下载文档第一篇：202_年10月中科院考博英语真题单词
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
1.give a big hand 热烈鼓掌欢迎
2.curious ['kjʊərɪəs]
adj.好奇的，有求知欲的；古怪的；爱挑剔的3.curiosity [kjʊərɪ'ɒsɪtɪ]
n.好奇，好奇心；珍品，古董，古玩
4.curiousness ['kjuəriəsnis]
n.好学；好奇；不寻常
5.alleviate [ə'liːvɪeɪt]
vt.减轻，缓和
6.alleviative [ə'liːvɪeɪtɪv]
n.缓和剂；使减轻之物
adj.减轻的；缓解的7.alleviation [ə,liːvɪ'eɪʃən]
n.缓和；镇痛物
8.unaccounted [,ʌnə'kauntid]
adj.未说明解释的；未包括在某数目中的；行踪不明的9.unaccounted for 下落不明的；未予解释的10.escalate ['eskəleɪt]
vt.使逐步上升
vi.逐步增强；逐步升高
11.exalt [ɪg'zɔːlt;eg-]
vt.提升；提拔；赞扬；使得意
vi.使人得意
12.exalted [ɪg'zɔːltɪd]
adj.高尚的；尊贵的；兴奋的
v.高举；赞扬；使激动（exalt的过去分词）
13.exaltation [egzɔːl'teɪʃ(ə)n;eks-]
n.得意洋洋，欣喜；提拔；举起
14.stumble ['stʌmb(ə)l]
n.绊倒；蹒跚而行
vi.踌躇，蹒跚；失足；犯错
vt.使…困惑；使…绊倒
15.stumble upon 偶然发现
16.stumble on 无意中发现；偶然遇到，碰巧找到
17.stumble over 给绊倒；结结巴巴地说
18.stumble across 偶然发现
19.dispel [dɪ'spel]
vt.驱散，驱逐；消除（烦恼等）
20.conducive [kən'djuːsɪv]
adj.有益的；有助于…的21.conducive to 有益于，有益于
22.conduciveness 促成；诱因
23.conduce [kən'djuːs] vi.导致；有益，有贡献于
24.cynical ['sɪnɪk(ə)l]
adj.愤世嫉俗的；冷嘲的
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
25.speculate ['spekjʊleɪt]
vi.推测；投机；思索
vt.推断
26.speculative ['spekjʊlətɪv]
adj.投机的；推测的；思索性的27.speculation [,spekjʊ'leɪʃn]
n.投机；推测；思索；投机买卖
28.speculator ['spekjuleitə]
n.投机者；思索者
29.speculativeness n.思辩
30.symptom ['sɪm(p)təm]
n.[临床] 症状；征兆
31.early symptom 早期症状
32.symptomatic [sɪm(p)tə'mætɪk]
adj.有症状的；症候的33.symptomless ['simptəmlis]
adj.无症状的
34.originative [ə'ridʒəneitiv,-nə-]
adj.有创作力的；有发明之才能的35.originality [ə,rɪdʒɪ'nælɪtɪ]
n.创意；独创性，创造力；原始；新奇
36.originate [ə'rɪdʒɪneɪt;ɒ-]
vt.引起；创作 vi.发源；发生；起航
37.originate from 发源于
38.indignation [ɪndɪg'neɪʃ(ə)n]
n.愤慨；愤怒；义愤
39.indignant [ɪn'dɪgnənt]
adj.愤愤不平的；义愤的40.Strongly Indignant 强烈愤慨
41.disarm [dɪs'ɑːm]
vt.解除武装；裁军；缓和
vi.放下武器；裁减军备
42.disarming [dɪs'ɑːmɪŋ]
adj.使解除警戒心的；使人消气的
v.解除武装；使息怒（disarm的现在分词）
43.disarmament [dɪs'ɑːməm(ə)nt] n.裁军
44.dispatch [dɪ'spætʃ]
n.派遣；急件 vt.派遣；分派
45.dispatcher [dɪs'pætʃə]
n.调度员；[计] 调度程序；[计] 分配器
46.economic dispatch 经济调度；经济分配
47.with dispatch 迅速地 尽快地
49.dispatch from 从发送
48.dispatch center 调度中心；运输中心；勤务中心
50.underneath [ʌndə'niːθ]
prep.在的下面；在的形式下；在的支配下 n.下面；底部
adj.下面的；底层的 adv.在下面；在底下
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
51.ridiculous [rɪ'dɪkjʊləs] adj.可笑的；荒谬的52.ridiculously [ri'dikjuləsli] adv.可笑地；荒谬地
53.ridiculousness [ri'dikjuləsnis] n.荒谬，滑稽
54.rattle ['ræt(ə)l]
vt.使发出咯咯声；喋喋不休；使慌乱，使惊慌
vi.喋喋不休地讲话；发出卡嗒卡嗒声
n.喋喋不休的人；吓吱声，格格声
55.rattled ['rætld]
adj.慌乱的；愚蠢的；恼火的v.发出咯咯声（rattle的过去式）
56.rattling ['rætlɪŋ]
adj.很好的；活泼的；卡嗒卡嗒的adv.很；非常；极佳
v.使发出嘎嘎声（rattle的ing形式）
57.router ['raʊtə] n.[计] 路由器；刳刨者
58.intertwine [ɪntə'twaɪn]
vt.缠绕；纠缠
vi.纠缠；编结
59.intertwined [,intə:'waind]
adj.缠绕的；错综复杂的
v.使缠结，缠绕（intertwine的过去式）
60.obligatory [ə'blɪgət(ə)rɪ]
adj.义务的；必须的；义不容辞的61.obligatory right 债权
62.obligatory course 必修课
63.obligate ['ɒblɪgeɪt]
vt.使负义务；强使，强迫；对…施以恩惠
adj.有责任的，有义务的；必需的64.obligated ['ɑblɪɡetɪd]
n.使负义务（obligate的过去式）
adj.有义务的；责无旁贷的65.obligation [ɒblɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n]
n.义务；职责；债务
66.oblige [ə'blaɪdʒ]
vt.迫使；强制；赐，施恩惠；责成vi.帮忙；施恩惠
67.obliged [ə'blaidʒd]
v.要求；约束；施恩惠（oblige的过去分词）
adj.必须的；感激的；有责任的68.obliging [ə'blaɪdʒɪŋ]
v.迫使；约束（oblige的现在分词）
adj.乐于助人的；有礼貌的；体贴的；亲切的69.vendors
n.供应商，销售商（vendor的复数）
70.street vendor 小贩；大排档
71.news vendor 卖报人
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
72.herd [hɜːd]
n.兽群，畜群；放牧人
vi.成群，聚在一起
vt.放牧；使成群
73.herder ['hə:də] n.牧人；（美俚）监狱看守
74.a herd of 一群（牛、鹿等）
75.Herd Behavior 羊群行为；羊群效应；从众行为；群体恐慌行为
76.herd instinct [动] 群居本能，群体心理
77.luster ['lʌstə]
vi.有光泽；发亮
n.[光] 光泽；光彩
vt.使有光泽
78.pearly luster 珍珠光泽
79.bright luster 镜面光泽
80.lustrous ['lʌstrəs]
adj.有光泽的；光辉的81.lusterless ['lʌstəlɪs]
adj.没有光泽的82.lustreless ['lʌstəlis]
adj.无光泽的；平淡乏味的83.altruism ['æltrʊɪz(ə)m]
n.利他；利他主义
84.prosper ['prɒspə]
vi.繁荣，昌盛；成功
vt.使……成功；使……昌盛；使……繁荣
85.prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] adj.繁荣的；兴旺的86.prosperity [prɒ'sperɪtɪ] n.繁荣，成功
87.comic ['kɒmɪk]
adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的
n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物
88.comical ['kɒmɪk(ə)l] adj.滑稽的，好笑的89.comicality [,kɔmi'kæliti] n.诙谐；滑稽
90.comic book 连环漫画册
91.comic opera 喜歌剧
92.gratify ['grætɪfaɪ]
vt.使满足；使满意，使高兴
93.gratified
adj.称心的v.使满足；使高兴（gratify的过去式及过去分词形式）
94.gratifying ['ɡrætɪfaɪɪŋ]
adj.悦人的；令人满足的
v.使满意（gratify的现在分词）；使高兴
95.gratification [ɡrætɪfɪ'keɪʃn]
n.满意；喜悦；使人满意之事
96.kin [kɪn]
n.亲戚；家族；同族
adj.同类的；有亲属关系的；性质类似的
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
97.kinship ['kɪnʃɪp]
n.[法] 亲属关系，家属关系；亲密关系
98.kith and kin 朋友和亲属
99.next of kin 最近的血亲，最亲的亲戚
100.kith [kɪθ]
n.朋友；邻居
101.elaborate [ɪ'læb(ə)rət]
adj.精心制作的；详尽的；煞费苦心的vi.详细描述；变复杂
vt.精心制作；详细阐述；从简单成分合成（复杂有机物）
102.elaborate on 详细说明
103.elaboration [i,læbə'reiʃən]
n.苦心经营，精巧；详细阐述
104.elaborateness [i'læbəreitə]
n.尽心竭力
105.symbolic [sɪm'bɒlɪk]
adj.象征的；符号的；使用符号的106.symbolically [sim'bɔlikəli]
adv.象征性地；象征意义地
107.symbolic expression 符号表达式；符号式
108.symbolic language [计] 符号语言；象征性的语言
109.wrench [ren(t)ʃ]
n.扳手，扳钳；扭伤；痛苦；歪曲；猛扭
vt.扭伤；猛扭；曲解；折磨
vi.扭伤；猛扭；猛绞
110.wrenching ['rentʃiŋ]
n.苗木铲根；修截苗根
v.猛扭；歪曲；抢取（wrench的ing形式）
111.pipe wrench 管扳钳；管子钳
112.kick in 踢开；支付；开始生效；腿打水游进；死亡
113.spoil [spɒɪl]
n.次品；奖品
vt.溺爱；糟蹋；掠夺
vi.掠夺；变坏；腐败
114.spoilage ['spɒɪlɪdʒ]
n.损坏，糟蹋；掠夺；损坏物
115.spoilt [spɒɪlt]
adj.宠坏的；损坏的v.宠坏；毁坏（spoil的过去式及过去分词）
116.aquifer ['ækwɪfə]
n.（美）蓄水层；含水土层
117.aquiferous [æ'kwifərəs] adj.含水的；[地质] 蓄水的118.in denial 否认；拒绝接受现实；拒绝承认出了问题
119.irrigate ['ɪrɪgeɪt]
vt.灌溉；冲洗；使清新
vi.灌溉；冲洗
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
120.irrigation [,ɪrə'geʃən]
n.灌溉；[临床] 冲洗；冲洗法
121.rehabilitate [riːhə'bɪlɪteɪt]
vt.使康复；使恢复名誉；使恢复原状
vi.复兴；复权；恢复正常生活
122.rehabilitative [ri:hə'bilitətiv]
adj.复职的，复原的
123.rehabilitation ['ri:hə,bili'teiʃən]
n.复原
124.habilitate [hə'bɪlɪteɪt]
vt.提供周转资金；给…穿着
vi.取得任职资格
125.replenish [rɪ'plenɪʃ]
vt.补充，再装满；把…装满；给…添加燃料
126.replenishment [rɪ'plɛnɪʃmənt]
n.补充，补给
127.sprinkle ['sprɪŋk(ə)l]
n.撒，洒；少量
vt.洒；微雨；散置
vi.洒，撒；下稀疏小雨；喷撒
128.sprinkler ['sprɪŋklɚ]
n.洒水车；洒水器
129.sprinkling ['sprɪŋklɪŋ]
n.少量；点滴；喷雾
v.洒；点缀（sprinkle的现在分词）
130.silver bullet 银子弹；良方，高招
131.eavesdrop ['iːvzdrɒp]
n.屋檐上流下来的水
vi.偷听，窃听
132.eavesdropper ['i:vz,drɔpə] n.偷听者
133.overhear [əʊvə'hɪə]
vt.无意中听到；偷听
vi.无意中听到；偷听到
134.guideline ['gaɪdlaɪn] n.指导方针
135.omit [ə(ʊ)'mɪt]
vt.省略；遗漏；删除；疏忽
136.disparage [dɪ'spærɪdʒ]
vt.蔑视；毁谤
137.disparaging [dɪs'pærɪdʒɪŋ]
v.蔑视（disparage的ing形式）
adj.毁谤的；轻蔑的
138.disparagement [dɪs'pærɪdʒmənt] n.轻蔑；轻视
139.disparager [dis'pæridʒə] n.毁谤者
140.grievance ['griːv(ə)ns]
n.不满，不平；委屈；冤情
141.grievance procedure
冤屈投诉程序；苦情处理制度；抱怨程序；申诉程序
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
142.wrap [ræp]
n.外套；围巾
vt.包；缠绕；隐藏；掩护
vi.包起来；缠绕；穿外衣
143.wrapped [ræpt]
v.包裹；覆盖（wrap的过去分词）adj.有包装的144.wrapping ['ræpɪŋ]
n.包装纸，包装材料
v.裹住（wrap的ing形式）
adj.包装用的145.wrapper ['ræpə]
n.包装材料；[包装] 包装纸；书皮
146.wrap up 伪装；使全神贯注；穿暖和的衣服
147.under wraps 不公开的；秘密的148.craft [krɑːft]
n.工艺；手艺；太空船
vt.精巧地制作
149.crafty ['krɑːftɪ]
adj.狡猾的；灵巧的150.craftiness ['kra:ftinis]
n.狡猾；熟练；巧妙
151.crafted
adj.精心制作的
v.精巧地制作（craft的过去分词）
152.smart [smɑːt]
adj.聪明的；巧妙的；敏捷的；厉害的；潇洒的；剧烈的；时髦的153.smarting ['smɑ:tiŋ]
n.剧烈疼痛；刺痛
vi.感到刺痛；感到难受（smart的现在分词）
adj.剧烈疼痛的154.smartly ['sma:tli]
adv.刺痛地；漂亮地；潇洒地；火辣辣地
155.smartness ['sma:tnis]
n.机灵；敏捷；现代风格
156.smart phone 智能电话
157.smart card [计] 智能卡
158.smart money 抚恤金；罚款；因掌握内情而下的赌注；（英）伤兵抚恤
159.incubate ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪt]
n.孵育物
vt.孵化；培养；温育；逐渐发展 vi.孵化；酝酿
160.incubation [ɪŋkjʊ'beɪʃ(ə)n]
n.孵化；[病毒][医] 潜伏；抱蛋
161.incubator ['ɪŋkjʊbeɪtə]
n.[禽] 孵卵器；[儿科] 保温箱；早产儿保育器；细菌培养器
162.cookie ['kʊkɪ] n.饼干；小甜点
163.cooky ['kʊkɪ] n.饼干（等于cookie）
202_年10中科院考博英语真题单词
164.touch coookie 坚强，有主意，不易受别人影响的人
165.gobble ['gɒb(ə)l]
n.火鸡叫声
vt.狼吞虎咽
vi.贪食；咯咯叫
166.gobble up 狼吞虎咽；贪婪地抓住
167.gobbler [gɒblə]
n.雄火鸡；狼吞虎咽的人
168.fitness ['fɪtnəs]
n.健康；适当；适合性
169.physical fitness 身体健康；体力；身体适宜性
170.fitness equipment 健身器材
171.fitness center 健身中心；健身房
172.tout [taʊt]
n.侦查者；兜售者
vt.兜售；招徕；刺探赛马情报
vi.兜售；招徕顾客；拉选票
173.impersonal [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)n(ə)l]
n.非人称动词；不具人格的事物
adj.客观的；非个人的；没有人情味的；非人称的174.impersonate [ɪm'pɜːs(ə)neɪt]
vt.扮演；模仿；拟人，人格化
175.impersonation [im,pə:sə'neiʃən]
n.扮演；模仿；装扮
176.impersonator [im'pə:səneitə(r)]
n.演员；模拟艺人
第二篇：中科院考博英语
考博英语范文总结十篇
一、Television Program and Their Effect on children
Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖
Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?
There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?
三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities
With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation
As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education
The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television
A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money
Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language
One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition
In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection
Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 202_ in 1995.The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.
第三篇：202_年中国科学院考博英语真题单词总结
1.shoot up
射出；发芽；暴涨；迅速成长
2.pay up
全部付清
3.by no means
决不
4.parade [pə'reɪd]
n.游行；阅兵；炫耀；行进；阅兵场
vt.游行；炫耀；列队行进
vi.游行；炫耀；列队行进
5.militant ['mɪlɪt(ə)nt]
adj.好战的
n.富有战斗性的人；好斗者
6.untapped [ʌn'tæpt]
adj.未开发的；未使用的；塞子未开的7.extravagantly [ik'strævəgəntli]
adv.挥霍无度地
8.solely ['səʊllɪ]
adv.单独地，唯一地
9.substantial [səb'stænʃ(ə)l]
adj.大量的；实质的；内容充实的n.本质；重要材料
10.brigade [brɪ'geɪd]
n.旅；大部队；队列
vt.把…编成旅；把…编成队
11.contentious [kən'tenʃəs]
adj.诉讼的；有异议的，引起争论的；爱争论的 12.animation [ænɪ'meɪʃ(ə)n]
n.活泼，生气；激励；卡通片绘制
13.comic ['kɒmɪk]
adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的
n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物
14.in pursuit of
寻求，追求
15.causal ['kɔːz(ə)l]
adj.因果关系的；有原因的n.表示原因的连词
16.deviant ['diːvɪənt]
n.不正常者；偏移值；变异物
adj.不正常的；离经叛道的17.paradox ['pærədɔks]
n.悖论，反论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事
18.bow side
右舷 | 左右舷侧
19.mold [mold]
vt.塑造；使发霉；用模子制作
vi.发霉
n.霉菌；模子
20.moral ['mɔrəl, 'mɔ:-]
adj.道德的；精神上的；品性端正的n.道德；寓意
21.poised [pɔɪzd]
adj.泰然自若的，镇定的；平衡的，均衡的；摆好姿势不动的，静止的22.deploy [di:'plɔi]
vt.配置；展开；使疏开
vi.部署；展开 n.部署
23.sheen [ʃiːn]
n.光辉，光泽，光彩
adj.光辉的；有光泽的；华丽的vi.闪耀；发光
24.malignancies
n.恶性肿瘤（malignancy的复数）
25.heck [hek]
int.真见鬼（hell的委婉说法）
n.饲草架
26.revitalize [,ri'vaɪtəlaɪz]
vt.使…复活；使…复兴；使…恢复生气
27.sequence ['siːkw(ə)ns]
n.[数][计] 序列；顺序；续发事件
vt.按顺序排好
28.vulgarity [vʌl'ɡærəti]
n.粗俗；粗俗语；粗野的动作
29.warrant ['wɒr(ə)nt]
n.根据；证明；正当理由；委任状
vt.保证；担保；批准；辩解
30.melancholy ['melənkəlɪ]
adj.忧郁的；使人悲伤的n.忧郁；悲哀；愁思
31.ulcers
n.溃疡，疡（ulcer的复数）
32.chipmunk ['tʃɪpmʌŋk]
n.花栗鼠；[脊椎] 金花鼠
33.numbingly
adv.使失去感觉地；使麻木地
34.gloom [gluːm]
n.忧郁；阴暗
vi.变阴暗；变忧沉；感到沮丧
vt.使黑暗；使忧郁
35.primarily
36.passivity [pæ'sɪvɪtɪ]
n.被动性；被动结构；无抵抗
37.claims
n.要求，请求权；索赔（claim的复数形式）；债权；权利要求
v.要求；主张（claim的第三人称单数形式）
38.executive [iɡ'zekjutiv]
adj.行政的；经营的；执行的，经营管理的n.经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员
39.polyps
n.息肉（polyp的复数）
40.maximum ['mæksɪməm]
n.[数] 极大，最大限度；最大量
adj.最高的；最多的；最大极限的41.evaporated [i'væpəreitid]
adj.浓缩的；脱水的；蒸发干燥的v.蒸发；消失（evaporate的过去式）；失去水分 42.hedgerow ['hedʒrəʊ]
n.灌木篱墙
43.cumulative ['kjuːmjʊlətɪv]
adj.累积的
44.emperor ['empərə]
n.皇帝，君主
45.set
n.集合；一套；布景；装置
vt.树立；点燃；点缀；
vi.(日,月)落沉；凝固；结果
adj.固定的；规定的；固执的46.colon ['kəʊlən]
n.[解剖] 结肠；冒号（用于引语、说明、例证等之前）；科郎（哥斯达黎加货币单位）
47.tale [teil]
n.故事；传说；叙述；流言蜚语
48.uniquely [ju:'ni:kli]
adv.独特地；珍奇地
49.decoration [dɛkə'reɪʃ(ə)n]
n.装饰，装潢；装饰品；奖章
50.sponsor ['spɔnsə]
n.赞助者；主办者；保证人 vt.赞助；发起
51.urban ['ɜːb(ə)n]
adj.城市的；住在都市的52.source [sɔːs]
n.来源；水源；原始资料
53.plagued
v.困扰（plague的过去分词）；折磨
54.venture ['ventʃə]
vt.敢于 vi.冒险；投机 n.企业；风险；冒险
55.loath [ləʊθ]
adj.勉强的；不情愿的（等于loth）
56.dislocation [,dɪslə(ʊ)'keɪʃ(ə)n]
n.转位；混乱；[医] 脱臼
57.lobby ['lɒbɪ]
n.大厅；休息室；会客室；游说议员的团体
vt.对……进行游说 vi.游说议员
58.campaigner [kæm'penɚ]
n.竞选者；从军者；出征者；老兵
59.desperate ['desp(ə)rət]
adj.不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的60.blown [bləʊn]
adj.吹制的，吹出的；开花的，盛开的；喘气的v.风吹（blow的过去分词）
61.regime [reɪ'ʒiːm]
n.政权，政体；社会制度；管理体制
62.midlife ['midlaif]
n.中年
63.quintet [kwɪn'tet]
n.五重奏，五重唱；男子篮球队；[计] 五位字节
64.responses [rɪ'spɑns]
n.响应回应
65.prone
prone: 倾向于 | 易发 | 俯卧的
66.fears
n.恐惧；担心
v.恐惧；害怕；敬畏（fear的第三人称单数）
67.shoot [ʃu:t]
vt.射击，射中；拍摄；发芽；使爆炸；给…注射
vi.射击；发芽；拍电影
n.射击；摄影；狩猎；急流
68.spectacular [spek'tækjʊlə]
adj.壮观的，惊人的；公开展示的69.irritation [ɪrɪ'teɪʃn]
n.刺激；刺激物；激怒；兴奋
70.dampen ['dæmp(ə)n]
vt.抑制；使…沮丧；使…潮湿 vi.潮湿；丧气
71.banned [bænd]
adj.被禁的 vt.禁止（ban的过去分词）
72.reserves [ri'zə:vz]
n.储量；准备金（reserve的复数）；后备队
v.储备；保留（reserve的三单形式）；预订
73.force [fɔːs]
n.力量；武力；军队；魄力
vt.促使，推动；强迫；强加
74.midst [mɪdst]
n.当中，中间
prep.在…中间（等于amidst）
75.interior [in'tiəriə]
n.内部；本质
adj.内部的；国内的；本质的76.hierarchical organization
[测] 等级结构，分层结构；层次组织
77.cousin ['kʌz(ə)n]
n.堂兄弟姊妹；表兄弟姊妹
78.instigate ['ɪnstɪgeɪt]
vt.唆使；煽动；教唆；怂恿
79.rare [reə]
adj.稀有的；半熟的；稀薄的
adv.非常；极其 vi.用后腿站起；渴望
80.train [treɪn]
n.火车；行列；长队；裙裾
v.培养；训练；瞄准
81.portrayal [pɔː'treɪəl]
n.描绘；画像，肖像
82.beg [beg]
vt.乞讨；恳求；回避正题 vi.乞讨；请求
83.bathtub ['bɑ:θtʌb]
n.浴缸
84.fines [faɪnz]
n.罚款（fine的复数）；粉末；细骨料
v.使精细；变好；处…以罚金（fine的三单形式）85.violent ['vaɪəl(ə)nt]
adj.暴力的；猛烈的86.aural ['ɔːr(ə)l]
adj.听觉的；耳的；气味的；先兆的87.panel ['pæn(ə)l]
n.仪表板；嵌板；座谈小组，全体陪审员
vt.嵌镶板
88.network ['netwə:k]
n.网络；广播网；网状物
89.flourish ['flʌrɪʃ]
n.兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰
vt.夸耀；挥舞
vi.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期
90.effectiveness [ə'fektivnis]
n.效力
91.driven ['drɪvn]
adj.被动的，受到驱策的
v.驾驶，开车（drive的过去分词）
92.suspect [sə'spekt, 'sʌspekt]
n.嫌疑犯
adj.可疑的；不可信的vt.怀疑；猜想
vi.怀疑；猜想
93.coach [kəutʃ]
n.教练；旅客车厢；长途公车；四轮大马车
vt.训练；指导
vi.作指导；接受辅导；坐马车旅行
94.shelves [ʃelvz]
n.架子（shelf 的复数）
v.装架（shelve的第三人称单数形式）
95.obsess [əb'ses]
vt.迷住，缠住；使…着迷；使…困扰
96.turn off
关掉，关闭；拐弯，使转变方向
97.naked ['neikid]
adj.裸体的；无装饰的；无证据的；直率的98.sibling ['sɪblɪŋ]
n.兄弟姊妹；民族成员
99.cultivate ['kʌltɪveɪt]
vt.培养；陶冶；耕作
100.shout [ʃaʊt]
vi.呼喊；喊叫；大声说
vt.呼喊；大声说 n.呼喊；呼叫
101.intelligent [ɪn'telɪdʒ(ə)nt]
adj.智能的；聪明的；理解力强的102.as heck
103.excitation [,eksɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n]
n.激发，刺激；激励；激动
104.approved [ə'pru:vd]
adj.被认可的；经过检验的
v.核准；认可（approve的过去式）
105.permanently ['pə:mənəntli]
adv.永久地，长期不变地
106.feature ['fiːtʃə]
n.特色，特征；容貌；特写或专题节目
vi.起重要作用 vt.特写；以…为特色；由…主演107.Cleopatra [,kliə'pɑ:trə]
n.克利欧佩特拉（女子名）；《埃及艳后》
108.anti ['æntɪ]
adj.反对的 n.反对者，反对论者
109.arthritis [ɑː'θraɪtɪs]
n.[外科] 关节炎
110.seductively [si'dʌktivli]
adv.诱惑地；勾引地
111.disciples
n.门徒（disciple的复数）
v.教育（disciple的第三人称单数形式）
112.in less than
不到
113.fellow ['feləʊ]
n.家伙；朋友；同事；会员
adj.同伴的，同事的；同道的
vt.使…与另一个对等；使…与另一个匹敌
114.self-deprecating [,self'deprikeitiŋ]
adj.自贬的；谦虚的（等于self-deprecatory）
115.exaggerate [ɪg'zædʒəreɪt;eg-]
vt.使扩大；使增大 vi.夸大；夸张
116.sought [sɔːt]
v.寻找（seek的过去式和过去分词）
117.affirm [ə'fə:m]
vt.肯定；断言 vi.确认；断言
118.dismissed [dis'mist]
v.开除，解散（dismiss的过去分词）；摒弃
adj.解雇的；解散的，被排除的119.erect [i'rekt]
vt.使竖立；建造；安装
adj.竖立的；笔直的；因性刺激而勃起的vi.直立；勃起
120.unmitigated [ʌn'mɪtɪgeɪtɪd]
adj.全然的；严厉的；未缓和的121.irony ['aɪrənɪ]
n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事
adj.铁的；似铁的
122.bittersweet ['bɪtəswiːt]
adj.苦乐参半的；又苦又甜的n.又苦又甜的东西；蜀羊泉
123.rotting ['rɔtiŋ]
vt.腐败，腐坏之（rot的现在分词形式）；深蚀刻 n.沤麻
124.humane [hju:'mein]
adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的125.cart [kɑːt]
n.二轮运货马车 vt.用车装载
vi.驾运货马车；用运货车运送
126.input ['input]
n.投入；输入电路 vt.输入；将…输入电脑
127.deteriorating
v.退化，恶化（deteriorate的ing形式）
128.hound [haʊnd]
vt.追猎；烦扰；激励 n.猎犬；卑劣的人
129.previously ['priviəsli]
adv.以前；预先；仓促地
130.modernity [mə'dɜːnɪtɪ]
n.现代性；现代的东西；新式
131.revival [rɪ'vaɪv(ə)l]
n.复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效
132.posture ['pɔstʃə]
n.姿势；态度；情形 vi.摆姿势 vt.作…的姿势 133.oarsman ['ɔːzmən]
n.划手；划桨能手
134.physicians [fɪ'zɪʃən]
n.内科医生（physician的复数）
135.expectation [,ekspek'teiʃən]
n.期待；预期；指望
136.carcass ['kɑrkəs]
n.（人或动物的）尸体；残骸；（除脏去头备食
用的）畜体
137.in the context of
在…情况下；在…背景下
138.disposition [dɪspə'zɪʃ(ə)n]
n.处置；[心理] 性情；[军] 部署；倾向
139.glaring ['gleərɪŋ]
adj.耀眼的；瞪视的；炯炯的140.forecast ['fɔ:kɑ:st]
vt.预报，预测；预示 n.预测，预报；预想
vi.进行预报，作预测
141.rubbery ['rʌbərɪ]
adj.橡胶似的；有弹力的；坚韧的142.promise ['prɒmɪs]
n.许诺，允诺；希望
vt.允诺，许诺；给人以…的指望或希望
vi.许诺；有指望，有前途
143.squad [skwɒd]
n.[军]班；小队；五人组（篮球队的非正式说法）vt.把…编成班；把…编入班
144.specifically [spə'sɪfɪkli]
adv.特别地；明确地
145.pinpoint ['pɪnpɒɪnt]
vt.查明；精确地找到；准确描述
adj.精确的；详尽的
n.针尖；精确位置；极小之物
146.usefulness ['ju:sfulnis]
n.有用；有效性；有益
147.sustain [sə'steɪn]
vt.维持；支撑，承担；忍受；供养；证实
148.ironically [aɪ'rɑnɪkli]
adv.讽刺地；说反话地
149.advisory [əd'vaɪz(ə)rɪ]
adj.咨询的；顾问的；劝告的 n.报告；公告
150.clarify ['klærifai]
vt.澄清；阐明
vi.得到澄清；变得明晰；得到净化
151.pour [pɔː]
n.倾泻；流出；骤雨
vt.灌，注；倒；倾泻；倾吐
vi.倾泻；涌流；斟茶
152.estranged [ɪ'strendʒd]
adj.疏远的；不和的
v.使疏远；使隔离；使离间（estrange的过去分 词）
153.on the spot
立刻，当场；在危险中；处于负责地位
154.relieve [rɪ'liːv]
vt.解除，减轻；使不单调乏味；换…的班；解围；
使放心
155.visual ['vɪʒjʊəl;-zj-]
adj.视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的156.nightmare ['naɪtmeə]
n.恶梦；梦魇般的经历
adj.可怕的；噩梦似的157.takeover ['teɪkəʊvə]
n.接管；验收
158.comedy ['kɒmɪdɪ]
n.喜剧；喜剧性；有趣的事情
159.delight [dɪ'laɪt]
n.高兴 vi.高兴 vt.使高兴
160.enameled [i'næməld]
adj.涂珐琅的；上釉的，涂漆的
v.涂瓷釉于；使光滑（enamel的过去分词）
161.litter ['lɪtə]
n.垃圾；轿，担架；一窝（动物的幼崽）；凌乱 vt.乱丢；给…垫褥草；把…弄得乱七八糟
vi.产仔；乱扔废弃物
162.trigger ['trɪgə]
vt.引发，引起；触发 vi.松开扳柄
n.扳机；[电子] 触发器；制滑机
163.instigation [,insti'ɡeiʃən]
n.煽动，鼓动；教唆；刺激
164.mutual ['mjuːtʃʊəl;-tjʊəl]
adj.共同的；相互的，彼此的165.formal occasion 公司礼仪
166.disillusionment [dɪsɪ'luːʒ(ə)nm(ə)nt]
n.幻灭；醒悟
167.elevate ['elɪveɪt]
vt.提升；举起；振奋情绪等；提升…的职位
168.allegedly [ə'ledʒidli] adv.依其申述
169.rower ['roɚ] n.桨手
170.lead up 引入；抢先
171.pack
172.remote [rɪ'məʊt]
adj.遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的 n.远程
173.rebellion [rɪ'beljən]
n.叛乱；反抗；谋反；不服从
174.exposure [ɪk'spəʊʒə;ek-]
n.暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列
175.afterward ['ɑ:ftəwəd, 'æf-] adv.以后，后来
176.fit [fɪt]
vt.安装；使……适应；使……合身；与……相符 vi.符合，配合；适合；合身
adj.健康的；合适的；恰当的；准备好的n.合身；发作；痉挛
177.fresh [freʃ]
adj.新鲜的；清新的；淡水的；无经验的n.开始；新生；泛滥 adv.刚刚，才；最新地
178.isolation [aɪsə'leɪʃ(ə)n]
n.隔离；孤立；[电] 绝缘；[化学] 离析
179.crowd [kraʊd]
n.群众,一伙;一堆,许多,大众 v.拥挤,挤满,挤进
vt.挤满,将...塞进;催促,催逼 vi.挤,拥挤,聚集
180.lit [lɪt]
adj.照亮的，点着的（light的过去式及过去分词）
181.palpable ['pælpəb(ə)l]
adj.明显的；可感知的；易觉察的182.vision ['vɪʒ(ə)n]
n.视力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力
vt.想象；显现；梦见
183.labour ['leɪbə]
n.劳动力，人工；分娩 vi.劳动；分娩；费力地前进
184.hold firm 抓牢；固守
185.amiable ['eɪmɪəb(ə)l]
adj.和蔼可亲的，亲切的186.eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt]
vt.消除；排除
187.deprive [dɪ'praɪv]
vt.使丧失，剥夺
188.with kind regards
（写在信末）谨致问候；此致敬礼
189.ignore [ɪg'nɔː]
vt.驳回诉讼；忽视；不理睬
190.squabble ['skwɒb(ə)l]
vi.发生口角；大声争吵 vt.弄乱（排好的铅字）
n.争吵；口角
191.mutiny ['mjuːtɪnɪ]
n.兵变；叛乱；暴动 vi.反叛；暴动；参加叛乱
192.go ahead 前进；进行
193.concern about
对…表示担心/忧虑；使（自己）关心…
194.sponsored ['spɔnsəd]
adj.赞助的；发起的
v.赞助（sponsor的过去分词）；发起
195.influential [,ɪnflʊ'enʃ(ə)l]
adj.有影响的；有势力的196.regardless of 不顾，不管
197.stand by 支持；袖手旁观；准备；站在旁边
198.mutt [mʌt] n.杂种狗；笨蛋
199.publicized
v.宣传（publicize的过去分词）；公布；广告
200.fluency ['fluːənsɪ]
n.流畅，流利
201.inhibitors
n.抑制剂；禁制因素，抑制因子；阻止剂（inhibitor的复数）
202.whilst [waɪlst]
conj.同时；时时，有时；当…的时候
203.counterpart ['kaʊntəpɑːt]
n.副本；配对物；极相似的人或物
224.predecessor ['priːdɪsesə]
n.前任，前辈
225.unattainable [ʌnə'teɪnəb(ə)l]
adj.做不到的；难到达的
226.be eligible for
有资格的；符号的条件
227.companion [kəm'pænjən]
n.同伴；朋友；指南；手册 vt.陪伴
204.find in
向…提供(钱物等)：；在(某地)发现(某人、某物等)：
228.definite ['defɪnɪt]
205.dual-
dual-: 二元的206.opponent [ə'pəʊnənt] n.对手；反对者；敌手 adj.对立的；敌对的207.prominence ['prɒmɪnəns] n.突出；显著；突出物；卓越
208.canton ['kæntən(ə)l;kæn'təʊn(ə)l] n.行政区，州
vt.为…分配营房；把…划分成州，把…划成行政区
209.mother tongue 母语；本国语言
210.go way 发展
211.emotive [ɪ'məʊtɪv] adj.感情的；情绪的；表现感情的212.imagination [ɪ,mædʒɪ'neɪʃ(ə)n] n.[心理] 想象力；空想；幻想物
213.on-the-spot ['ɔnðə'spɔt] adj.现场的214.much less 更不用说；不及
215.barrister ['bærɪstə] n.律师；（加拿大）出庭律师（等于arrister-at-law）；（英）（有资格出席高等法庭并辩护的）专门律师
216.oral ['ɔːr(ə)l] adj.口头的，口述的 n.口试
217.in due course
在适当的时候；及时地；顺次
218.proposed [prəu'pəuzd] adj.被提议的；所推荐的v.提议；计划（propose的过去式和过去分词）
219.undesirable [ʌndɪ'zaɪərəb(ə)l] adj.不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的n.不良分子；不受欢迎的人
220.prone to 有…倾向的221.serious ['sɪərɪəs] adj.严肃的，严重的；认真的；庄重的；危急的222.at any rate 无论如何，至少
223.split [splɪt] vt.分离；使分离；劈开；离开
vi.离开；被劈开；断绝关系
n.劈开；裂缝 adj.劈开的adj.一定的；确切的229.mitigate ['mɪtɪgeɪt] vt.使缓和，使减轻 vi.减轻，缓和下来
230.mature [mə'tʃʊə] adj.成熟的；充分考虑的；到期的；成年人的
vi.成熟；到期
vt.使…成熟；使…长成；慎重作出
231.agility [ə'dʒiləti] n.敏捷；灵活；机敏
232.overwhelming [,ovɚ'wɛlmɪŋ] adj.压倒性的；势不可挡的v.压倒；淹没（overwhelm的ing形式）；制服
233.Scottish ['skɔtiʃ]
adj.苏格兰的；苏格兰人的；苏格兰语的n.苏格兰人；苏格兰语
234.prosecuted ['prɔsikju:tid] adj.被起诉的v.起诉（prosecute的过去分词）；经营；贯彻
235.hold water
站得住脚；合情合理；说得通；能盛水
236.even though 虽然，即使
237.outperform [aʊtpə'fɔːm]
vt.胜过；做得比……好
238.reject [rɪ'dʒekt] vt.拒绝；排斥；抵制；丢弃
n.被弃之物或人；次品
239.respected [ri'spektid] adj.受尊敬的v.尊敬；重视（respect的过去式和过去分词）Respected: 受尊敬的 | 品德上高尚的人 | 推崇240.consistent [kən'sɪst(ə)nt] adj.始终如一的，一致的；坚持的consistent: 一致的 | 一贯的 | 一致性
241.surgery ['sɜːdʒ(ə)rɪ] n.外科；外科手术；手术室；诊疗室
surgery: 手术 | 外科 | 外科手术
242.institutional [ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n(ə)l] adj.制度的；制度上的；学会的243.degenerate [dɪ'dʒen(ə)rət]
vt.使退化；恶化 vi.退化；堕落
adj.退化的；堕落的 n.堕落的人
244.guard [gɑːd]
n.守卫；警戒；护卫队；防护装置
vi.警惕 vt.保卫；监视
245.dissemination [dɪ,sɛmə'neʃən]
n.宣传；散播；传染（病毒）
246.distill [dɪs'tɪl]
vt.提取；蒸馏；使滴下
vi.蒸馏；滴下；作为精华产生（等于distil）
247.capital ['kæpɪt(ə)l]
n.首都，省会；资金；大写字母；资本家
adj.首都的；重要的；大写的248.pessimistic [,pesɪ'mɪstɪk]
adj.悲观的，厌世的；悲观主义的249.verge [vɜːdʒ]
vi.濒临，接近；处在边缘 n.边缘
250.impulsively [ɪm'pʌlsɪvli]
adv.有推动力地
251.against the will 并非自愿
252.refuse [rɪ'fjuːz]
n.垃圾；废物 vt.拒绝；不愿；抵制 vi.拒绝
253.overflow [əʊvə'fləʊ]
vi.溢出；泛滥；充溢
n.充满，洋溢；泛滥；超值；溢值
vt.使溢出；使泛滥；使充溢
254.craftsmanship ['kræftsmənʃɪp]
n.技术；技艺
255.respectful [rɪ'spek(t)fʊl;-f(ə)l]
adj.恭敬的；有礼貌的256.chapter ['tʃæptə]
n.章，回；（俱乐部、协会等的）分会；人生或历史上的重要时期 vt.把…分成章节
257.obsolete ['ɒbsəliːt]
adj.废弃的；老式的 n.废词；陈腐的人 vt.淘汰；废弃
258.magnitude ['mægnɪtjuːd]
n.大小；量级；[地震] 震级；重要；光度
259.obscene [əb'siːn]
adj.淫秽的；猥亵的；可憎的260.perse [daɪ'vɜːs;'daɪvɜːs]
adj.不同的；多种多样的；变化多的261.shameless ['ʃeɪmlɪs]
adj.无耻的；不要脸的；伤风败俗的262.terrorist ['tɛrərɪst]
n.恐怖主义者，恐怖分子
263.session ['seʃ(ə)n]
n.会议；开庭；开会；学期；讲习会
264.at odds 争执（不一致）
265.on account of
由于；因为；为了…的缘故
266.enormous [ɪ'nɔːməs]
adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的267.Swiss [swɪs]
adj.瑞士的；瑞士人的；瑞士风格的n.瑞士人；瑞士腔调
268.in tempo 按原速
269.keep off 让开；不接近
270.reluctantly [rɪ'lʌktəntli]
adv.不情愿地；嫌恶地
271.accomplices [ə'kɑmplɪs]
n.共犯者们；同谋犯（accomplice的复数）
272.insoluble [ɪn'sɒljʊb(ə)l]
adj.不能解决的；[化学] 不能溶解的；难以解释的
273.morale [mə'rɑːl]
n.士气，斗志
274.put off
推迟；扔掉；阻止
275.enslave [ɪn'sleɪv;en-]
vt.束缚；征服；使某人成为奴隶
276.impeccable [ɪm'pekəb(ə)l]
adj.无瑕疵的；没有缺点的
277.confederation [kənfedə'reɪʃ(ə)n]
n.联盟；邦联；同盟
278.monolingual [mɒnə(ʊ)'lɪŋgw(ə)l]
adj.单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的 n.只用一种语言的人
279.press [pres]
vt.压；按；逼迫；紧抱 vi.压；逼；重压
n.压；按；新闻；出版社；[印刷] 印刷机
280.material [mə'tɪərɪəl]
adj.重要的；物质的，实质性的；肉体的n.材料，原料；物资；布料
281.count for
有价值，有重要性
282.complacent [kəm'pleɪs(ə)nt]
adj.自满的；得意的；满足的283.oblique [ə'bliːk]
adj.斜的；不光明正大的n.倾斜物
vi.倾斜
284.pornographer [pɔr'nɑɡrəfɚ]
n.春画画家；色情文学作家
285.zealously ['zeləsli]
adv.热心地，积极地
286.profile ['prəʊfaɪl] n.侧面；轮廓；外形；剖面
287.by the same token 同样地；出于同样原因
288.enormous amount of capital 巨资
289.approve of 赞成
290.musician [mjuː'zɪʃ(ə)n] n.音乐家
291.now and then 偶尔；有时
292.suffice [sə'faɪs]
vt.使满足；足够…用；合格
vi.足够；有能力
293.stream [striːm]
n.溪流；流动；潮流；光线
vi.流；涌进；飘扬 vt.流出；涌出；使飘动
294.anxiously ['æŋkʃəsli]
adv.不安地，忧虑地
295.subject to
使服从；使遭受；受…管制
296.swing [swɪŋ]
n.摇摆；摆动；秋千；音律；涨落
vi.摇摆；转向；悬挂；大摇大摆地行走
vt.使旋转；挥舞；悬挂
adj.旋转的；悬挂的；强节奏爵士音乐的297.literature ['lɪt(ə)rətʃə]
n.文学；文献；文艺；著作
298.strip [strɪp]
vt.剥夺；剥去；脱去衣服
n.带；条状；脱衣舞 vi.脱去衣服
299.consist of 由…构成300.inhuman [ɪn'hjuːmən]
adj.残忍的；野蛮的；无人性的301.ingenious [ɪn'dʒiːnɪəs]
adj.有独创性的；机灵的，精制的；心灵手巧的 302.instant ['ɪnst(ə)nt]
adj.立即的；紧急的；紧迫的 n.瞬间；立即；片刻
303.carelessness ['kɛrlɪsnɪs] n.粗心大意
304.soak [səʊk]
vt.吸收，吸入；沉浸在（工作或学习中）；使……上下湿透 vi.浸泡；渗透 n.浸；湿透；大雨
305.artificial [ɑːtɪ'fɪʃ(ə)l]
adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的
306.allergic [ə'lɜːdʒɪk]
adj.对…过敏的；对…极讨厌的307.sank [sæŋk]
vt.沉陷（sink的过去式）vi.沉陷
308.hold up
举起；阻挡；拦截
309.susceptible to
adj.易受...影响的；对…敏感的310.by virtue of 由于，凭借
311.poll [pəʊl]
n.投票；民意测验；投票数；投票所
vt.投票；剪短；对…进行民意测验；获得选票
vi.投票 adj.无角的；剪过毛的；修过枝的312.submerge [səb'mɜːdʒ]
vt.淹没；把…浸入；沉浸
vi.淹没；潜入水中；湮没
313.documented ['dɑkjə,mɛnt]
adj.备有证明文件的314.strictly ['strɪktli]
adv.严格地；完全地；确实地
315.perplex [pə'pleks]
vt.使困惑，使为难；使复杂化
316.intangible [ɪn'tæn(d)ʒɪb(ə)l]
adj.无形的，触摸不到的；难以理解的317.assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən]
n.同化；吸收；[生化] 同化作用
318.discipline ['dɪsɪplɪn]
n.学科；纪律；训练；惩罚
vt.训练，训导；惩戒
319.stimulate ['stɪmjʊleɪt]
vt.刺激；鼓舞，激励
vi.起刺激作用；起促进作用
320.out-of-tone 失调
321.thoroughly ['θɝro] adv.彻底地，完全地
322.misperception [,mispə'sepʃən] n.错误知觉
323.sympathetic [sɪmpə'θetɪk]
adj.同情的；交感神经的；共鸣的；赞同的；和谐的；合意的
n.交感神经；容易感受的人
324.hearer ['hɪrɚ]
n.听者；旁听人
325.committee [kə'mɪtɪ]
n.委员会
326.plenary ['pliːnərɪ]
adj.充分的；全体出席的 n.全体会议
327.inverse ['ɪnvɜːs;ɪn'vɜːs]
n.相反；倒转 adj.相反的；倒转的vt.使倒转；使颠倒
328.outrageous [aʊt'reɪdʒəs]
adj.粗暴的；可恶的；令人吃惊的329.accountable for
负责，对…应付责任
330.stunning ['stʌnɪŋ]
adj.极好的；使人晕倒的；震耳欲聋的
v.把…打昏；使震耳欲聋；使大吃一惊（stun的 ing形式）
331.dismiss [dɪs'mɪs]
vt.解散；解雇；开除；让...离开 vi.解散
332.magnificence [mæɡ'nɪfɪsns]
n.壮丽；宏伟；富丽堂皇
333.squeeze [skwiːz]
vt.挤；紧握；勒索 vi.压榨
n.压榨；紧握；拥挤；佣金
334.substantiate [səb'stænʃɪeɪt]
vt.证实；使实体化
335.suck [sʌk]
vt.吸吮；吸取 vi.吸吮；糟糕；巴结
n.吮吸
336.eccentric [ɪk'sentrɪk;ek-]
adj.古怪的，反常的 n.古怪的人
337.on the eve of 在…的前夜
338.hostile ['hɒstaɪl]
adj.敌对的，敌方的；怀敌意的 n.敌对
339.take back 拿回；撤消
340.rhythmic ['rɪðmɪk]
adj.[生物] 有节奏的（等于rhythmical）；间歇的；合拍的 n.韵律论（等于rhythmics）
341.respecting [rɪ'spektɪŋ]
prep.关于；就…而言；鉴于
v.尊敬；考虑（respect的ing形式）
342.entitled [ɪn'taɪtl]
adj.有资格的；给与名称的
v.给…权利；给…定书名；授…以荣誉（entitle的过去分词）
343.preference ['pref(ə)r(ə)ns]
n.偏爱，倾向；优先权
344.weapon ['wep(ə)n]
n.武器，兵器
345.minor ['maɪnə]
adj.未成年的；次要的；较小的；小调的；二流的 n.未成年人；小调；副修科目 vi.副修
346.eligible ['elɪdʒɪb(ə)l]
adj.合格的，合适的；符合条件的；有资格当选的 n.合格者；适任者；有资格者
347.owe [əʊ]
vt.欠；感激；应给予；应该把……归功于
vi.欠钱
348.compatible [kəm'pætɪb(ə)l]
adj.兼容的；能共处的；可并立的349.defense [dɪ'fɛns]
n.防卫，防护；防御措施；防守 vt.谋划抵御
350.distinctive [dɪ'stɪŋ(k)tɪv]
adj.有特色的，与众不同的351.propose [prə'pəʊz]
vt.建议；打算，计划；求婚
vi.建议；求婚；打算
352.prevent [prɪ'vent]
vt.预防，防止；阻止 vi.妨碍，阻止
353.interaction [ɪntər'ækʃ(ə)n]
n.相互作用；[数] 交互作用 n.互动
354.at the mercy of 受…支配
355.obedient [ə'biːdɪənt]
adj.顺从的，服从的；孝顺的356.neglect [nɪ'glekt]
vt.疏忽，忽视；忽略 n.疏忽，忽视；怠慢
357.fiery ['faɪərɪ]
adj.热烈的，炽烈的；暴躁的；燃烧般的358.respective [rɪ'spektɪv]
adj.分别的，各自的359.demolish [dɪ'mɒlɪʃ]
vt.拆除；破坏；毁坏；推翻；驳倒
360.infer [ɪn'fɜː]
vt.推断；推论 vi.推断；作出推论
361.marginal ['mɑːdʒɪn(ə)l]
adj.边缘的；临界的；末端的362.reprocess [riː'prəʊses]
vt.再加工；使…再生
363.provisional [prə'vɪʒ(ə)n(ə)l]
adj.临时的，暂时的；暂定的 n.临时邮票
364.accomplice [ə'kʌmplɪs;ə'kɒm-]
n.同谋者，[法] 共犯
365.panelist ['pænəlɪst]
n.专门小组成员；专题讨论小组参加者（等于panellist）
366.inhibitor [ɪn'hɪbɪtə]
n.[助剂] 抑制剂，抗化剂；抑制者
367.interrupted [ɪntə'rʌptɪd]
adj.中断的；被打断的；不规则的
vt.打断；中断（interrupt的过去分词）
368.caution ['kɔːʃ(ə)n]
n.小心，谨慎；警告，警示 vt.警告
369.clinic ['klɪnɪk]
n.临床；诊所
370.quadrangular [kwɑ'dræŋɡjəlɚ]
adj.四边形的；四角形的371.sexist ['sɛksɪst]
n.性别歧视者；男性至上主义者
adj.性别主义者的；性别歧视者的372.gracious ['greɪʃəs]
adj.亲切的；高尚的；和蔼的；雅致的int.天哪；哎呀 373.employee [emplɒɪ'iː;em'plɒɪiː;ɪm-]
n.雇员；从业员工
374.esophagus [iː'sɒfəɡəs]
n.[解剖] 食管；[解剖] 食道
375.analgesics [,ænəl'dʒi:ziks]
n.镇痛药；止痛剂（analgesic的复数形式）
376.minimizing ['mɪnə,maɪz]
n.[数][自] 极小化；求最小参数值
adj.极小值的
v.将…减到最少（minimize的ing形式）
377.blow around
讨论
378.abiding [ə'baɪdɪŋ]
adj.持久的，永久的；不变的
v.遵守；容忍；继续存在（abide的现在分词）379.biased ['baɪəst]
adj.有偏见的；结果偏倚的，有偏的380.fine [faɪn]
adj.好的；优良的；细小的，精美的；健康的；晴朗的 n.罚款 vt.罚款；澄清
adv.很好地；精巧地
381.fantasy ['fæntəsɪ;-zɪ]
n.幻想；白日梦；幻觉
adj.虚幻的 vt.空想；想像
vi.耽于幻想；奏幻想曲（等于phantasy）
382.energizing ['ɛnɚ,dʒaɪz]
v.激励（energize的现在分词）；通电
383.slapstick ['slæpstɪk]
n.趣剧；低俗的闹剧
384.priceless ['praɪslɪs]
adj.无价的；极贵重的；非常有趣的n.非卖品
385.original [ə'rɪdʒɪn(ə)l;ɒ-]
n.原件；原作；原物；原型
adj.原始的；最初的；独创的；新颖的386.grumpy ['grʌmpɪ]
adj.脾气暴躁的；性情乖戾的n.脾气坏的人；爱抱怨的人
387.whisky ['wɪski]
n.威士忌酒 adj.威士忌酒的388.jet [dʒet]
n.喷射，喷嘴；喷气式飞机；黑玉
adj.墨黑的 vt.射出
vi.射出；[航] 乘喷气式飞机
389.spirit ['spɪrɪt]
n.精神；心灵；情绪；志气；烈酒
vt.鼓励；鼓舞；诱拐
390.air-conditioned ['ɛəkən,diʃnd]
adj.备有空调装置的v.给…装上空调器；用空调器调节（air-condition的过去分词）
391.distorted [dɪs'tɔrtɪd]
adj.歪曲的；受到曲解的
v.扭曲（distortasd的过去式和过去分词）
392.confronted
面对
393.unban [,ʌn'bæn]
vt.准许
394.temple ['temp(ə)l]
n.庙宇；寺院；神殿；太阳穴
395.burnout ['bɜːnaʊt]
n.烧坏；燃料烧尽
396.horizon [hə'raɪz(ə)n]
n.[天] 地平线；视野；眼界；范围
397.revitalized
v.复兴，复活；恢复（revitalize的过去分词形式）398.enrich [ɪn'rɪtʃ;en-]
vt.使充实；使肥沃；使富足
399.deprecating ['sɛlf'dɛprɪ,ketɪŋ]
adj.不以为然的；不赞成的v.对…表示不赞成；轻视（deprecate的ing形式）400.alien ['eɪlɪən]
adj.外国的；相异的，性质不同的；不相容的n.外国人，外侨；外星人
vt.让渡，转让
401.be impressed by
被...所感动；被...给予深刻印象
402.in a mess
乱糟糟，一团糟
403.fortunate ['fɔːtʃ(ə)nət]
adj.幸运的；侥幸的；吉祥的；带来幸运的404.elderly ['eldəlɪ]
adj.上了年纪的；过了中年的；稍老的405.ineligible [ɪn'elɪdʒɪb(ə)l]
adj.不合格的；不适任的；无被选资格的n.无被选资格的人
第四篇：中科院考博英语作文材料
Kobe Bryant can be a good case of how diligence works in our life.When asked by one of his friends that what is the secret of his success, he replied with humor and implication that，“Do you know how Los Angeles looks like at 4 o'clock AM ? I know.”Obviously, how could he, one of the greatest basketball players throughout the history of mankind who was once deemed not appropriate for playing basketball, have achieved unprecedented success in NBA without diligence ?
科比.布莱恩特是一个证明勤奋是如何起作用的很好的例子。当被他的一个好朋友问到他成功的秘诀的时候，他幽默而又意义深远地回答到：“你知道洛杉矶凌晨四点的样子吗？我知道。”很明显，这位曾经被认为不太适合打篮球的、人类历史上最伟大的篮球运动员之一的科比，如果没有勤奋的话，怎么可能在美职篮获得史无前例的成功呢？
Thomas Edison，one of the greatest inventors and entrepreneurs throughout the history of mankind, could be best case of how persistence works in the course of pursuing success.Just imagine, having experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts, how could he have succeeded in inventing the first electric lamp and changed the world without persistence?
人类历史上最伟大的发明家、企业家之一的爱迪生就是坚持如何在追求成功的过程中起作用的最好的例子。试想一下，如果没有坚持，他如何能够在经历了数以千计的失败的尝试后依旧不放弃，直至最后发明出第一盏点灯并改变全世界呢？
To further illustrate the importance of being patient, I would like to take Thomas Edison as a case in point: as one of the greatest inventors throughout the history of mankind who experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts in the course of scientific inquiry, how could he have invented the first electric lamp and changed the world without patience and persistence ?
为了进一步证明能够耐心的重要性，我想以托马斯.爱迪生作为例子：作为人类历史上最为的、在科学探索中经历数以千次的失败尝试的发明家，如果没有耐心和坚持，他如何能够发明出第一盏电灯并且改变世界？
Besides, surveys conducted by some biographers have also demonstrated that almost all of the great men and celebrities have built their mansion of success on the bedrock of adversities.Take Georgia Washiton, one of the greatest founding fathers of the United States of America, as a case in point：to break away from the British Empire and became an independent country，he led the American War of Independence.However，problems and challenges such as inexperience of war, adverse weather condition, shortage of ammunition and smallbox arose.Confronted with such an adversity, he became more mature and composed, and then won the Revolutionary War finally through his courage and wisdom resulted from supassing adversity.而且，由一些传记作者展开的调查也已经发现，几乎所有的伟大的人物和名人都将自己成功的大厦建立在逆境的基石上。以美国最伟大的开国之父之一乔治亚.华盛顿为例，为了脱离英国的殖民统治，建立一个独立的国家，他领导了美国独立战争。但却遇到了诸如战争经验不足、气候条件恶劣、弹药不足及天花肆虐等各种问题和挑战。面对这样的逆境，华盛顿变得更加成熟镇定，并最终用自己战胜逆境的勇气和智慧，赢得了这场战争的最后胜利。
Honesty can be a more noble quality than intelligence,abilities and anything you can learn from books.George Washington，one of the most influential founding fathers of US, was not only famous for his wisdom, courage and political talent，but also his honesty.When he was a little boy, out of curiosity he chopped down the cherry tree planted by his father.Confronted with his father's query，he did not lie to him but admitted his fault frankly.Then, his father exclaimed with gratification，“an honest boy is more valuable than one thousand trees!”
诚实甚至是比智慧、能力和任何你能从书上学到的知识更为高尚的品质。美国开国之父乔治亚华盛顿，不仅以他的智慧、勇敢和政治才能闻名，更以诚实为人闻名。在小的时候，他曾经砍掉了父亲栽种的一株樱桃树，面对父亲的询问，他没有撒谎，而是诚实地承认了自己的行为。他的父亲感叹：“一个诚实的孩子胜过一千株樱桃树”！
Jeremy Lin, one of the most famous Chinese American basketball players, can be a good case of how confidence works in the course of pursuing success.He was once a common and little-known player at Harvard University.When fell on his evil days and became homeless, he could only live in his friends' home and sleep on the sofa.Without confidence and diligence, how could he have distinguished himself from other excellent players and achieved unprecedented success in NBA?
作为最著名的华裔篮球运动员之一的林书豪就是证明自信在追求成功的过程中是如何起作用的最好的例子。他曾经只是哈佛大学校队的一名普通运动员，落魄的时候，无家可归，甚至只能住在朋友的家里。如果没有强大的自信心和自身的努力，他怎么可能在高手如林的美职篮赛场上脱颖而出并且最终取得史无前例的成功呢？
第五篇：中国人民大学-考博英语真题
中国人民大学——英语202_年博士研究生入学考试试题
客观题部分
请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II.Vocabulary(10 points)PartA(5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices
marked iL B, C arm 1).Choose the:one thatbest completes the
sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across
the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A.previously B.vLrtually
C.primarily D.domestically The sentence should read,;“She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany.” Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
1.International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__
patriotism.A.obsolete
B.aggressive C.harmonious D.amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A.dilemmas B.countenances C.concessions D.junctions 3.People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A.strive
B.ascertain
C.justify D.adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife
for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A.conservation B.maintenance C.storage
D.reserve 5.According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points.last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A.soared
B.mutated
C.plummeted D.fluctuated 6.Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and
frustrated thousands of users around the world.A.genius
B.vires
C.disease
D.bacteria 7.The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the.worst form of
competition in schools.A.negligent B.edible
C.fabulous D.disproportionate 8.The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his
grandparents lived.A.reconciled
B.consolidated C.deteriorated
D.attributed 9.During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to
practice his Chinese.A.passed on B.passed up C.passed by D.passed out 10.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be
distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies
C.platitudes D.analogin Part B(5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase
underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and
D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square
bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example: The secretary is Very competent;she can finish all these letters within one
..;.,ca, ODe bour.A.careful
B.industrious C.clever
D.capable In this sentence, “competent” is closest-;n m e:zting to “capable”.Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [DD] 11.He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional
roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A.depict
B.advocate
D;criticize D.analyze 12,.They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirm B.achieve C.match
D exaggerate
13.The most urgent thing is to find a dump.for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A.imminent B.recyclable C.smelly D.poisonous i4.British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A.allies
B.delegates C.voters
D.juries
15.The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.A.frightening B.promising
C.freezing D.revealing 16.Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A.secret plan B.bold attack
C.clever design D.joint effort 17.Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A.trustworthy B.intelligent
C.diligent D.meticulous 18.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A.intriguing B.exasperating: C.demonstrative D.unprovoked 19.The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for.nocturnal raids in the forest.A.illegal
B.night-time
C, brutal D.abusive 20.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A.mercurial B, gallant
C.ardent D.frugal III.Cloze(10 points)Directions : Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full-time passion.The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community.They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Intemet.The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for “Yet
Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”.but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos.Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape.As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc.Today, Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1.A.became
B.grew
C.mm
D.intend 2.A.made
B.saw
C.looked
D.turned 3.A.in
B.on
C.about
D.fer 4.A.touch
?.contact
C.n-ack
D.record 5.A.founded
E.found
C.argued
D.reported 6.A.unwieldy
B.tough
C.tamable
D invaluable
7.A.exchanged
B.shank
C.sold
D.converted 8.A.explain
B.serve
C.discover
D.evaluate 9.A.which
B.that
C.actually
D.eagerly 10.A.relative
B.interactive C.bound
D.contacted 11.A.fluently
B.efficiently C.exactly
D.actually 12.A.transmitted B.purchased C.sold
D.13.A.about
B.bound
C.going
D.supposed I4.A.fable
B.model
C.name
D.brand 15.A.supported
B.resided
C.lived
D.launched 16.A.connected B.lodged
C.introduced D.linked 17.A.over
B, away
C.inside
D.beneath 18.A.housed
B.caught
C.hosed
D.bidden 19.A.average
B.normal
C.ordinary
D.equal 20.A.attains
B.detains
C.maintains D.contains IV.Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited.Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes.However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often
result.To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting.When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination.The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space.If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form letters
within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students
who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room.The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes.After the students have made several
airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class.To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and
misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking.The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read them while in the center.Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very
boring.Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students and raise their interest in the course.41.The purpose of this passage is to___ A.inform B.persuade
C.debate
D.narrate 42.Guthrie identified three methods for__ A.educating students
B.altering bad habits C.avoiding undesired action
D.forming good hobbies 43.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A.Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the
child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B.Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young
children and gradually increase session length but not to where students
become frustrated or bored.C.Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is
introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D.A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his
parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth.Over time.watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king.What method is used in this example? A.The threshold method.B.The fatigue method.C.The incompatible response method.D.The punishment method.45.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A.The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted
response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes
exhausted B.The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a
response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be
performed simultaneously
C.The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde
into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes
a cue for not performing it D.The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child
make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing.Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market.“Nova” is Latin for new(star)“ and means ”star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like ”no va“, meaning ”it doesn't go“.Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning.When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising ,egetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”.No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique
called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back.Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46.The best title of this passage might be __.A.Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag B.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries D.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A.hesitation B.mistake C.stutter D.default 48.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? A.Cultural shocks
B.Faulty translations C.Avoid cultural oversights D.Prevent blunders 49.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “ca ” most probably mean____ A.an animal used in perfume for its smell B.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals C.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals D.an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals 50.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.B.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of
blunders C.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses.In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down.Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies wi！be swept out more quickly in hard times;it is the company he worries about.His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of.his company and the industry.so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase.At the very topexecutives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured inpidual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits.His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running.But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes.He likes to work.He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search fares,” is a growing industry.America has great faith in inpidual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51.We can infer from the second paragraph that___
A.promotion depends on amiability
B.chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level
C.it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his
subordinates
D.a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the
industry 52.The term “aerobic exercise”(fa'st line in second last paragraph)is a kind Of
____
A.hallucination exercise
B.physical exercise
C.meditation exercise
D.entertainment 53.From the last paragraph we can gather that ____
A.there are too many aggressive executives
B.inpidual talent is not essential for a company
C.the job of an “executive search rum” is corporate head-hunting
D.it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial
ranks 54.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________
A.they can conduct their business
B.they can indulge themselves
C.they can cultivate their mind
D.they can exercise as well as socialize 55.What is NOT tree according to the article? A.Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B.Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C.All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D.Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4 In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh.he had four, dod in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech.Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword.The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded;the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage tho attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories.Here life and fiction become joined.The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code;but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building(he became expert at karate and kendo)and, most important, through the discipline writing.In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage.His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask(1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56.The article implies that A.Mishima refused to join the army when he was young B.Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer C.Mishima is a person who'is hard m define D.Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer 57.The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was A.Fo capture the commanding genera!
B.to urge the government to declare a war against America C.to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemment
D.to force the Emperor to give up the throne 58.In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____ A.was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers C.impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression tO the soldiers 59.What IS true according to article? A.The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B.The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnpt C.Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D.one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60.Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___ A, written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful stories B.written eighty short stories C.published “A Forest in Flower” D.published “Confession of a Mask” 主观题部分
请用钢笔或圆珠笔将此部分试题的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效！V.Translation(20 points)Fart A.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the SurpluS actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国 和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中 获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活 动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一 定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国 和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。VI.Writing(20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title “My Understanding of GlobaIization”.Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.
