第一篇:引语口译
习语、引语的口译
任何一种语言的习语、引语都与使用该语言的民族的历史、经济、文化、风俗习惯、价值观念、地理位置等密切相关。因此,习语、引语有明显的民族特色,是人民群众智慧的结晶,是经过长期使用而提炼出来的妙语名言。习语、引语准确、快速、流利的互译可以简明、生动、形象、有力地表达说话人的思想、观点和情感,增强语言的魅力和表达效果。习语、引语的口译也是译员经常遇到的难题之一。那么,口译中译员怎样才能准确、快速、生动形象地进行习语、引语的互译呢?
习语就其广义而言,包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语等。习语、引语的成功口译主要靠译员两种语言的扎实功底,包括对两种语言的词汇、文学、文化背景知识的丰富积累和口译技巧的熟练掌握。习语的口译主要有三种方法:直译、直译与转换相结合和意译法。
1.直译法
对结构和意义上完全对应的习语应采用对等直译法。把原语的习俗、比喻移植到译入语中,这样既能确切地表达原意,又能保留原语生动、形象、鲜明的民族色彩。直译是习语口译中最容易、最便捷,也是效果最佳的译法。英汉两种语言中很多习语,包括很多汉语歇后语都可以采用直译法。这是英汉两种文化互相交流和两种语言相互溶入的结果。以下英汉习语的互译就属这一类。
英语习语的汉译
stony heart / have a heart of stone铁石心肠
plain sailing一帆风顺 in black and white白纸黑字 flesh and blood亲骨肉;亲人as firm as a rock坚如磐石
to be led by the nose被牵着鼻子走
to show one's cards摊牌
to be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿
to turn a deaf ear to…充耳不闻
to pick bones from an egg鸡蛋里面挑骨头
Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母
Honesty is the best policy.诚实是上策
Children and fools tell the truth.童愚吐真言
Evil is rewarded with evil.恶有恶报
Content is happiness.知足者常乐
Know your own faults before blaming others for theirs.欲责他人,应先知己过;欲正人,先正己。
One swallow does not make a summer.一燕难成夏。
汉语习语的英译
一心一意with one heart and one mind
沧海一滴a drop in the ocean
轻如鸿毛as light as a feather
实事求是
一见如故
同甘共苦
掩耳盗铃to seek truth from facts to feel like old friends at the first meeting to share each other's joys and hardshipsto plug one's ears while stealing a bell
知识就是力量。Knowledge is power.一寸光阴一寸金, 寸金难买寸光阴。An inch of time is worth an inch of gold,but an inch of gold cannot purchase an inch of time.一回生,两回熟。First meeting, strangers;second meeting, old friends.一年之计在于春。The whole year's work depends on a good start in spring.一鸟在手远胜两鸟在林。A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.兔子尾巴——长不了。Like a rabbit tail-----it cannot grow any longer-----it won't last long.搬起石头砸自己的脚——自作自受to lift a rock only to drop it on one's own feet-----to suffer from what one has done
鳄鱼掉眼泪——假慈悲 crocodile shedding tears------pretending to be benevolent
2.直译和转换相结合对一些结构上对应或部分对应,比喻相似、意思相近的习语应采用直译和转换相结合的方法,对等部分直译,不对等部分进行适当转换。按照英汉两种语言各自的习俗、比喻和习惯表达方法译出,做到既能确切表达原意,又符合译入语的习俗和比喻。以下习语就是采用这种方法互译的。
as blind as a bat有眼无珠
as timid as a hare胆小如鼠
on pins and needles如坐针毡
as poor as a church mouse一贫如洗
to kill two birds with one stone一箭双雕
to wake up a sleeping dog打草惊蛇
to beat the dog before the lion杀鸡给猴看
Lock the door after the horse is stolen.亡羊补牢。
He who takes charge knows the responsibility.不当家不知柴米贵。
Poor by condition,rich by ambition.人穷志不短。
Where there is a will,there is a way.事在人为。
It takes two to make a quarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。
As a man sows,so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆。
Don't wash your dirty linen in public.家丑不可外扬。
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。
3.意译
还有一类习语,在结构和字面意思上,英汉两种语言似乎无相近之处。其确切的意思有时难以捉摸。遇到这一类习语,译员要根据交谈双方的话题、意图及谈话的背景和上下文意思等因素,充分理解所用习语的含义,采用意译、意译加注和其它变通方法,最重要的是译出话语的真正含义。同时,尽可能的保留原语的民族和地方色彩。不要按字面意思死译,以
免造成歧义。以下习语的口译就属这一类。
a far cry from…与……相差甚远;大不相同
to face the music勇于承担后果
to spill the beans不慎泄密
to be up to one's ears有许多事情要做;忙于
to beat around the bush旁敲侧击,转弯抹角
to cut corners节约
to hold one's horses别忙;耐心点;别沉不住气in one's element在行;擅长
on one's toes机灵
once in a blue moon极难得;千载难逢
to see eye to eye与(某人)看法一致
straight from the shoulder直截了当
to take something with a grain of salt对某事半信半疑或不全信
to put all one's eggs in one basket孤注一掷;冒险
to teach one's grandmother to such eggs班门弄斧;好为人师
to put the cart before the horse本末倒置
to miss the boat坐失良机
to burn the candle at both ends过分耗费精力
to poke one's nose into…探听;干涉
to play for one's own hand为自己的利益而做
to pull wool over one's eyes蒙蔽某人
to call a spade a spade实话实说, 直言不讳
Birds of a feature flock together.物以类聚, 人以群分。
Love me;love my dog.爱吾及犬;爱屋及乌。Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的;伟业非一日可成;
冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。
Half the world knows not how the other half lives.富人不知穷人苦;饱汉不知饿汉饥。
有些汉语习语、俗语、歇后语有强烈而浓厚的民族色彩,意译不能确切表达原意。必须采用意译加注,说明必要的历史文化背景,才能很好传达原意。例如:
卧薪尝胆to sleep on brushwood and taste gall-----to undergo self-imposed hardships so asto strengthen one’s resolve to wipe out a national humility;to endure hardships to accomplishsome ambition.望子成龙to hope one’s child will become somebody in the future;to hope one’s child willhave a bright future;to hold high hopes for one’s child
不到长城非好汉。He who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a true hero;not stop until one’s
aim is obtained
八仙过海,各显神通。The Eight Immortals crossing the sea-----each shows his/her special prowess(in the legend, they were described as fairies with different magic arts);Like the Eight Immortals soaring the ocean, each of you should show your true worth.打破砂锅——问(纹)到底 breaking an earthenware pot-----(lit)-cracked to the bottom;
(pun)interrogate thoroughly;to get to the bottom of a matter
引语的口译主要靠译员平时的勤学和积累。一个成功的译员不仅要有熟练的英汉语言技能,而且要有广博的英汉文学、历史、文化知识,掌握一定数量的英汉名人格言、经典佳句。因此,译员只有平时用心铭记,注意收集,不断充实,用时才能左右逢源,得心应手。下边是一些广为流传的英汉名人格言和经典佳句,配有英汉译文,可供口译学习者参考。
英语引语
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.名称 有什么关系?我们叫做玫瑰花的,叫别的名字同样芬芳。
To care for wisdom and truth and improvement of the soul is far better than to seek money and
honor and reputation.获得智慧,寻求真理,并使心灵美好,远比追求金钱、荣誉和名声好得多。
Knowledge is like the spring water under ground---the deeper you dig, the clearer is the water.知识好像地下的泉水,掘得越深越清澈。
Waste not, want not.旧的不去,新的不来。
Carve your name on hearts but not on marbles.把你的名字刻在人们的心上,而不是大理石上。
Time is a versatile performer.It flies, marches on, heals all wounds, runs out and will tell.时间是多才多艺的表演者。它能飞逝,能大步向前,能治愈一切创伤,能消失得无影无踪,也能揭露真相。
Time is money;trust is gold.时间是金钱,信用是金子。
In the business world, everyone is paid in two coins: cash and experience.Take the experience first;the cash will come later.在商业世界里,每个人都会获得两种形式的报酬:现钞和经验。最好先获得经验,这样现钞就会随之滚滚而来。
Seize the present;trust the future as little as you may.抓住现在;尽量少指望未来。
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是深不可测的海洋,能淹没廉耻、良心和是非感;金钱是一个无底大海,节操、良心和真理可能在里面淹死。
Economy is not only a great virtue, but also a great revenue.节约不仅是一大美德,而且是一大财源。
At twenty years of age, the will reigns;at thirty the wit;and at forty, the judgment.二十岁时起支配作用的是意志,三十岁时是机智,四十岁时是判断。
Contentment is natural wealth;luxury is artificial poverty.知足是天然的财富,奢侈是人为的贫困。
Money recommends a man everywhere.钱使一个人畅行无阻。
Riches are gotten with pain, kept with care, and lost with grief.财富得之不易,存之忧虑,失之悲痛。
Time and tide wait for no man.时光如逝水,岁月不待人。
One today is worth two tomorrows.一个今天抵得上两个明天。
汉语引语
己所不欲,勿施于人。Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.知己知彼,百战不殆。Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。He is not to be subdued by force not swerved by poverty.国家兴亡,匹夫有责。The fortune of a country depends on the people in it.识实务者为俊杰。A man who knows where his interest lies will succeed.流水不腐,户枢不蠹。Running water does not get stale;a door hinge is never worm-eaten.三人行,必有我师。When I walk in the company of three men, there must be a teacher of mine.一日为师,终生为父。He who teaches me one day is my teacher for life.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。Learning without thought means labor lost;thought without
learning is perilous.业精于勤,荒于嬉。Achievement is founded on diligence and wasted upon recklessness.勤能补拙。Diligence redeems stupidity.一言既出,驷马难追。A word once spoken cannot be taken back even by a team of four horses.一人之失,百人之师。A past mistake of one serves as a good lesson for all.人勤地不懒。If the tiller is industrious, the farmland is productive.前事不忘,后事之师。Repent what is past;avoid what is to come.兼听则明,偏听则暗。Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened;heed only one side and you will be benighted.若要人不知,除非己莫为。If you don’t want people to know about it, don’t do it.其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不行。If the ruler is personally upright, all will go well even though he does not give order.But if he is not personally upright, even though he gives orders, they will not be obeyed.悬崖勒马犹未晚,船到江心补漏迟。It’s just in time to rein in at the brink of the precipice, but it’s too late to mend the ships leak in the middle of the river.“人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛”。为人民利益而死,重于泰山。Though death befalls all men alike, it may weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.To die for the people is weightier than Mount Tai.先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。Be concerned about the affairs of state before others, and enjoy comfort after others.Be the first to feel concern about state affairs and the last to enjoy yourself.
第二篇:引语口译1
引语口译
经常为政府首脑、高级官员、文化人士、社会名流做口译的译员都有相同的体会,即这些人员在接待或访问时常常在演讲中引用一些名家名言、经典诗句,以表达自己的感情、观点和立场,或赞颂对方国的文化传统。
例如,1999年10月22日,时任中华人民共和国主席的江泽民在英国剑桥大学发表演讲时说道:“中华民族尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代,我们的先人就已提出‘民为贵’的思想,认为‘天生万物,唯人为贵’(Man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters。),一切社会的发展和进步,都取决于人的发展和进步,取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。”江主席在结束讲话时引用了孔子的一句话:“中国两千五百五十年前诞生的杰出教育家、思想家孔子说过::‘逝者如斯夫!不舍昼夜。’(The passage of time is just like the flow of water, which goes on day and night.)时光流逝不可逆转。” 时任中华人民共和国国务院的朱镕基在1999年春访美时,在一次记者招待会上回答某个记者提出的有关“人权”问题时也引用了“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻”(The people are the most important element in a state;next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself。)这句话,以表明中国政府十分重视人权问题。
国务院总理温家宝202_年6月28日举行的“和平共处五项原则创立50周年纪念大会”上作了精彩的演讲,温总理在谈到多样性时引用了中国古代思想家孔子的话:“万物并育不相害,道并行而不相悖。”(All living creatures grow together without harming one another;ways run parallel without interfering with one another.)
202_年6月26日温总理在第六届亚欧会议开幕式上讲话时说:“中国有句古话:‘相知无远近,万里尚为邻。’(Distance cannot separate true friends who feel so close even when they are thousands of miles apart.)中国与亚洲各国山水相连,共同铸就了灿烂的亚洲文明;古老而美丽的‘丝绸之路’,谱写了中欧千处往来的美好篇章。”
又如,美国总统里根1984年4月访华时在欢迎宴席上引用了《易经》中的一句话,他说道:And as a saying from The Book of Changes goes,“If who people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal。”(二人同心,其得断金。)
再如,美国前总统克林顿1998年6月下旬访华时在人民大会堂的国宴上致辞时引用了孟子的一句话,他说道:In so many different ways,we are upholding the teachings of Mencius,who said:“A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community;a good citizen of the word will befriend the other citizens of the world。”(一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士,天下之善士斯友天下之善士。)在这种场合,一个称职的译员必须准确、流利地将这些引语译成目标语。这就要求译员掌握一定数量的名家名言、经典诗句,尤其是中国古代思想家流传下来的一些名言佳句。对于不少译员来说,这是一道难以逾越但又必须逾越的难关。有着五千年文明史的中国,历经沧海巨变,文化底蕴深厚,儒道墨法争鸣,阴阳纵横齐放,哲人智者如云,传世绝句如林,信手拈来,为我所用。因此,以不断充实自己的语料库。以下摘录了一部分广为流传的经典佳句配以英译文,按字母排序:
安危相易,祸福相生,缓急相争,聚散相成。Safety and danger alternate with each other。Misfortune and fortune generate each other。Slowness and promptness follow each other。Gathering and scattering complement each other。
饱而知人之饥,温而知人之寒,逸而知人之劳。When full, remember someone else is suffering hunger;
口译天下 www.teniu.cc
’in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day.独在异乡为异客,每逢佳节倍思亲。A lonely stranger in a stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day.笃信好学,守死善道。Stick to the truth you believe, broaden your knowledge about it, and be ready to die for its realization.多知而无亲,博学而无方,好多而无定者,君子一与。The gentleman does not agree with those who know too much but are close to nothing, or learn too broadly but without direction, or love too many but without fixed ones.二人同心,其利断金。If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.法不阿贵,绳不挠曲。法之所加,智者弗能辞,勇者弗能争。刑过不避大臣,赏善不遗匹夫。The law does not favor the noble, as an ink line does not yield to the crooked wood.Wherever the law applies, the wise cannot evade, nor can the brave defy.Punishment applies to a minister, as rewards apply to a common man.富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈,此之谓大丈夫。It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate.公生明,偏生暗。Impartiality produces clarity and partiality obscurity.躬自厚而薄责于人。Be strict with yourself and lenient to others.苟利社稷,死生以之。Life or death, I will do whatever I can for the benefits of the country.贵以贱为本,高以下为基。The noble takes the humble as its root;the high takes the low as its base.海不辞水,故能成其大;山不辞土,故能成其高;明主不厌人,故能在其众;士不厌学,故能成其圣。A mountain is high, as it rejects no rocks no water.A mountain is high, as it rejects no rocks.A wise ruler gathers a sage, as he is not tired of learning.海内存辞书,天涯若比邻。A bosom friend afar brings distance near.合抱之木,生于毫末;九层之台,起于垒土;千里之行,始于足下。A huge tree that fills one, s arms grows from a tiny seedling;a nine storied tower rises from a heap of earth;a thousand-li journey starts with the first step.祸兮,福之所倚;福兮,祸之所伏。Misfortune generates happiness, and happiness breeds misfortune.见利不亏其义,见死不更其守。Do not forget righteousness in face of profits, nor alter the moral principles in face of death.见贤思齐焉,见不贤而内自省也。When seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal;when seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects.江海所以能为百谷王者,以其善下之。Rivers and seas can become the kings of valleys because they excel in taking the lower positions.江山如此多娇,引无数英雄竞折腰。This land is so beautiful that it has made countless heroes bow in homage.节其流,开其源,而时斟酌焉。Cut down the expenditure, open up additional resources, and constantly
口译天下 www.teniu.cc
路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。The way ahead is long and has no ending;yet high and low Ill search with my will unbending.乱则国危,治则国安。Disorder brings peril to a country, while order brings peace to it.民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。The people are the most important element in a state;next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself.敏而好学,不耻下问。Quick-minded and eager to learn, he is never ashamed to consult his inferiors.明而动,晦而休,无日以怠。Work as day breaks, and rest as night falls;never will a day slip away without any accomplishment.朴素而天下莫能与之争美。Nothing in the world excels in beauty as simplicity does.千里之堤,以蝼蚁之穴溃;百尺之室,以突隙之烟焚。A long dike will collapse because of an ant-hole in it;a tall building will be burned down because of a spark from a chimney’s chink.锲而舍之,朽木不折;锲而不舍,金石可镂。If you carve but give up half way, even a decayed piece of wood will not break;if you carve without a break, even metal and stone can be engraved.曲则全,枉则直;洼则盈,敝则新;少则得,多则惑。To be part is to be whole;to be bent is to be straight;to be hollow is to be filled;to be dilapidated is to be renewed;to be have less is to gain;to have more is to be confused.人惰而侈则穷,力而俭则富。Laziness and extravagance make a poor man, while diligence and frugality a rich man.人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。Men have sorrow and joy;they part and meet again.The moon dims or shines;it waxes or wanes.Nothing is perfect, not even in the olden days.人之于文学也,犹玉之于琢磨也。Learning and culture are to a man what polishing and grinding are to jade.三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。Among any three men walking, I will find something to learn for sure.Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.善学者,假人之长以补其短。He who is keen in learning takes other peoples fortes to make up his own defects.善学者尽其理,善行者究其难。He who is good at learning exhausts the principles.He who is good at practicing seeks to solve the most difficult problems.身劳而心安,为之;利少而义多,为之。Do what toils the body but eases the mind, and do what brings less profits but more justice.石可破也,而不可夺坚;丹可磨也,而不可夺赤。A stone may be crushed, but not to be deprived of its hardness;a cinnabar may be grounded to pieces but not to be deprived of its redness.士不可以不弘毅,任重而道远。仁以为己任,不亦生乎?死而后已,不亦远乎?An educated gentleman cannot but be resolute and broad-minded, for he has taken up a heavy responsibility and a long course.Is it not a heavy responsibility, which is to practice benevolence? Is it not a long course, which will end only with his death?
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’温故而知新,可以为师矣。He who is able to reach new understanding by reviewing the old knowledge is qualified to be a teacher.无为其所不为,无所其所不欲。Don’t do what should not be done;don’t desire what should not be desired.吾日三省吾身;为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?Every day I examine myself time and again: Have I been unfaithful in giving counsels to others? Have I been insincere in getting along with my friends? Have I failed to review what I have been taught?
物格而后知至,知至而后意诚;意诚而后心正,心正而后身修;身修而后齐家,家齐而后治国,国治而齐家,国治而后天下平。Things investigated, genuine knowledge acquired;genuine knowledge acquired;genuine knowledge acquired, thoughts purified;thoughts purified, hearts rectified;hearts rectified, personalities cultivated;personalities cultivated, families regulated;families regulated, the states well governed, the whole world will be in peace and tranquility.先义而后利者荣,先利而后义者辱。He who puts righteousness before profits is respectable;he who puts profits before righteousness is discreditable.相见时难别亦难。It is unbearable to meet as well as to depart。
相知无远近,万里尚为邻。Distance cannot separate true friends who feel so close even when they are thousands of miles apart.小大以小善为无益而弗为也,以小恶为无伤而弗去也,故恶积而不可掩,罪大而不可解。A mean man thinks that small virtues are useless and does not abandon them, and small vices are harmless and does not abandon them.Hence his vices accumulate till they can not be covered, and his guilt becomes great till it can not be freed from.信言不美,善者不辩。True words need not be fine-sounding;the good man does not prove by argument.学不可以已。青取之于蓝,而青于蓝;冰,水为之,而寒于水。君子博学而参省乎己,则知而行无过矣。These is never an end to learning.The dye extracted from the indigo is bluer than the plant;so is the ice colder than the water.By broadly learning and constantly examining himself every day, the gentleman sharpens his awareness and makes fewer mistakes.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。Learning without thinking leads to confusion;thinking without learning ends in danger.学而不厌,诲人不倦。Never be contented with your study.Never be impatient with your teaching.学如逆水行舟,不进则退。Learning is like rowing upstream:not to advance is to drop back
言近而远者,善言也;守而施博者,善道也。It is a good speech that talks near but signifies far;it is a good way that operates restrictedly but applies widely.言之无文,行而不远。Words without content will not reach far and wide.一尺之棰,日取其半,万事不竭。Cutting off a foot-long club by half every day will not exhaust it any day.一手独拍,虽疾无声。Clapping with one hard, however fast, makes no sound.口译天下 www.teniu.cc
第三篇:引语的口译
习语、引语的口译
口译实践中,译员经常会遇到习语、引语的互译。特别是为国家元首、高级官员、文化人士、社会名流做口译时,译员会发现他们在事先精心准备的讲话或随意交谈中, 时常出其不意的借用本国或外国习语,引用名人或名著中的妙语佳句来表达自己的立场、观点或赞颂对方的民族和文化。例如,英国前首相撒切尔和美国前几届总统访华时,都在不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国习语或引语,借以表达他们的立场和观点。
美国总统尼克松1972年1月访华时在宴会祝酒词中引用毛泽东主席诗词中的话。他说:Chairman has written: So many deeds cry out to be done, and always urgently;the world rolls on, time presses.Ten thousand years are too long; seize the day,seize the hour!This is the hour.This is the day for our two people…(毛出席写过:多少事,从来急;天地转,光阴迫。一万年太久,只争朝夕!现在就是我们两国人民只争朝夕的时候了……)
英国首相撒切尔在她1982年9月的访华讲话中引用唐代诗人的佳句:In a poem addressed to a departing friend, one of your Tang poets said: “provided our friendship survives, distances mean very little;although dwelling on far horizons we can still be as near neighbors.”(在一首送别朋友的诗中,贵国唐代一位诗人曾写道:“海内存知己,天涯若比邻。”)
美国总统里根1984年4月访华时在人民大会堂的讲演中说: We only regret that our visit is so brief that we can only look at the flowers while riding on horseback,But you have a saying from the Book of Han which says: “To see a thing once is better than hearing about it a hundred times.(遗憾的是我们的行程太匆忙,只能走马观花地看一看。但你们在《汉书》中也有一句话,叫做“百闻不如一见”。)他在欢迎宴会的祝词中说:And as a saying from the Book of Changes goes, “ if two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.”(正如你们《易经》中一句话说的那样,“二人同心,可以断金”。)
美国总统乔治﹒布什在他1989年2月的访华讲话中说: Let us plant trees together, so that the next generation, yours and ours can sit together in the shade.(让我们来一起种树,这样,我们的后代就能一起在树下乘凉。)
美国总统克林顿1998年6月访华时在国宴祝词中说: In so many different ways, we are upholding the teachings of Mencius, who said: “ A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community;good citizens of the world will befriend of the other citizens of the world.”(我们是以如此不同的方式在维护孟子的教导,他说:“一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士,天下之善士斯友天下之善士。”)
同样,江泽民主席访美时在哈佛大学的演讲中引用中国古代思想家的话“亲仁善邻,国之宝也。”(Loving people and treating neighbors kindly are most valuable to a country)他在为他举行的欢迎宴会的讲话中引用了美国诗人朗费罗的诗句:“只要行动起来,我们每个明天都会比今天进步。”“行动起来吧,让我们马上就开始。”(But to act that each tomorrow finds us farther than today.Act-----act in the living present.)
朱镕基总理1999年4月访美时,在一次记者招待会上回答某记者有关人权问题的提问时, 引用了“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。”的古语,(The people are the most important element in a state.Next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself.)表明中国向来十分重视人权问题。
任何一种语言的习语、引语都与使用该语言的民族的历史、经济、文化、风俗习惯、价值观念、地理位置等密切相关。因此,习语、引语有明显的民族特色,是人民群众智慧的结晶,是经过长期使用而提炼出来的妙语名言。习语、引语准确、快速、流利的互译可以简明、生动、形象、有力地表达说话人的思想、观点和情感,增强语言的魅力和表达效果。习语、引语的口译也是译员经常遇到的难题之一。那么,口译中译员怎样才能准确、快速、生动形象地进行习语、引语的互译呢?
习语就其广义而言,包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语等。习语、引语的成功口译主要靠译员两种语言的扎实功底,包括对两种语言的词汇、文学、文化背景知识的丰富积累和口译技巧的熟练掌握。习语的口译主要有三种方法:直译、直译与转换相结合和意译法。
1.直译法
对结构和意义上完全对应的习语应采用对等直译法。把原语的习俗、比喻移植到译入语中,这样既能确切地表达原意,又能保留原语生动、形象、鲜明的民族色彩。直译是习语口译中最容易、最便捷,也是效果最佳的译法。英汉两种语言中很多习语,包括很多汉语歇后语都可以采用直译法。这是英汉两种文化互相交流和两种语言相互溶入的结果。以下英汉习语的互译就属这一类。
英语习语的汉译
stony heart / have a heart of stone铁石心肠
plain sailing一帆风顺
in black and white白纸黑字
flesh and blood亲骨肉;亲人as firm as a rock坚如磐石
to be led by the nose被牵着鼻子走
to show one's cards摊牌
to be armed to the teeth武装到牙齿
to turn a deaf ear to…充耳不闻
to pick bones from an egg鸡蛋里面挑骨头
Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母
Honesty is the best policy.诚实是上策
Children and fools tell the truth.童愚吐真言
Evil is rewarded with evil.恶有恶报
Content is happiness.知足者常乐
Know your own faults before blaming others for theirs.欲责他人,应先知己过;欲正人,先正己。
One swallow does not make a summer.一燕难成夏。
汉语习语的英译
一心一意with one heart and one mind
沧海一滴a drop in the ocean
轻如鸿毛as light as a feather
实事求是to seek truth from facts
一见如故to feel like old friends at the first meeting
同甘共苦to share each other's joys and hardships
掩耳盗铃to plug one's ears while stealing a bell
知识就是力量。Knowledge is power.一寸光阴一寸金, 寸金难买寸光阴。An inch of time is worth an inch of gold,but an inch of gold cannot purchase an inch of time.一回生,两回熟。First meeting, strangers;second meeting, old friends.一年之计在于春。The whole year's work depends on a good start in spring.一鸟在手远胜两鸟在林。A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.兔子尾巴——长不了。Like a rabbit tail-----it cannot grow any longer-----it won't last long.搬起石头砸自己的脚——自作自受to lift a rock only to drop it on one's own feet-----to suffer from what one has done
鳄鱼掉眼泪——假慈悲 crocodile shedding tears------pretending to be benevolent
2.直译和转换相结合对一些结构上对应或部分对应,比喻相似、意思相近的习语应采用直译和转换相结合的方法,对等部分直译,不对等部分进行适当转换。按照英汉两种语言各自的习俗、比喻和习惯表达方法译出,做到既能确切表达原意,又符合译入语的习俗和比喻。以下习语就是采用这种方法互译的。
as blind as a bat有眼无珠
as timid as a hare胆小如鼠
on pins and needles如坐针毡
as poor as a church mouse一贫如洗
to kill two birds with one stone一箭双雕
to wake up a sleeping dog打草惊蛇
to beat the dog before the lion杀鸡给猴看
Lock the door after the horse is stolen.亡羊补牢。
He who takes charge knows the responsibility.不当家不知柴米贵。
Poor by condition,rich by ambition.人穷志不短。
Where there is a will,there is a way.事在人为。
It takes two to make a quarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。
As a man sows,so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜, 种豆得豆。
Don't wash your dirty linen in public.家丑不可外扬。
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。
3.意译
还有一类习语,在结构和字面意思上,英汉两种语言似乎无相近之处。其确切的意思有时难以捉摸。遇到这一类习语,译员要根据交谈双方的话题、意图及谈话的背景和上下文意思等因素,充分理解所用习语的含义,采用意译、意译加注和其它变通方法,最重要的是译出话语的真正含义。同时,尽可能的保留原语的民族和地方色彩。不要按字面意思死译,以免造成歧义。以下习语的口译就属这一类。
a far cry from…与……相差甚远;大不相同
to face the music勇于承担后果
to spill the beans不慎泄密
to be up to one's ears有许多事情要做;忙于
to beat around the bush旁敲侧击,转弯抹角
to cut corners节约
to hold one's horses别忙;耐心点;别沉不住气in one's element在行;擅长
on one's toes机灵
once in a blue moon极难得;千载难逢
to see eye to eye与(某人)看法一致
straight from the shoulder直截了当
to take something with a grain of salt对某事半信半疑或不全信
to put all one's eggs in one basket孤注一掷;冒险
to teach one's grandmother to such eggs班门弄斧;好为人师
to put the cart before the horse本末倒置
to miss the boat坐失良机
to burn the candle at both ends过分耗费精力
to poke one's nose into…探听;干涉
to play for one's own hand为自己的利益而做
to pull wool over one's eyes蒙蔽某人
to call a spade a spade实话实说, 直言不讳
Birds of a feature flock together.物以类聚, 人以群分。
Love me;love my dog.爱吾及犬;爱屋及乌。Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的;伟业非一日可成;
冰冻三尺, 非一日之寒。
Half the world knows not how the other half lives.富人不知穷人苦;饱汉不知饿汉饥。
有些汉语习语、俗语、歇后语有强烈而浓厚的民族色彩,意译不能确切表达原意。必须采用意译加注,说明必要的历史文化背景,才能很好传达原意。例如:
卧薪尝胆to sleep on brushwood and taste gall-----to undergo self-imposed hardships so asto strengthen one’s resolve to wipe out a national humility;to endure hardships to accomplishsome ambition.望子成龙to hope one’s child will become somebody in the future;to hope one’s child willhave a bright future;to hold high hopes for one’s child
不到长城非好汉。He who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a true hero;not stop until one’s
aim is obtained
八仙过海,各显神通。The Eight Immortals crossing the sea-----each shows his/her special prowess(in the legend, they were described as fairies with different magic arts);Like the Eight Immortals soaring the ocean, each of you should show your true worth.打破砂锅——问(纹)到底 breaking an earthenware pot-----(lit)-cracked to the bottom;(pun)interrogate thoroughly;to get to the bottom of a matter
引语的口译主要靠译员平时的勤学和积累。一个成功的译员不仅要有熟练的英汉语言技能,而且要有广博的英汉文学、历史、文化知识,掌握一定数量的英汉名人格言、经典佳句。因此,译员只有平时用心铭记,注意收集,不断充实,用时才能左右逢源,得心应手。下边是一些广为流传的英汉名人格言和经典佳句,配有英汉译文,可供口译学习者参考。
英语引语
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.名称 有什么关系?我们叫做玫瑰花的,叫别的名字同样芬芳。
To care for wisdom and truth and improvement of the soul is far better than to seek money and
honor and reputation.获得智慧,寻求真理,并使心灵美好,远比追求金钱、荣誉和名声好得多。
Knowledge is like the spring water under ground---the deeper you dig, the clearer is the water.知识好像地下的泉水,掘得越深越清澈。
Waste not, want not.旧的不去,新的不来。
Carve your name on hearts but not on marbles.把你的名字刻在人们的心上,而不是大理石上。
Time is a versatile performer.It flies, marches on, heals all wounds, runs out and will tell.时间是多才多艺的表演者。它能飞逝,能大步向前,能治愈一切创伤,能消失得无影无踪,也能揭露真相。
Time is money;trust is gold.时间是金钱,信用是金子。
In the business world, everyone is paid in two coins: cash and experience.Take the experience first;the cash will come later.在商业世界里,每个人都会获得两种形式的报酬:现钞和经验。最好先获得经验,这样现钞就会随之滚滚而来。
Seize the present;trust the future as little as you may.抓住现在;尽量少指望未来。
Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是深不可测的海洋,能淹没廉耻、良心和是非感;金钱是一个无底大海,节操、良心和真理可能在里面淹死。
Economy is not only a great virtue, but also a great revenue.节约不仅是一大美德,而且是一大财源。
At twenty years of age, the will reigns;at thirty the wit;and at forty, the judgment.二十岁时起支配作用的是意志,三十岁时是机智,四十岁时是判断。
Contentment is natural wealth;luxury is artificial poverty.知足是天然的财富,奢侈是人为的贫困。
Money recommends a man everywhere.钱使一个人畅行无阻。
Riches are gotten with pain, kept with care, and lost with grief.财富得之不易,存之忧虑,失之悲痛。
Time and tide wait for no man.时光如逝水,岁月不待人。
One today is worth two tomorrows.一个今天抵得上两个明天。
汉语引语
己所不欲,勿施于人。Do not do to others what you would not have them do to you.知己知彼,百战不殆。Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。He is not to be subdued by force not swerved by poverty.国家兴亡,匹夫有责。The fortune of a country depends on the people in it.识实务者为俊杰。A man who knows where his interest lies will succeed.流水不腐,户枢不蠹。Running water does not get stale;a door hinge is never worm-eaten.三人行,必有我师。When I walk in the company of three men, there must be a teacher of mine.一日为师,终生为父。He who teaches me one day is my teacher for life.学而不思则罔,思而不学则殆。Learning without thought means labor lost;thought without
learning is perilous.业精于勤,荒于嬉。Achievement is founded on diligence and wasted upon recklessness.勤能补拙。Diligence redeems stupidity.一言既出,驷马难追。A word once spoken cannot be taken back even by a team of four horses.一人之失,百人之师。A past mistake of one serves as a good lesson for all.人勤地不懒。If the tiller is industrious, the farmland is productive.前事不忘,后事之师。Repent what is past;avoid what is to come.兼听则明,偏听则暗。Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened;heed only one side and you will be benighted.若要人不知,除非己莫为。If you don’t want people to know about it, don’t do it.其身正,不令而行;其身不正,虽令不行。If the ruler is personally upright, all will go well even though he does not give order.But if he is not personally upright, even though he gives orders, they will not be obeyed.悬崖勒马犹未晚,船到江心补漏迟。It’s just in time to rein in at the brink of the precipice, but it’s too late to mend the ships leak in the middle of the river.“人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛”。为人民利益而死,重于泰山。Though death befalls all men alike, it may weightier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.To die for the people is weightier than Mount Tai.先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。Be concerned about the affairs of state before others, and enjoy comfort after others.Be the first to feel concern about state affairs and the last to enjoy yourself.
第四篇:申论作文常用引语(最新整理版)
习近平同志语录
第一部分:关于“中国梦”的论述
1、中国梦归根到底是人民的梦,必须紧紧依靠人民来实现,必须不断为人民造福。
2、我们不仅要爬坡上坎,还要行稳致远,集亿万人民的勇气、智慧和力量,续写“中国故事”新的传奇,实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。
3、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦,必须紧紧依靠人民,充分调动最广大人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。
4、中国梦是全国各族人民的共同理想,也是青年一代应该牢固树立的远大理想。
5、历史告诉我们,每个人的前途命运都与国家和民族的前途命运紧密相连。国家好,民族好,大家才会好。
6、实现全面建成小康社会、建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家的奋斗目标,实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦,就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福,既深深体现了今天中国人的理想,也深深反映了我们先人们不懈追求进步的光荣传统。
7、实现中华民族伟大复兴,是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想,我们称之为“中国梦”,基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。
8、中国梦是历史的、现实的,也是未来的。中国梦凝结着无数仁人志士的不懈努力,承载着全体中华儿女的共同向往,昭示着国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福的美好前景。
第二部分:关于生态文明建设的论述
1、走向生态文明新时代,建设美丽中国,是实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦的重要内容。
2、生态兴则文明兴,生态衰则文明衰。
3、建设生态文明,关系人民福祉,关乎民族未来。
4、良好生态环境是最公平的公共产品,是最普惠的民生福祉。
5、我们必须清醒地看到,我国总体上仍然是一个缺林少绿、生态脆弱的国家,植树造林,改善生态,任重而道远。
6、节约资源是保护生态环境的根本之策。要大力节约集约利用资源,推动资源利用方式根本转变,加强全过程节约管理,大幅降低能源、水、土地消耗强度,大力发展循环经济,促进生产、流通、消费过程的减量化、再利用、资源化。
7、绿水青山和金山银山决不是对立的,关键在人,关键在思路。
8、环境就是民生,青山就是美丽,蓝天也是幸福。要像保护眼睛一样保护生态环境,像对待生命一样对待生态环境。
9、建设生态文明是关系人民福祉、关系民族未来的大计。我们既要绿水青山,也要金山银山。宁要绿水青山,不要金山银山,而且绿水青山就是金山银山。
10、今年以来,“雾霾”两字吸引眼球,PM2.5引起热议。改革开放30多年来,我们的成绩无与伦比,但问题也高度集中。解决环境问题要迈出更大步伐,也要有耐心定力。
11、只有实行最严格的制度、最严密的法治,才能为生态文明建设提供可靠保障。
12、保护生态环境就是保护生产力、改善生态环境就是发展生产力。
第三部分:关于创新的论述
1、抓创新就是抓发展,谋创新就是谋未来。不创新就要落后,创新慢了也要落后。
2、要深入实施创新驱动发展战略,把推动发展的着力点更多放在创新上,发挥创新对拉动发展的乘数效应。
3、要大力推进经济结构性战略调整,把创新放在更加突出的位置。
4、综合国力竞争说到底是创新的竞争。
5、企业持续发展之基、市场制胜之道在于创新。
6、要坚持不懈推进农村改革和制度创新,充分发挥亿万农民主体作用和首创精神,不断解放和发展农村社会生产力,激发农村发展活力。
7、要以只争朝夕的紧迫感,切实把创新抓出成效,强化科技同经济对接、创新成果同产业对接、创新项目同现实生产力对接、研发人员创新劳动同其利益收入对接,形成有利于出创新成果、有利于创新成果产业化的新机制。
8、谁牵住了科技创新这个牛鼻子,谁走好了科技创新这步先手棋,谁就能占领先机、赢得优势。
9、企业是创新主体,掌握了一流技术,传统产业也可以变为朝阳产业。
10、深化科技体制改革,增强科技创新活力,集中力量推进科技创新,真正把创新驱动发展战略落到实处。
11、创新是民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的不竭源泉,也是中华民族最深沉的民族禀赋,正所谓“苟日新,日日新,又日新”。
第四部分:关于青年成才的论述
1、“功崇惟志,业广惟勤。”理想指引人生方向,信念决定事业成败。没有理想信念,就会导致精神上“缺钙”。
2、要有逢山开路、遇河架桥的意志,为了创新创造而百折不挠、勇往直前。要有探索真知、求真务实的态度,在立足本职的创新创造中不断积累经验、取得成果。
3、青年是社会上最富活力、最具创造性的群体,理应走在创新创造前列。
4、要勇于创业、敢闯敢干,努力在改革开放中闯新路、创新业,不断开辟事业发展新天地。
5、要牢记“从善如登,从恶如崩”的道理,始终保持积极的人生态度、良好的道德品质、健康的生活情趣。
6、要树立正确人才观,培育和践行社会主义核心价值观,着力提高人才培养质量,弘扬劳动光荣、技能宝贵、创造伟大的时代风尚,营造人人皆可成才、人人尽展其才的良好环境。
7、要把理想信念建立在对科学理论的理性认同上,建立在对历史规律的正确认识上,建立在对基本国情的准确把握上。
8、有理想就有人生的精神动力,有信念就能开辟美好未来。
9、“志当存高远”,一个人的理想志愿只有同国家的前途、民族的命运相结合才有价值,一个人的信念追求只有同社会的需要和人民的利益相一致才有意义。
10、道不可坐论,德不能空谈,人世间的一切幸福都需要靠辛勤的劳动来创造。
11、让青春在时代进步中焕发中绚丽的光彩。
第五部分:关于依法治国的论述
1、要靠制度来保障,在执法办案各个环节都设置隔离墙、通上高压线。
2、要坚持以公开促公正、以透明保廉洁,增强主动公开、主动接受监督的意识,让暗箱操作没有空间,让司法腐败无法藏身。
3、要善于用法治思维和法治方式反对腐败,加强反腐败国家立法,加强反腐倡廉党内法规制度建设,让法律制度刚性运行。
4、“法者,天下之准绳也。”
5、公平正义是政法工作的生命线,司法机关是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线。
6、有了法律不能有效实施,那再多法律也是一纸空文,依法治国就会成为一句空话。
7、要处理好活力和秩序的关系,坚持系统治理、依法治理、综合治理、源头治理,发动全社会一起来做好维护社会稳定工作。
8、凡属重大改革都要于法有据。
9、要抓住提高立法质量这个关键,深入推进科学立法、民主立法.10、要深入推进依法行政,加快建设法治政府。
11、宪法是国家的根本法,坚持依法治国首先要坚持依宪治国,坚持依法执政首先要坚持依宪执政。
12、宪法与国家前途、人民命运息息相关。
13、“国无常强,无常弱。奉法者强则国强,奉法者弱则国弱。”
14、社会无信,则人人自危;政府无信,则权威不立。
15、要坚持制度面前人人平等,执行制度没有例外,不留“暗门”、不开“天窗”,使制度成为硬约束而不是橡皮筋。
第六部分:关于民生建设的论述
1、一切工作出发点、落脚点都是让人民过上好日子。
2、要完善制度、改进工作,推动养老事业多元化、多样化发展,让所有老年人都能老有所养、老有所依、老有所乐、老有所安。
3、让群众得到看得见、摸得着的实惠。
4、就业是民生之本,解决就业问题根本要靠发展。
5、保障和改善民生没有终点站只有新起点。
6、“民惟邦本,本固邦宁。”
7、要做群众的先生,先做群众的学生。
8、人民是历史的创造者,群众是真正的英雄。人民群众是我们力量的源泉。
9、检验我们一切工作的成效,最终都要看人民是否真正得到了实惠,人民生活是否真正得到了改善。
10、把群众的安危冷暖时刻放在心上。
11、保障和改善民生是一项长期工作,没有终点站,只有连续不断的新起点。
12、平安是老百姓解决温饱后的第一需求,是极重要的民生,也是最基本的发展环境。
13、多做一些雪中送炭、急人之困的工作,少做一些锦上添花、花上垒花的虚功。
14、抓民生要抓人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题,抓住最需要关心的人群。
第七部分:其他重要论述
1、要把握全面深化改革的重大关系,处理好解放思想和实事求是的关系、整体推进和重点突破的关系、顶层设计和摸着石头过河的关系、胆子要大和步子要稳的关系、改革发展稳定的关系。
2、要牢固树立改革全局观,顶层设计要立足全局,基层探索要观照全局,大胆探索,积极作为,发挥好试点对全局性改革的示范、突破、带动作用。
3、“鞋子合不合脚,自己穿了才知道”。
4、立下愚公志,打好攻坚战,心中常思百姓疾苦,脑中常思富民之策。
5、反腐并不会影响经济发展,反而有利于经济持续健康发展。
6、要以踏石留印、抓铁有痕的劲头抓下去,善始善终、善做善成,防止虎头蛇尾。
7、改革不停顿、开放不止步。
8、要容得下尖锐的批评。
9、“敢问路在何方,路在脚下”。
10、每个人的工作时间是有限的,但全心全意为人民服务是无限的。
11、人世间的一切幸福,都是要靠辛勤的劳动来创造的。
12、改革是由问题倒逼而产生,又在不断解决问题中得以深化。
13、“行是知之始,知是行之成”,文明素质重在实践、重在养成。
14、“尽小者大,慎微者著”,要从大处着眼、小处着手。
15、不拒众流,方为江海。
附录:
(一)克强总理语录
1、生态环保贵在行动、成在坚持,我们必须紧抓不松劲,一定要实现蓝天常在、绿水长流、永续发展。
2、站在“互联网+”的风口上顺势而为,会使中国经济飞起来。
3、让守信者处处受益,失信者寸步难行。
4、中国是法治国家,不论是谁,不论职位高低,法律面前人人平等,只要触犯了党纪国法,就要依法依纪严肃查处、惩治。
5、中小微企业大有可为,要扶上马、送一程,使“草根”创新蔚然成风、遍地开花。
6、生物的多样性有助于自然界进化,文明的多样性促进了人类社会进步。
7、教育公平具有起点公平的意义,是社会公平的重要基础。
8、让老百姓过上好日子是人民政府的天职。
9、公正是社会创造活力的源泉,也是提高人民满意度的一杆秤,政府理应是社会公正的守护者。
10、要把法律放在神圣的位置,无论任何人、办任何事,都不能超越法律的权限。
11、改革贵在行动,喊破嗓子不如甩开膀子。
12、绿水青山贫穷落后不行,但殷实富裕环境恶化也不行。
13、改革如逆水行舟,不进则退。
(二)常用名言警句 主题一:民生、法治
1.为国者以富民为本,以正学为基 ——汉·王符《潜夫论·务本》 2.民者,国之根也,诚宜重其食,爱其命——《三国志·骆统传》 3.天下顺治在民富,天下和静在民乐,天下兴行在民趋于正——明·王廷相《慎言·御民篇》
4、为人臣者,以富乐民为功,以贫苦民为罪——贾谊
5、国以民为本,社稷亦为民而立——孟子
6、治民无常,唯法为冶——《韩非子》
7、治强生于法,弱乱生于阿—— 《韩非子·外储说右下》
3、以道为常,以法为本——《韩非子·饰邪》
9、立善法于天下,则天下治,立善法于一国,则一国治——王安石
10、不以私害法,则治——《商君书·修权》
11、法度者,政之至也,而以法度者,不可乱也——《黄帝经·君正》
12、法令既行,纪律自正,则无不治之国,无不化之民——包拯
13、法立,有犯而必施;令出,惟行而不返——王勃《上刘右相书》
主题二:为政、治国
1、居之以强力,发之以果敢,而成之以无私——宋·苏辙《新论中》
2、政纲虽举,必求益其所未至;德泽虽布,必思及其所未周——《宋史·薛极传》
3、上安下顺,弊绝风清——宋·周敦颐《拙赋》
4、知屋漏者在宇下,知政失者在草野,知经误者在诸子——汉·王充《论衡·书解篇》
5、构大厦者先择匠而后简材,治国家者先择佐而后定民——《意林》引《物理论》
6、理国要道,在于公平正直——《贞观政要·公平》房玄龄语
7、治身莫先于孝,治国莫先于公——宋·苏轼《司马温公行状》
8、求木之长者,必固其根本;欲流之远者,必浚其泉源;思国之安者,必积其德义——唐·吴兢《贞观政要》
9、人视水见形,视民知治否——司马迁《史记·殷本纪第三》
10、但愿苍生俱饱暖,不辞辛苦出山林——于谦《咏煤炭》
11、治政之要在于安民,安民之道在于察其疾苦——张居正《请蠲积逋以安民生疏》
12、当官之法,惟有三事,曰清、曰慎、曰勤——吕本中《官箴》
13、修其心治其身,而后可以为政于天下——王安石《洪范传》
14、为政以德,譬如星辰,居其所而众星拱之——《论语)
主题三:改革、创新
1、一切事物日趋完善,都是来自适当的改革。——巴尔扎克
2、愈艰难,就愈要做。改革是向来没有一帆风顺的。——鲁迅
3、天下之治,有因有革,期于趋时适治而已——《宋史徐禧传》
4、终日乾乾,与时偕行——《周易》
5、穷则变、变则通、通则久——《周易》
6、老禾不早杀,余种秽良田——司马光
7、苟日新、日日新、又日新——《大学》
8、变法以治,更礼以教百姓——《商君书》
9、礼义法度者,应时而变者也——《庄子》
10、治世不一道,便国不法古——《商君书》
11、人事有代谢,往年成古今——孟浩然
12、沉舟侧畔千帆过,病树前头万木春——刘禹锡
13、处处是创造之地,时时是创造之时,人人是创造之人——陶行知
(三)最新常识热点
1、“四个全面”:全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党。
2、“两个一百年”:第一个一百年,到中国共产党成立100年时(202_年)全面建成小康社会的目标一定能实现;第二个一百年,到新中国成立100年时(202_年)建成富强、民主、文明、和谐的社会主义现代化国家。
3、十八届五中全会提出的“六个坚持”:坚持人民主体地位、坚持科学发展、坚持深化改革、坚持依法治国、坚持统筹国内国际两个大局、坚持党的领导。
4、十八届五中全会提出的“五大理念”:创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享。
5、“一带一路”:丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的简称。
第五篇:口译材料
词法、句法翻译
一、对等译法
在翻译过程中,我们一般都可以在译文语言中找到同原文中某个单词、词组或成语意义上的对等表达。因此,对等译法是翻译中最常用、最重要的翻译方法。我们在翻译中必须注意译文中所采用的对等表达是名符其实的对等表达。一般说来,汉英两种语言中单词的对等率最高,而词组、成语、谚语的对等率就要相对低一些。请看下面各组对等译法的实例。
(一)单词
1)television(名词)电视 2)electricity(名词)电 3)wheat(名词)小麦 4)坐(动词)sit 5)小(形容词)small 6)和(连接词)and 总的说来,汉英两种语言中单词的对等程度要高一些,一方面是单词的文化背景比较简单,另一方面是单词本身的语义结构比较简单。当然,两种语言中存在着差异的“对等”单词也有不少,例如:从语义上来讲,“杯子”并不完全对等于 “cup”,而是对等于 “cup + mug + glass +„”,“桌子”的对等表达是 “table + desk”,从感情色彩上来讲,“宣传”并不完全对等于 “propaganda”,“农民”并不完全对等于 “peasant”,“地主”也并不完全对等于“landlord”。
(二)成语
7)cut in a joke 插科打诨 8)speak one's mind 畅所欲言 9)be after one's own heart 称心如意 10)at one's finger-tips 了如指掌 11)fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼 12)thousands upon thousands of 成千上万 13)in deep water 水深火热 14)turn up one's nose at 嗤之以鼻 15)skin and bones 皮包骨头 16)touch and go 一触即发 17)from the cradle to the grave 一生一世 18)hit the nail on the head 一语道破
19)充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to 20)出人头地 be head and shoulders above other 21)吹毛求疵 pick a hole in sb’s coat 22)破釜沉舟 burn one's boat 23)大惊小怪 make a fuss about 24)大海捞针 look for a needle in a bundle of hay 25)颠倒黑白 talk black into white 26)得意忘形 have one's nose in the air 27)攀龙附凤 worship the rising sun 28)大发雷霆 hit the ceiling;fly into a rage 29)骑虎难下 ho1d a wolf by the ears 30)视而不见 turn a blind eye to 成语的对等是从3个方面体现出来的,一个是比喻意义,一个是比喻形式,再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的,当三者发生矛盾时,我们得优先保留比喻意义。感情色彩的对等同比喻意义的对等几乎同样重要。如果感情色彩不对等,这条成语就肯定不能用。至于比喻形式,能对等则应尽量对等,实在对等不了,就应当机立断,大胆放弃。
(三)谚语
31)Look before you leap. 三思而后行。32)Make hay while the sun shines. 趁热打铁。33)There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。34)Ill news travels fast. 恶事传千里。35)Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。36)欲速则不达。More haste,less speed.
37)出门一里,不如家里。East and west,home is best.
38)拉入篮里就是菜。All is fish that comes to the net. 39)皇天不负苦心人。Everything comes to him who waits. 40)小巫见大巫。The moon is not seen when the sun shines.
谚语和成语一样,其汉英两种语言中的对等大多数也是从比喻意义、比喻形式和感情色彩等3方面体现出来的。同样,比喻意义的对等是最重要的,是翻译中必须做到的,感情色彩的对等几乎是同等重要,不可忽视,在保证这两方面的基础上,再来考虑比喻形式的对等。有不少谚语根本不包含比喻,也就不存在比喻形式的问题。有的谚语虽有比喻形式,但其比喻并不明显,去寻求这种形式上的对等翻译意义不大。
(四)英译汉句子翻译实例
41)I took the news with a grain of salt.我对这个消息半信半疑。
42)Unless you’ve got an ace up your sleeve,we are dished.除非你有锦囊妙计,否则,我们是输定了。
43)He went through fire and flood to save his mother.他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。
44)You have a lucky star above you.你真是福星高照.45)She is now between the devil and the deep sea on this matter.她在这个问题上真是进退维谷。
46)He is reaping what he has sown.他这是咎由自取。
47)She is an easy-going woman.She always throws her cares to the winds.她是个大大咧咧的女人,总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。
48)That fellow is always fair without but foul within.那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。49)That little girl has a ready tongue.那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿的。
50)The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops.梁上君子经常光顾这些商店。
上面10个例句中的原文都包含1条英语成语,而且都非常形象。10个译文都成功地使用了对等译法,都用对等的汉语成语进行翻译,不但做到了比喻意义和感情色彩的对等,而且尽可能做到了比喻形式的对等。成语与翻译
一、英语成语汉译
英语成语以其精辟、形象、生动等特点,牢固地确立了它在英语中的重要地位。无论是在书面语言中,还是口头语言里,英语成语都发挥着越来越显著的作用,其数量正在日益扩大、其质量也在不断升华。因此,英语成语的汉译已成为翻译工作中的突出问题。
译好英语成语并非易事。请看下面一例:
He was in the seventh heaven last night.误译:1)他昨晚到七重天去了。(七重天宾馆?)2)他咋晚去极乐世界了。3)他昨晚见上帝去了。4)他昨晚升天了。5)他昨晚归西了。
6)他昨晚见马克思去了。
„„ „„
许多人把in the seventh heaven同“升天”、“死”的概念联系起来。这是由望文生义而引起的理解错误。Longman Dictionary or English Idioms对这条成语所作的释义是“(not formal)in a state of great happiness or contentment”(非常高兴的,非常愉快的,非常满意的)。这条成语同宗教有关,七重天是指上帝和天使居住的天国最高层。言下之意,人能身居天国最高层、与上帝同处,自然是非常愉快的。因此,这条成语汉译时一定要从“愉快”、“高兴”的意义出发,如:“欢天喜地”、“欣喜若狂”、“喜出望外”、“大喜过望”、“兴高采烈”、“乐不可支”、“其乐无穷”、“心花怒放”等。
再看一个in the seventh heaven汉译的例句:
The children are in the seventh heaven with their new toys.这些孩子因有了新的玩具而欢天喜地。
接下来,我们通过英语成语的特点来探讨一下英语成语的翻译。
英语成语可分两类。一类是平铺直叙的,既无很深的含义,也无难解的典故,只是用词与搭配相对地固定。如:
1)knit one's brow 皱眉头
2)last but not least 最后但不是最不重要的一点 3)laugh in sb's face 当面嘲笑
4)lay sth to heart 把某事放在心上 5)have pity on sb 同情某人
对这类成语,我们只需从字面上去理解,翻译起来不会给我们带来什么问题,直接照字面译就是了。
另一类英语成语,有着相当明显的比喻意义,其中不少有着一定的历史或神话典故。这类成语中,有一部分因使用范围广、历史久,其字面意义和比喻意义都能为中国读者所接受。如:
1)Trojan horse 特洛伊木马——比喻暗藏的敌人或危险 2)tower of ivory 象牙之塔——比喻世外桃源 3)sour grapes 酸葡萄——相当于阿Q精神 4)Sphinx's riddle 斯芬克司之谜——比喻难解之谜
5)as wise as Solomon 像所罗门一样聪明——比喻非常富有智慧 6)the fifth column 第五纵队——比喻间谍 7)a Judas kiss 犹大之吻——比喻背叛行为 8)crocodile tears 鳄鱼眼泪——比喻假慈悲 9)wash one's hands of 洗手不干——撒手不管
10)new wine in old bottles 旧瓶装新酒——旧形式不适合新内容
对这部分英语成语,我们可以直接翻译它们的字面意义,因为一般中国读者都能理解这部分成语字面意义后面的比喻意义。
这一类英语成语中的另一部分,由于其文化背景的缘故,中国读者还不能通过它们的字面意义来理解它们的比喻意义。如:
1)in a pig's whisper 低声地;顷刻间 2)draw blood 伤人感情,惹人生气 3)hang on sb's sleeve 依赖某人,任某人做主 4)hang on sb's lips 对某人言听计从 5)make a monkey of 愚弄
6)to be full of beans 精神旺盛,精力充沛 7)bend an ear to 聚精会神地听,倾听
8)get cold feet 开始感到怀疑、胆怯或害怕 9)a skeleton at the feast 扫兴的人或东西 10)bury one's head in the sand 采取鸵鸟政策
对这部分英语成语,我们可以避开其字面意义,直接译出它们的比喻意义,以便中国读者更好地理解和接受。
英语成语有不少在比喻上同汉语成语非常相似,我们完全可以用这些相似的汉语成语来翻译英语成语。如:
1)burn the boat 破釜沉舟 2)castle in the air 空中楼阁 3)a bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳 4)six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两 5)after one's own heart 正中下怀 6)one's hair stands on end 毛发倒竖 7)kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕 8)show the cloven hoof 露出马脚 9)hang by a hair 千钧一发 10)kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 杀鸡取卵
大多数英语成语是无法在汉语中找到比喻相同或相似的对等成语的。但英汉成语之间形异却意同的对等现象有许多。翻译时,我们也不妨采用这些对等成语。如: 1)have an axe to grind 别有用心 2)talk through one's hat 胡言乱语 3)to be as poor as Job 家徒四壁 4)neither fish nor fowl 不伦不类 5)no respecter of persons 一视同仁 6)leave no stone unturned 千方百计
7)hole and corner 偷偷摸摸;鬼鬼祟祟 8)a fly in the ointment 美中不足 9)by the skin of one's teeth 九死一生 10)call a spade a spade 直言不讳
同一条英语成语,我们可根据具体的上下文,译成许多同义的汉语成语:如: 1)reap what one has sown 自作自受;自食其果;自掘坟墓;飞蛾扑火;
咎由自取;玩火自焚;惹火烧身;作茧自缚 2)be on tenterhooks 坐立不安;如坐针毡;局促不安;心乱如麻;
心烦意乱;七上八下;六神无主;手足无措
多条同义英语成语也能找到多条对等的同义汉语成语,这自然在很大的程度上增加了翻译的灵活性。如:
fish in the air 水中捞月 cry for the moon 挑雪填井 plough the sands 扬汤止沸 make a wild-goose chase 缘木求鱼 hold a candle to the sun 钻冰求酥 catch at shadows 以冰致蝇 lash the waves 以狸饵鼠 beat the air 隔靴搔痒
最后,我们讲一下翻译英语成语时很重要的一点:切莫望文生义。有一些英语成语同一些汉语成语和习惯说法,在形式上非常相似,使我们一读到这些英语成语,立刻就联想到那些汉语成语或习惯说法。其实,两者之间形似意不似,貌合神离。如: 1)pull sb's leg 误译:拉后腿
正译:愚弄某人,开某人的玩笑
2)move heaven and earth 误译:翻天覆地
正译:想方设法,千方百计 3)child's play 误译:儿戏
正译:简单的东西,容易的事情 4)eat one's words 误译:食言
正译:承认自己说了错话
5)dog-eat-dog 误译:狗咬狗
正译:残酷争夺,人吃人的关系
由此可见,翻译英语成语决非易事。我们既要做到理解正确,又要注意表达得体;既要提倡使用对等的汉语成语,又要防止望文生义、生搬硬套。
二、汉语成语英译
汉语成语的定义为:言简意赅、生动形象、比一般词语有着更强的表现力、历来为人们所喜欢用的一种精粹的语言材料。汉语成语结构稳定,绝大部分以四字格形式出现,约占百分之九十七。以四字格为主体的汉语成语不少于一万条,在政论、文艺、科技等文体中都起着极其重要的作用。在汉英翻译中,汉语成语的处理自然是一个不可忽视的问题。
以前曾有人把“胸有成竹”翻译成“have a bamboo in his stomach”,这是事故?还是奇迹?闹了一场不小的笑话。其实,这条成语很难从字面上进行翻译。它出自苏轼原语,意思是说,画家在画竹之前,先必须在脑子里产生竹的形象,比喻在做事之前心里已经有全面的考虑。对这条成语,我们只能译出它的比喻意义:“to have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth”,也可用一条意义相等的英语成语来套译:“to have a card up one's sleeve”。
哪些汉语成语可根据其字面意义翻译?哪些只能翻译比喻意义呢?这完全取决于汉语成语的字面形式和比喻形象能否为译文读者所接受。例如,“胸有成竹”译成“have a bamboo in his stomach'’,不用说外国读者无法理解,就是我们了解汉英两种语言与文化的人也不能接受。因为译文所产生的形象与原文的比喻并不一致。
我们再来看一条汉语成语翻译的实例: ’
黛玉道:“跌了灯值钱呢,还是跌了人值钱?你又穿不惯木屐子。那灯笼叫他们前头点着;这个又轻巧又亮,原是雨里自己拿着的。你自己手里拿着这个,岂不好?明儿再送来。——就失了手也有限的,怎么忽然又变出这‘剖腹藏珠’的脾气来!”(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》,第四十五回)“Which is more valuable,lamp or man? You're not used to wearing pattens.So get them to carry the horn lantern in front and take this one yourself,since it's handy and bright and meant to be used in the rain. Wouldn't that be better? You can send it back later.And even if you drop it,it won't matter.What's come over you suddenly that you want to ‘cut open your stomach to hide a pearl’?”(translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang)“剖腹藏珠”直接按字面译成“cut open your stomach to hide a pearl”,原文中“为了一点小利益而牺牲大利益”的形象比喻,在译文中也是那样的栩栩如生,完全能为译文读者所接受,使他们获得了英语对等成语-“penny wise and pound foolish”同样的效果。
由此可见,如果英文读者能像中文读者一样,从汉语成语的比喻中获得正确而又生动形象效果,我们便可采用像上例“剖腹藏珠”那样的直译方法。
下面的英译按原文的字面翻译,其比喻效果同原文一样生动,译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语。如:
1)竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish(相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)2)打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake(相当于wake a sleeping dog)3)易如反掌to be as easy as turning over one s nano(相当于as easy as falling off a log)4)玩火自焚to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself(相当于fry in one's own grease)5)挥金如土to spend money like dirt(相当于spend money like water)6)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm(相当于the apple of one's eye)7)对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow(相当于cast pearls before swine)8)守口如瓶to keep one's mouth closed like a bottle(相当于keep a still tongue in one's head)9)雪中送炭to send charcoal in snowy weather(相当于help a lame dog over a stile)10)画蛇添足to draw a snake and add feet to it(相当于paint the lily)不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语,但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义。如:
1)声东击西to shout in the east and strike in the west 2)刻骨铭心to be engraved on one's heart and bones 3)井底之蛙to be like a frog at the bottom of a well 4)调虎离山to lure the tiger from the mountain 5)口蜜腹剑to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted 有些汉语成语并没有形象的比喻意义,它们的字面意义也就是它们的实际意义。对这些成语,我们当然可以采取字面翻译。如:
1)劳苦功高to have spent toilsome labour and won distinctive merits 2)屡教不改to fail to mend one's ways after repeated admonition 3)罕不可破to be so strongly built as to be indestructible 4)攻其不备to strike sb when he is unprepared 5)史无前例to be without precedent in history 在不影响原义的前提下,我们应尽量采用这种按字面进行翻译的直译方法来处理汉语成语,从而更好地传达出原文的形式、意义和精神。
然而,汉语成语并非每条都能按字面翻译。有些成语的比喻形象是译文读者所不能接受的。如果把“眉飞色舞”死译成“his eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing,这势必会贻笑大方,使译文读者不知所云,莫明其妙。我们可根据该成语的实际意义灵活地翻译成“to beam with joy”。再看下面的译例: 1)粗枝大叶to be crude and careless(死译:with big branches and large leaves、2)无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness(死译:to get into every hole)3)扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated(死译:to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath)4)灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious(死译:with red lights and green wine)5)纸醉金迷(a life of)luxury and dissipation(死译:with drunken paper and bewitched gold)6)开门见山to come straight to the point(死译:to open the door and see the mountain)7)单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth(死译:with a solitary spear and a single horse)8)大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale(死译:to make a great array of flags and drums)9)海阔天空(to talk)at random(死译:with a vast sea and a boundless sky)10)风雨飘摇(of a situation)being unstable(死译:The wind and rain are rocking.)有一部分汉语成语带着一定的中国文化背景,有的成语在字面上就含有中国古代的人名、地名,有的出自寓言或历史的典故。对这部分成语,字面翻译是无法为外国读者所接受的。如加上许多解释性文字,就失去了成语精粹的特点。我们最好的办法就是绕开其文化背景,译出其真正的内涵意义。
1)毛遂自荐to volunteer one's service(毛遂——战国时期人名)2)叶公好龙professed love of what one really fears(叶公——
中国古代传说中的人名)3)东施效颦crude imitation with ludicrous effect(东施——中
国古代一丑女的名字)4)南柯一梦a fond dream or illusory joy(南柯——中国古代传说梦中地名)5)四面楚歌to be besieged on all sides(楚——战国时期国名)6)锱铢必较to haggle over every penny(锱铢——中国古代重量单位)7)罄竹难书(of crimes)too numerous to mention(竹——中国
等国纸发明以前写字用的竹简)8)初出茅庐at the beginning of one's career(此典故出自《三国演义》)9)倾城倾国to be exceedingly beautiful(此典故出自《汉书》)10)悬梁刺股to be extremely hard-working in one's study(此典故出自《战国策》和《汉书》)
有许多汉语成语和英语成语在意义上是对等的,我们可用英语成语来翻译这部分汉语成语,给译文读者一种生动感和亲切感。如:
1)小题大做make a mountain out of a molehill 2)赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 3)洗心革面turn over a new leaf 4)七颠八倒at sixes and sevens 5)横行霸道throw one's weight about 6)大发雷霆blow one's top 7)过河拆桥kick down the ladder 8)乳臭未干be wet behind the ears 9)格格不入be like square pegs in round holes 10)魂不附体jump out of one's skin
还有这种情况,多条词义汉语成语里的任何一条可用对等的多条同义英语成语中的任何一条来翻译。如:
左右为难 between the devil and the deep sea 进退维谷 stick in the mud 骑虎难下 between the horns of a dilemma 左支右绌 between two fires 跋前踬后 in a fix(dilemma/quandary/predicament)羝羊触藩 in a cleft stick 不上不下 at a nonplus .
进退两难 hold a wolf by the ears 无所适从 with one's back to the wall 莫衷一是_ between Scylla and Charybdis 总而言之,翻译汉语成语时,为了保留原文形象,能直译则尽量直译,即按字面翻译。不能直译时,我们不能因词害义,应该翻译其实际意义。如能在英文中找到意义完全对等的成语,我们也可采用这种套译法。一般说来,正规文体中,汉语成语多采用形象的逐字翻译,非正规文体中,多采用简洁的大意翻译。