第一篇：4中文个人陈述(内含多篇)

重庆大学是国家教育部直属的国家“211工程”和“985工程”重点建设大学。人文底蕴好，师资力量雄厚。而我本科阶段是在重庆大学就读，对重庆大学十分熟悉。城环学院教学设备完备，有丰富的实验室条件，这对研究生的学习提供了极为优越的条件。因此我觉得重庆大学对我来说是好的选择。

在思想上，本人有较强的爱国主义情操和集体主义精神，作为中共党员，社会主义信念坚定，有较强的社会责任感。生活态度积极向上，身心健康。在学习上，通过大学三年的努力学习，我已经具有了一定的科学研究、社会实践能力和创新精神，且学习成绩优秀。专业基础知识扎实，没有补考科目。多次获得校综合奖学金。

在大学学习期间，我十分注重培养自己的综合素质，生活勤俭，学习认真，工作负责，思想上进。我始终严格要求自己，以热情、勤奋、务实、创新的工作和学习作风受到老师和同学们的充分肯定。我对学术研究有浓厚兴趣，经常阅读《暖通空调》杂志，浏览相关专业网站等以增加自己对新鲜科研的了解。我曾经参与研究生“关于重庆宾馆类公共建筑节能研究”的课题的研究，提高了自己的创新意识、创新能力和专业能力。2006年参加全国大学生数学建模竞赛，获得重庆市二等奖，通过数学建模的学习，我基本掌握了如何把实际问题抽象成数学模型。而这种建模的方法对研究生学习尤其重要。本人诚实守信，学风端正，无任何违法违纪受处分记录。

综上所述，我达到了推免研究生的资格，自己也对科研有着浓厚的兴趣，希望通过研究生阶段的学习能够提高自己的专业水平和专业技能，之后才能为国家的节能事业作出贡献。

我叫李英,是建工10006班2号, 中共预备党员.依据学校关于保送研究生的有关规定,经自我鉴定,现将申请呈请,请审核.“If we believe,there is nothing we can not achieve;and if we dream,all things are possible.”这是我的信念.2000年9月,我实现了自己的第一个四年计划,考入了长安大学.从踏进学校的第一天起,我就为自己树立了下一个目标,那就是攻读硕士研究生.三年多的大学生活,学校已经把我培养成一个真正有思想有知识的有用之才.为了继续深造,更好的为祖国建设做出贡献,在这三年多的大学生活中,我时刻严格要求自己,使自己在德智体各方面都取得了很好的成绩: 智育方面

在学习方面我一直严格要求自己，因为我知道，只有掌握足够的知识，才能实现自己的理想抱负；只有不断的学习新知识新技术，才能跟上科技的进步，社会的发展；只有掌握应用更多的知识，才能更好的为祖国建设作出更大的贡献。这三年来我一直在努力，并取得了一定的成绩：

1.2001-2002学年被授予校级三好学生称号，并获得一等奖学金，同时获得学习优秀生称号；

2.2002年1月顺利通过全国大学英语四级考试；

3.2002年4月顺利通过全国计算机等级二级考试，成绩良好，其中机试优秀；

要写得有真情实感，表明自己对该学科的强烈兴趣，总结自己的成绩的时候略微夸大。

最好能够提供比较重要的一些证明，比如你发表在重要期刊上的论文的名字刊号等。

我叫刘贤响（学号：M41030225），是化学专业2007 年应届普通本科毕业生。通过大学三年的努力学习，我已经具有了一定的科学研究、社会实践能力和创新精神，且学习成绩优良，英语已达国家六级水平。我愿意留在本校师从尹笃林教授，拟选方向：有机催化，特此提出保研申请。

在大学学习期间，我十分注重培养自己的综合素质，生活勤俭，学习认真，工作负责，思想上进。我始终严格要求自己，以热情、勤奋、务实、创新的工作和学习作风受到老师和同学们的充分肯定。在工作方面，我锻炼出了较强的组织管理能力和协调能力。2003～2006年，我先后担任了协会理事、心理委员、团委学术部部长等多种职务。任职期间，我成立了学生科技协会和信息技术兴趣小组，组织主办了“科协”知识竞赛、第一届化学全能对抗赛、英语PARTY大赛、“挑战杯”宣传、十佳精品学术讲座、多媒体课件制作大赛、“科协”风采展等一系列大型的校院级学术和竞赛活动，并在《湖南师大报》、《化学月报》、星网、翔网等校院级报刊、网站上发表通讯报道10余篇。

在学习方面，我大

一、大二连续两年获得专业二等奖学金。2003～2006年，我先后获得校“百名优秀共青团员”、校学术宣传月“优秀组织个人”、院“三好学生”、优秀学生干部、活动积极分子，宣传积极分子等多种荣誉称号。

在科研方面，我从三年级以来就在科研导师尹笃林教授的指导下开展课外粉煤灰综合利用的研究。实验工作在精细催化合成研究所进行。我在尹笃林教授的指导下，通过自己查阅大量文献，认真学习有关指导书刊，先后完成 “粉煤灰的表面改性及其在橡胶中的应用”、“粉煤灰纳米粒子的制备及表征”等多项实验方案。2006年7月，确定研究课题“粉煤灰制固体酸催化剂裂解废旧塑料制燃料油”。我利用课外时间暑假认真地做实验，不断地探索。在科研导师尹笃林教授的精心指导下以及精细催化合成研究所实验室各位师兄姐的帮助下，我完成了粉煤灰系列固体酸催化剂的制备，并通过废聚苯乙烯和聚丙烯的裂解反应对催化剂的性能进行了考察，实验取得了很大的成功。在实验结果的基础上确定了工业中利用改性粉煤灰催化裂解制燃料油相关的工艺技术方案，在热电厂废渣粉煤灰和“白色污染”废塑料的利用上，有突出的创新性，技术路线先进，有望产生突出的经济效益和深远的社会效益。目前，该实验成果已申报参加湖南省第七届“挑战杯”大学生课外学术、科技作品竞赛。这是我校唯一一份理工科学生参加此项比赛的本科生作品。

另外，我还在精细催化合成研究所伏再辉教授的指导下完成研究性设计（创新）实验“NaY分子筛固载Mn配合物的制备及催化性能的研究”并完成了实验论文。

在跟尹笃林教授和伏再辉教授做科研期间，我学到了很多的专业知识和科学研究方法，尤为重要的是，他们严谨务实的治学态度，崇尚科学，追求真理的科研精神让我终生受益。

我们化学化工学院是一个科研实力雄厚、发展比较迅速的学院，这里有许多让人敬仰的教学、科研名师。三年的求学生涯，我已经对它产生了深厚的感情。我的科研导师尹笃林教授不仅是一位好领导、好长辈，更是一位处处为学生着想的严师。在科研学习期间，我一直被他忘我的工作精神和严谨的科学态度所感染着、影响着。在他的引导下我已经提前进入了研究生学习状态，科研能力也有了很大的提高。我非常希望能成为尹笃林教授的学生，留在院里继续深造。对我来说，这将是一件非常荣幸的事，也是一个有利于我自身发展的好机会！

如何写个人陈述

个人陈述是在申请过程中按照学校要求来写一篇有关申请人过去背景，目前成就和未来目标的文章。一篇成功的个人陈述应不但语言流畅，且文章逻辑严谨，层次分明，能充分显示申请人的才华并抓住审阅人的注意力。几乎所有学校都要求提交个人陈述。个人陈述也有不同的名称，如personal statement，statements of purpose，academic statement，study plan，plans for study，academic objectives，educational goals，letter of interests等。个人陈述应当包含以下内容：

（一）申请者的学术或专业兴趣及背景；

（二）欲研究的方向；

（三）未来的职业目标。

如果个人陈述写作得当，可以很大程度地提高申请者获得录取和奖学金的几率。这对申请者来说是一个绝好的机会。可惜的是很多申请者对TOEFL、GRE可谓呕心沥血，而对个人陈述往往一蹴而就，敷衍了事，内容贫乏、语法错误连篇。而西方的大学并不单是通过传统的考试来考评其申请者的资格，这并不是说他们的录取标准不严格。外国教授在决定你是否正是他们想要的人时，首先希望听一听你对于你自己作何评价。当你通过申请文书来介绍你自己时，你会发现所面临的机遇和挑战同样之大。

要写出成功的申请文书仅仅有那些适用于任何类型写作的基本写作技巧（清晰、简洁）是远远不够的。一篇好的申请文书要求申请人能够用一种与其他申请人完全不同方式，巧妙地展现自己的独特个性和经验。这是一件要求比较高，通常非常繁累的工作。这不仅仅对中国人如此，以英语为母语的人在此类写作时也会感到十分的头疼，但是我们中国人还需克服语言的障碍。然而，你应该认为你不但可以完成这一工作，而且不会比他们差。当你真正开始以后，你会发现你所有的努力都会有所回报。

“你很特别，我很特别，每一个人都特别，各人以他自己的方式。”这是我女儿过去在加拿大时唱的一首歌中的一部分。这也是如果申请者在写申请文书感到一筹莫展时应铭记在心的信念。许多申请人，尤其是年轻人，在写申请文书时常说他们不知道该写些什么。他们哀叹自己二十几年平淡的人生中没有做过任何不平凡的事情。如果你这样想，那只是因为你下的工夫还不够，还没有完全地审视你自己。试着这样来做：

1．分析你的个性和经历。

2．区分、组织和取舍你的特质、经历、和成就来满足学校录取的要求和标准。

3．把所有这些编排好的讯息归纳一个叙述性的结构中。

4．草拟出一篇具有说服力能突出你的特质的短文来。只要足够深入地探索了你的人生经历和内心世界，你会发现你很特别，非常的特别，以你自己的方式。

写作一系列申请文书的过程是一个自我审视的过程。成功的申请者注重这样一种策略，即致力于把自己与那些有着差不多的GPA、TOEFL／GRE成绩、成就、奖励或人生经历的人区别开来。虽然其他申请者可以清楚有效地写作，聪明的申请者则通过有目的地使自己与其他人区分开来从而在竞争中胜出。这正是创造性、目的性和动人的写作发挥作用之处。

某校对个人陈述的要求

In view of the relatively poor quality of the study plan we received in the past years, the department decides to offer more concrete guidelines to help applicants writing their study plans.The intention is to tell applicants what the department is looking for in the study plans, and how the applicants can best distinguish themselves during the admission process.Of course these guidelines are only recommendatory.Applicants are welcome to use their imagination whenever/wherever possible.The study plan serves three purposes.First, it shows how well applicants can express their ideas in plain English.This requires well-organized thinking skills as well as clear writing.Second, the study plan is supposed to show how much thought the applicants have given to the particular fields in which they want to study.For example, if an applicant wants to study Neural Networks, exactly how much they know about Neural Network and why do they think they are capable of doing research in this field should be clearly explained in the study plan.The third purpose of a study plan is to provide students with lesser grade an opportunity to present their intellectual accomplishments other than academic records.For research projects that require extensive hands-on capabilities, practical problem-solving skills will play as much important roles as course grades.To help the applicants write down the types of information that will interest the admission committee most, we prepare a list of specific questions that the applicants may consider to answer in their study plans.Again, answering these questions is not mandatory.They are suggested here to reduce the possibility of wasted efforts on the part of applicants.[1] What is the most significant achievement you've ever accomplished so far? This could be a class project, a piece of artifact you built, or a research, and it doesn't have to be related to our program.[2] Is there any specific field you want to work on? Please be as specific as you can.Try to explain how your academic background prepares you to do research in this(these)field(s).[3] If you have any previous research experiences, please explain them in terms of your roles in the projects, your own contributions, and most importantly the process of deriving the solutions/algorithms you developed, if any.[4] In case your course grade is not particularly distinguished, why do you think you still have what it takes to do graduate study in our department?

Last suggestion: the applicants are advised to take writing the study plan as serious as they possibly can.Think of it as doing the homework for getting into graduate schools.The more efforts you spent on it, the better chances you have to be admitted into topnotch graduate programs.写好个人陈述,充分了解入学部的要求

专家点拨

对留学者来说，除了GPA成绩、语言成绩外，一篇优秀的个人陈述（P ersonal State ment or Essay）往往是向学校表明你是什么样的人、你的申请为什么值得他们考虑的重要材料。那么，如何写好个人陈述呢？怎样才能够让大学或者研究生院的入学部认可你的才能，相信你是一个优秀的、有职业发展前景的年轻人呢？上教国际的孙博士将根据多年留学咨询经验，指导你如何写出一份个性化的个人陈述。

国外的大学和研究生院入学部的工作人员在阅读留学者的个人陈述时，会找出你准备申请的课程、你的学术水平、职业取向以及毕业后的预期。但应该注意的是，对这些工作人员来说，你的个人陈述中那些带有感情色彩的自传性描述并不能影响他们的判断，除非这些描述确实对你所解释的学习和职业兴趣有关。

尽管大学和研究生院的工作人员只是简单地浏览你的个人陈述，但他们却可以从你的个人陈述中了解许多信息。因此个人陈述必须能够清晰、有效地表达你的观念，证明你的学术和交流能力。如果你的个人陈述中有过多的语法和拼写错误，就可能影响入学部工作人员对你能力和兴趣的注意。

一般来说，个人陈述中应该有以下几个方面的内容：

为什么你要申请这个课程项目？

描述影响你申请该项目的一个最重要的情感因素（你的兴趣？）。

如果你要写你自己多年来的学术或工作经历，你最想写的是什么？

（如果强调工作经历）描述你在职业方面的能力，特别是在某个群体中的状况。

（如果强调学习经历）描述你在学术方面的能力，特别是在某个群体中的状况。

你最令人难忘的工作经历/学术经历。

描述你曾经历过的失败，你是如何应对它的。

简单描述你对未来的预期。

当然以上这些方面在你的个人陈述中并不是完全均衡的。比如，打算申请研究性的硕士课程或者博士课程的申请者，就应该突出自己对该研究的兴趣，并表明适合做这个研究。而对于申请MBA课程的申请者来说，职业经验就是衡量能够进入该课程项目的重要标准，再加上一个适合管理的人格特征。再比如申请艺术类的申请者，则必须在个人陈述中突出自己的创造性和个人创作风格。

摘自 《新闻晚报》 2003-02-18

古语云：“性相近也，习相远也。”中西方学校在招生时都本着择优录取的原则，学生也奉努力提高德智体修养为圭臬。但是由于文化思维的差异，中西方学校衡量学生优劣的标准和方法不同，学生展示才华实力的机会和技巧也各异。本文拟从分析中西文化思维差异对留学文书写作内容的影响入手，以有助于提高此类文书写作的技巧。因篇幅有限，本文讨论仅限于个人陈述、推荐信和简历。中国的学校主要通过考试和官式档案来录取学生，注重学生以往学习、研究或工作中取得的成绩，却不大去了解学生个性，思维和潜力的差别；国外的学校主要通过考试和申请材料来录取学生，认定学生在具备必要的学习、研究或工作资格以后，更注意比较他们在个性、思维和潜力方面的差别。所以中国学生在展示才华实力的时候喜欢泛泛地枚举他们的成就，中国教师在推荐学生的时候也喜欢概括地谈论弟子的优秀，措辞多中规中矩；国外学生在展示才华实力的时候喜欢假借得意之事刻画自己与众不同的个性、思维和潜力，国外教授在推荐学生的时候也喜欢简明形象地述说弟子优秀且与众不同之处，措辞求平稳生动。正是由于这种文化思维的不同，中国学生即使在学习、研究或工作能力上与国外学生不相上下、甚至胜出一筹，但是因为不善于运用西方的思维方式在申请材料中展示才华实力，而只能望国外名校兴叹。

简历留学简历的内容要求集中强项、清晰明白，包括个人信息、教育背景、工作背景、荣誉和奖励、学术活动、发表著作、课外活动、参加团体、兴趣爱好等等要素。由于不了解西方读者的认知习惯，中国学生在写作中易陷入两种思维误区：一是过分轻视，了了数行就完事；二是过分重视，芝麻西瓜一起抓。前者除欠缺要素以外，常见的失误有：（1）每项的时间不够明确。一般而言，教育经历和工作经历要有起始与终止时间的年月，荣誉和奖励及参加团体要有具体的年份等等。（2）工作经历中要概括地叙述主要职责和主要项目。（3）发表著作要严格按照西方的标准来写。（4）参加团体最好列出在其中担任的角色等等。后者则包括：（1）重复陈述。例如在教育背景中提及奖学金后，在荣誉和奖励中重复说明。（2）列举琐事。例如把既与申请无益、也不能说明什么的六年前检查宿舍卫生的事情写进来。（3）没有重点。例如在工作背景中把一般性职责描述和项目内职责描述同等对待等等。

推荐信推荐信的内容要求真实可信，简明形象。我们在国内需要推荐信的时候往往找单位的最高领导或学界泰斗，推荐人则泛泛地谈论被推荐人的品性业绩。所以推荐信在国内作用有限（阅读者更看重官式文件提供的信息或人际关系），使用也有限（一般只用于求职推荐）。相反，作为用信誉担保的文件，推荐信在信誉制度比较完善的西方社会里却发挥着很重要的作用。它是阅读者了解被推荐人的重要途径之一，被广泛地使用于求学、求职，甚至评选、租房。在国外，推荐人一般是具备必要资格而且最了解被推荐人学习、工作、品性等某个或某几个方面的人，推荐信的内容要求真实、准确、完整，而且与被推荐人要达到的目的有直接或间接的联系。鉴于中西文化思维的差异，中国学生在准备留学推荐信的时候要注意下面几点：（1）推荐人要能够有较多机会了解被推荐人，而且几个推荐人能够从不同角度展示被推荐人的学习、工作和品性。所以被推荐人不能一味去找对自己了解甚少的院士或外国教授，也不能几个推荐人说来说去只反映了某个方面却不能反映其它方面。（2）从一般阅读者的常识看，推荐信的内容是合理的。如果公司的老板知道被推荐人上大学时某门课程的具体分数，或者大学的普通任课教师知道被推荐人全部课程的平均分数，一般来说都是不合理的。（3）切忌推荐信的内容空洞泛泛。在推荐信中，推荐人笼统地列举被推荐人学习、工作、品性各个方面的许多优点，其实效果反而不如在合理的范围内具体地叙述三、四个优点。另外，推荐人与被推荐人之间的关系、接触时间及推荐人的联系方式也都应该写清楚。

个人陈述个人陈述的内容要求翔实独特、合理清晰。一般来说，我们在国内只有做职称（职位）申请或述职报告时使用类似文本，但是内容要求不尽相同。国内的“个人陈述”限于描述本人以往学习、研究或工作中取得的成绩，即使偶尔涉及具体案例也是为了更突出成绩。在某种意义上讲，这种文本就是简历的扩写本。国外的个人陈述则是入学申请人推销自我的最佳机会，不但描述本人以往学习、研究或工作中取得的成绩，而且更注重表现自我的与众不同，特别是假借记忆深刻之事刻画自己鲜明的个性、思维和潜力。这种思维上的不同深深地影响着中西方个人陈述写作的角度和方法。例如在描述某项目中自己的作为时，中国学生多侧重描述理论扎实或技术精湛，国外学生除概述项目背景及所用理论或实物工具外，更侧重说明自己的个性（例如坚忍不拔、团队精神）、思维（例如勤于思考、另辟蹊径）和潜力（例如善于学习、活学活用）等等。虽然个性、思维和潜力方面公认的优点有限，国外的学生往往能够借助自己的具体事例和高超的本族语写作技巧成功地突出自己鲜明的个性。由于不熟悉国外学校招生官员阅读个人陈述的认知习惯，中国学生容易犯以下常见错误：（1）单调乏味的成就叙述。招生官员通过这样的个人陈述只能了解申请人做过什么，却不清楚他是个什么样的人以及怎么思考问题。而且，招生官员每天要阅读几十份申请文件，很可能疏忽这样的个人陈述。（2）适得其反的观点论证。例如，有的申请人喜欢写自己经常加班加点地学习工作以表现勤奋。虽然这种性格在少数特殊情况下是一种美德，但是申请人也许会给招生官员留下低效、不善于利用有效资源和“工作狂”症状的印象。（3）软弱无力的缺陷解释。申请人如果语言成绩或专业成绩不够理想，而在个人陈述中将失败归因于工作繁忙、身体欠佳等等，希望能亡羊补牢。但是，招生官员却会认为你以后在国外遇到类似逆境时不能克服，并且缺乏勇于承担结果的性格。（4）自我否定的负罪情结。申请人也许蓦然发现原先选择的专业根本不适合自己，但没有必要认为这是一个错误。关键在于要用你在以往专业上表现出来的学习能力和研究能力，以及你为转专业表现出来的深思熟虑和充分准备来说服招生官员。（5）矫揉造作的个性描述。有的申请人误解了“个性”的内涵，沉迷于用与申请无关的异事，甚至耸人听闻的事情和不加节制的激情来吸引阅读者的注意力。但招生官员却可能认为这种做法非常愚蠢。切记招生官员想了解的是一个真实的申请人。西方有句谚语：“在罗马城要象罗马人一样做事情。”其实写留学文书的时候，中国学生就应该在保留自己特色的同时，用西方的思维方式去照顾阅读者的认知习惯。只有这样，申请人才能通过这些文件去充分地展示自己的才华潜力，为自己赢得录取的机率。

第二篇：中文专业推免个人陈述

个人陈述

本人姓名XX，2007年考入南开大学文学院汉语言文学专业。经过三年的专业学习，我阅读了现当代文学史上的许多经典作品，如老舍的《四世同堂》、巴金的《激流三部曲》、曹禺的“人生悲剧命运四部曲”等，对中国现当代文学产生了浓厚的兴趣，并希望能够在这个方向上继续深造。

三年中我认真修习了现代中国文学史、当代中国文学史两门必修专业课，对二十世纪中国文学发展的脉络有了大致的掌握。还针对现当代文学方向选修了现代中国小说研究、中国新诗研究、台港文学研究、当前文学动态研究、现代中国文学思潮史等专业选修课，使我对现当代文学的各个方向有了更进一步的了解。在此期间除了阅读作为教材的《中国现代文学三十年》（钱理群、温儒敏、吴福辉）、《中国当代文学史》（洪子诚），我还阅读了《现代中国文学1898-1949/1949-2008》（乔以钢主编），《中国当代文学思潮史》（李扬），以此奠定了我扎实的现当代文学史基础。对现当代文学有深入了解之后，我发现学术研究不能仅仅停留在赏析阶段，而应掌握相应的方法和理论。于是我又选修了西方文论史、文学理论专题、文学作品的文本分析、大众文化美学以及文学创作与评论写作等课程，阅读了《中国现代经典短篇小说文本分析》、《外国经典短篇小说文本分析》（刘俐俐）、《解读大众文化》（约翰·菲斯克），以求在更广阔的视野中认识现当代文学。

在导师XXX的指导下，我完成了学年论文《从<边城>看沈从文“湘西世界”的隐忧》的写作，获益良多。这篇论文我从“茶峒”这一理想的社会形态之中，发现了与牧歌情调不相符的因素——人与人之间隔膜和金钱关系的入侵。进而结合沈从文的创作论以及作家自身经历，深入探讨了产生这些不和谐因素的深层动因，即作家在理想与现实之间的挣扎与自我矛盾。“湘西世界”是作家的精神家园，但原始的“人性美”同时衍生出理性的蒙昧，在不自知的状态下生存的人们无法发现并理解现代文明的慢慢入侵。通过老师的指导，我不仅学到了研究作家作品的方法以及写作论文的规范，更重要的是还体会到做学术研究所应该具有的严谨端正的态度。

在本科三年学习生活之余，我也参加了各种学校和社会活动。大一下半期我参与创办了“南开大学义工联盟”并组织社团定期做义工，同时策划了为汶川地震灾区捐款的晚会。大二我参与创办了学生原创文学杂志《拾草》并积累了一些经验。大三参加了天津电视台台庆晚会的录制工作，担任艺人督导。假期在《国际金融报》报社有过一个月的实习经历。以下是我对我在研究生阶段的学习制定的计划：

一、结合相关课程、专题阅读学术论著，拓宽视野，深入思考并尝试提出问题，通过阅读、思考和与导师探讨来尝试解决这些问题，并最终形成有价值的论文。

二、继续广泛阅读文学作品，侧重于现代文学中的京派、海派作家，以及两派论争时的各种学术论著，同时阅读都市文化与文学的研究著作，在两派之争及两派异同方面进行深入探索。

三、加强文学理论方面的学习，系统整理、学习中外文论中与叙事学相关的理论知识，并以此为基础，辅以阅读之余的文本分析练习，争取在研究生阶段形成完整的理论知识结构。

华东师范大学是我向往已久的学府，在现当代文学史上许多有重要地位的作家学者如施蛰存、钱谷融、沙叶新、戴厚英皆出于此。华东师范大学中文系历史悠久，学术氛围浓厚，如能进入贵校深造，我必将勤勤恳恳、踏踏实实，为现当代文学的学术研究贡献自己的一份力量。

第三篇：美国联邦民事诉讼规则(内含中文目录)

《美国联邦地区法院民事诉讼规则》简称《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》

目录 美国联邦民事诉讼规则

导论 美国联邦民事诉讼规则

第1章本规则的适用范围和一种诉讼形式

第1条本规则的适用范围和目的第2条一种诉讼形式

第2章诉讼开始；传唤令状、诉答文书、申请书及 命令的送达

第3条诉讼开始

第4条传唤状

第4条之1其他令状的送达

第5条诉答文书和其他文件的送达与提交

第6条期间

第3章诉答文书和申请书

第7条允许提出的诉答文书；申请书的格式

第8条诉答文书的一般规则

第9条诉答文书的特别事项

第10条诉答文书的格式

第11条诉答文书、申请书及其他文件的签名； 向法院的陈述；制裁

第12条抗辩和异议——提出的期间和方式—— 通过诉答文书或申请书——基于诉答文 书请求判决的申请

第13条反请求和交叉请求

第14条第三当事人诉讼程序

第15条修改和补充诉答文书

第16条审理前会议；日程；管理 第4章当事人

第17条原告和被告；当事人能力

第18条请求和救济方法的合并

第19条为公正审判而必要合并的人

第20条当事人的许可合并

第21条当事人的合并错误及不合并

第22条互争权利诉讼

第23条集团诉讼 第23条之1股东的派生诉讼

第23条之2关于非法人团体的诉讼

第24条诉讼参加

第25条替代当事人

第5章庭外证言与发现程序

第26条规范发现程序的一般规定；出示义务

第27条诉讼之前和上诉系属期间的庭外证言

第28条参与作成庭外证言的人员

第29条关于发现程序的约定

第30条口头询问的庭外证言

第31条书面质问的庭外证言

第32条在法院的诉讼程序中庭外证言的使用

第33条对当事人的质问书

第34条提供文件和物件以及为调查或其他目 的而进入房地产

第35条身体和精神状态的检查

第36条要求自认

第37条不出示或不协助发现：制裁

第6章开庭审理

第38条要求陪审团审判的权利

第39条陪审团审判或法院审判

第40条为开庭审理而分配案件

第41条撤销诉讼

第42条合并；分开审理

第43条证言的取得

第44条官方记录证明

第44条之1外国法的确定

第45条传票

第46条不需要提出异议

第47条选定陪审团成员

第48条陪审团成员人数——参与裁决

第49条特别裁决和质问书

第50条在陪审团审判的案件中作为法律问题 作出的判决；选择重新审理的申请；有条件的裁定

第51条对陪审团的指示：异议

第52条法院认定事实；部分认定事实的判决

第53条主事官 第7章判决

第54条判决；费用

第55条缺席

第56条简易判决

第57条宣告判决

第58条登记判决

第59条重新审理；判决的修改

第60条对判决或命令的救济

第61条无害的错误

第62条执行判决程序的中止

第63条法官不能继续执行职务

第8章临时性和终局性财产救济方法

第64条对人或财产的扣押

第65条禁止令

第65条之1担保：对保证人的诉讼程序

第66条被联邦法院任命的财产管理人

第67条向法院提存

第68条判决方案要约

第69条执行

第70条特定行为的判决；赋予权限

第71条有利于或不利于非当事人的第三人的 令状

第9章特别程序

第71条之1不动产征收

第72条补助法官；审理前命令

第73条补助法官；同意审判及上诉的选择权

第74条根据《美国法典》

第28编第636条 第3款（4）项和本规则

第73条第4 款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向 地区法院法官提起上诉的方式

第75条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定，对补助法官作出的决定向地区法院 法官提起上诉的程序 第76条根据本规则第73条第4款的规定向 地区法院法官提起上诉案件的判决 和诉讼费用

第10章地区法院及其书记官

第77条地区法院及其书记官

第78条申请期日

第79条书记官保管的登记簿和记录以及登记

第80条速记员；用作证据的速记员报告及速 记译回文字

第11章一般条款

第81条一般适用性

第82条管辖区域及审判地不受影响

第83条地区法院的规则；法官的指令

第84条诉讼文书格式

第85条本规则的称谓

第86条生效日期

附件一：诉讼文书格式

附件二：《美国联邦民事诉讼规则》 中的词汇英中文语义对照表

美国联邦证据规则

导言 《美国联邦证据规则》介绍

第1章一般规定

第101条适用范围

第102条目的和结构

第103条关于证据的裁定（a）错误裁定的后果（1）异议（2）提供证明（b）关于提供证据和裁定的记录（c）陪审团审理（d）显见错误

第104条初步询问（a）关于可采性的一般询问（b）以事实为条件的相关性（c）陪审团审理（d）被告人作证（e）重要性和可信性

第105条有限的可采性

第106条书面或录音证词的剩余部分或相关 部分

第2章司法认知

第201条关于裁判事实的司法认知（a）适用范围（b）事实种类（c）任意采用（d）强制采用（e）被听证的机会（f）采用司法认知的时间（g）指示陪审团

第3章民事诉讼中的推定

第301条民事诉讼中推定的一般规定

第302条民事诉讼中州法的适用性 第4章相关性及其限制 第401条“相关证据”的定义

第402条相关证据一般可以采纳；无相关性的 证据不能采纳

第403条因偏见、混淆或浪费时间而排除相关 证据

第404条品格证据不能采纳来证明行为；例外； 其他犯罪（a）品格证据的一般规定（1）被告人的品格（2）被害人的品格（3）证人的品格（b）其他犯罪、错误或行为

第405条证明品格的方法（a）名声或评价（b）特定行为实例

第406条习惯；日常工作

第407条随后的补救措施

第408条和解和要求和解

第409条支付医疗或类似费用

第410条答辩、答辩讨论和有关陈述不可采纳

第411条责任保险

第412条性犯罪案件；与被害人过去行为相关

第5章特权

第501条一般规则

第6章证人

第601条关于证人能力的一般规则

第602条缺乏亲身体验

第603条宣誓或郑重声明

第604条译员

第605条法官作为证人的能力

第606条陪审员作为证人的能力（a）参加审理（b）对陪审团裁决或起诉书合法性的调查

第607条谁可以提出质疑

第608条关于证人品格和行为的证据（a）关于品格的评价证据和名声证据（b）行为的具体实例

第609条以曾被定罪的证据提出质疑（a）一般规则（b）时间限制（c）赦免、撤销或证明恢复名誉的效果（d）未成年人的裁判（e）上诉未决

第610条宗教信仰或主张

第611条询问和举证的方式和次序（a）法庭控制（b）交叉询问的范围（c）诱导性问题

第612条使用书面材料来唤醒记忆

第613条证人先前的陈述（a）就证人先前的陈述进行询问（b）有关证人先前陈述不一致的外部证据

第614条法庭传唤和询问证人（a）法庭传唤证人（b）法庭询问（c）异议

第615条排除证人 第7章意见证据和专家证词

第701条一般证人的意见证词

第702条专家证词

第703条专家意见证词的基础

第704条关于最终争议的意见

第705条公开专家意见所依据的事实和数据

第706条法庭指定专家（a）指定（b）补偿（c）将指定公开（d）当事人自己选择专家

第8章传闻证据

第801条定义（a）陈述（b）陈述者（c）传闻（d）不是传闻的陈述（1）证人的先前陈述（2）为对立当事人承认

第802条传闻证据规则

第803条传闻证据的例外；陈述者可否作证无关 紧要（1）表达感觉印象（2）刺激的发泄（3）当时存在的精神、感情或身体状态（4）出于医疗诊断或治疗目的的陈述（5）被记录的回忆（6）关于日常行为、活动的记录（7）在第（6）项规定的记录中缺乏记载（8）公共记录或报告（9）重要统计资料（10）缺乏公共记录或没有记载（11）宗教组织的记录（12）婚姻、洗礼或类似证明（13）家庭记录（14）反映财产利益的文件记录（15）文件中反映财产利益的陈述（16）在陈年文件中的陈述（17）市场报告商业出版物（18）学术论文（19）关于个人或家庭历史的名声（20）关于边界和一般历史的名声（21）性格方面的名声（22）先前定罪的判决（23）关于个人、家庭、或一般历史、或边界的 判决（24）其他例外

第804条传闻证据的例外；陈述者不能到庭作证（a）不能出庭的定义（b）传闻证据的例外（1）先前证词（2）临终陈述（3）对己不利的陈述（4）关于个人或家史的陈述（5）其他例外

第805条传闻中的传闻…

第806条攻击和支持陈述者的可信性

第9章鉴定和辨认

第901条要求鉴定或辨认（a）一般规定（b）说明（1）具有知识的人的证明（2）对笔迹的非专家意见（3）由审判者或专家证人进行比较（4）与众不同的特征或类似品质（5）声音辨认（6）声音通话（7）公共记录或报告（8）陈年文件或数据汇编（9）过程或系统（10）法律或规则规定的方法

第902条自我鉴定（1）国内盖有印章的公文（2）国内未盖印章的公文（3）外国公文（4）经证实的公共记录的副本（5）官方出版物（6）报纸和期刊（7）商品注册或类似标记（8）被承认的文件（9）商业票据和相关文件（10）根据国会立法推定

第903条不必要有补强证人证词

第10章文字、录音和照相的内容

第1001条定义（1）文字和录音（2）照相（3）原件（4）复制品

第1002条要求原件

第1003条复制品的可采性 第1004条其他关于内容的证据的可采性（1）原件遗失或毁坏（2）原件无法获得（3）原件在对方掌握中（4）附属事项

第1005条公共记录

第1006条摘要

第1007条当事人的证词或书面承认

第1008条法庭和陪审团的职能

第11章综合规则

第1101条规则的适用性（a）法院和治安法院（b）诉讼范围（c）关于特权的规则（d）不适用规则的情况（e）部分适用的规则第1102条修改

第1103条标题

FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE I.SCOPE OF RULES ONE FORM OF ACTION Rule1 Scope and Purpose of Rules These rules govern the procedure in the United States district courts in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at law or in equity or in admiralty, with the exceptions stated in Rule 81.They shall be construed and administered to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.Rule 2 One Form of Action

There shall be one form of action to be known as civil action.II.COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION;SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERS Rule 3 Commencement of Action A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.Rule 4 Summons(a)Form.The summons shall be signed by the clerk, bear the seal of the court, identify the court and the parties, be directed to the defendant, and state the name and address of the plaintiff's attorney or, if unrepresented, of the plaintiff.It shall also state the time within which the defendant must appear and defend, and notify the defendant that failure to do so will result in a judgment by default against the defendant for the relief demanded in the complaint.The court may allow a summons to be amended.(b)Issuance.Upon or after filing the complaint, the plaintiff may present a summons to the clerk for signature and seal.If the summons is in proper form, the clerk shall sign, seal, and issue it to the plaintiff for service on the defendant.A summons, or a copy of the summons if addressed to multiple defendants, shall be issued for each defendant to be served.(c)Service with Complaint;by Whom Made.(1)A summons shall be served together with a copy of the complaint.The plaintiff is responsible for service of a summons and complaint within the time allowed under subpision(m)and shall furnish the person effecting service with the necessary copies of the summons and complaint.(2)Service may be effected by any person who is not a party and who is at least 18 years of age.At the request of the plaintiff, however, the court may direct that service be effected by a United States marshal, deputy United States marshal, or other person or officer specially appointed by the court for the purpose.Such an appointment must be made when the plaintiff is authorized to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to28 U.S.C.§1915 or is authorized to proceed as a seaman under 28 U.S.C.§1916(d)Waiver of Service;Duty to Save Costs of Service;Request to Waive.(1)A defendant who waives service of a summons does not thereby waive any objection to the venue or to the jurisdiction of the court over the person of the defendant.(2)An inpidual, corporation, or association that is subject to service under subpision(e),(f), or(h)and that receives notice of an action in the manner provided in this paragraph has a duty to avoid unnecessary costs of serving the summons.To avoid costs, the plaintiff may notify such a defendant of the commencement of the action and request that the defendant waive service of a summons.The notice and request.(A)shall be in writing and shall be addressed directly to the defendant, if an inpidual, or else to an officer or managing or general agent(or other agent authorized by appointment or law to receive service of process)of a defendant subject to service under subpision(h);(B)shall be dispatched through first-class mail or other reliable means;(C)shall be accompanied by a copy of the complaint and shall identify the court in which it has been filed;(D)shall inform the defendant, by means of a text prescribed in an official form promulgated pursuant to Rule 84, of the consequences of compliance and of a failure to comply with the request;(E)shall set forth the date on which request is sent;(F)shall allow the defendant a reasonable time to return the waiver, which shall be at least 30 days from the date on which the request is sent, or 60 days from that date if the defendant is addressed outside any judicial district of the United States;and(G)shall provide the defendant with an extra copy of the notice and request, as well as a prepaid means of compliance in writing.If a defendant located within the United States fails to comply with a request for waiver made by a plaintiff located within the United States, the court shall impose the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service on the defendant unless good cause for the failure be shown.(3)A defendant that, before being served with process, timely returns a waiver so requested is not required to serve an answer to the complaint until 60 days after the date on which the request for waiver of service was sent, or 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(4)When the plaintiff files a waiver of service with the court, the action shall proceed, except as provided in paragraph(3), as if a summons and complaint had been served at the time of filing the waiver, and no proofs of service shall be required.(5)The costs to be imposed on a defendant under paragraph(2)for failure to comply with a request to waive service of a summons shall include the costs subsequently incurred in effecting service under subpision(e),(f), or(h), together with the costs, including a reasonable attorney's fee, of any motion required to collect the costs of service.(e)Service Upon Inpiduals Within a Judicial District of the United States.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an inpidual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in any judicial district of the United States:(1)pursuant to the law of the state in which the district court is located, or in which service is effected, for the service of a summons upon the defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of the State;or(2)by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the inpidual personally or by leaving copies thereof at the inpidual's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process.(f)Service Upon Inpiduals in a Foreign Country.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon an inpidual from whom a waiver has not been obtained and filed, other than an infant or an incompetent person, may be effected in a place not within any judicial district of the United States:(1)by any internationally agreed means reasonably calculated to give notice, such as those means authorized by the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents;or(2)if there is no internationally agreed means of service or the applicable international agreement allows other means of service, provided that service is reasonably calculated to give notice:(A)in the manner prescribed by the law of the foreign country for service in that country in an action in any of its courts of general jurisdiction;or(B)as directed by the foreign authority in response to a letter rogatory or letter of request;or(C)unless prohibited by the law of the foreign country, by(i)delivery to the inpidual personally of a copy of the summons and the complaint;or(ii)any form of mail requiring a signed receipt, to be addressed and dispatched by the clerk of the court to the party to be served;or(3)by other means not prohibited by international agreement as may be directed by the court.(g)Service Upon Infants and Incompetent Person.Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by the law of the state in which the service is made for the service of summons or like process upon any such defendant in an action brought in the courts of general jurisdiction of that state.Service upon an infant or an incompetent person in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall be effected in the manner prescribed by paragraph(2)(A)or(2)(B)of subpision(f)or by such means as the court may direct.(h)Service Upon Corporations and Associations.Unless otherwise provided by federal law, service upon a domestic or foreign corporation or upon a partnership or other unincorporated association that is subject to suit under a common name, and from which a waiver of service has not been obtained and filed, shall be effected:(1)in a judicial district of the United States in the manner prescribed for inpiduals by subpision(e)(1), or by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to an officer, a managing or general agent, or to any other agent authorized by appointment or by law to receive service of process and, if the agent is one authorized by statute to receive service and the statute so requires, by also mailing a copy to the defendant, or(2)in a place not within any judicial district of the United States in any manner prescribed for inpiduals by subpision(f)except personal delivery as provided in paragraph(2)(C)(i)thereof.(i)Serving the United States, Its Agencies, Corporations, Officers, or Employees.(1)Service upon the United States shall be effected(A)by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the United States attorney for the district in which the action is brought or to an assistant United States attorney or clerical employee designated by the United States attorney in a writing filed with the clerk of the court or by sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail addressed to the civil process clerk at the office of the United States attorney and(B)by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the Attorney General of the United States at Washington, District of Columbia, and(C)in any action attacking the validity of an order of an officer or agency of the United States not made a party, by also sending a copy of the summons and of the complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer or agency.(2)(A)Service on an agency or corporation of the United States, or an officer or employee of the United States sued only in an official capacity, is effected by serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1)and by also sending a copy of the summons and complaint by registered or certified mail to the officer, employee, agency, or corporation.(B)Service on an officer or employee of the United States sued in an inpidual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with the performance of duties on behalf of the United States whether or not the officer or employee is sued also in an official capacity is effected by serving the United States in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(i)(1)and by serving the officer or employee in the manner prescribed by Rule 4(e),(f), or(g).(3)The court shall allow a reasonable time to serve process under Rule 4(i)for the purpose of curing the failure to serve:(A)all persons required to be served in an action governed by Rule 4(i)(2)(A), if the plaintiff has served either the United States attorney or the Attorney General of the United States, or(B)the United States in an action governed by Rule 4(i)(2)(B), if the plaintiff has served an officer or employee of the United States sued in an inpidual capacity.(j)Service Upon Foreign, State, or Local Governments.(1)Service upon a foreign state or a political subpision, agency, or instrumentality thereof shall be effected pursuant to 28 U.S.C.§1608(2)Service upon a state, municipal corporation, or other governmental organization subject to suit, shall be effected by delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its chief executive officer or by serving the summons and complaint in the manner prescribed by the law of that state for the service of summons or other like process upon any such defendant.(k)Territorial Limits of Effective Service.(1)Service of a summons or filing a waiver of service is effective to establish jurisdiction over the person of a defendant(A)who could be subjected to the jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction in the state in which the district court is located, or(B)who is a party joined under Rule 14 or Rule 19 and is served at a place within a judicial district of the United States and not more than 100 miles from the place from which the summons issues, or(C)who is subject to the federal interpleader jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1335, or(D)when authorized by a statute of the United States.(2)If the exercise of jurisdiction is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States, serving a summons or filing a waiver of service is also effective, with respect to claims arising under federal law, to establish personal jurisdiction over the person of any defendant who is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of general jurisdiction of any state.(l)Proof of Service.If service is not waived, the person effecting service shall make proof thereof to the court.If service is made by a person other than a United States marshal or deputy United States marshal, the person shall make affidavit thereof.Proof of service in a place not within any judicial district of the United States shall, if effected under paragraph(1)of subpision(f), be made pursuant to the applicable treaty or convention, and shall, if effected under paragraph(2)or(3)thereof, include a receipt signed by the addressee or other evidence of delivery to the addressee satisfactory to the court.Failure to make proof of service does not affect the validity of the service.The court may allow proof of service to be amended.(m)Time Limit for Service.If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time;provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period.This subpision does not apply to service in a foreign country pursuant to subpision(f)or(j)(1).(n)Seizure of Property;Service of Summons Not Feasible.(1)If a statute of the United States so provides, the court may assert jurisdiction over property.Notice to claimants of the property shall than be sent in the manner provided by the statute or by service of a summons under this rule.(2)Upon a showing that personal jurisdiction over a defendant cannot, in the district where the action is brought, be obtained with reasonable efforts by service of summons in any manner authorized by this rule, the court may assert jurisdiction over any of the defendant's assets found within the district by seizing the assets under the circumstances and in the manner provided by the law of the state in which the district court is located.Rule 4.1.Service of Other Process(a)Generally.Process other than a summons as provided in Rule 4 or subpoena as provided in Rule 45 shall be served by a United States marshal, a deputy United States marshal, or a person specially appointed for that purpose, who shall make proof of service as provided in Rule 4(1).The process may be served anywhere within the territorial limits of the state in which the district court is located, and, when authorized by a statute of the United States, beyond the territorial limits of that state.(b)Enforcement of Orders: Commitment for Civil Contempt.An order of civil commitment of a person held to be in contempt of a decree or injunction issued to enforce the laws of the United States may be served and enforced in any district.Other orders in civil contempt proceedings shall be served in the state in which the court issuing the order to be enforced is located or elsewhere within the United States if not more than 100 miles from the place at which the order to be enforced was issued.Rule 5 Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers

(a)Service: When Required.Except as otherwise provided in these rules, every order required by its terms to be served, every pleading subsequent to the original complaint unless the court otherwise orders because of numerous defendants, every paper relating to discovery required to be served upon a party unless the court otherwise orders, every written motion other than one which may be heard ex parte, and every written notice, appearance, demand, offer of judgment, designation of record on appeal, and similar paper shall be served upon each of the parties.No service need be made on parties in default for failure to appear except that pleadings asserting new or additional claims for relief against them shall be served upon them in the manner provided for service of summons in Rule 4.In an action begun by seizure of property, in which no person need be or is named as defendant, any service required to be made prior to the filing of an answer, claim, or appearance shall be made upon the person having custody or possession of the property at the time of its seizure.(b)Same: How Made.Whenever under these rules service is required or permitted to be made upon a party represented by an attorney the service shall be made upon the attorney unless service upon the party is ordered by the court.Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering a copy to the attorney or party or by mailing it to the attorney or party at the attorney's or party's last known address or, if no address is known, by leaving it with the clerk of the court.Delivery of a copy within this rule means: handing it to the attorney or to the party;or leaving it at the attorney's or party's office with a clerk or other person in charge thereof;or, if there is no one in charge, leaving it in a conspicuous place therein;or, if the office is closed or the person to be served has no office, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein.Service by mail is complete upon mailing.(c)Same: Numerous Defendants.In any action in which there are unusually large numbers of defendants, the court, upon motion or of its own initiative, may order that service of the pleadings of the defendants and replies thereto need not be made as between the defendants and that any cross-claim, counterclaim, or matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense contained therein shall be deemed to be denied or avoided by all other parties and that the filing of any such pleading and service thereof upon the plaintiff constitutes due notice of it to the parties.A copy of every such order shall be served upon the parties in such manner and form as the court directs.(d)Filing;Certificate of Service.All papers after the complaint required to be served upon a party, together with a certificate of service, must be filed with the court within a reasonable time after service, but disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1)or(2)and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing:(i)depositions,(ii)interrogatories,(iii)requests for documents or to permit entry upon land, and(iv)requests for admission.(e)Filing With the Court Defined.The filing of papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of court, except that the judge may permit the papers to be filed with the judge, in which event the judge shall note thereon the filing date and forthwith transmit them to the office of the clerk.A court may by local rule permit papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with technical standards, if any, that the Judicial Conference of the United States establishes.A paper filed by electronic means in compliance with a local rule constitutes a written paper for the purpose of applying these rules.The clerk shall not refuse to accept for filing any paper presented for that purpose solely because it is not presented in proper form as required by these rules or any local rules or practices.Prospective amendment:

Amendment of Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001.By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 5, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS § 2072

Rule 5.Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers(b)Making Service.(1)Service under Rules 5(a)and 77(d)on a party represented by an attorney is made on the attorney unless the court orders service on the party.(2)Service under Rule 5(a)is made by:(A)Delivering a copy to the person served by:(i)handing it to the person;(ii)leaving it at the person's office with a clerk or other person in charge, or if no one is in charge leaving it in a conspicuous place in the office;or(iii)if the person has no office or the office is closed, leaving it at the person's dwelling house or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion residing there.(B)Mailing a copy to the last known address of the person served.Service by mail is complete on mailing.(C)If the person served has no known address, leaving a copy with the clerk of the court.(D)Delivering a copy by any other means, including electronic means, consented to in writing by the person served.Service by electronic means is complete on transmission;service by other consented means is complete when the person making service delivers the copy to the agency designated to make delivery.If authorized by local rule, a party may make service under this subparagraph(D)through the court's transmission facilities.(3)Service by electronic means under Rule 5(b)(2)(D)is not effective if the party making service learns that the attempted service did not reach the person to be served.Rule 6 Time(a)Computation.In computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these rules, by the local rules of any district court, by order of court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act, event, or default from which the designated period of time begins to run shall not be included.The last day of the period so computed shall be included, unless it is a Saturday, a Sunday, or a legal holiday, or, when the act to be done is the filing of a paper in court, a day on which weather or other conditions have made the office of the clerk of the district court inaccessible, in which event the period runs until the end of the next day which is not one of the aforementioned days.When the period of time prescribed or allowed is less than 11 days, intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays shall be excluded in the computation.As used in this rule and in Rule 77(c), legal holiday includes New Year's Day, Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and any other day appointed as a holiday by the President of the Congress of the United States, or by the state in which the district court is held.(b)Enlargement.When by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified time, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion(1)with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order, or(2)upon motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect;but it may not extend the time for taking any action under Rules 50(b)and(c)(2), 52(b), 59(b),(d), and(e), and 60(b), except to the extent and under the conditions stated in them.(c)Unaffected by Expiration of Term.[Rescinded Feb.28, 1966, eff.July 1, 1966.](d)For Motions Affidavits.A written motion, other than one which may be heard ex parte, and notice of the hearing thereof shall be served not later than 5 days before the time specified for the hearing, unless a different period is fixed by these rules or by order of the court.Such an order may for cause shown be made on ex parte application.When a motion is supported by affidavit, the affidavit shall be served with the motion;and, except as otherwise provided in Rule 59(c), opposing affidavits may be served not later than 1 day before the hearing, unless the court permits them to be served at some other time.(e)Additional Time After Service by Mail.Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party by mail, 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.Prospective amendment:

Amendment of Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001.By order dated April 23, 2001, the Supreme Court of the United States approved the following amendments to Rule 6, effective December 1, 2001, and authorized their transmission to Congress in accordance with 28 USCS§ 2072

Rule 6.Time

(e)Additional Time After Service under Rule 5(B)(2)(B),(C), or(D).Whenever a party has the right or is required to do some act or take some proceedings within a prescribed period after the service of a notice or other paper upon the party and the notice or paper is served upon the party under Rule 5(b)(2)(B),(C), or(D), 3 days shall be added to the prescribed period.III.PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS Rule 7 Pleadings Allowed : Form of Motions(a)Pleadings.There shall be a complaint and an answer;a reply to a counterclaim denominated as such;an answer to a cross-claim, if the answer contains a cross-claim;a third-party complaint, if a person who was not an original party is summoned under the provisions of Rule 14;and a third-party answer, if a third-party complaint is served.No other pleading shall be allowed, except that the court may order a reply to an answer or a third-party answer.(b)Motions and Other Papers(1)An application to the court for an order shall be by motion which, unless made during a hearing or trial, shall be made in writing, shall state with particularity the grounds therefor, and shall set forth the relief or order sought.The requirement of writing is fulfilled if the motion is stated in a written notice of the hearing of the motion.(2)The rules applicable to captions and other matters of form of pleadings apply to all motions and other papers provided for by these rules.(3)All motions shall be signed in accordance with Rule 11.(c)Demurrers, Pleas, etc., Abolished.Demurrers, pleas, and exceptions for insufficiency of a pleading shall not be used.Rule 8 General Rules of Pleading

(a)Claims for Relief.A pleading which sets forth a claim for relief, whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain(1)a short and plain statement of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the claim needs no new grounds of jurisdiction to support it,(2)a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, and(3)a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.Relief in the alternative or of several different types may be demanded.(b)Defenses;Form of Denials.A party shall state in short and plain terms the party's defenses to each claim asserted and shall admit or deny the averments upon which the adverse party relies.If a party is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of an averment, the party shall so state and this has the effect of a denial.Denials shall fairly meet the substance of the averments denied.When a pleader intends in good faith to deny only a part or a qualification of an averment, the pleader shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny only the remainder.Unless the pleader intends in good faith to controvert all the averments of the preceding pleading, the pleader may make denials as specific denials of designated averments or paragraphs or may generally deny all the averments except such designated averments or paragraphs as the pleader expressly admits;but, when the pleader does so intend to controvert all its averments, including averments of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, the pleader may do so by general denial subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.(c)Affirmative Defenses.In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively accord and satisfaction, arbitration and award, assumption of risk, contributory negligence, discharge in bankruptcy, duress, estoppel, failure of consideration, fraud, illegality, injury by fellow servant, laches, license, payment, release, res judicata, statute of frauds, statute of limitations, waiver, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court on terms, if justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper designation.(d)Effect of Failure To Deny.Averments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the amount of damage, are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading.Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided.(e)Pleading to be Concise and Direct;Consistency.(1)Each averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct.No technical forms of pleading or motions are required.(2)A party may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternately or hypothetically, either in one count or defense or in separate counts or defenses.When two or more statements are made in the alternative and one of them if made independently would be sufficient, the pleading is not made insufficient by the insufficiency of one or more of the alternative statements.A party may also state as many separate claims or defenses as the party has regardless of consistency and whether based on legal, equitable, or maritime grounds.All statements shall be made subject to the obligations set forth in Rule 11.(f)Construction of Pleadings.All pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.Rule 9 Pleading Special Matters(a)Capacity.It is not necessary to aver the capacity of a party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity or the legal existence of an organized association of persons that is made a party, except to the extent required to show the jurisdiction of the court.When a party desires to raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party or the capacity of any party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity, the party desiring to raise the issue shall do so by specific negative averment, which shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleader s knowledge.(b)Fraud, Mistake, Condition of the Mind.In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.Malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.(c)Conditions Precedent.In pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is sufficient to aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed or have occurred.A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made specifically and with particularity.(d)Official Document or Act.In pleading an official document or official act it is sufficient to aver that the document was issued or the act done in compliance with law.(e)Judgment.In pleading a judgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, judicial or quasi-judicial tribunal, or of a board or officer, it is sufficient to aver the judgment or decision without setting forth matter showing jurisdiction to render it.(f)Time and Place.For the purpose of testing the sufficiency of a pleading, averments of time and place are material and shall be considered like all other averments of material matter.(g)Special Damage.When items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated.(h)Admiralty and Maritime Claims.A pleading or count setting forth a claim for relief within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction that is also within the jurisdiction of the district court on some other ground may contain a statement identifying the claim as an admiralty or maritime claim for the purposes of Rule 14(c),38(e), 82, and the Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims.If the claim is cognizable only in admiralty, it is an admiralty or maritime claim for those purposes whether so identified or not.The amendment of a pleading to add or withdraw an identifying statement is governed by the principles of Rule 15.A case that includes an admiralty or maritime claim within this subpision is an admiralty case within 28 U.S.C.§1292(a)(3).Rule 10 Form of Pleadings(a)Caption;Names of Parties.Every pleading shall contain a caption setting forth the name of the court, the title of the action, the file number, and a designation as in Rule 7(a).In the complaint the title of the action shall include the names of all the parties, but in other pleadings it is sufficient to state the name of the first party on each side with an appropriate indication of other parties.(b)Paragraphs;Separate Statements.All averments of claim or defense shall be made in numbered paragraphs, the contents of each of which shall be limited as far as practicable to a statement of a single set of circumstances;and a paragraph may be referred to by number in all succeeding pleadings.Each claim founded upon a separate transaction or occurrence and each defense other than denials shall be stated in a separate count or defense whenever a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matters set forth.(c)Adoption by Reference;Exhibits.Statements in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading or in another pleading or in any motion.A copy of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.Rule 11 Signing of Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers;Representations to Court;Sanctions(a)Signature.Every pleading, written motion, and other paper shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's inpidual name, or, if the party is not represented by an attorney, shall be signed by the party.Each paper shall state the signer's address and telephone number, if any.Except when otherwise specifically provided by rule or statute, pleadings need not be verified or accompanied by affidavit.An unsigned paper shall be stricken unless omission of the signature is corrected promptly after being called to the attention of attorney or party.(b)Representations to Court.By presenting to the court(whether by signing, filing, submitting, or later advocating)a pleading, written motion, or other paper, an attorney or unrepresented party is certifying that to the best of the person's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,(1)it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;(2)the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions therein are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law;(3)the allegations and other factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if specifically so identified, are likely to have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery;and(4)the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on a lack of information or belief.(c)Sanctions.If, after notice and a reasonable opportunity to respond, the court determines that subpision(b)has been violated, the court may, subject to the conditions stated below, impose an appropriate sanction upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties that have violated subpision(b)or are responsible for the violation.(1)How Initiated.(A)By Motion.A motion for sanctions under this rule shall be made separately from other motions or requests and shall describe the specific conduct alleged to violate subpision(b).It shall be served as provided in Rule 5, but shall not be filed with or presented to the court unless, within 21 days after service of the motion(or such other period as the court may prescribe), the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, allegation, or denial is not withdrawn or appropriately corrected.If warranted, the court may award to the party prevailing on the motion the reasonable expenses and attorney's fees incurred in presenting or opposing the motion.Absent exceptional circumstances, a law firm shall be held jointly responsible for violations committed by its partners, associates, and employees.(B)On Court's Initiative.On its own initiative, the court may enter an order describing the specific conduct that appears to violate subpision(b)and directing an attorney, law firm, or party to show cause why it has not violated subpision(b)with respect thereto.(2)Nature of Sanction;Limitations.A sanction imposed for violation of this rule shall be limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of such conduct or comparable conduct by others similarly situated.Subject to the limitations in subparagraphs(A)and(B), the sanction may consist of, or include, directives of a nonmonetary nature, an order to pay a penalty into court, or, if imposed on motion and warranted for effective deterrence, an order directing payment to the movant of some or all of the reasonable attorneys' fees and other expenses incurred as a direct result of the violation.(A)Monetary sanctions may not be awarded against a represented party for a violation of subpision(b)(2).(B)Monetary sanctions may not be awarded on the court's initiative unless the court issues its order to show cause before a voluntary dismissal or settlement of the claims made by or against the party which is, or whose attorneys are, to be sanctioned.(3)Order.When imposing sanctions, the court shall describe the conduct determined to constitute a violation of this rule and explain the basis for the sanction imposed.(d)Inapplicability to Discovery.Subpisions(a)through(c)of this rule do not apply to disclosures and discovery requests, responses, objections, and motions that are subject to the provisions of Rules 26 through 37.Rule 12 Defenses and Objections –When and How Presented – By Pleading or Motion-Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings(a)When Presented.(1)Unless a different time is prescribed in a statute of the United States, a defendant shall serve an answer(A)within 20 days after being served with the summons and complaint, or(B)if service of the summons has been timely waived on request under Rule 4(d), within 60 days after the date when the request for waiver was sent, or within 90 days after that date if the defendant was addressed outside any judicial district of the United States.(2)A party served with a pleading stating a cross-claim against that party shall serve an answer thereto within 20 days after being served.The plaintiff shall serve a reply to a counterclaim in the answer within 20 days after service of the answer, or, if a reply is ordered by the court, within 20 days after service of the order, unless the order otherwise directs.(3)(A)The United States, an agency of the United States, or an officer or employee of the United States sued in an official capacity, shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-claim or a reply to a counterclaim within 60 days after the United States attorney is served with the pleading asserting the claim.(B)An officer or employee of the United States sued in an inpidual capacity for acts or omissions occurring in connection with the performance of duties on behalf of the United States shall serve an answer to the complaint or cross-claim or a reply to a counterclaim within 60 days after service on the officer or employee, or service on the United States attorney, whichever is later.(4)Unless a different time is fixed by court order, the service of a motion permitted under this rule alters the periods of time as follows:(A)if the court denies the motion or postpones its disposition until the trial on the merits, the responsive pleading shall be served within 10 days after notice of the court's action;or(B)if the court grants a motion for a more definite statement, the responsive pleading shall be served within 10 days after the service of the more definite statement.(b)How Presented.Every defense, in law or fact, to a claim for relief in any pleading, whether a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall be asserted in the responsive pleading thereto if one is required, except that the following defenses may at the option of the pleader be made by motion:(1)lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter,(2)lack of jurisdiction over the person,(3)improper venue,(4)insufficiency of process,(5)insufficiency of service of process,(6)failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,(7)failure to join a party under Rule 19.A motion making any of these defenses shall be made before pleading if a further pleading is permitted.No defense or objection is waived by being joined with one or more other defenses or objections in a responsive pleading or motion.If a pleading sets forth a claim for relief to which the adverse party is not required to serve a responsive pleading, the adverse party may assert at the trial any defense in law or fact to that claim for relief.If, on a motion asserting the defense numbered(6)to dismiss for failure of the pleading to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.(c)Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.After the pleadings are closed but within such time as not to delay the trial, any party may move for judgment on the pleadings.If, on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion shall be treated as one for summary judgment and disposed of as provided in Rule 56, and all parties shall be given reasonable opportunity to present all material made pertinent to such a motion by Rule 56.(d)Preliminary Hearings.The defenses specifically enumerated(1)(2)hereof cannot be made a party, the court shall determine whether in equity and good conscience the action should proceed among the parties before it, or should be dismissed, the absent person being thus regarded as indispensable.The factors to be considered by the court include: first, to what extent a judgment rendered in the person's absence might be prejudicial to the person or those already parties;second, the extent to which, by protective provisions in the judgment, by the shaping of relief, or other measures, the prejudice can be lessened or avoided;third, whether a judgment rendered in the person's absence will be adequate;fourth, whether the plaintiff will have an adequate remedy if the action is dismissed for nonjoinder.(c)Pleading Reasons for Nonjoinder.A pleading asserting a claim for relief shall state the names, if known to the pleader, of any persons as described in subpision(a)(1)-(2)hereof who are not joined, and the reasons why they are not joined.(d)Exception of Class Actions.This rule is subject to the provisions of Rule 23.Rule 20.Permissive Joinder of Parties(a)Permissive Joinder.All persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the action.All persons(and any vessel, cargo or other property subject to admiralty process in rem)may be joined in one action as defendants if there is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative, any right to relief in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.A plaintiff or defendant need not be interested in obtaining or defending against all the relief demanded.Judgment may be given for one or more of the plaintiffs according to their respective rights to relief, and against one or more defendants according to their respective liabilities.(b)Separate Trials.The court may make such orders as will prevent a party from being embarrassed, delayed, or put to expense by the inclusion of a party against whom the party asserts no claim and who asserts no claim against the party, and may order separate trials or make other orders to prevent delay or prejudice.Rule 21.Misjoinder and Non-Joinder of Parties Misjoinder of parties is not ground for dismissal of an action.Parties may be dropped or added by order of the court on motion of any party or of its own initiative at any stage of the action and on such terms as are just.Any claim against a party may be severed and proceeded with separately.Rule 22.Interpleader(1)Persons having claims against the plaintiff may be joined as defendants and required to interplead when their claims are such that the plaintiff is or may be exposed to double or multiple liability.It is not ground for objection to the joinder that the claims of the several claimants or the titles on which their claims depend do not have a common origin or are not identical but are adverse to and independent of one another, or that the plaintiff avers that the plaintiff is not liable in whole or in part to any or all of the claimants.A defendant exposed to similar liability may obtain such interpleader by way of cross-claim or counterclaim.The provisions of this rule supplement and do not in any way limit the joinder of parties permitted in Rule 20.(2)The remedy herein provided is in addition to and in no way supersedes or limits the remedy provided by Title 28, USC §§ 1335, 1397, and 2361.Actions under those provisions shall be conducted in accordance with these rules.Rule 23.Class Actions(a)Prerequisites to a Class Action.One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all only if(1)the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable,(2)there are questions of law or fact common to the class,(3)the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and(4)the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.(b)Class Actions Maintainable.An action may be maintained as a class action if the prerequisites of subpision(a)are satisfied, and in addition:(1)the prosecution of separate actions by or against inpidual members of the class would create a risk of(A)inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to inpidual members of the class which would establish incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or(B)adjudications with respect to inpidual members of the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of the other members not parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;or(2)the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making appropriate final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole;or(3)the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only inpidual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.The matters pertinent to the findings include:(A)the interest of members of the class in inpidually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;(B)the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class;(C)the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum;(D)the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.(c)Determination by Order Whether Class Action to be Maintained;Notice;Judgment;Actions Conducted Partially as Class Actions.(1)As soon as practicable after the commencement of an action brought as a class action, the court shall determine by order whether it is to be so maintained.An order under this subpision may be conditional, and may be altered or amended before the decision on the merits.(2)In any class action maintained under subpision(b)(3), the court shall direct to the members of the class the best notice practicable under the circumstances, including inpidual notice to all members who can be identified through reasonable effort.The notice shall advise each member that(A)the court will exclude the member from the class if the member so requests by a specified date;(B)the judgment, whether favorable or not, will include all members who do not request exclusion;and(C)any member who does not request exclusion may, if the member desires, enter an appearance through counsel.(3)The judgment in an action maintained as a class action under subpision(b)(1)or(b)(2), whether or not favorable to the class, shall include and describe those whom the court finds to be members of the class.The judgment in an action maintained as a class action under subpision(b)(3), whether or not favorable to the class, shall include and specify or describe those to whom the notice provided in subpision(c)(2)was directed, and who have not requested exclusion, and whom the court finds to be members of the class.(4)When appropriate(A)an action may be brought or maintained as a class action with respect to particular issues, or(B)a class may be pided into subclasses and each subclass treated as a class, and the provisions of this rule shall then be construed and applied accordingly.(d)Orders in Conduct of Actions.In the conduct of actions to which this rule applies, the court may make appropriate orders:(1)determining the course of proceedings or prescribing measures to prevent undue repetition or complication in the presentation of evidence or argument;(2)requiring, for the protection of the members of the class or otherwise for the fair conduct of the action, that notice be given in such manner as the court may direct to some or all of the members of any step in the action or of the proposed extent of the judgment, or of the opportunity of members to signify whether they consider the representation fair and adequate, to intervene and present claims or defenses, or otherwise to come into the action;(3)imposing conditions on the representative parties or on intervenors;(4)requiring that the pleadings be amended to eliminate therefrom allegations as to representation of absent persons, and that the action proceed accordingly;(5)dealing with similar procedural matters.The orders may

be combined with an order under Rule 16, and may be altered or amended as may be desirable from time to time.(e)Dismissal or Compromise.A class action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to all members of the class in such manner as the court directs.(f)Appeals.A court of appeals may in its discretion permit an appeal from an order of a district court granting or denying class action certification under this rule if application is made to it within ten days after entry of the order.An appeal does not stay proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the court of appeals so orders.Rule 23.1.Derivative Actions by Shareholders

In a derivative action brought by one or more shareholders or members to enforce a right of a corporation or of an unincorporated association, the corporation or association having failed to enforce a right which may properly be asserted by it, the complaint shall be verified and shall allege(1)that the plaintiff was a shareholder or member at the time of the transaction of which the plaintiff complains or that the plaintiff's share or membership thereafter devolved on the plaintiff by operation of law, and(2)that the action is not a collusive one to confer jurisdiction on a court of the United States which it would not otherwise have.The complaint shall also allege with particularity the efforts, if any, made by the plaintiff to obtain the action the plaintiff desires from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members, and the reasons for the plaintiff's failure to obtain the action or for not making the effort.The derivative action may not be maintained if it appears that the plaintiff does not fairly and adequately represent the interests of the shareholders or members similarly situated in enforcing the right of the corporation or association.The action shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court, and notice of the proposed dismissal or compromise shall be given to shareholders or members in such manner as the court directs.Rule 23.2.Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations An action brought by or against the members of an unincorporated association as a class by naming certain members as representative parties may be maintained only if it appears that the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the association and its members.In the conduct of the action the court may make appropriate orders corresponding with those described in Rule 23(d), and the procedure for dismissal or compromise of the action shall correspond with that provided in Rule 23(e).Rule 24.Intervention

(a)Intervention of Right.Upon timely application anyone shall be permitted to intervene in an action:(1)when a statute of the United States confers an unconditional right to intervene;or(2)when the applicant claims an interest relating to the property or transaction which is the subject of the action and the applicant is so situated that the disposition of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the applicant's ability to protect that interest, unless the applicant's interest is adequately represented by existing parties.(b)Permissive Intervention.Upon timely application anyone may be permitted to intervene in an action:(1)when a statute of the United States confers a conditional right to intervene;or(2)when an applicant's claim or defense and the main action have a question of law or fact in common.When a party to an action relies for ground of claim or defense upon any statute or executive order administered by a federal or state governmental officer or agency or upon any regulation, order, requirement, or agreement issued or made pursuant to the statute or executive order, the officer or agency upon timely application may be permitted to intervene in the action.In exercising its discretion the court shall consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the rights of the original parties.(c)Procedure.A person desiring to intervene shall serve a motion to intervene upon the parties as provided in Rule 5.The motion shall state the grounds therefor and shall be accompanied by a pleading setting forth the claim or defense for which intervention is sought.The same procedure shall be followed when a statute of the United States gives a right to intervene.When the constitutionality of an act of Congress affecting the public interest is drawn in question in any action in which the United States or an officer, agency, or employee thereof is not a party, the court shall notify the Attorney General of the United States as provided in Title 28, U.S.C.§ 2403.When the constitutionality of any statute of a State affecting the public interest is drawn in question in any action in which that State or any agency, officer, or employee thereof is not a party, the court shall notify the attorney general of the State as provided in Title 28, U.S.C.§ 2403.A party challenging the constitutionality of legislation should call the attention of the court to its consequential duty, but failure to do so is not a waiver of any constitutional right otherwise timely asserted.Rule 25.Substitution of Parties(a)Death.(1)If a party dies and the claim is not thereby extinguished, the court may order substitution of the proper parties.The motion for substitution may be made by any party or by the successors or representatives of the deceased party and, together with the notice of hearing, shall be served on the parties as provided in Rule 5 and upon persons not parties in the manner provided in Rule 4 for the service of a summons, and may be served in any judicial district.Unless the motion for substitution is made not later than 90 days after the death is suggested upon the record by service of a statement of the fact of the death as provided herein for the service of the motion, the action shall be dismissed as to the deceased party.(2)In the event of the death of one or more of the plaintiffs or of one or more of the defendants in an action in which the right sought to be enforced survives only to the surviving plaintiffs or only against the surviving defendants, the action does not abate.The death shall be suggested upon the record and the action shall proceed in favor of or against the surviving parties.(b)Incompetency.If a party becomes incompetent, the court upon motion served as provided in subpision(a)of this rule may allow the action to be continued by or against the party's representative.(c)Transfer of Interest.In case of any transfer of interest, the action may be continued by or against the original party, unless the court upon motion directs the person to whom the interest is transferred to be substituted in the action or joined with the original party.Service of the motion shall be made as provided in subpision(a)of this rule.(d)Public Officers;Death or Separation From Office.(1)When a public officer is a party to an action in an official capacity and during its pendency dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action does not abate and the officer's successor is automatically substituted as a party.Proceedings following the substitution shall be in the name of the substituted party, but any misnomer not affecting the substantial rights of the parties shall be disregarded.An order of substitution may be entered at any time, but the omission to enter such an order shall not affect the substitution.(2)A public officer who sues or is sued in an official capacity may be described as a party by the officer's official title rather than by name;but the court may require the officer's name to be added.V.DEPOSITIONS AND DISCOVERY

Rule 26.General Provisions Governing Discovery;Duty of Disclosure(a)Required Disclosures;Methods to Discover Additional Matter.(1)Initial Disclosures.Except in categories of proceedings specified in Rule 26(a)(1)(E), or to the extent otherwise stipulated or directed by order, a party must, without awaiting a discovery request, provide to other parties:(A)the name and, if known, the address and telephone number of each inpidual likely to have discoverable information that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment, identifying the subjects of the information;(B)a copy of, or a description by category and location of, all documents, data compilations, and tangible things that are in the possession, custody, or control of the party and that the disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless solely for impeachment;(C)a computation of any category of damages claimed by the disclosing party, making available for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 the documents or other evidentiary material, not privileged or protected from disclosure, on which such computation is based, including materials bearing on the nature and extent of injuries suffered;and(D)for inspection and copying as under Rule 34 any insurance agreement under which any person carrying on an insurance business may be liable to satisfy part or all of a judgment which may be entered in the action or to indemnify or reimburse for payments made to satisfy the judgment.(E)The following categories of proceedings are exempt from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1):(i)an action for review on an administrative record;(ii)a petition for habeas corpus or other proceeding to challenge a criminal conviction or sentence;(iii)an action brought without counsel by a person in custody of the United States, a state, or a state subpision;(iv)an action to enforce or quash an administrative summons or subpoena;(v)an action by the United States to recover benefit payments;(vi)an action by the United States to collect on a student loan guaranteed by the United States;(vii)a proceeding ancillary to proceedings in other courts;and(viii)an action to enforce an arbitration award.These disclosures must be made at or within 14 days after the Rule 26(f)conference unless a different time is set by stipulation or court order, or unless a party objects during the conference that initial disclosures are not appropriate in the circumstances of the action and states the objection in the Rule 26(f)discovery plan.In ruling on the objection, the court must determine what disclosures if any are to be made, and set the time for disclosure.Any party first served or otherwise joined after the Rule 26(f)conference must make these disclosures within 30 days after being served or joined unless a different time is set by stipulation or court order.A party must make its initial disclosures based on the information then reasonably available to it and is not excused from making its disclosures because it has not fully completed its investigation of the case or because it challenges the sufficiency of another party's disclosures or because another party has not made its disclosures.(2)Disclosure of Expert Testimony.(A)In addition to the disclosures required by paragraph(1), a party shall disclose to other parties the identity of any person who may be used at trial to present evidence under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.(B)Except as otherwise stipulated or directed by the court, this disclosure shall, with respect to a witness who is retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case or whose duties as an employee of the party regularly involve giving expert testimony, be accompanied by a written report prepared and signed by the witness.The report shall contain a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor;the data or other information considered by the witness in forming the opinions;any exhibits to be used as a summary of or support for the opinions;the qualifications of the witness, including a list of all publications authored by the witness within the preceding ten years;the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony;and a listing of any other cases in which the witness has testified as an expert at trial or by deposition within the preceding four years.(C)These disclosures shall be made at the times and in the sequence directed by the court.In the absence of other directions from the court or stipulation by the parties, the disclosures shall be made at least 90 days before the trial date or the date the case is to be ready for trial or, if the evidence is intended solely to contradict or rebut evidence on the same subject matter identified by another party under paragraph(2)(B), within 30 days after the disclosure made by the other party.The parties shall supplement these disclosures when required under subpision(e)(1).(3)Pretrial Disclosures.In addition to the disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1)and(2), a party must provide to other parties and promptly file with the court the following information regarding the evidence that it may present at trial other than solely for impeachment:(A)the name and, if not previously provided, the address and telephone number of each witness, separately identifying those whom the party expects to present and those whom the party may call if the need arises;(B)the designation of those witnesses whose testimony is expected to be presented by means of a deposition and, if not taken stenographically, a transcript of the pertinent portions of the deposition testimony;and(C)an appropriate identification of each document or other exhibit, including summaries of other evidence, separately identifying those which the party expects to offer and those which the party may offer if the need arises.Unless otherwise directed by the court, these disclosures must be made at least 30 days before trial.Within 14 days thereafter, unless a different time is specified by the court, a party may serve and promptly file a list disclosing(i)any objections to the use under Rule 32(a)of a deposition designated by another party under Rule 26(a)(3)(B), and(ii)any objection, together with the grounds therefor, that may be made to the admissibility of materials identified under Rule 26(a)(3)(C).Objections not so disclosed, other than objections under Rules 402 and 403 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, are waived unless excused by the court for good cause.(4)Form of Disclosures.Unless the court orders otherwise, all disclosures under Rules 26(a)(1)through(3)must be made in writing, signed, and served.(5)Methods to Discover Additional Matter.Parties may obtain discovery by one or more of the following methods: depositions upon oral examination or written questions;written interrogatories;production of documents or things or permission to enter upon land or other property under Rule 34 or 45(a)(1)(C), for inspection and other purposes;physical and mental examinations;and requests for admission.(b)Discovery Scope and Limits.Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in accordance with these rules, the scope of discovery is as follows:(1)In General.Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, that is relevant to the claim or defense of any party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter.For good cause, the court may order discovery of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action.Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.All discovery is subject to the limitations imposed by Rule 26(b)(2)(i),(ii), and(iii).(2)Limitations.By order, the court may alter the limits in these rules on the number of depositions and interrogatories or the length of depositions under Rule 30.By order or local rule, the court may also limit the number of requests under Rule 36.The frequency or extent of use of the discovery methods otherwise permitted under these rules and by any local rule shall be limited by the court if it determines that:(i)the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or is obtainable from some other source that is more convenient, less burdensome, or less expensive;(ii)the party seeking discovery has had ample opportunity by discovery in the action to obtain the information sought;or(iii)the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, taking into account the needs of the case, the amount in controversy, the parties resources, the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation, and the importance of the proposed discovery in resolving the issues.The court may act upon its own initiative after reasonable notice or pursuant to a motion under Rule 26(c).(3)Trial Preparation: Materials.Subject to the provisions of subpision(b)(4)of this rule, a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under subpision(b)(1)of this rule and prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other party's representative(including the other party's attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent)only upon a showing that the party seeking discovery has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the party's case and that the party is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means.In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation.A party may obtain without the required showing a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by that party.Upon request, a person not a party may obtain without the required showing a statement concerning the action or its subject matter previously made by that person.If the request is refused, the person may move for a court order.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.For purposes of this paragraph, a statement previously made is(A)a written statement signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the person making it, or(B)a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other recording, or a transcription thereof, which is a substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement by the person making it and contemporaneously recorded.(4)Trial Preparation: Experts.(A)A party may depose any person who has been identified as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.If a report from the expert is required under subpision(a)(2)(B), the deposition shall not be conducted until after the report is provided.(B)A party may, through interrogatories or by deposition, discover facts known or opinions held by an expert who has been retained or specially employed by another party in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial and who is not expected to be called as a witness at trial, only as provided in Rule 35(b)or upon a showing of exceptional circumstances under which it is impracticable for the party seeking discovery to obtain facts or opinions on the same subject by other means.(C)Unless manifest injustice would result,(i)the court shall require that the party seeking discovery pay the expert a reasonable fee for time spent in responding to discovery under this subpision;and(ii)with respect to discovery obtained under subpision(b)(4)(B)of this rule the court shall require the party seeking discovery to pay the other party a fair portion of the fees and expenses reasonably incurred by the latter party in obtaining facts and opinions from the expert.(5)Claims of Privilege or Protection of Trial Preparation Materials.When a party withholds information otherwise discoverable under these rules by claiming that it is privileged or subject to protection as trial preparation material, the party shall make the claim expressly and shall describe the nature of the documents, communications, or things not produced or disclosed in a manner that, without revealing information itself privileged or protected, will enable other parties to assess the applicability of the privilege or protection.(c)Protective Orders.Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom discovery is sought, accompanied by a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with other affected parties in an effort to resolve the dispute without court action, and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending or alternatively, on matters relating to a deposition, the court in the district where the deposition is to be taken may make any order which justice requires to protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, including one or more of the following:(1)that the disclosure or discovery not be had;(2)that the disclosure or discovery may be had only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of the time or place;(3)that the discovery may be had only by a method of discovery other than that selected by the party seeking discovery;(4)that certain matters not be inquired into, or that the scope of the disclosure or discovery be limited to certain matters;(5)that discovery be conducted with no one present except persons designated by the court;(6)that a deposition, after being sealed, be opened only by order of the court;(7)that a trade secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information not be revealed or be revealed only in a designated way;and(8)that the parties simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court.If the motion for a protective order is denied in whole or in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as are just, order that any party or other person provide or permit discovery.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.(d)Timing and Sequence of Discovery.Except in categories of proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1)(E), or when authorized under these rules or by order or agreement of the parties, a party may not seek discovery from any source before the parties have conferred as required by Rule 26(f).Unless the court upon motion, for the convenience of parties and witnesses and in the interests of justice, orders otherwise, methods of discovery may be used in any sequence, and the fact that a party is conducting discovery, whether by deposition or otherwise, does not operate to delay any other party's discovery.(e)Supplementation of Disclosures and Responses.A party who has made a disclosure under subpision(a)or responded to a request for discovery with a disclosure or response is under a duty to supplement or correct the disclosure or response to include information thereafter acquired if ordered by the court or in the following circumstances:(1)A party is under a duty to supplement at appropriate intervals its disclosures under subpision(a)if the party learns that in some material respect the information disclosed is incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.With respect to testimony of an expert from whom a report is required under subpision(a)(2)(B)the duty extends both to information contained in the report and to information provided through a deposition of the expert, and any additions or other changes to this information shall be disclosed by the time the party's disclosures under Rule 26(a)(3)are due.(2)A party is under a duty seasonably to amend a prior response to an interrogatory, request for production, or request for admission if the party learns that the response is in some material respect incomplete or incorrect and if the additional or corrective information has not otherwise been made known to the other parties during the discovery process or in writing.(f)Conference of Parties;Planning for Discovery.Except in categories of proceedings exempted from initial disclosure under Rule 26(a)(1)(E)or when otherwise ordered, the parties must, as soon as practicable and in any event at least 21 days before a scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b), confer to consider the nature and basis of their claims and defenses and the possibilities for a prompt settlement or resolution of the case, to make or arrange for the disclosures required by Rule 26(a)(1), and to develop a proposed discovery plan that indicates the parties views and proposals concerning:(1)what changes should be made in the timing, form, or requirement for disclosures under Rule 26(a), including a statement as to when disclosures under Rule 26(a)(1)were made or will be made;(2)the subjects on which discovery may be needed, when discovery should be completed, and whether discovery should be conducted in phases or be limited to or focused upon particular issues;(3)what changes should be made in the limitations on discovery imposed under these rules or by local rule, and what other limitations should be imposed;and(4)any other orders that should be entered by the court under Rule 26(c)or under Rule 16(b)and(c).The attorneys of record and all unrepresented parties that have appeared in the case are jointly responsible for arranging the conference, for attempting in good faith to agree on the proposed discovery plan, and for submitting to the court within 14 days after the conference a written report outlining the plan.A court may order that the parties or attorneys attend the conference in person.If necessary to comply with its expedited schedule for Rule 16(b)conferences, a court may by local rule(i)require that the conference between the parties occur fewer than 21 days before the scheduling conference is held or a scheduling order is due under Rule 16(b), and(ii)require that the written report outlining the discovery plan be filed fewer than 14 days after the conference between the parties, or excuse the parties from submitting a written report and permit them to report orally on their discovery plan at the Rule 16(b)conference.(g)Signing of Disclosures, Discovery Requests, Responses, and Objections.(1)Every disclosure made pursuant to subpision(a)(1)or subpision(a)(3)shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's inpidual name, whose address shall be stated.An unrepresented party shall sign the disclosure and state the party's address.The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a certification that to the best of the signer's knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the disclosure is complete and correct as of the time it is made.(2)Every discovery request, response, or objection made by a party represented by an attorney shall be signed by at least one attorney of record in the attorney's inpidual name, whose address shall be stated.An unrepresented party shall sign the request, response, or objection and state the party's address.The signature of the attorney or party constitutes a certification that to the best of the signer s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after a reasonable inquiry, the request, response, or objection is:(A)consistent with these rules and warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law;(B)not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation;and(C)not unreasonable or unduly burdensome or expensive, given the needs of the case, the discovery already had in the case, the amount in controversy, and the importance of the issues at stake in the litigation.If a request, response, or objection is not signed, it shall be stricken unless it is signed promptly after the omission is called to the attention of the party making the request, response, or objection, and a party shall not be obligated to take any action with respect to it until it is signed.(3)If without substantial justification a certification is made in violation of the rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own initiative, shall impose upon the person who made the certification, the party on whose behalf the disclosure, request, response, or objection is made, or both, an appropriate sanction, which may include an order to pay the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of the violation, including a reasonable attorney's fee.Rule 27.Depositions Before Action or Pending Appeal(a)Before Action.(1)Petition.A person who desires to perpetuate testimony regarding any matter that may be cognizable in any court of the United States may file a verified petition in the United States district court in the district of the residence of any expected adverse party.The petition shall be entitled in the name of the petitioner and shall show: 1, that the petitioner expects to be a party to an action cognizable in a court of the United States but is presently unable to bring it or cause it to be brought, 2, the subject matter of the expected action and the petitioner s interest therein, 3, the facts which the petitioner desires to establish by the proposed testimony and the reasons for desiring to perpetuate it, 4, the names or a description of the persons the petitioner expects will be adverse parties and their addresses so far as known, and 5, the names and addresses of the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which the petitioner expects to elicit from each, and shall ask for an order authorizing the petitioner to take the depositions of the persons to be examined named in the petition, for the purpose of perpetuating their testimony.(2)Notice and Service.The petitioner shall thereafter serve a notice upon each person named in the petition as an expected adverse party, together with a copy of the petition, stating that the petitioner will apply to the court, at a time and place named therein, for the order described in the petition.At least 20 days before the date of hearing the notice shall be served either within or without the district or state in the manner provided in Rule 4(d)for service of summons;but if such service cannot with due diligence be made upon any expected adverse party named in the petition, the court may make such order as is just for service by publication or otherwise, and shall appoint, for persons not served in the manner provided in Rule 4(d), an attorney who shall represent them, and, in case they are not otherwise represented, shall cross-examine the deponent.If any expected adverse party is a minor or incompetent the provisions of Rule 17(c)apply.(3)Order and Examination.If the court is satisfied that the perpetuation of the testimony may prevent a failure or delay of justice, it shall make an order designating or describing the persons whose depositions may be taken and specifying the subject matter of the examination and whether the depositions shall be taken upon oral examination or written interrogatories.The depositions may then be taken in accordance with these rules;and the court may make orders of the character provided for by Rules 34 and 35.For the purpose of applying these rules to depositions for perpetuating testimony, each reference therein to the court in which the action is pending shall be deemed to refer to the court in which the petition for such deposition was filed.(4)Use of Deposition.If a deposition to perpetuate testimony is taken under these rules or if, although not so taken, it would be admissible in evidence in the courts of the state in which it is taken, it may be used in any action involving the same subject matter subsequently brought in a United States district court, in accordance with the provisions of Rule 32(a).(b)Pending Appeal.If an appeal has been taken from a judgment of a district court or before the taking of an appeal if the time therefor has not expired, the district court in which the judgment was rendered may allow the taking of the depositions of witnesses to perpetuate their testimony for use in the event of further proceedings in the district court.In such case the party who desires to perpetuate the testimony may make a motion in the district court for leave to take the depositions, upon the same notice and service thereof as if the action was pending in the district court.The motion shall show(1)the names and addresses of persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which the party expects to elicit from each;(2)the reasons for perpetuating their testimony.If the court finds that the perpetuation of the testimony is proper to avoid a failure or delay of justice, it may make an order allowing the depositions to be taken and may make orders of the character provided for by Rules 34 and 35, and thereupon the depositions may be taken and used in the same manner and under the same conditions as are prescribed in these rules for depositions taken in actions pending in the district court.(c)Perpetuation by Action.This rule does not limit the power of a court to entertain an action to perpetuate testimony.Rule 28.Persons Before Whom Depositions May be Taken(a)Within the United States.Within the United States or within a territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, depositions shall be taken before an officer authorized to administer oaths by the laws of the United States or of the place where the examination is held, or before a person appointed by the court in which the action is pending.A person so appointed has power to administer oaths and take testimony.The term officer as used in Rules 30, 31 and 32 includes a person appointed by the court or designated by the parties under Rule 29.(b)In Foreign Countries.Depositions may be taken in a foreign country(1)pursuant to any applicable treaty or convention, or(2)pursuant to a letter of request(whether or not captioned a letter rogatory), or(3)on notice before a person authorized to administer oaths in the place where the examination is held, either by the law thereof or by the law of the United States, or(4)before a person commissioned by the court, and a person so commissioned shall have the power by virtue of the commission to administer any necessary oath and take testimony.A commission or a letter of request shall be issued on application and notice and on terms that are just and appropriate.It is not requisite to the issuance of a commission or a letter of request that the taking of the deposition in any other manner is impracticable or inconvenient;and both a commission and a letter of request may be issued in proper cases.A notice or commission may designate the person before whom the deposition is to be taken either by name or descriptive title.A letter of request may be addressed To the Appropriate Authority in [here name the country].When a letter of request or any other device is used pursuant to any applicable treaty or convention, it shall be captioned in the form prescribed by that treaty or convention.Evidence obtained in response to a letter of request need not be excluded merely because it is not a verbatim transcript, because the testimony was not taken under oath, or because of any similar departure from the requirements for depositions taken within the United States under these rules.(c)Disqualification for Interest.No deposition shall be taken before a person who is a relative or employee or attorney or counsel of any of the parties, or is a relative or employee of such attorney or counsel, or is financially interested in the action.Rule 29.Stipulations Regarding Discovery Procedure Unless otherwise directed by the court, the parties may by written stipulation(1)provide that depositions may be taken before any person, at any time or place, upon any notice, and in any manner and when so taken may be used like other depositions, and(2)modify other procedures governing or limitations placed upon discovery, except that stipulations extending the time provided in Rules 33, 34, and 36 for responses to discovery may, if they would interfere with any time set for completion of discovery, for hearing of a motion, or for trial, be made only with the approval of the court.Rule 30.Depositions Upon Oral Examination(a)When Depositions May Be Taken;When Leave Required.(1)A party may take the testimony of any person, including a party, by deposition upon oral examination without leave of court except as provided in paragraph(2).The attendance of witnesses may be compelled by subpoena as provided in Rule 45.(2)A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule 26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or if, without the written stipulation of the parties,(A)a proposed deposition would result in more than ten depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 31 by the plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defendants;(B)the person to be examined already has been deposed in the case;or(C)a party seeks to take a deposition before the time specified in Rule 26(d)unless the notice contains a certification, with supporting facts, that the person to be examined is expected to leave the United States and be unavailable for examination in this country unless deposed before that time.(b)Notice of Examination: General Requirements;Method of Recording;Production of Documents and Things;Deposition of Organization;Deposition by Telephone.(1)A party desiring to take the deposition of any person upon oral examination shall give reasonable notice in writing to every other party to the action.The notice shall state the time and place for taking the deposition and the name and address of each person to be examined, if known, and, if the name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify the person or the particular class or group to which the person belongs.If a subpoena duces tecum is to be served on the person to be examined, the designation of the materials to be produced as set forth in the subpoena shall be attached to, or included in, the notice.(2)The party taking the deposition shall state in the notice the method by which the testimony shall be recorded.Unless the court orders otherwise, it may be recorded by sound, sound-and-visual, or stenographic means, and the party taking the deposition shall bear the cost of the recording.Any party may arrange for a transcription to be made from the recording of a deposition taken by nonstenographic means.(3)With prior notice to the deponent and other parties, any party may designate another method to record the deponent's testimony in addition to the method specified by the person taking the deposition.The additional record or transcript shall be made at that party's expense unless the court otherwise orders.(4)Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a deposition shall be conducted before an officer appointed or designated under Rule 28 and shall begin with a statement on the record by the officer that includes(A)the officer's name and business address;(B)the date, time and place of the deposition;(C)the name of the deponent;(D)the administration of the oath or affirmation to the deponent;and(E)an identification of all persons present.If the deposition is recorded other than stenographically, the officer shall repeat items(A)through(C)at the beginning of each unit of recorded tape or other recording medium.The appearance or demeanor of deponents or attorneys shall not be distorted through camera or sound-recording techniques.At the end of the deposition, the officer shall state on the record that the deposition is complete and shall set forth any stipulations made by counsel concerning the custody of the transcript or recording and the exhibits, or concerning other pertinent matters.(5)The notice to a party deponent may be accompanied by a request made in compliance with Rule 34 for the production of documents and tangible things at the taking of the deposition.The procedure of Rule 34 shall apply to the request.(6)A party may in the party's notice and in a subpoena name as the deponent a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency and describe with reasonable particularity the matters on which examination is requested.In that event, the organization so named shall designate one or more officers, directors, or managing agents, or other persons who consent to testify on its behalf, and may set forth, for each person designated, the matters on which the person will testify.A subpoena shall advise a non-party organization of its duty to make such a designation.The persons so designated shall testify as to matters known or reasonably available to the organization.This sub-pision(b)(6)does not preclude taking a deposition by any other procedure authorized in these rules.(7)The parties may stipulate in writing or the court may upon motion order that a deposition be taken by telephone or other remote electronic means.For the purposes of this rule and Rules 28(a), 37(a)(1), and 37(b)(1), a deposition taken by such means is taken in the district and at the place where the deponent is to answer questions.(c)Examination and Cross-Examination;Record of Examination;Oath;Objections.Examination and cross-examination of witnesses may proceed as permitted at the trial under the provisions of the Federal Rules of Evidence except Rules 103 and 615.The officer before whom the deposition is to be taken shall put the witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by someone acting under the officer's direction and in the officer's presence, record the testimony of the witness.The testimony shall be taken stenographically or recorded by any other method authorized by subpision(b)(2)of this rule.All objections made at the time of the examination to the qualifications of the officer taking the deposition, to the manner of taking it, to the evidence presented, to the conduct of any party, or to any other aspect of the proceedings shall be noted by the officer upon the record of the deposition;but the examination shall proceed, with the testimony being taken subject to the objections.In lieu of participating in the oral examination, parties may serve written questions in a sealed envelope on the party taking the deposition and the party taking the deposition shall transmit them to the officer, who shall propound them to the witness and record the answers verbatim.(d)Schedule and Duration;Motion to Terminate or Limit Examination.(1)Any objection during a deposition must be stated concisely and in a non-argumentative and non-suggestive manner.A person may instruct a deponent not to answer only when necessary to preserve a privilege, to enforce a limitation directed by the court, or to present a motion under Rule 30(d)(4).(2)Unless otherwise authorized by the court or stipulated by the parties, a deposition is limited to one day of seven hours.The court must allow additional time consistent with Rule 26(b)(2)if needed for a fair examination of the deponent or if the deponent or another person, or other circumstance, impedes or delays the examination.(3)If the court finds that any impediment, delay, or other conduct has frustrated the fair examination of the deponent, it may impose upon the persons responsible an appropriate sanction, including the reasonable costs and attorney's fees incurred by any parties as a result thereof.(4)At any time during a deposition, on motion of a party or of the deponent and upon a showing that the examination is being conducted in bad faith or in such manner as unreasonably to annoy, embarrass, or oppress the deponent or party, the court in which the action is pending or the court in the district where the deposition is being taken may order the officer conducting the examination to cease forthwith from taking the deposition, or may limit the scope and manner of the taking of the deposition as provided in Rule 26(c).If the order made terminates the examination, it may be resumed thereafter only upon the order of the court in which the action is pending.Upon demand of the objecting party or deponent, the taking of the deposition must be suspended for the time necessary to make a motion for an order.The provisions of Rule 37(a)(4)apply to the award of expenses incurred in relation to the motion.(e)Review by Witness;Changes;Signing.If requested by the deponent or a party before completion of the deposition, the deponent shall have 30 days after being notified by the officer that the transcript or recording is available in which to review the transcript or recording and, if there are changes in form or substance, to sign a statement reciting such changes and the reasons given by the deponent for making them.The officer shall indicate in the certificate prescribed by subpision(f)(1)whether any review was requested and, if so, shall append any changes made by the deponent during the period allowed.(f)Certification and Filing by Officer;Exhibits;Copies;Notices of Filing.(1)The officer must certify that the witness was duly sworn by the officer and that the deposition is a true record of the testimony given by the witness.This certificate must be in writing and accompany the record of the deposition.Unless otherwise ordered by the court, the officer must securely seal the deposition in an envelope or package indorsed with the title of the action and marked “Deposition of [here insert name of witness]” and must promptly send it to the attorney who arranged for the transcript or recording, who must store it under conditions that will protect it against loss, destruction, tampering, or deterioration.Documents and things produced for inspection during the examination of the witness must, upon the request of a party, be marked for identification and annexed to the deposition and may be inspected and copied by any party, except that if the person producing the materials desires to retain them the person may(A)offer copies to be marked for identification and annexed to the deposition and to serve thereafter as originals if the person affords to all parties fair opportunity to verify the copies by comparison with the originals, or(B)offer the originals to be marked for identification, after giving to each party an opportunity to inspect and copy them, in which event the materials may then be used in the same manner as if annexed to the deposition.Any party may move for an order that the original be annexed to and returned with the deposition to the court, pending final disposition of the case.(2)Unless otherwise ordered by the court or agreed by the parties, the officer shall retain stenographic notes of any deposition taken stenographically or a copy of the recording of any deposition taken by another method.Upon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the officer shall furnish a copy of the transcript or other recording of the deposition to any party or to the deponent.(3)The party taking the deposition shall give prompt notice of its filing to all other parties.(g)Failure to Attend or to Serve Subpoena;Expenses.(1)If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposition fails to attend and proceed therewith and another party attends in person or by attorney pursuant to the notice, the court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable attorney's fees.(2)If the party giving the notice of the taking of a deposition of a witness fails to serve a subpoena upon the witness and the witness because of such failure does not attend，and if another party attends in person or by attorney because that party expects the deposition of that witness to be taken, the court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such other party the reasonable expenses incurred by that party and that party's attorney in attending, including reasonable attorney's fees.Rule 31.Depositions Upon Written Questions(a)Serving Questions;Notice.(1)A party may take the testimony of any person, including a party, by deposition upon written questions without leave of court except as provided in paragraph(2).The attendance of witnesses may be compelled by the use of subpoena as provided in Rule 45.(2)A party must obtain leave of court, which shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles stated in Rule 26(b)(2), if the person to be examined is confined in prison or if, without the written stipulation of the parties.(A)a proposed deposition would result in more than ten depositions being taken under this rule or Rule 30 by the plaintiffs, or by the defendants, or by third-party defendants;(B)the person to be examined has already been deposed in the case;or(C)a party seeks to take a deposition before the time specified in Rule 26(d).(3)A party desiring to take a deposition upon written questions shall serve them upon every other party with a notice stating(1)the name and address of the person who is to answer them, if known, and if the name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify the person or the particular class or group to which the person belongs, and(2)the name or descriptive title and address of the officer before whom the deposition is to be taken.A deposition upon written questions may be taken of a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(b)(6).(4)Within 14 days after the notice and written questions are served, a party may serve cross questions upon all other parties.Within 7 days after being served with cross questions, a party may serve redirect questions upon all other parties.Within 7 days after being served with redirect questions, a party may serve recross questions upon all other parties.The court may for cause shown enlarge or shorten the time.(b)Officer to Take Responses and Prepare Record.A copy of the notice and copies of all questions served shall be delivered by the party taking the deposition to the officer designated in the notice, who shall proceed promptly, in the manner provided by Rule 30(c),(e), and(f), to take the testimony of the witness in response to the questions and to prepare, certify, and file or mail the deposition, attaching thereto the copy of the notice and the questions received by the officer.(c)Notice of Filing.When the deposition is filed the party taking it shall promptly give notice thereof to all other parties.Rule 32.Use of Depositions in Court Proceedings(a)Use of Depositions.At the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence applied as though the witness were then present and testifying, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had reasonable notice thereof, in accordance with any of the following provisions:(1)Any deposition may be used by any party for the purpose of contradicting or impeaching the testimony of deponent as a witness, or for any other purpose permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.(2)The deposition of a party or of anyone who at the time of taking the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent, or a person designated under Rule 30(b)(6)or 31(a)to testify on behalf of a public or private corporation, partnership or association or governmental agency which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose.(3)The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds:(A)that the witness is dead;or(B)that the witness is at a greater distance than 100 miles from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of the United States, unless it appears that the absence of the witness was procured by the party offering the deposition;or(C)that the witness is unable to attend or testify because of age, illness, infirmity, or imprisonment;or(D)that the party offering the deposition has been unable to procure the attendance of the witness by subpoena;or(E)upon application and notice, that such exceptional circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest of justice and with due regard to the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court, to allow the deposition to be used.A deposition taken without leave of court pursuant to a notice under Rule 30(a)(2)(C)shall not be used against a party who demonstrates that, when served with the notice, it was unable through the exercise of diligence to obtain counsel to represent it at the taking of the deposition;nor shall a deposition be used against a party who, having received less than 11 days notice of a deposition, has promptly upon receiving such notice filed a motion for a protective order under Rule 26(c)(2)requesting that the deposition not be held or be held at a different time or place and such motion is pending at the time the deposition is held.(4)If only part of a deposition is offered in evidence by a party, an adverse party may require the offeror to introduce any other part which ought in fairness to be considered with the part introduced, and any party may introduce any other parts.Substitution of parties pursuant to Rule 25 does not affect the right to use depositions previously taken;and when an action has been brought in any court of the United States or of any State and another action involving the same subject matter is afterward brought between the same parties or their representatives or successors in interest, all depositions lawfully taken and duly filed in the former action may be used in the latter as if originally taken therefor.A deposition previously taken may also be used as permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.(b)Objections to Admissibility.Subject to the provisions of Rule 28(b)and subpision(d)(3)of this rule, objection may be made at the trial or hearing to receiving in evidence any deposition or part thereof for any reason which would require the exclusion of the evidence if the witness were then present and testifying.(c)Form of presentation.Except as otherwise directed by the court, a party offering deposition testimony pursuant to this rule may offer it in stenographic or nonstenographic form, but, if in nonstenographic form, the party shall also provide the court with a transcript of the portions so offered.On request of any party in a case tried before a jury, deposition testimony offered other than for impeachment purposes shall be presented in nonstenographic form, if available, unless the court for good cause orders otherwise.(d)Effect of Errors and Irregularities in Depositions.(1)As to Notice.All errors and irregularities in the notice for taking a deposition are waived unless written objection is promptly served upon the party giving the notice.(2)As to Disqualification of Officer.Objection to taking a deposition because of disqualification of the officer before whom it is to be taken is waived unless made before the taking of the deposition begins or as soon thereafter as the disqualification becomes known or could be discovered with reasonable diligence.(3)As to Taking of Deposition.(A)Objections to the competency of a witness or to the competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony are not waived by failure to make them before or during the taking of the deposition, unless the ground of the objection is one which might have been obviated or removed if presented at that time.(B)Errors and irregularities occurring at the oral examination in the manner of taking the deposition, in the form of the questions or answers, in the oath or affirmation, or in the conduct of parties, and errors of any kind which might be obviated, removed, or cured if promptly presented, are waived unless seasonable objection thereto is made at the taking of the deposition.(C)Objections to the form of written questions submitted under Rule 31 are waived unless served in writing upon the party propounding them within the time allowed for serving the succeeding cross or other questions and within 5 days after service of the last questions authorized.(4)As to Completion and Return of Deposition.Errors and irregularities in the manner in which the testimony is transcribed or the deposition is prepared, signed, certified, sealed, indorsed, transmitted, filed, or otherwise dealt with by the officer under Rules 30 and 31 are waived unless a motion to suppress the deposition or some part thereof is made with reasonable promptness after such defect is, or with due diligence might have been, ascertained.Rule 33.Interrogatories to Parties(a)Availability.Without leave of court or written stipulation, any party may serve upon any other party written interrogatories, not exceeding 25 in number including all discrete subparts, to be answered by the party served or, if the party served is a public or private corporation or a partnership or association or governmental agency, by any officer or agent, who shall furnish such information as is available to the party.Leave to serve additional interrogatories shall be granted to the extent consistent with the principles of Rule 26(b)(2).Without leave of court or written stipulation, interrogatories may not be served before the time specified in Rule 26(d).(b)Answers and Objections.(1)Each interrogatory shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless it is objected to, in which event the objecting party shall state the reasons for objection and shall answer to the extent the interrogatory is not objectionable.(2)The answers are to be signed by the person making them, and the objections signed by the attorney making them.(3)The party upon whom the interrogatories have been served shall serve a copy of the answers, and objections if any, within 30 days after the service of the interrogatories.A shorter or longer time may be directed by the court or, in the absence of such an order, agreed to in writing by the parties subject to Rule 29.(4)All grounds for an objection to an interrogatory shall be stated with specificity.Any ground not stated in a timely objection is waived unless the party's failure to object is excused by the court for good cause shown.(5)The party submitting the interrogatories may move for an order under Rule 37(a)with respect to any objection to or other failure to answer an interrogatory.(c)Scope;Use at Trial.Interrogatories may relate to any matters which can be inquired into under Rule 26(b)(1), and the answers may be used to the extent permitted by the rules of evidence.An interrogatory otherwise proper is not necessarily objectionable merely because an answer to the interrogatory involves an opinion or contention that relates to fact or the application of law to fact, but the court may order that such an interrogatory need not be answered until after designated discovery has been completed or until a pre-trial conference or other later time.(d)Option to Produce Business Records.Where the answer to an interrogatory may be derived or ascertained from the business records of the party upon whom the interrogatory has been served or from an examination, audit or inspection of such business records, including a compilation, abstract or summary thereof, and the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer is substantially the same for the party serving the interrogatory as for the party served, it is a sufficient answer to such interrogatory to specify the records from which the answer may be derived or ascertained and to afford to the party serving the interrogatory reasonable opportunity to examine, audit or inspect such records and to make copies, compilations, abstracts or summaries.A specification shall be in sufficient detail to permit the interrogating party to locate and to identify, as readily as can the party served, the records from which the answer may be ascertained.

第四篇：个人陈述

Personal Statement

China Foreign Affairs University，Dear teacher in charge of the summer camp:

Hello!First of all, I would like to thank you for taking time out from your busy schedule to read my personal statement!

I'm a Japanese language major student at 2014 grade in China Foreign Affairs University, my name is.In the first five semesters of college, I have always been strict with myself, with excellent academic records, 3.86 credit grade-points, and ranking No.1 in my major(1/39).In the academic competition, I have won the first prize of the 12th Chinese Nationwide Japanese Speech Contest once;the second prize of the 31st Teachers Association Cup of Japanese Recitation Contest organized by the Japanese Embassy, the first prize in Japanese Recitation Contest of the Foreign Language Department in the China Foreign Affairs University, and the honor of national first prize in the third Japanese Learning Salon Jaslon Cup of Japanese Speech Contest.And also have won the first prize in teaching practice of the China Foreign Affairs University.I am excellent at Japanese professional level, also I have passed the Test for Japanese Majors-4 and gotten excellent grade.I have passed the Japanese N1 Proficiency Test.My English scores are excellent as well, that I have already passed the College English Test 4 and 6, and both the test scores are 557 points.Once I have won the three-good student of the China Foreign Affairs University, Ten-record Diplomacy Scholarship(It is an institute-wide scholarship, awarded annually 1 prize-winner out of the whole Foreign Language Department, which is the highest level of annually single scholarship in Foreign Language Department), also honorary titles like Excellent League Member, Excellent League Cadres, Activist of Party Application, etc.Meanwhile, I have rich experiences of study abroad.I went to Waseda University during the first semester of Junior for half a year of exchange learning.During the dates of the study of related courses of Japanese literature, Sino Japanese relations, such as research of current political issues, discussion on current affairs, and some other courses, I had outstanding achievements.Among the 17 credit courses, 16 credits got A+(optimal grade), one got A.And I went to Hiroshima University to join in the winter vacation short-term research project, won the JASSO scholarship, and achieved excellent graduation results.The rich exchange experience has also fostered my international vision, which I think is quite in keeping with the characteristics of your institute.In the three years of university, I have been actively participating in and organize all kinds of student activities.In sophomore year, I served as the Minister of Outreach Department of the school level association, ZhiXing(knowing and doing)Association, also organized the fourth session of the national college student simulation CPPCC proposal contest, one of the five largest national events, in China Foreign Affairs University.I led a team of twenty people plan and propagandize several activities, and was responsible for the guests and universities invitation in the national college student simulation CPPCC proposal contest, I led officers in my team invite more than 60 colleges and universities, which reached the largest number of colleges and universities among all previous.I was responsible for the opening speakers’ invitations in the Foreign Affairs Etiquette Competition-brand competitions of China Foreign Affairs University.As the director of the college student innovation project in Beijing, I established the library for the foreign language department, which expanded the number of foreign language books and made up for the shortcomings of the school library.As the founder, I have led the work of fund raising, book purchasing, site leasing, bibliographic arrangement and planning of the later business pattern.With the help of classmates and tutors, the bookstore was successfully launched in the end.At the same time, I joined in the National-level University Student Innovation Project-Research on Chinese Senior Diplomats in international organizations with China's participation, as a member.The project made statistics and analysis of the characteristics of the Chinese senior diplomats in international organizations with China's participation, found out the commonness and characteristics of the senior diplomats, which would help promote the talents of our country serving in international organizations.The study would study and summarize the problem in the form of practice report through mentoring, literature research, expert interviews and other methods eventually.As a national-level university student innovation project leader, I set up a platform for Japanese enterprises to visit, which provided opportunities for college students to get close proximity to Japan enterprises.I actively participate in voluntary activities and contribute to the national foreign affairs activities.Once I participated in the HUAWEI seed program summer camp as a volunteer and shared my views with students from Oxford and Cambridge, and we discussed social issues together.I served as volunteers in the fifth World Peace Forum sponsored by Tsinghua University, provided help in English and Japanese for several foreign guests including the former Japanese Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio, and meanwhile as a translation guide for numbers of Japanese foreign guests and media.I also participated in overseas volunteer projects and went to Sri Lanka for a one month education volunteer program.As a volunteer to participate in the One Belt and One Road International Summit Forum, I was in charge of assisting to hold the press conference, so as to make a contribution to the motherland home court diplomatic activities.I worked as an intern at the International Association of Japanese autonomous state, and completed the translation work in Chinese-Japanese, and organization of data, which enhanced the understanding of Sino Japanese non-governmental friendly exchanges institutions.I also worked as an intern at China Daily.In view of the above growth experience, if I have the honor to be accepted, my study plan is as follows:

1)In the postgraduate stage I will lay a solid foundation and be committed to the study of international law and international organizations, and try to pass the judicial examination at an early date and I hope to make breakthroughs in the field of international justice.2)After postgraduation, I would like to continue the study for PhD and I am relatively interested in working in international organizations.In conclusion, the PKU-STL(Peking University-School of Transnational Law)is conducive to fostering my international vision, providing a broad international platform, and achieving my personal goals and learning plans.It's my personal statement, thank you for your reading!

第五篇：个人陈述

个人陈述

我叫***，女，汉族，199*年六月出生在河北省，现就读于****环境工程专业。本人在过去的三年大学中认真学习专业知识并积极参与学校及院系的科研课题和相关研究工作，并在学习之余积极与老师探讨专业学习心得。在此期间，极大地培养了个人的科研兴趣和科研能力，受到老师们的好评。下面我将从以下几个方面对自己进行介绍：

一、学术背景

在过去三年的学习中，我们的课程设置是这样的：大一主要为公共基础课，如大学英语、高等数学、大学物理、无机与分析化学等，大二大三系统地学习专业基础课和专业主干课程如工程制图、流体力学、有机化学等、水污染控制工程、大气污染控制工程、固体废弃物处理与处置、环境工程微生物学等。另外，学院还安排了丰富多彩的实习教学，包括污水处理厂参观实习、生产认识实习等。经过三年的认真学习，我较为系统和全面的掌握了专业知识并获得了优异的成绩，获得了学校一等奖学金及国家励志奖学金。在2012-2013一次性通过英语四六级及计算机一级二级，并在计算机一级中获得优秀。

我在大二时参加了由本专业的老师申请的青年基金科研项目，并担任科研小组组长。暑假留宿在学校专心进行实验工作，到现在已经参与实验研究工作两年年了，实验也在有条不紊的进行着。在参与第二课堂的过程中我学到了很多，我将所学的理论专业与科研结合在一起，进一步巩固了理论知识，熟练掌握了实验室中基本的操作及一些较为困难的实验过程，学会了如何将知识应用在实践中。还有在实验过程中学会了如何领导好一个团队，如何让自己在团队中发挥个大的作用，如何实现也个团队的最优表现。

二、社会实践背景

在大学期间我加入了志愿者，并在大二时留任部长，曾多次跟随志愿者去孤儿院和福利院看望老人和孩子。还组织并参加了多次清洁校园和城市的活动，在植树节时和大家一起到满城植树。通过参加这些活动，使我更有爱心更加爱护环境了。

同时我还是院辩论队的一名成员，积极参与院内辩论及与他院的友谊赛，并多次在辩论赛中获得最佳辩手。我还在校就业指导中心工作，并在报纸上发表文章。

在大一暑假期间我在饭店进行打工，通过自己的努力获得大二所需的生活费，通过打工我明白了劳动的辛苦并且使自己得到了锻炼，不轻易说放弃。

三、攻读研究生阶段的学习和研究计划

一是巩固已学的所申请专业的知识、丰富更多专业领域认识和前沿知识，并且尽可能做到对导师的研究领域有所了解。二是认真学习所申请专业的理论知识和研究方法，结合之前的准备工作做到纵向与横向的有机结合，这一阶段的重点将是把所申请专业的理论应用到实践当中，并且要注重创新。同时在学习和研究过程中我会严格要求自己，争取多在核心刊物上发表相关研究方向的文章，课余时间多跟导师探讨学习，配合导师从事相关方向的研究，积极参与到实践环节中去，将自己的学习和研究所得用于实战之中，为以后的深造和工作打下坚实的理论和实践基础。

四、毕业后就业目标

继续攻读博士学位。在研究生阶段我会努力在自己所研究的方向取得一定的成绩，继续学习专业理论知识，研读博士学位，让自己的专业素养更上一层楼。争取在拿到博士后能为国家的科研事业贡献自己的一份力量。最后，在贵院浓厚的学习氛围和丰富的校园生活之中，我坚信自己的研究生生涯会过得既充实又有意义，自己的各方面素质一定会更加完善。不管现在如何，我一定会在以后的学习和生活中更加努力，争取做得更好！