下载文档第一篇：2011年在职研究生入学考试各科练习题
各科练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用，不是复习重点。请考生按照大纲进行全面复习。
政治理论
一、概念解释题
哲学的基本问题、商品、抽象劳动、价值规律、剩余价值、可变资本、实践、人民内部矛盾、党的三大优良作风、和平共处五项原则、感性认识、理性认识、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社会主义核心价值体系
二、辨析题
1．实践性是马克思主义哲学的唯一特点。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。
3．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
4．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段，但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
5．发展才是硬道理，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。
6．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。7．内因和外因作为同时存在的内部和外部的联系，对事物发展起着相同的作用。8．社会主义公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。9．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
10．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
11、改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系是辩证统一的。
12、实践作为检验真理的标准，既是绝对的又是相对的，是确定性和不确定性的统一。
13、社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。14.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。
15.代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，必须妥善处理人民内部的各种利益关系。16.我们党的执政地位不是一劳永逸、一成不变的。
三、简答题
1.简述马克思主义产生的社会历史条件。2.马克思主义的三个理论来源是什么？
3.马克思根据社会关系的历史发展与人的个性发展的内在联系把人的发展划分为哪三个大的历史阶段？
4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述。5.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？
6.列宁是如何论证对立统一规律是辩证法的核心和实质的？ 7.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。8.毛泽东是如何论述社会主义社会基本矛盾的？ 9.简述毛泽东关于人的自觉能动性的论述。
10.毛泽东是如何阐述“一般和个别相结合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛泽东提出的“独立自主”方针？
12.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？
13.邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义是什么？ 14.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
15.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化？ 16.科学发展观的基本内涵是什么？
四、论述题
1.马克思关于资本主义积累的历史趋势的论述及其重大意义。
2.列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。3.邓小平对社会主义根本任务的论述及其重大意义。
4.运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在与社会意识辩证关系的原理说明大力发展社会主义先进文化，建设社会主义精神文明的重大意义。
5.论如何把代表最广大人民根本利益的要求落到实处。
6.毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7.论党的群众路线及其重大意义。
8.论邓小平关于“一国两制”的构想及其重大意义。
现代管理学
一、概念解释题
一般意义上的管理、管理的系统观念、管理的人本性、管理客体的系统性、确定型决策、管理的权变观念、管理的战略观念、磋商激励、不确定型决策、舆论监督、风险型决策、尊重激励、管理艺术、审计监督、经济监督、管理的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、管理的二重性是指管理过程中既有科学性又有艺术性。
2、管理幅度与管理层次呈正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
3、按管理者的职责，可分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持精简效能的原则。
5、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
6、以实现战略任务的途径分类，可分为企业发展战略、地区发展战略、部门发展战略和领域发展战略。
7、管理的权变观念强调权宜应变的科学性。
8、经济监督就是指的财政监督，即预算监督、预算外资金监督和财务监督。
9、有了管理的主体和管理的客体，就可以构成一个完整的管理活动。
10、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
11、一切管理客体都是客观存在的事务，因此一切客观事物都可以成为管理的客体。
12、系统理论认为，自然界和人类社会所构成的一切系统都是开放的。
13、管理的择优观念就是坚持选择最优和最佳的方案，以及最优的管理方法。
14、管理过程的最后一项职能是评价，评价既是管理过程的归宿，又是管理过程的出发点。
15、宏观经济政策，是国家中央政府为调控经济的有序和有效运行而制定的，因而它的调节作用是直接的。
16、经济方法运用的主要形式，就是通过市场来进行生产要素的基础性配置。
三、简答题
1、什么是管理的创新性？
2、管理者应具备的职责是什么？
3、为什么要树立组织适应环境的观念？ 4、20世纪60年代兴起的系统管理学派，认为系统管理有什么特点？
5、为什么说决策是管理工作的核心？
6、简要说明监督的功能。
7、去年以来，中央银行多次提高了存款准备金率，这种举措属于哪个管理方法？对现实经济调控有什么作用？
8、现代管理所讲的决策是广义的决策。理解广义决策应把握哪些要点？
9、管理机构的设计为什么要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则？
10、目标管理和传统的计划管理的主要区别是什么?
11、简述激励的作用。
12、为什么说决策是各级管理者的主要职责？
13、为什么要坚持超前监督的原则？
14、简述实施的特点。
15、为什么要坚持评价的激励性原则？
16、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？
四、论述题
1、人类社会的任何管理活动都有其一定的目的，即要达到一定的目标。因此，制定科学先进的和切实可行的管理目标是非常重要的。请您结合我们的工作实际，谈谈制定目标应遵循的原则。
2、对经济、社会发展等各个方面作出重大决策，是管理者特别是管理的领导者的重要职责，是管理工作的核心。决策正确与否，直接影响到经济、社会的发展水平和效率的高低。这方面，不论是企业还是地方各级政府，都有着成功的经验和失败的教训。请您结合实际，说明科学决策应遵循的原则。
3、管理过程结束以后，需要对其所获得的管理成绩和效果进行相应的评价，从中汲取经验和教训，以不断提高管理工作的水平。但在现实工作实践中，不少管理者往往对评价这一环节有所忽视，或者说重视不够。请您结合实际，谈谈评价在管理中的作用。
4、现代管理活动中，复杂多变的经济、社会及政治环境，要求管理者必须“高瞻远瞩”，把握事物未来的发展趋势；必须“胸有全局”，把握事物内部和外部的本质联系。所谓“高瞻远瞩”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主体要确立管理的战略观念。请您联系实际，谈谈确立战略观念在现代管理中的地位和作用。
5、决策并不是简单的“拍板定案”，而是一个复杂的科学过程，要按照和遵循一定的程序进行。现实工作中，有一些管理者对这一科学程序重视不够，有的知之甚少。为了保证决策的科学化和民主化，请您说明决策过程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在过去漫长的计划经济时代里，我们习惯于用行政方法管理经济。但在今天的市场经济条件下，固然也离不开行政的方法，但它有明显的局限性，过分地运用它，会妨碍经济的发展。请您结合现实，谈谈行政方法的局限性以及如何正确地运用行政方法。
7、管理活动的效果和效率，很大程度上取决于管理中的人，特别是作为管理主体的人。如何用人，既是一门科学，更是一门艺术。请您结合自己的工作实际，谈谈用人的艺术。
8、近年来，中央一再提出以人为本、执政为民的理念，强调重视和优先解决民生问题。请您联系实际，说明为什么要树立以人为本的管理观念，即树立人本观念的必然性。
法理学
一、简答题
法律移植；法的制定；法的效力；法律关系；法律意识；霍菲尔德的权利；法律监督的意义；法律制裁和法律责任的关系；法律实效和法律实施的关系；法的特征；法的现代化与法的国际化；资本主义法律的基本特征；法的规范指引与个别指引的区别；法律后果的含义及分类；法治与法制的关系；法律制定的程序。
二、辨析题
法律实施；法律渊源；法律规范的种类；法律适用的原则；公法和私法；解释的种类；普通法；法律渊源的分类；《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》；我国法律的空间效力；法律规则的构成要素；法的局限性；两大法系；资本主义法和封建主义法；法律体系和立法体系；一般法和特别法。
三、材料分析题
1、最高人民法院的《公报》和判例法；
2、司法机关的职权和地位；
3、刑事法律的性质和地方性法规；
4、责任法定原则；
5、国家机关分工负责、互相监督、相互制约；
6、违法行为、法律责任和法律制裁的关系；
7、法律和道德的关系；
8、实质推理；
9、广义的法律和狭义的法律；
10、司法的基本原则；
11、法的本质；
12、法律的稳定性和适应性；
13、立法必须坚持的原则；
14、唯物主义法学原理；
15、广义和狭义的法律监督；
16、经济基础和法律的关系；
四、论述题
1、法的局限性；
2、法律适用上一律平等的原则；
3、当代中国法律解释体制；
4、我国法渊源的形式；
5、当代中国的法律监督；
6、法律规范的种类；
7、法的作用；
8、当代中国法适用的原则。
英语
一、单项选择
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第二篇：2011年在职研究生入学考试各科练习题
各科练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用，不是复习重点。请考生按照大纲进行全面复习。
政治理论
一、概念解释题
哲学的基本问题、商品、抽象劳动、价值规律、剩余价值、可变资本、实践、人民内部矛盾、党的三大优良作风、和平共处五项原则、感性认识、理性认识、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社会主义核心价值体系
二、辨析题
1．实践性是马克思主义哲学的唯一特点。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。
3．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
4．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的基础性手段，但它并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
5．发展才是硬道理，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。
6．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。7．内因和外因作为同时存在的内部和外部的联系，对事物发展起着相同的作用。8．社会主义公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化。9．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
10．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
11、改革、发展、稳定三者之间的关系是辩证统一的。
12、实践作为检验真理的标准，既是绝对的又是相对的，是确定性和不确定性的统一。
13、社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。14.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。
15.代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，必须妥善处理人民内部的各种利益关系。16.我们党的执政地位不是一劳永逸、一成不变的。
三、简答题
1.简述马克思主义产生的社会历史条件。2.马克思主义的三个理论来源是什么？
3.马克思根据社会关系的历史发展与人的个性发展的内在联系把人的发展划分为哪三个大的历史阶段？
4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述。5.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？
6.列宁是如何论证对立统一规律是辩证法的核心和实质的？
7.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。8.毛泽东是如何论述社会主义社会基本矛盾的？ 9.简述毛泽东关于人的自觉能动性的论述。
10.毛泽东是如何阐述“一般和个别相结合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛泽东提出的“独立自主”方针？
12.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？
13.邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义是什么？ 14.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
15.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化？ 16.科学发展观的基本内涵是什么？
四、论述题
1.马克思关于资本主义积累的历史趋势的论述及其重大意义。
2.列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。3.邓小平对社会主义根本任务的论述及其重大意义。
4.运用历史唯物主义关于社会存在与社会意识辩证关系的原理说明大力发展社会主义先进文化，建设社会主义精神文明的重大意义。
5.论如何把代表最广大人民根本利益的要求落到实处。
6.毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7.论党的群众路线及其重大意义。
8.论邓小平关于“一国两制”的构想及其重大意义。
现代管理学
一、概念解释题
一般意义上的管理、管理的系统观念、管理的人本性、管理客体的系统性、确定型决策、管理的权变观念、管理的战略观念、磋商激励、不确定型决策、舆论监督、风险型决策、尊重激励、管理艺术、审计监督、经济监督、管理的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、管理的二重性是指管理过程中既有科学性又有艺术性。
2、管理幅度与管理层次呈正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
3、按管理者的职责，可分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持精简效能的原则。
5、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
6、以实现战略任务的途径分类，可分为企业发展战略、地区发展战略、部门发展战略和领域发展战略。
7、管理的权变观念强调权宜应变的科学性。
8、经济监督就是指的财政监督，即预算监督、预算外资金监督和财务监督。
9、有了管理的主体和管理的客体，就可以构成一个完整的管理活动。
10、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
11、一切管理客体都是客观存在的事务，因此一切客观事物都可以成为管理的客体。
12、系统理论认为，自然界和人类社会所构成的一切系统都是开放的。
13、管理的择优观念就是坚持选择最优和最佳的方案，以及最优的管理方法。
14、管理过程的最后一项职能是评价，评价既是管理过程的归宿，又是管理过程的出发点。
15、宏观经济政策，是国家中央政府为调控经济的有序和有效运行而制定的，因而它的调节作用是直接的。
16、经济方法运用的主要形式，就是通过市场来进行生产要素的基础性配置。
三、简答题
1、什么是管理的创新性？
2、管理者应具备的职责是什么？
3、为什么要树立组织适应环境的观念？ 4、20世纪60年代兴起的系统管理学派，认为系统管理有什么特点？
5、为什么说决策是管理工作的核心？
6、简要说明监督的功能。
7、去年以来，中央银行多次提高了存款准备金率，这种举措属于哪个管理方法？对现实经济调控有什么作用？
8、现代管理所讲的决策是广义的决策。理解广义决策应把握哪些要点？
9、管理机构的设计为什么要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则？
10、目标管理和传统的计划管理的主要区别是什么?
11、简述激励的作用。
12、为什么说决策是各级管理者的主要职责？
13、为什么要坚持超前监督的原则？
14、简述实施的特点。
15、为什么要坚持评价的激励性原则？
16、权变观念在管理中有什么作用？
四、论述题
1、人类社会的任何管理活动都有其一定的目的，即要达到一定的目标。因此，制定科学先进的和切实可行的管理目标是非常重要的。请您结合我们的工作实际，谈谈制定目标应遵循的原则。
2、对经济、社会发展等各个方面作出重大决策，是管理者特别是管理的领导者的重要职责，是管理工作的核心。决策正确与否，直接影响到经济、社会的发展水平和效率的高低。这方面，不论是企业还是地方各级政府，都有着成功的经验和失败的教训。请您结合实际，说明科学决策应遵循的原则。
3、管理过程结束以后，需要对其所获得的管理成绩和效果进行相应的评价，从中汲取经验和教训，以不断提高管理工作的水平。但在现实工作实践中，不少管理者往往对评价这一环节有所忽视，或者说重视不够。请您结合实际，谈谈评价在管理中的作用。
4、现代管理活动中，复杂多变的经济、社会及政治环境，要求管理者必须“高瞻远瞩”，把握事物未来的发展趋势；必须“胸有全局”，把握事物内部和外部的本质联系。所谓“高瞻远瞩”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主体要确立管理的战略观念。请您联系实际，谈谈确立战略观念在现代管理中的地位和作用。
5、决策并不是简单的“拍板定案”，而是一个复杂的科学过程，要按照和遵循一定的程序进行。现实工作中，有一些管理者对这一科学程序重视不够，有的知之甚少。为了保证决策的科学化和民主化，请您说明决策过程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在过去漫长的计划经济时代里，我们习惯于用行政方法管理经济。但在今天的市场经济条件下，固然也离不开行政的方法，但它有明显的局限性，过分地运用它，会妨碍经济的发展。请您结合现实，谈谈行政方法的局限性以及如何正确地运用行政方法。
7、管理活动的效果和效率，很大程度上取决于管理中的人，特别是作为管理主体的人。如何用人，既是一门科学，更是一门艺术。请您结合自己的工作实际，谈谈用人的艺术。
8、近年来，中央一再提出以人为本、执政为民的理念，强调重视和优先解决民生问题。请您联系实际，说明为什么要树立以人为本的管理观念，即树立人本观念的必然性。
英语
一、单项选择
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful
C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really
didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We
must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)
D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
第三篇：山东省委党校2014年在职研究生入学考试练习题
说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用。要取得好成绩，请考生按照大纲进行全面系统复习。
《政治理论》练习题
一、概念解释题
1．货币
2.商品
3.资本
4.剩余价值
5．抽象劳动
6.可变资本
7.价值规律
8.哲学基本问题 9.主要矛盾
10.理性认识
11.毛泽东思想活的灵魂
12.群众路线
13.生态文明
14.一国两制
15.协商民主
16.循环经济
17.和谐文化
18.和平共处五项原则
二、辨析题
1．实践是认识的最终目的。
2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。3．劳动是创造商品价值的唯一源泉。
4．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。
5．资本主义工资就是雇佣工人劳动的价格。
6．科学发展观第一要义是发展，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。7．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。8．以人为本就是以人民群众为发展的根本动力。
9．以人为本、执政为民是检验党一切执政活动的最高标准。
10.协调发展就是要求平均发展。
11．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。
12．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。
13．按劳分配与按生产要素分配是根本对立的分配原则。
14．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的决定性手段，但并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。
15．社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。16.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。17.建设中国特色社会主义民主政治最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人们当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。
18.强调维护社会公平正义就是劫富济贫搞平均主义。
三、简答题
1.马克思主义的三个思想理论来源是什么？ 2.简述资本主义生产方式的绝对规律。3.简述马克思关于资本的特殊性质的论述。4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述 5.简述马克思关于劳动力价值的论述。6.什么是唯物辩证法的三大规律？
7.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？ 8.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。9.简述毛泽东关于党的三大优良作风的概括。
10.解析邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义。11.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？ 12.中国特色社会主义的三大基本问题是什么？ 13.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义？
14.党的十八大报告关于中国特色社会主义道路、中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国特色社会主义制度三者相互关系的论述。
15.什么是中国特色社会主义的总依据、总布局、总任务？ 16.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？
17.党的十八届三中全会提出的全面深化改革的总目标是什么？ 18.全面深化经济体制改革的核心问题是什么？
四、论述题
1．马克思关于价值规律的论述及其重大意义。
2．论马克思“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的思想及其重大意义。3．马克思关于资本基本构成的论述及其重大意义。
4．列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。5．毛泽东关于“社会主义社会基本矛盾”的论述及其重大意义。
6．毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7．邓小平的社会主义本质论及其重大意义。8．试论依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。
9．试论先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证。
《现代管理学》练习题
一、概念题
1、从一般意义上来定义管理
2、管理的综合性特征
3、管理主体
4、管理客体
5、管理机构设计类型中的直线职能制
6、管理目标
7、管理的人本观念
8、管理的系统观念
9、管理的战略观念
10、管理的权变观念
11、不确定型决策
12、实施过程中的激励
13、赞扬激励
14、沟通激励
15、现代管理中的监督
16、审计监督
17、现代管理中的评价
18、现代管理方法中的经济方法
二、辨析题
1、任何管理都由以下因素构成：管理主体、管理客体、管理目的、管理职能和方法、管理环境。
2、在管理实际中，管理的科学性和艺术性是统一的。
3、管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。
4、可控性或称可管理性是管理客体的重要特征。
5、管理目标具有评价作用。
6、管理就是以信息处理为中心。
7、管理目标的分类，按管理的职能分，可分为经济管理目标、行政管理目标、科学技术管理目标和社会管理目标。
8、按管理者的职责，可分为一般的管理者和管理中的领导者，但管理中的领导者不是劳动者。
9、管理活动中，要处理多种关系，但最主要的是处理好物与物的关系以及人、财、物的关系。
10、管理的系统观念就是管理的整体观念。
11、系统理论和系统方法为现代管理开辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，树立系统观念和掌握系统方法，是现代管理者所应具备的基本素质。、12、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。
13、按监督的主体划分，可分为自我监督、内部监督、外部监督。
14、经济监督就是财政监督和财务监督。
15、实施是现代管理者的一项重要责任。
16、我们现在实行的是社会主义市场经济体制，彻底否定了传统的计划经济体系。因此，在市场经济条件下，计划管理已经不重要了。
17、经济方法的调节作用是直接的。
18、在市场经济条件下，各种产品和服务的价格都是由价值规律和市场供求关系决定的，与政府和企业的经济政策无关。
三、简答题
1、管理主体决定管理活动的方向。
2、要使管理主体在管理活动中起主导支配的作用，必须具备的条件。
3、管理的艺术特征。
4、管理机构的设计要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则。
5、管理机构的设计要坚持以目标为中心，以职能为中心的原则。
6、作为管理客体的人的地位。
7、作为管理客体的人的特征。
8、管理目标制定的依据。
9、管理目标的制定要坚持方案选优的原则。
10、管理系统观念中的动态的观念。
11、管理实施中激励的作用。
12、激励方式中的奖罚激励。
13、激励方式中的尊重激励。
14、管理过程中的监督具有反馈的功能。
15、管理过程中的监督要坚持经济性原则。
16、管理过程中的监督具有预防功能。
17、权变观念要求领导方式应与环境相适应。
18、行政方法在管理中的运用有其自身的局限性，因此在运用中必须坚持正确的原则。
四、论述题
1、人既是管理的主体又是管理的客体，请您认真关注作为管理客体的人的地位和作用。
2、决策对于管理主体来说太重要了，要想做出科学正确的决策，必须遵循一些原则，请您掌握这些原则。
3、决策是一个科学的过程，不是随意点头和拍板定案，请您牢记决策的程序，即决策必须遵循的步骤。
4、管理者担负着特殊的职责，因此他必须具有特定的素质。请您认真了解一下管理者所应具备的素质。
5、管理目标是管理活动的出发点和归宿点，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。请您认真记住目标在管理中的作用。
6、管理目标很重要，但制定出科学正确和先进可行的管理目标就不是一件很容易的事了，必须要坚持一系列的科学原则。请您记住这些原则，才能制定出好的目标。
7、择优观念是现代管理中一个非常重要的观念，离了这个观念，管理活动就会出问题。请您牢牢记住树立择优观念的必要性。
8、实施是介于决策、计划和管理对象之间的中间环节，没有圆满的实施，就谈不上完成管理任务。实施的这种特定地位，决定了它的特点。请您认真了解实施不同于其他管理环节的特点。
9、管理实施过程结束后，还不能算是管理过程的结束，还需对其过程所获得的成绩和效果进行相应的评价。搞好评价也不是一件很简单的事。请您仔细了解评价活动应遵循的一系列原则。
《法理学》练习题
一、简答题
1、法律责任
2、法律部门
3、法律解释
4、法律渊源
5、法律移植
6、英美法系和大陆法系
7、法治和法制
10、法律溯及力
11、社会主义的法治理念
12、社会法律监督
13、法律制定
14、当代中国的法律渊源
15、法律继承
16、法律现代化
17、法律的基本特征
18、、法律适用
19、社会法律监督
二、辨析题
1、法律的本质
2、法律意识的结构
3、法律规则的构成要素
4、法学研究的对象
5、法的不确定性
6、法的规范性
7、法学研究的对象
8、理论法学和应用法学
9、国家赔偿法所属部门
10根据法的效力范围的不同，法的分类
11、立法体制
12、划分法的历史类型的依据
13、法律与道德强制力不同
14、法学体系和法律体系的区别
15、法律制定
16、法律继承
三、材料分析题
1、法律部门和法律渊源的不同
2、法的评价作用
3、立法体制
4、法的渊源
5、广义法律和狭义法律的效力区别
6、法律与道德的区别
7、司法机关独立行使审判或检察权
8、行政责任、刑事责任和民事责任的不同
9、人民法院定罪量刑的依据
10、法律规则和法律原则的不同
11、法理学的组成、法理学的社会学价值和法理学与其他法律部门的联系
12、司法的“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”的原则
四、论述题
1、司法权的性质和特征
2、法律规则的逻辑结构
3、司法机关独立行使职权的原则
4、法律关系的构成要素
5、法律的规范作用
6、法律的社会作用
7、法律责任的归责原则
8、法律的本质
9、法律调整和道德调整的区别
《英语》练习题
一、单项选择
1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to learn C.to be learning
D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked
B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing
B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for
B.having waited for
D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left
B.was leaving C.left
D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking
B.to speak
C.spoken
D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking
B.was thinking
C.having thought
D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started
B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early
tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th
B.216 Room C.216th Room
D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs
B.leaves
C.leaf
D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see
B.sees C.sees’
D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?
A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he
B.forget
D.are always forgetting C.is he
D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980
B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans
B.women C.woman
D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want
B.doesn’t want
C.not want
D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手机).________ is on the desk.A.Their
B.Our C.Yours
D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall
B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by
B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off
B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、阅读理解
(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?
1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good
B.Sometimes it is good
C.It’s no good
D.You always want
2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures
B.from different countries
C.from different schools
D.of different occupations
3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians
B.the English
C.the French
D.the Chinese
4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear
B.should never be expressed
C.continue to exist under the surface
D.are always bad
5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy
B.as long as they don’t make others happy
C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy
D.as soon as they don’t make others happy
(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(约定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?
A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23
C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store
C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉
1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!
2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination
himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32
They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33
第四篇：中央党校2012级在职研究生入学考试复习练习题
中央党校2010级在职研究生入学考试复习练习题
《政治理论》练习题
一类：
1、马克思主义产生的思想理论来源
2、“三个代表”重要思想对三大规律认识的深化
3、人民民主专政理论中民主和专政之间的关系
4、帝国主义的经济实质
5、当今世界多极化呈现出的主要特征
6、毛泽东在井冈山斗争时期提出的关于工农武装割据的思想
7、新民主主义的政治、经济、文化纲领
8、坚持社会主义公有制的主体地位
9、中国共产党执政后必须解决的两大历史性课题
10、现阶段社会主义精神文明建设面临的历史性课题
11、代表最广大人民根本利益
12、党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线
13、我国对外开放的基本途径和方式
14、现阶段以改革的精神加强党的建设
15、邓小平对社会主义本质的概括
二类：（辨别正误并简要说明理由）
1、世界的真正统一性在于它的存在性。
2、全部社会生活在本质上是实践的。
3、矛盾的统一性和斗争性的关系是“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”。
4、思想政治工作是经济工作和其他一切工作的生命线。
5、当代资本主义的新变化是对马克思主义揭示的人类社会发展基本规律的否定。
6、我国的经济特区不具有社会主义性质。
7、把社会各方面的先进分子吸收到党内来会改变党的性质。
8、按劳分配与按生产要素分配是相互对立的分配原则。
9、革命统一战线最根本的问题是政策和策略问题。
三类：
1、列宁关于新经济政策的基本内容和实质
2、正确认识和处理改革发展稳定之间的关系
3、贯彻依法治国方略
4、实事求是、群众路线、独立自主之间的辩证统一关系
5、毛泽东关于着重从思想上建设党
6、在社会主义初级阶段坚持党的基本路线不动摇
《现代管理学》练习题
一类：
1、评价的原则
2、法约尔提出管理五个职能的主要内容
3、管理活动的基本要素
4、管理客体的特征
5、不确定型决策
6、管理的特征
7、异体监督
8、评价的作用
9、权变观念在管理中的作用
10、职能制组织机构的优、缺点
11、指挥与协调的区别与联系
12、管理幅度
13、共有经济规律
14、行为科学理论对人的看法
15、管理观念
二类：（辨别正误并简要说明理由）
1、管理主体主要指的是具有一定管理权限的单个管理者。
2、管理人本观念中的“人”，指的是管理客体中的人。
3、在管理活动中应以定性分析为依据，定量分析为工具。
4、从在管理客体中发挥作用的角度看，作为管理客体的人始终处于被动地位。
5、在管理学中，所谓管理幅度，是指组织机构按垂直隶属关系划分的等级。
6、财产所有权所获得的支配权是比较符合现代管理原则的。
7、过分强调和依赖行政方法不利于市场经济和社会化大生产的发展。
8、管理客体的可控性不是一成不变的。
9、西蒙所提出的决策准则是最优、最佳。
三类：
1、科学决策应遵循的原则
2、管理幅度与管理层次的关系及在处理二者关系时要考虑的因素
3、现代管理要经历的过程及在这个过程中决策所具有的地位和作用
4、权变观念在组织方面的应用
5、管理目标的作用
6、实施的作用
第五篇：中央党校2012级在职研究生入学考试复习练习题__政治理论
2、“三个代表”重要思想对三大规律认识的深化（P276）
答：1）关于共产党执政规律的深刻认识。一是科学提出了“建设什么样的执政党，怎样建设党”这样一个执政党建设的基本问题；二是对中国共产党执政规律的特殊性有了深刻把握。对党的执政规律认识更为系统。
2）关于社会主义建设规律的深刻认识。一是在思想路线上，强调马克思主义具有与时俱进的理论品质；二是在邓小平理论的基础上，进一步回答什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义的问题，并且创造性地提出和回答建设什么样的党、怎样建设党的问题，深化了对中国特色社会主义的认识。
3）关于人类社会发展规律的深刻认识。一是从世界观方法论上，进一步揭示了人类社会的前进最终是由生产力发展决定的，同时是由先进文化引导的，是由人民群众推动的 这样一个基本原理，为我们观察和认识人类社会规律提供了科学的理论指南；二是对建设社会主义新社会的本质要求作了概括；三是对人类社会发展的历史趋势和共产主义的特征作了进一步的预见和概括；四是对人类社会历史发展过程中，推进人的全面发展、同推进经济、文化的发展和改善人民物质文化生活的基本关系作了进一步的揭示。
3、人民民主专政理论中民主和专政之间的关系（P96）答：人民民主专政是工人阶级领导的以工农联盟为基础的人民民主政权。它是民主和专政的统一。对人民内部的各个阶级和阶层，实行了广泛的民主。人民享有言论、结社、集会、选举等各项政治权利。在人民内部按民主原则办事，实行民主集中制。对人民内部的问题，只能用民主的说服的方法加以解决，而不是强迫的方法。对于人民的敌人，对于反动阶级，人民民主专政的国家政权则实行专政。当然，对于敌人的专政，并不是不给他们出路。反动阶级和反动派的人们，在他们的政权被推翻以后，只要他们不造反，不破坏，不捣乱，也给土地，给工作，让他们活下去，让他们在劳动中改造自己，成为新人。
4、帝国主义的经济实质（P51）答：帝国主义就其经济实质来说，是垄断资本主义。第一，一般资本主义发展到帝国主义阶段的经济根源，是自由竞争引起生产集中，生产集中导致垄断组织的形成。帝国主义的其他所有特征都是以此为根基形成和发展起来的；第二，帝国主义的全部基本经济特征，都是垄断这一经济实质的不同表现。这就是从生产垄断发展到银行垄断，从而形成金融资本的垄断；从国内垄断通过资本输出以及商品输出进一步发展到国际垄断；从对世界经济的垄断最后发展到对世界领土的垄断；第三帝国主义作为垄断的资本主义，其经济运行的根本目的和实质是获得高额垄断利润。追求这种高额垄断利润，是帝国主义经济活动乃至政治活动的决定性动机、目的和实质。
5、当今世界多极化呈现出的主要特征（P238）答：首先，世界上出现多个力量中心的局面，是多极化的基本特点；其次，发展中国家总体实力的增强，是多极化趋势的重要体现；再次，各种国际组织和区域组织的空前活跃，是多极化的重要方面。
6、毛泽东在井冈山斗争时期提出的关于工农武装割据的思想（P94）答：所谓的工农武装割据，即在共产党的领导下，以武装斗争为主要形式，以土地革命为基本内容，以农村革命根据地为战略基地，三者密切配合。其中武装斗争是进行土地革命，建立、巩固和发展根据地的最强有力的工具。土地革命是反封建的民主革命的主要内容。根据地则是进行武装斗争、开展土地革命的基地和依托。武装斗争、土地革命、根据地建设三者相辅相成、缺一不可。
8、坚持社会主义公有制的主体地位（P199）答：公有资产在社会总资产中占优势；国有经济控制国民经济的命脉，对经济发展起主导作用。这是就全国而言的，有的地方、有的产业可以有所差别，在经济发展的不同阶段上，其布局要相应调整。公有资产占优势，要有量的优势，更要注重质的提高。质的方面主要体现在产业的属性和在国民经济中的地位、技术构成和科技含量、经济的整体素质、规模经济、资本的增值能力和市场的竞争力等方面。
9、中国共产党执政后必须解决的两大历史性课题（P246）答：即进一步解决提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史性课题。
10、现阶段社会主义精神文明建设面临的历史性课题（P212）答：主要面临三个历史性课题：一是如何在以经济建设为中心的前提下，使物质文明和精神文明建设相互促进，协调发展，防止和克服一手硬、一手软；二是如何在深化改革、发展社会主义市场经济的条件下，形成有利于社会主义现代化建设的共同理想、价值观念、道德规范和文化条件，防止和遏制腐朽思想和丑恶现象的蔓延；三是如何在扩大对外开放、经济全球化和新科技革命的情况下，吸收人类社会创造的一切先进文明成果，弘扬中华民族优秀文化传统和革命文化传统，防止和消除文化垃圾的传播，抵御敌对势力对我“西化”、“分化”的图谋。
11、代表最广大人民的根本利益（P272）答：始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是“三个代表”重要思想的出发点和归宿。全心全意为人民服务，是中国共产党同一切剥削阶级政党的根本区别；
把中国最广大人民的利益实现好、维护好和发展好，是党的全部任务和历史责任。
12、党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线（P185）答：领导和团结全国各族人民，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放、自力更生、艰苦创业，为把我国建成富强、民主、文明的社
会主义现代化国家而奋斗。
13、我国对外开放的基本途径和方式（P203）答：对外贸易引进技术利用外资创办经济特区。
14、现阶段以改革的精神加强党的建设（P231）答：在领导改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的过程中，要把党建设成为用邓小平理论武装起来、全心全意为人民服务、思想上政治上组织上完全巩固、能够经受住各种风险、始终走在时代前列、领导全国人民建设有中国特色社会主义的马克思主义政党。必须围绕在改革开放和现代化建设条件下建设一个什么样的党、怎样建设党这个基本问题，从思想上、组织上、作风上全面加强党的建设，解决好提高执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史性课题。
15、邓小平对社会主义本质的概括（P178）答：解放生产力、发展生产力，消灭剥削、消灭两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。
二：（辨别正误并简要说明理由）
1、世界的真正统一性在于它的存在性（P14）
答：错误。世界的真正统一性在于它的物质性，而世界的统一性在于它的存在性仍然是唯心主义的观点，是折衷主义，没有指明世界究竟统一于物质还是统一于精神。
2、全部社会生活在本质上是实践的（P11）
答：正确。实践是感性的、客观的物质活动，是人们社会生活的本质和认识活动的基础。主体通过实践改造世界，又通过实践认识世界。人的本质随着实践的发展而发展。
3、矛盾的统一性和斗争性的关系是“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”（P155）
答：错误。矛盾的共性个性、绝对相对的道理是“关于事物矛盾问题的精髓”。
4、思想政治工作是经济工作和其他一切工作的生命线（P126）
答：正确。（1）思想政治工作能够保证经济工作和其他工作的正确方向。（2）思想政治工作能够为经济工作和其他工作提供精神动力。（3）思想政治工作有助于正确处理人民内部矛盾，保障经济建设和其他工作顺利进行。（4）思想政治工作能够提高人的思想政治水平，防止和克服各种资产阶级思想对于革命队伍的侵蚀。（5）思想政治工作能够帮助人们掌握科学的思想方法和工作方法，正确地认识世界和改造世界。
5、当代资本主义的新变化是对马克思主义揭示的人类社会发展基本规律的否定（P54）
答：错误。第一、当代资本主义的这种变化，并没有改变马克思恩格斯揭示的人类社会历史发展的总趋势。第二、当代资本主义的调整和发展，并没有改变社会主义必然代替资本主义的客观规律。第三、当代资本主义大国的历史作用具有两重性。
6、我国的经济特区不具有社会主义性质（P203）
答：错误。我国的经济特区是经济上的特区，不是政治上的特区。由于我国是一个社会主义国家，所以经济特区具有社会主义性质。
7、把社会各方面的先进分子吸收到党内来会改变党的性质（P285）
答：错误。把社会各阶层的先进分子吸收到党内，党员成分发生了变化，并不会改变党的性质。党员的成分不能作为判断党的性质的标准。判断一个党的性质，最主要的是看它的理论和纲领是不是马克思主义的，是不是代表了社会发展的正确方向，是不是代表了最广大人民的利益。
8、按劳分配与按生产要素分配是相互对立的分配原则（P201）
答：错误。第一、按劳分配与按生产要素分配并非是根本对立的分配原则；第二、按劳分配是公有制经济的分配原则，按生产要素分配是市场经济通行的分配原则，社会主义基本制度与市场经济结合在一起，为两种分配原则的结合提供了现实基础。
9、革命统一战线最根本的问题是政策和策略问题（P114）
答：错误。革命统一战线最根本的问题是领导权的问题。
三：论述题
1、列宁关于新经济政策的基本内容和实质
答：（1）用粮食税代替余粮征集制。这项政策把余粮全部由国家征集，改为国家以粮食税的形式只征收最必需的粮食。粮食税的实行，极大地调动了农民的生产积极性，有力地促进了农业生产的恢复与发展，并从经济上巩固了工农联盟；（2）工业企业停止推行国有化。允许私人经营企业，并且将一部分国有化了的企业退还给原企业主，由私人经营。国家还采取了租赁制等措施将一部分企业出租给私人经营；（3）大力发展商业，建立工业和农业的结合点。充分利用市场和商品货币关系，促进工农业产品的流通，以满足城乡居民的生活需要；（4）加强同资本主义国家的经济交往与合作。同资本主义交往的最主要形式就是实行租让制，国家将一些自己暂时无力恢复生产的企业，根据一定的条件同外国资本家签订合同，租让给他们经营。实行租让制的好处是，可以利用外国资金，引进西方的先进技术，学习科学管理经验，这对恢复和发展苏俄的国民经济有重大作用。新经济政策的实质，就是从俄国小农占优势的客观实际出发，实行向社会主义迂回过渡的政策。
2、贯彻依法治国方略（P296）答：依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略，是把党的领导与人民当家作主结合起来的最佳形式。依法治国是依照法律去处理国家事物的治国方式和国家处于依
法治理的状态。依法治国必须坚持有法可依、执法必严、违法必究。当前要从以下几个方面推进：一是依法治国需要内容好、体系完备的法律；二是依法治国需要推进依法行政；三是依法治国需司法机关公正司法；四是依法治国需要加强法制宣传教育，提高全民法律素质。
3、实事求是、群众路线、独立自主之间的辨证统一关系（P145、P167）
答：（1）实事求是、群众路线、独立自主是毛泽东思想活的灵魂，是贯穿于毛泽东思想各个组成部分的立场、观点和方法，是辨证唯物主义和历史唯物主义在中国革命和建设中的创造性的运用和发展，具有鲜明的中国特色。实事求是、群众路线、独立自主三个方面既相对独立、又相互联系，辨证统一的构成了毛泽东思想活的灵魂。（2）实事求是、群众路线、独立自主，是中国共产党人解决中国革命和建设问题的立场、观点和方法的高度概括。无论从毛泽东思想形成和发展的历史看，还是从毛泽东思想体系的内在结构看，他们都是毛泽东思想最本质的东西，起着统帅和决定性的作用，这三个方面互相渗透、互相依存、融为一体，共同构成毛泽东思想活的灵魂，若缺少其中的任何一个方面，那就没有毛泽东思想，没有中国革命的胜利，也没有今天的中国特色社会主义。
4、毛泽东关于着重从思想上建设党（P121）答：（1）毛泽东着重于从思想上建党，把思想建设放在党的建设的首位。强调共产党员不但要在组织上入党，而且要在思想上入党，经常注意以无产阶
级思想改造和克服各种非无产阶级思想。这是基于对中国特殊历史条件和党内本质矛盾的科学分析，提出的党的建设的重要原则。（2）毛泽东把思想理论建设放在党的建设的首位，特别强调着重从思想上建设党。毛泽东关于着重从思想上建党的理论，经过实践在延安整风时期系统展开而达到成熟。(3)根据党内矛盾的科学分析，毛泽东提出党的思想建设最根本的任务，是加强马克思列宁主义教育，按照无产阶级先锋队的面貌改造每一个党员，解决共产党员思想入党的问题。(4)共产党员要在思想上入党，说到底是要解决世界观问题。(5)毛泽东不仅提出要着重从思想上建党，而且创造了在全党通过批评与自我批评进行马克思列宁主义思想教育的整风形式。
5、在社会主义初级阶段坚持党的基本路线不动摇（P186）
答：在整个社会主义初级阶段，我们必须坚持党的基本路线不动摇。对党的基本路线，要全面理解，更要抓住其实质。坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇，是坚持党的基本路线不动摇的关键。只能有一个中心，不能有两个或者多个中心。如果动摇了经济建设这个中心，两个基本点就失去了依托，也就动摇了整个基本路线。坚持党的基本路线不动摇，必须把改革开放和四项基本原则统一起来，必须坚持两个基本点，而不是一个基本点。把经济建设为中心，同四项基本原则、改革开放这两个基本点，同建设富强、民主、文明的社会主义现代化国家的奋斗目标统一起来，作为一个整体。只有这样，才能全面的贯彻执行党的基本路线。
坚持党的基本路线不动摇，全面贯彻党的基本纲领，必须在实践中正确认识和处理好几个方面的重大关系：（1）正确认识和处理经济、政治、文化的关系。（2）正确认识和处理改革、发展和稳定的关系。（3）要警惕右，主要是防止“左”。
6、以改革创新精神推进党的建设新的伟大工程。
必须把党的执政能力建设和先进性建设作为主线，坚持党要管党、从严治党，贯彻为民、务实、清廉的要求，以坚定理想信念为重点加强思想建设，以造就高素质党员、干部队伍为重点加强组织建设，以保持党同人民群众的血肉联系为重点加强作风建设，以健全民主集中制为重点加强制度建设，以完善惩治和预防腐败体系为重点加强反腐倡廉建设，使党始终成为立党为公、执政为民，求真务实、改革创新，艰苦奋斗、清正廉洁，富有活力、团结和谐的马克思主义执政党。
（1）深入学习贯彻中国特色社会主义理论体系，着力用马克思主义中国化最新成果武装全党。思想理论建设是党的根本建设，党的理论创新引领各方面创新。（2）继续加强党的执政能力建设，着力建设高素质领导班子。党的执政能力建设关系党的建设和中国特色社会主义事业的全局，必须把提高领导水平和执政能力作为各级领导班子建设的核心内容抓紧抓好。
（3）积极推进党内民主建设，着力增强党的团结统一。党内民主是增强党的创新活力、巩固党的团结统一的重要保证。
（4）不断深化干部人事制度改革，着力造就高素质干部队伍和人才队伍。坚持党管干部原则，坚持民主、公开、竞争、择优，形成干部选拔任用科学机制。
（5）全面巩固和发展先进性教育活动成果，着力加强基层党的建设。
（6）切实改进党的作风，着力加强反腐倡廉建设。
