兹）、升C小调幻想即兴曲、多首练习曲（如：黑键、离别、革命、蝴蝶、枯木、海洋）、多首前奏曲（如：雨滴）、第一第二钢琴协奏曲（第一、二协奏曲的第二乐章都柔美至极，唯美）、引子与辉煌大圆舞曲（肖邦极少有的大提琴与钢琴作品）

舒曼：童年情景（第七首“梦幻曲”最经典，还有“竹马游戏”、“在火炉边”等）、狂欢节

李斯特：匈牙利狂想曲（第二、第六首较有名）、钟（改编自帕格尼尼小提琴曲）、爱之梦、献辞、E大调第一钢琴协奏曲（很特别，加入诙谐曲）、B小调钢琴奏鸣曲、旅行年代（欧贝曼山谷、埃斯特哈奇庄园的喷泉）

帕格尼尼：第一小提琴协奏曲（每个乐章都好听）、第二小提琴协奏曲（第三乐章是著名的炫技“钟”）、24首随想曲（第24首最著名，被众多作曲家改编，其中拉赫马尼诺夫的最成功）、摩西幻想曲

罗西尼：弦乐奏鸣曲（1-6全集，每乐章都很好听）、威廉·退尔序曲、塞维利亚理发师、贼雀序曲

比才：卡门第一|二组曲（共八首，推荐间奏曲、哈巴涅拉、夜曲、波西米亚舞曲）、阿莱城姑娘第一|二组曲（共八首，推荐夜曲、小柔版、间奏曲、小步舞曲）

苏佩：轻骑兵序曲、维也纳早中晚

柴可夫斯基：第一钢琴协奏曲、天鹅湖（推荐：圆舞曲、四小天鹅）、胡桃夹子（推荐：花之圆舞曲、糖梅仙子之舞）、睡美人（推荐：玫瑰柔板）、第五交响曲（第三乐章舞曲风格）、第六交响曲“悲怆”（每个乐章都令人难忘）、钢琴套曲《四季》（“六月”船歌最经典）、如歌的行板、弦乐小夜曲、忧伤小夜曲、1812序曲

德沃夏克：第九交响曲“自新大陆”（第二乐章很著名、其他三个乐章也很熟悉）、第八交响曲（第三乐章一听难忘）、斯拉夫舞曲、大提琴协奏曲（第一乐章深刻）、母亲教我的歌

德彪西：夜曲（第二乐章“节日”好听）、大海、牧神午后（根据象征派作家马拉美同名作改编、其中的长笛值得一听）、意象集、版画集、儿童园地、贝加马斯克组曲

拉威尔：鹅妈妈组曲、波莱罗、茨冈、库普兰之墓（共六首、四首有钢琴、弦乐版本）、悼念公主的帕凡舞曲（有钢琴、弦乐版本）、由拉威尔改编成弦乐版本的穆索尔斯基《图画展览会》、钢琴协奏曲（第二乐章色彩斑斓）、钢琴奏鸣曲（第二乐章优美舒缓）、水的嬉戏

斯美塔那：我的祖国（第二乐章“伏尔塔瓦河”很有名）、被出卖的新娘

格里格：A小调钢琴协奏曲、培尔·金特组曲（较著名的有晨曲、阿尼特拉舞曲、在山神庙、索尔维格之歌）、抒情小品集、霍尔堡时代组曲（前奏曲悦耳）

西贝柳斯：芬兰颂、悲伤圆舞曲、小提琴协奏曲

弗雷：西西里舞曲、梦后、帕凡（孔雀）舞曲 格鲁克：奥菲欧与尤利迪西

拉赫马尼诺夫：帕格尼尼狂想曲（变奏18较著名）、第二钢琴协奏曲（第二乐章很美）、第三钢琴协奏曲、双钢琴（OP5，OP17）、练声曲

格林卡：鲁斯兰与柳德米拉序曲

里姆斯基-科萨科夫：天方夜谭（小提琴主题伴随四个乐章）、西班牙随想曲

圣桑：动物狂欢节（其中“天鹅”最著名、“水族馆”也不错）、骷髅之舞、影子与回旋随想曲

小约翰·施特劳斯：蓝色多瑙河圆舞曲、蝙蝠序曲、春之声圆舞曲、维也纳森林故事圆舞曲、埃及进行曲、皇帝圆舞曲、电闪雷鸣波尔卡、南方的玫瑰圆舞曲、前进波尔卡、安锐波尔卡、拨弦波尔卡（与约瑟夫·施特劳斯共同创作）、吉卜塞男爵、晨报圆舞曲、维也纳糖果圆舞曲、维也纳气质圆舞曲、天佑皇帝约瑟夫一世万岁进行曲（有德国国歌片段）、游览列车波尔卡、享受生活圆舞曲、爆炸波尔卡、你和你圆舞曲、柠檬树花开何处圆舞曲、音乐美酒和女人圆舞曲、艺术家生涯圆舞曲、闲聊波尔卡、奥菲欧四对舞

约瑟夫·施特劳斯：奥地利村燕圆舞曲、水彩画圆舞曲、无忧无虑快速波尔卡、小磨房波尔卡

老约翰·施特劳斯：拉德茨基进行曲、中国人加洛普

瓦尔托伊费尔：溜冰圆舞曲、西班牙圆舞曲

伊凡诺维奇：多瑙河之波圆舞曲

莱哈尔：金银圆舞曲

约纳森：杜鹃圆舞曲

安德森：打字机、蓝色探戈、快乐雪橇、调皮的节拍器

萨拉萨蒂：卡门主题幻想曲、流浪者之歌

马斯奈：沉思

多普勒：匈牙利田园幻想曲

蒙蒂：查尔达什舞曲（伦敦小提琴之声有48把小提琴绝妙演绎）

巴伯：弦乐柔版 瓦格纳：漂泊的荷兰人（前奏曲）、罗恩格林（第一幕序曲）、纽伦堡的名歌手（序曲）、帕西法尔（序曲、圣星期五的奇迹）、汤豪舍（前奏曲）

马勒：第一进行曲、旅行者之歌（声乐套曲，古斯塔夫·马勒作词）、交响曲

R斯特劳斯：查拉图斯特拉如是说 作品30（开头被选为一电影配乐）、唐璜 作品20、梯尔·艾伦斯皮格尔的恶作剧 作品28、玫瑰骑士圆舞曲

法雅：爱情魔术师

布鲁克纳：第四交响曲（降E大调“浪漫”）

维尼亚夫斯基：华丽的波兰舞曲（炫技的）

普罗科菲耶夫：罗密欧与朱丽叶（芭蕾舞剧选曲）、交响童话彼得与狼（认识每一件乐器的音色）

肖斯塔科维奇：钢琴协奏曲、第二圆舞曲（法国小提琴家安德烈·里欧协乐团有经典演绎）

埃尔加：小提琴小品爱的致意（又称爱的礼赞）、威仪堂堂进行曲、新颖主题变奏曲“谜语”、大提琴协奏曲（第一乐章深沉）

弗兰克：小提琴协奏曲（第一乐章有名）

马斯卡尼：乡村骑士间奏曲

韦伯：邀舞、魔弹射手

布里顿：青少年管弦乐队指南（和彼得与狼类似介绍乐器音色）

霍尔斯特：行星组曲（“木星”乐章很著名的！熟悉的旋律在三分十五秒出现）贝多芬的悲怆奏鸣曲、月光奏鸣曲和暴风雨奏鸣曲的第三乐章

巴达尔切弗斯卡：少女的祈祷 * 贝多芬：G大调小步舞曲 * 门德尔松：无词歌第20号 * 门德尔松：春之歌 * 勃拉姆斯：第5号匈牙利舞曲 * 门德尔松：猎人之歌 & 肖邦：E大调练习曲 & 韦伯：邀舞 & 姆斯基-柯萨科夫：野蜂飞舞 & 舒伯特：音乐瞬间 * 门德尔松：乘着歌声的翅膀 & 肖邦：降E大调...[01] 01.帕赫贝尔:卡农

02.格里格:“清晨”皮尔金组曲

03.维瓦尔第:四季小提琴协奏曲“春” 04.柴可斯夫基:天鹅湖“情景” 05.莫扎特:小夜曲 06.贝多芬:月光奏鸣曲

07.德沃夏克:第九号交响曲“新世界” 08.华格纳:女武神 09.卡尔欧菲:布兰诗歌 10.盖希文:蓝色狂想曲 11.亨德尔:水上音乐

12.约翰.施特劳斯:蓝色多瑙河

[02] 01.贝多芬:第五号交响曲“命运” 02.莫扎特:第21号钢琴协奏曲 03.巴赫:小步舞曲

04.柴可斯夫基:胡桃钳“特巴雷克舞曲” 05.穆梭斯基:展览会之画 06.莫扎特:法国号协奏曲 07.西贝流士:卡列里亚组曲

08.约翰.施特劳斯:春之声圆舞曲 09.约翰.施特劳斯:维也纳森林的故事 10.勃拉姆斯:大学庆典 11.雷可莱:小鼓

12.圣桑:动物狂欢节“天鹅” [03] 01.马斯奈:泰伊思螟想曲

02.拉赫曼尼诺夫:帕格尼尼主题变奏曲 03.巴赫:G骇之歌 04.李斯特:爱之梦

05.萧邦:降E大调第二号夜曲 06.莫扎特:A大调短笛协奏曲 07.佛汉威廉斯:绿袖子幻想曲

08.柴可斯夫基:胡桃钳“糖梅仙之舞” 09.阿尔诺尼:慢板

10.巴赫:耶稣,人们仰望喜悦 11.圣桑:动物狂欢节“水族” 12.瓦德菲尔:溜冰者圆舞曲

[04] 01.柴可夫斯基:第一号钢琴协奏曲 02.贝多芬:悲怆奏鸣曲 03.麦尔斯:短歌

04.威尔第:曼陀玲协奏曲 05.莫扎特:第25号交响曲 06.柴可夫斯基:睡美人圆舞曲 07.穆梭斯基:基辅城门 08.柯普兰:众人信号曲 09.威廉斯:奥林匹克鼓号曲 10.门德尔松:乘着歌声的翅膀

11.莫扎特:第41号交响曲“朱彼德” 12.西贝流士:芬兰颂

[05] 01.贝多芬:第六号交响曲“田圆” 02.亨德尔:萨巴女王驾到 03.巴赫:无伴奏小提琴协奏曲 04.柴可夫斯基:如歌行板 05.帕格尼尼:常动曲 06.亨德尔:皇家烟火 07.萧邦:即兴曲

08.柴可夫斯基:弦乐小夜曲 09.艾尔加:爱的礼赞 10.德沃夏克:斯拉夫舞曲 11.马斯奈:领袖

12.门德尔松:仲夏夜之梦“夜曲” [06] 01.莫扎特:第40号交响曲 02.柴可夫斯基:胡桃钳进行曲 03.苏佩:轻骑兵序曲

04.海顿:降E大调小号协奏曲 05.奥芬巴哈:天堂与地狱

06.比才:阿莱城姑娘“法兰都舞曲” 07.克拉克:小号即兴曲 08.鲍凯利亚:小步舞曲

09.普罗利菲夫:交响组曲“基杰中尉” 10.哈尔都量:盖聂“剑舞” 11.马勒:第一号交响曲“巨人” 12.霍特斯:行星组曲 [07] 01.巴赫:布兰登堡协奏曲

02.圣桑:第三号交响曲“管风琴” 03.莫扎特:一个音乐玩笑 04.萨替:第一号吉姆培迪诺 05.萧邦:第三11号圆舞曲

06.维瓦尔第:四季小提琴协奏曲“秋” 07.德彪西:月光

08.贝多芬:第七号交响曲 09.贝多芬:第八号交响曲 10.门德尔松:春之歌

11.德沃夏克:母亲教我的歌 12.韦伯:邀舞

[08] 01.巴赫小调触技曲与赋格曲 02.拉威尔:波丽路

03.勃拉姆斯:第六号匈牙利舞曲 04.理查史特劳斯:查拉图如是说 05.门德尔松:婚礼进行曲 06.莫扎特:土耳其进行曲 07.华尔顿:加冕进行曲

08.约翰.施特劳斯:香槟波加 09.巴赫:士诺圣母颂 10.德彪西:棕发少女 11.艾尔加:“谜”变奏曲 12.威尔第:阿伊达进行曲

[09] 01.舒伯特:鳟鱼五重奏 02.巴赫:第二号管弦组曲 03.萧邦:E大调练习曲“悲伤” 04.西贝流士:黄泉的天鹅

05.海顿:第94号交响曲“警愕” 06.海顿:第101号交响曲“时钟” 07.罗西尼:弦乐奏鸣曲第四号 08.奥芬巴哈:船歌 09.舒曼:浪漫曲 10.克莱斯勒:爱之悲 11.克莱斯勒:爱之喜 12.舒伯特:圣母颂

[10] 01.勃拉姆斯:第五号匈牙利舞曲 02.莫扎特:费加罗婚礼 03.科札特:波斯市场

04.艾尔加:威风凛凛进行曲 05.比才:卡门组曲

06.伯恩斯坦:豪勇七蛟龙 07.苏莎:永恒的星条旗

08.萧邦:第三号波兰舞曲“军队” 09.李斯特:匈牙利舞曲 10.约翰史特劳斯:爆炸波加

11.林姆斯基高沙可夫:大黄峰飞行 12.鲍罗定:鞑靼舞曲

第三篇：《科学与艺术》教学实施计划要点

《科学与艺术》教学实施计划要点

教学准备

1.设计学生信息素养表及反馈统计EXCEL文档。（详见《学生信息素养调查表》、《学生信息素养统计表》）2.开展调查，根据学生学习状况及主动性合理分配学习小组。（详见《学生信息素养调查反馈》）3.设计学生专题研究的提纲模板并将《学习提纲总模板》分发给学生。

4.要求学生考虑自己对科学和艺术关系的初步认识，填写《科学与艺术K-W-L表》中的第1、2两列。5.将《学生信息素养评价量规》、《学生小组学习表现评价量规》、《多媒体演示文稿评价量规》及《学生小论文评价量规》事先告知学生，让其明白学习的评价标准。6.将《学生探究活动记录》分发给学生，告知其每专题学习要完成《学生探究活动记录》中相关信息的填写。7.联系好具备上网及投影功能的多媒体教室或网络教室，教师个人准备好优盘。8.事先交给学生在多媒体教室或网络教室中的座位表。

专题一：科学家与艺术

1.准备好录音机、CD、MP3供学生播放磁带、光盘或网络音乐。2.提示学生完成填写《学生探究活动记录》专题一之1—4部分。

专题二：艺术家与科学

1.提供给学生电子画作《最后的晚餐》及阅读物《卡通绘画中的透视原理》。2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题二之1—4部分。3.提醒学生要做阶段性的多媒体演示文稿。

专题三：学科与艺术

1.告知学生做数字诗歌游戏比赛的规则。2.提醒学生携带学习工具：尺、笔、橡皮。

3.提醒学生携带包含有黄金分割特征的绘画、雕塑、摄影等作品。4.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题三之1—4部分。专题四：艺术与学科

1.提示学生携带动手做材料：空火柴盒、丝线、圆形空纸筒一只、气球橡皮膜一块、铝箔一块。2.联系DIS实验室，安排实验时间，并请DIS实验室管理员向学生介绍实验操作规程。3.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题四之1—3部分。4.提醒学生要做阶段性的多媒体演示文稿

专题五：理论探讨

1.安排好理论探讨时的教学环境布置。

2.提示学生填写《学生探究活动记录》专题五之1—4部分。

3.提示学生填写《科学与艺术K-W-L表》中的第3 列，说明通过“科学与艺术”的主题学习自己学会了什么，有哪些收获。4.完成综合作业：一是写作一篇议论文来综合阐述科学和艺术的关系，二是完善制作的多媒体演示报告。

教学实施后

1.要求学生运用《学生信息素养评价量规》、《学生小组学习表现评价量规》、《多媒体演示文稿评价量规》及《学生小论文评价量规》自评、互评自身在小组合作学习中的表现、态度，分析、解决问题的能力，动手操作的能力，运用信息技术制作多媒体演示文稿的能力，以及运用支持材料以通顺的文字、清晰的结构阐述自己观点的写作能力。2.整合学生作品，做一次学习成果交流。

第四篇：欧洲文化入门要点

WEEK 1-3

Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139

The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement.It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:

---direct communication between the inpidual and God

---simplifying rituals

---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen

---abolishing the indulgences

1)Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

John Wycliffe(about 1330¡ª1384)p-139

Chief forerunner of Reformation.English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man¡®s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus(1372-1415)

A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian.Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War

2)Martin Luther(1483-1546)and His Doctrines

Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140

Translation of the Bible

Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality

In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language

3)John Calvin(1509-1564)and Calvinism

Calvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian government

Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit

4)Reformation in England p-143

John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism

Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn

In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal

authorities.Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-General of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5)Counter-Reformation p-144

Council of Trent

The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible.The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text.It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145

Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6)Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146

Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideas

Science

Calvinism

Navigation and discoveries of new lands

7)Conclusion P147

In education and cultural matters

In religion

In language

In spirit

D.Renaissance in Other Countries

The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In France

In Spain

In the north: Flanders

In the Netherlands

In Germany

In England

In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”

1)Renaissance in France

Historical Background

A whole generation of humanists emerged in France.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architecture

In music, the beginning of polyphony

In religion, Calvinism won great popularity

Huguenots—the Protestant group in France

Renaissance Writers in France

i.Francois Rabelais(about 1483---1553)

ii.Pleiade

iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533---1592)

2)Renaissance in Spain

By 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out;Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain.The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Meanwhile, Polygolt Bible

Literature

Miguel de Cervantes(1547---1616)a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.Art

El Greco(1541---1614)a Spanish painter

Major Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz

3)Renaissance in the North

Renaissance in the Netherlands

Erasmus(about 1466?---1536)a great Dutch scholar and humanist.P-160Work: The Praise of Folly

Renaissance in Flanders

Pieter Bruegel(the Elder)(about 1525---1569)a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.He was called peasant Bruegel

Major Works: The Land of Cockayne(1567)

The Return of the Hunters(1565)

Renaissance in Germany

Albrecht Durer(1471---1528)

He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut.His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse

Knight, Death and Devil,1513

Hans Holbein(the younger)(1497---1543)

He was the last great German master of the 16th century.His best known works

are his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam

Portrait of Henry VIII

4)Renaissance in England

Historical Background

The War of Roses(1455-1485)

The Reign of Elizabeth I(1558--1603)was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife;Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More(1477---1535)

A great humanist during the Renaissance.Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.He resigned(!532)after refusing to agree to the king’s porce from Catherine of Aragon.When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded.Among his writings the best known is Utopia(1516)William Shakespeare(1564---1616)

English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include

historical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously(1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E.Science and Technology during the Renaissance

The Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1)Geographical Discoveries

a.Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)

Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America(1492).He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China

b.Bartholomeu Dias(1466?---1500)

A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c.Vasco da Gama(about 1460---1524)

A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.The first European to sail to India(1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d.Amerigo Vespucci(1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the South American coast.America was named in his honor.2)Astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus(1473---1543)

A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.He is known as father of modern astronomy.3)Anatomy

a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452---1519)

a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b.Andreas Vesalius(1514---1564)

A Flemish anatomist.The founder of modern medicine His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4)Printing

Aldus Manutius(1450---1515)The foremost printer in Italy.5)Political Science and Historiography

a.Dante(1265-1321)

Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the pine power and the secular power.Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator.He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both pinely appointed.b.Niccolo Machiavelli(1469---1527)

An author and a statesman.He was called ¨DFather of political science¡¬ in the West.Works: Prince and Discourses

c.Giorgio Vosari(1511---1574)

Vosari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists(a study of cultural history).F.Summing-up

The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church¡®s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism

第五篇：欧洲复兴计划

《欧洲复兴计划》的通称。第二次世界大战后美国争夺全球战略的重点—欧洲的扩张计划。1947年6月5日，国务卿G．C．马歇尔在哈佛大学发表演说，首先提出援助欧洲经济复兴的方案，故名。他说。当时欧洲经济濒于崩溃，粮食和燃料等物质极度匮乏，而其需要的进口量远远超过它的支付能力。如果没有大量额外援助，就会面临性质非常严重的经济、社会和政治的危机。他呼吁欧洲国家采取主动，共同制订一项经济复兴计划，美国则用其生产过剩的物资援助欧洲国家。1947年7-9月，英、法、意、奥、比、荷、卢、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、爱尔兰、冰岛16国的代表在巴黎开会，决定接受马歇尔计划(1948年4月，德国西部占领区和的里雅斯特自由区也宣布接受)，建立了欧洲经济合作委员会，提出了要求美国在4年内提供援助和贷款224亿美元的总报告。1948年4月3日美国国会通过《对外援助法案》，马歇尔计划正式执行。计划原定期限5年(1948-1952)，1951年底，美国宣布提前结束，代之以《共同安全计划》。美国对欧洲拨款共达131．5亿美元，其中赠款占88％，余为贷款。马歇尔计划实施期间，西欧国家的国民生产总值增长25％。马歇尔计划是战后美国对外经济技术援助最成功的计划，它为北大西洋公约组织和欧洲经济共同体的建立奠定了基础，对西欧的联合和经济的恢复起了促进作用，同时，也缓和了美国国内

即将发生的经济危机。

Mr.President, Dr.Conant, members of the Board of Overseers, Ladies and Gentlemen:I am profoundly grateful, touched by the great distinction and honor and great compliment accorded me by the authorities of Harvard this morning.I am overwhelmed, as a matter of fact, and I am rather fearful of my inability to maintain such a high rating as you've been generous enough to accord to me.In these historic and lovely surroundings, this perfect day, and this very wonderful assembly, it is a tremendously impressive thing to an

inpidual in my position.But to speak more seriously, I need not tell you that the world situation is very serious.That must be apparent to all intelligent people.I think one difficulty is that the problem is one of such enormous complexity that the very mass of facts presented to the public by press and radio make it exceedingly difficult for the man in the street to reach a clear appraisement of the situation.Furthermore, the people of this country are distant from the

troubled areas of the earth, and it is hard for them to comprehend the plight and consequent reactions of the long-suffering peoples of Europe and the effect of those reactions on their governments in connection with our efforts to promote peace in the

world.In considering the requirements for the rehabilitation of Europe, the physical loss of life, the visible destruction of cities, factories, mines, and railroads was correctly estimated, but it has become obvious during recent months that this visible destruction was probably less serious than the dislocation of the entire fabric of European economy.For the past ten years conditions have been highly abnormal.The feverish preparation for war and the more feverish maintenance of the war effort engulfed all aspects of national economies.Machinery has fallen into disrepair or is entirely obsolete.Under the arbitrary and destructive Nazi rule, virtually every possible enterprise was geared into the German war machine.Long-standing commercial ties, private institutions, banks, insurance companies,and shipping companies disappeared through loss of capital, absorption through nationalization, or by simple destruction.In many countries, confidence in the local currency has been severely shaken.The breakdown of the business structure of Europe during the war was complete.Recovery has been seriously retarded by the fact that two years after the close of hostilities a peace settlement with Germany and Austria has not been agreed upon.But even given a more prompt solution of these difficult problems, the rehabilitation of the economic structure of Europe quite evidently will require a much

longer time and greater effort than had been foreseen.There is a phase of this matter which is both interesting and serious.The farmer has always produced the foodstuffs to exchange with the city dweller for the other necessities of life.This pision of labor is the basis of modern civilization.At the present time it is threatened with breakdown.The town and city industries are not producing adequate goods to exchange with the food-producing farmer.Raw materials and fuel are in short supply.Machinery, as I have said, is lacking or worn out.The farmer or the peasant cannot find the goods for sale which he desires to purchase.So the sale of his farm produce for

money which he cannot use seems to him an unprofitable transaction.He, therefore, has withdrawn many fields from crop cultivation and he's using them for grazing.He feeds more grain to stock and finds for himself and his family an ample supply of food, however

short he may be on clothing and the other ordinary gadgets of civilization.Meanwhile, people in the cities are short of food and fuel, and in some places approaching the starvation levels.So, the governments are forced to use their foreign money and credits to procure these necessities abroad.This process exhausts funds which are urgently needed for reconstruction.Thus, a very serious situation is rapidly developing which bodes no good for the world.The modern system of the pision of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down.The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products--principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and

political deterioration of a very grave character.The remedy seems to lie in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the people of Europe in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole.The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their product for currencies, the continuing value of which is not open to

question.Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of

disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the

consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all.It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace.Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in

which free institutions can exist.Such assistance, I am convinced, must not be on a piecemeal basis, as various crises develop.Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative.Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation, I am sure, on the part of the United States Government.Any government which maneuvers to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect

help from us.Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit there from politically or otherwise will

encounter the opposition of the United States.It is already evident that before the United States Government can proceed much further in its efforts to alleviate the situation and help start the European world on its way to recovery, there must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirements of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take in order to give a proper effect to whatever actions might be undertaken by this Government.It would be neither fitting nor efficacious for our Government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically.This is the business of the Europeans.The initiative, I think, must come from Europe.The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so.The program should be a joint one,agreed to by a number, if not all, European nations.An essential part of any successful action on the part of the United States is an

understanding on the part of the people of America of the character of the problem and the remedies to be applied.Political passion and prejudice should have no part.With foresight, and a willingness on the part of our people to face up to the vast responsibility which history has clearly placed upon our country, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be

overcome.I am sorry that on each occasion I have said something publicly in regard to our international situation, I have been forced by the necessities of the case to enter into rather technical discussions.But, to my mind, it is of vast importance that our people reach

some general understanding of what the complications really are, rather than react from a

passion or a prejudice or an emotion of the moment.As I said more formally a moment ago, we are remote from the scene of these troubles.It is virtually impossible at this distance merely by reading, or listening, or even seeing photographs and motion pictures, to grasp at all the real significance of the situation.And yet the whole world of the future hangs on a proper judgment.It hangs, I think, to a large extent on the realization of the American people, of just what are the various dominant factors.What are the reactions of the people? What are the justifications of those reactions? What are the sufferings? What is needed? What can best be done? What must be done?

Thank you very much.