第一篇：英国女王

议题8：英国女王在英国历史上的作用以及英国的王位制度改革所面临的问题

自1688年的光荣革命后，英国建立起君主立宪制的国家政体。自此英国王室统而不治，权利逐渐转移至议会。法律赋予英王的权力，实际上都是通过议会和内阁去行使，王权成为象征性的。君主必须根据议会意愿行使行政权力。君主名义上是世袭国家元首、联合王国武装部队总司令和英国国教的世袭领袖。虽然如此，英王仍是资产阶级国家政权中不可缺少的部分。下面从政治、社会、经济三个方面论述英国女王在英国历史上的作用：

一、英国女王的政治作用：

1.英国女王作为国家的象征，英联邦的首脑，还起着维系英联邦纽带的作用。2.可以任免首相、各部大臣、高级法官和各属地的总督，拥有召集、停止和解散议会，批准和公布法律，统帅军队、宣战和媾和等权力。（实际上处于统而不治的地位。）

3.在日常政治生活中，英国女王具有被咨询权、支持权和敬告权；

二、社会作用：

1.与封建专制制度下拥有绝对权威的封建君主相比，立宪君主只能是依宪法而治的君主。其存在主要作为国家的象征。

2.作为国家的象征，英国女王可以在维护国家团结、调解统治阶级内部矛盾等方面发挥作用

3.在对外交往中，君主代表英国；英王（女王）是英国国家的人格化，提供了国民效忠的对象，成为民族团结的纽带和国家统一的象征，现在位女王的头衔全称“天佑大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和她的其他领土及领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教护教者伊丽莎白二世”就表明英王的权力；

三、经济作用：

1.作为英国独特的知名品牌，英国王室一直对经济增长有着自己特有的贡献。历史上也有许多例子能证明英国王室的每次重大活动和重要事件都能对英国经济起到推动作用。比如，威廉王子与凯特王妃的大婚、英国女王登基60周年庆典等，都为英国带来了巨大经济效益。2．尽管英国王室的各种重大活动的各类成本不小，其中也有纳税人的不少贡献，但对英国经济的正面影响也是显而易见的，其潜在收益也是巨大的。在经济不景气下，英国人也急需把王室的“品牌效应”转换为经济增长所急需的提振动力。

总而言之，英国女王虽然没有行政上的实权，但是作为国家的象征和宗教的领袖，对国家的统一、民族的团结、经济的发展等有着重要的作用，其历史地位不容小视。

接下来论述英国的王位制度改革所面临的问题。英国的王位最早建于9世纪，在后来的1000多年里共出现过12个王朝。英国的王位继承法规定，王位是世袭的，由国王长子继承。如果国王长子已死，则由其后嗣继承；如果长子死亡而又无后代，就由次子或其后嗣继承；国王无男性后裔，便由长女或其后嗣继承；国王子女全无，则由其弟继承。此外，除了执政王的子孙，王室的其他近亲成员也

享有王位继承权。

名列前茅的继承人如果死亡或宣布自己弃权，后面人的名次依次递升；反之，前面的人如果家中添丁进口，后面人的位置就要统统往后挪。如果没有非常事件发生，继承王位对于第二名以后的人员，只不过是一场梦想而已。

虽然英国不存在王位传承问题，但王位制度却仍面临一系列问题，列举如下：

1.英国及其他英联邦成员国人民群众对英王室的消极态度。例如，英国人对查尔斯王子——英女王法定继任人的评价一直不佳。在202_年，查尔斯王子决定与卡米拉，一位自小认识的贵族之女再婚时，一项民意调查显示，英国人中有近23%认为女王驾崩后，英国应该彻底考虑是否废止君主制。有近28%英国人更认为，一旦英女王离世，英国应马上废止君主制度。

另外，据今年1月的一项民调显示，46%的人希望澳成为共和国，只有34%的人希望英国君主继续作为澳国家元首。但是，如果查尔斯王储继承王位，支持共和制的比例就上升为52%，而希望维持澳英传统关系的比例就下滑到29%。

2.来自英联邦成员国的威胁。大部分“出身”于英国殖民地或属地的英联邦成员国，都威胁不再承认以英女王为象征，这对英国王室存亡有更大的直接威胁。例如，加拿大在1982年实行西方版的、一如日本明治年间，将军把所有权力移交天皇般的“大政奉还”——正式订立加拿大宪法，英国国会与加拿大再没有直接关系。

同样地，有消息说新西兰正“积极考虑”采纳类似加拿大的方针。在12个自英国独立的加勒比海国家中，据说牙买加和巴巴多斯也有意通过修宪，废止以英女王为国家元首的“准属土”身份。

除此之外，新南威尔士州议会也开始更改议员就职誓言，废弃“效忠女王”的词句。据英国《泰晤士报》9日报道，新南威尔士州议会通过决议，议员在就职时的誓词由“效忠女王”改为“效忠澳大利亚和新南威尔士人民”。

3.各种阻挠君主制的运动及组织的兴起。例如曾推动澳大利亚停止奉英国女王为元首却失败的“澳大利亚共和运动”组织。

综上所述，英王朝的存在有其必要性和重大的历史意义，但王位制度的改革仍面临各种各样的问题，倘若谋求更加和谐的王室与政府以及社会的关系，需要多方面的共同努力。

第二篇：英国女王

This is a woman we all know.Elizabeth II, the queen of England.And today our group is going to introduce the queens in British history.In 1953, a coronation fit for a king.But it's a young queen who is about to be crowned.The fact that she's a woman attracts no comment and she will go on to reign over the British people for six decades.But England's queens haven't always been greeted with such adoration.800 years earlier, another female heir to the throne came to Westminster for her coronation.She wasn't met by cheering crowds.Instead, she was chased away from the capital by an angry mob.Her name was Matilda, the first woman to make a claim to the English crown in her own right.But 800 years ago, power belonged to male.Yet despite everything that stood in their way, a handful of extraordinary women did attempt to rule medieval and Tudor England.Our topic is about the queens who challenged male power and the fierce reactions they provoked.When they pursued power like kings, these royal women were criticized.They had been vilified as She-Wolves.There are 6 queens of England in history.Due to the limited time we can only introduce 4.They are …….(人名)

Let me introduce the first queen in England.--Matilda.Matilda was the daughter of Henry I and granddaughter of William the Conqueror, but you won't find her on the role-call of English monarchs.This faint manuscript image is the only contemporary picture of her that survives.Matilda called as a she-wolf simply because she dared to challenge the assumption that only a man could wear the English crown.And her bid for the throne began with a tragedy.The death of the male heir, her brother William.He died in an accident when he crossed the channel in Normandy.All Henry's hopes for his country's future had been swallowed by the sea, along with his drowned son.Now there was no successor.No boys, just a daughter called Matilda.There had never been a female heir to the English throne.But then again, there was nothing explicitly to say that a woman couldn't inherit the crown.But in these times, it wasn't enough to have a right to the throne.To wear the crown, you had to fight for it.Henry Ⅰ had fought his older brother for the rule of England and Normandy, and once he'd become King, he had to keep on fighting to impose his authority on his nobles.the Anglo Saxon word for “queen” didn't mean a female King, it meant the wife of a King and as a King's wife, a Queen could advise her husband, or even represent him, but her authority always depended on his.And it was this limited kind of queenship, as royal wife to a royal husband, for which Matilda had been prepared since birth.At the age of eight, she’d left England to marry Henry the Fifth, the King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor.But when she was 23, her husband died suddenly and Matilda came home to England.She was Henry's only heir and he chose this moment to ensure the future of his dynasty.It was at a ceremony in Westminster hall that Henry promised Matilda a startling new future.He was suggesting that for the first time a woman could rule in her own right as a female King.No one tried to argue that a woman couldn't rule.But the likelihood is that the nobles thought would never happen.And Henry had an alternative plan.Matilda was still young.If she could give him a grandson, England might yet be ruled by a King of his bloodline.He sent her away to be married.Henry chose as Matilda's bridegroom Geoffrey of Anjou, whose lands to the south of Normandy could protect Henry's borders.In the spring of 1133, Matilda gave birth to her first child, a boy called Henry after his proud grandfather.A year later, she had a second son.So, Henry had his male heirs.But he was in his 60s, and it would be years before they grew up.Henry, was taken ill on a hunting trip in November 1135.Knowing that his grandsons were not yet old enough to succeed him, as Henry lay dying he insisted that the nobles abide by the agreement they'd made eight years earlier to allow Matilda to rule.And as soon as the news of her father's death reached her, Matilda made her first move in becoming Queen.She rode north to seize control of Argentan, an important fortress that was crucial to the rule of Normandy.But then she went no further.She discovered she was pregnant.While Matilda hesitated, it was her cousin Stephen who seized the moment.He rode to Winchester, where his brother was Bishop, and had himself crowned King.For Matilda this was a shocking betrayal.Stephen had been among the nobles who had sworn allegiance to her when her father was alive.Male might, it seemed, still overcame female right.Stephen's masterstroke杀手锏 was his speedily arranged coronation.Once God had made him King, no man could undo it.Stephen's kingship had taken effect in the moment he was anointed with holy oil.But it lay the seeds of civil war.Stephen couldn't rule without the support of the powerful nobles.One by one they rallied to his cause and his triumph seemed complete when he won the support of Robert, one of the most powerful noblemen in the country.Hundreds of miles away in France, Matilda's cause seemed lost.But it was Normandy that came to her rescue.To make his throne secure Stephen needed to control the Anglo Norman realm on both sides of the channel.But while he established his rule in England, it took him more than a year to cross the channel to France.By then Normandy had collapsed into chaos and so did Stephen's army.(内部混乱)Most significantly of all, the alliance between Stephen and Robert began to fall apart.And in June 1138, in a dramatic about turn, Robert became a support of Matilda.Cracks were beginning to appear in Stephen’s regime.In 1139, Matilda set foot on English soil for the first time in eight years.In February 1141, troops loyal to Matilda defeated Stephens' army and took the king prisoner.It had been five years since her father's death but now the throne was within her reach for the first time.Now Matilda knew she needed the church and the people to recognize her as Queen.She couldn't undo Stephen's coronation but she could try to supersede it with one of her own.And she found an unlikely ally in the man who had orchestrated Stephen's coronation, his own brother, Bishop Henry of Winchester.Matilda cleverly promised Bishop Henry first place among her advisors.And in return he helped her.He explained to the council that when King Henry died, he had left his crown to his daughter.“But,” he said, “because it seemed tedious to wait for the lady who made delays in coming to England since her residence was in Normandy, thought was taken for the peace of the country and my brother allowed to reign.” Stephen, he declared, hadn't brought peace and justice to England, and he was now a prisoner.“We choose as Lady of England and Normandy the daughter of a king who was a peacemaker, a glorious king, a wealthy king, a good king, without peer in our time, and we promise her faith and support.” This was a victory that Matilda had fought for six long years to achieve.Matilda was going to become England's first female king, but as she began to act like England's new ruler it became clear that she still had a battle to fight.When the great men of the kingdom began to be confronted with the reality of female rule, they didn't like what they saw.As the discontent grew louder and louder, medieval spin doctors went to work.中世纪幕僚 Stephen was still a prisoner, but troops loyal to his cause began to ravage the land south of the Thames just across the river from the City of London.Matilda was so close to her moment of triumph but at the last moment everything began to unravel.As Matilda prepared to enjoy her feast at Westminster, thousands of armed Londoners came to drive her away from the capital.All Matilda's hopes of being crowned Queen were destroyed.Also Bishop Henry had swapped sides once again and declared his support of his brother Stephen.Matilda pursued the Bishop to Winchester but was caught.She escaped but her greatest supporter, Robert, was captured in battle.Without him, she knew she could never hope to win so she had to release her most valuable prisoner, her rival Stephen for Robert’s freedom.Still she fought on and in September 1142, Matilda decided to risk everything in one last effort to escape.Matilda was now free, but nothing had changed.England remained in military deadlock.Matilda came to the realization that the battle she now faced was to win the crown for her son, not to wear it herself.If the she-wolf couldn't wear the crown, then her cub would.While Matilda had been fighting in England, her son Henry had grown up in France.As a strong and energetic warrior he had all the promise of a future King and Matilda decided that the time had come for him to fight for his grandfather's kingdom.And so, in the face of dwindling support, Stephen was forced to agree a compromise.He would remain as King but at a ceremony, in Winchester, Stephen recognized Henry as his successor.Matilda had won.But the cost of her victory was her own political eclipse.She wasn't even mentioned by name in the treaty that brought an end to the conflict that had dominated her life.Matilda had shown how hard it was for a woman to rule in her own right.She had lost the battle but she had won the war.

第三篇：英国女王

英国君主（英语：Monarchy of the United Kingdom）是英国及英国海外领地的国家元首，现在的男性君主称为国王（King），女性君主称为女王（Queen）。现今的英国君主可追源溯本至盎格鲁-萨克逊人时期，但论及古代血统，则以古苏格兰君主为准。由于多个英格兰王国在第一次维京时期中渐渐消亡，威塞克斯于公元九世纪成功统领了英格兰其他王国。公元十世纪，英格兰正式统一成为单一王国。

英国女王即英国女性君主。英国君主是英国及英国海外领地的国家元首，现在的男性君主称为国王（King），女性君主称为女王（Queen）。现任的君主是1952年6月2日登基的伊丽莎白二世女王。港英时期的香港，因为其宗主国的关系，加上广府话的“王”与“皇”同音，在一般场合会称呼“英王”作“英皇”和“英女王”作“英女皇”，但正式的翻译应为国王（King）和女王（Queen），而非皇帝（Emperor）和女皇（Empress）。不过鉴于使用习惯，仍然可以“英女皇”称之.在英国，伊丽莎白二世的王位是根据1701年的《王位继承法》（Act of Settlement 1701）继承的，她是圣公会教徒。尽管英国的王位一般是血缘继承，但是英国的国会自1688年光荣革命以后就一直有权决定谁来继承王位。（见英国王位继承）

在认可伊丽莎白二世为国家元首的15个英联邦国家中，她作为国家元首的地位是受到宪法承认的。原先这些国家都曾是英国的殖民地或自治领地。之前的《威斯敏斯特法令》（Statute of Westminster）用来区分英国的殖民地和英帝国的自治领，根据该法令，“任何可能改变王位继承和王室头衔的法律都必须在获得英国议会和所有自治领议会的同意后才可实施。”而这15个在独立后继续承认女王（或国王）为其国家元首的国家事实上取得了近似于这种自治领的地位，虽然根据《威斯敏斯特法令》这些国家并非自治领，也无权单独决定改变继承方法。当伊丽莎白二世去世后，她的后人将根据这些国家的宪法成为其国家元首，而非根据继承原则。

政治角色

作为国家元首，女王有保护宪法执行的责任。在向内的职责上，女王在英国发挥国家职能中的一部分。例如主持议会开幕、批准枢密院令、签署议会法案以及会见首相等等。在外向的职责上，女王在世界其他地方代表英国。例如接受外国大使和高级专员，接待来访的国家元首，并访问海外其他国家，支持英国与世界各国的外交和经济关系。

一般认为，女王在现行英国君主立宪制当中具备咨询权、褒奬权及警告权。现时，女王在政治上仍扮演重要的角色，特别是在政治危机中，女王不得拥有个人的政治立场，而其职责之一是确保政局的稳定，在倒阁时选任能得到议院信任的首相而保证国家时时有政府在任。具体而言，女王于政治上须扮演超党派的角色，发挥稳定和平衡的作用。这在1990年撒切尔夫人在保守党影响下被迫下台一事可见一斑。

女王是立法程序中的重要组成部分，她与上议院和下议院共同构成了完整的英国国会。女王能够合法地批准或否决法案，但是自1707年以来就从来没有一个英国君主曾经否决过法案。在每年新一届议会开幕时女王也按惯例需要发表讲话，勾划该的立法议程，但是这些讲稿都由她的大臣们负责撰写。

女王在行政上也具有其代表性。英国政府被称为“女王陛下的政府”（Her Majesty's Government），程序上是由女王负责任命大臣。但事实上依英国的民主宪政惯例，女王不任意选择大臣、官员而是听从首相的建议。女王在首相要求下亦可执行解散议会的权力，以便进行大选。而在大选中取得胜利的政党领袖，则须待女王邀请其成为新一任首相。首相一职一般由下议院多数党领袖担任，然后由首相“建议”女王任命其他内阁成员。而英国政府并非向女王负责，它向下议院负责，即间接地向英国选民负责。女王也参与到国家的司法体制中，法庭以她的名义行事，政府亦以女王的名义提起公诉。

在英国法律中女王是一个自然人，必须像其他所有人一样遵守法律。但是女王作为国家元首不能被起诉，作为个人亦不能被控告，因为女王是国家的象征及其主权的体现。然而，女王是否能够成为诉讼上之当事人是未定的。在17世纪的英国革命期间，议会曾经控告查理一世叛国，但在查理二世上台后整个过程被宣告非法。

几乎每一位与她工作过的首相都给予女王极高的评价。自她登基的那天起她每天平均花三个小时在国事上，阅读各个部门和首相府送来的文件。正因如此，她可以向首相提供许多有益的忠告。而首相必须每周会见女王，这种会面是十分正式且严肃的。对首相来说，与女王的会面可能要比接受下议院质询更加重要，因为首相给女王的汇报往往更加详细、坦诚。即使是反对君主制的首相们也十分看重与女王的会面。事实上，每一任首相都对与女王的会面给予极高评价。前首相托尼·布莱尔就曾表示，女王的建议之所以富价值，是因为她超人的精明和对世界事务的独特观察。

军事角色

女王担任英国海陆空三军的最高统帅，是唯一宣布战争与和平的人。无论在陆军、英国皇家空军和英国皇家海军陆战队，均要求新入伍的官兵宣誓效忠女王。相对地女王亦代表了国家接受宣誓者的效忠及履行保障照顾所有军人一切生活和困难，女王对所有武装部队有浓厚的兴趣，无论是在英国和英联邦。她承诺定期访问军方场所和船只，以满足在国内和海外的军人和他们的家庭。

女王和其他王室成员会在武装部队中担任各种荣誉职务。女王亦会与英国国防部参谋长和各参谋长定期开会。她亦透过她的国防事务秘书，保持与军方的联系。此外，当英国卷入战争当中时，军人及其家属往往喜欢写信给女王，表示他们知道自己是在为英国和女王而战。社会角色

女王需要履行重要的社会和文化责任。女王为联合王国提供了一个焦点，促进联合王国的团结和自豪感，使联合王国稳定。此外，女王亦特别支持公共服务和志愿部门。通过“定期走访”，女王走到联合王国的每一部分，代表着联合王国的团结。

在国家有庆典或悲剧发生时，女王会代表国家致意。例如，在每年在战争死难者纪念日上致哀，或在庆祝活动上庆祝国家的体育胜利。女王还会主持“花园派对”邀请来自各种背景的嘉宾出席，其中大多数是社区慈善机构或公共部门组织的服务代表。女王还支持人民服务他人，并担任各慈善机构的赞助人或作为主席。

第四篇：英国女王演讲稿

My Lords and Members of the House of Commons，I am most grateful for your Loyal Addresses and the generous words of the Lord Speaker and Mr.Speaker.This great institution has been at the heart of the country and the lives of our people throughout its history.As Parliamentarians, you share with your forebears a fundamental role in the laws and decisions of your own age.Parliament has survived as an unshakeable cornerstone of our constitution and our way of life.History links monarchs and Parliament, a connecting thread from one period to the next.So, in an era when the regular, worthy rhythm of life is less eye-catching than doing something extraordinary, I am reassured that I am merely the second Sovereign to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee.As today, it was my privilege to address you during my Silver and Golden Jubilees.Many of you were present ten years ago and some of you will recall the occasion in 1977.Since my Accession, I have been a regular visitor to the Palace of Westminster and, at the last count, have had the pleasurable duty of treating with twelve Prime Ministers.Over such a period, one can observe that the experience of venerable old age can be a mighty guide but not a prerequisite for success in public office.I am therefore very pleased to be addressing many younger Parliamentarians and also those bringing such a wide range of background and experience to your vital, national work.During these years as your Queen, the support of my family has, across the generations, been beyond measure.Prince Philip is, I believe, well-known for declining compliments of any kind.But throughout he has been a constant strength and guide.He and I are very proud and grateful that The Prince of Wales and other members of our family are travelling on my behalf in this Diamond Jubilee year to visit all the Commonwealth Realms and a number of other Commonwealth countries.These overseas tours are a reminder of our close affinity with the Commonwealth, encompassing about one-third of the world’s population.My own association with the Commonwealth has taught me that the most important contact between nations is usually contact between its peoples.An organisation dedicated to certain values, the Commonwealth has flourished and grown by successfully promoting and protecting that contact.At home, Prince Philip and I will be visiting towns and cities up and down the land.It is my sincere hope that the Diamond Jubilee will be an opportunity for people to come together in a spirit of neighbourliness and celebration of their own communities.We also hope to celebrate the professional and voluntary service given by millions of people across the country who are working for the public good.They are a source of vital support to the welfare and wellbeing of others, often unseen or overlooked.And as we reflect upon public service, let us again be mindful of the remarkable sacrifice and courage of our Armed Forces.Much may indeed have changed these past sixty years but the valour of those who risk their lives for the defence and freedom of us all remains undimmed.The happy relationship I have enjoyed with Parliament has extended well beyond the more than three and a half thousand Bills I have signed into law.I am therefore very touched by the magnificent gift before me, generously subscribed by many of you.Should this beautiful window cause just a little extra colour to shine down upon this ancient place, I should gladly settle for that.We are reminded here of our past, of the continuity of our national story and the virtues of resilience, ingenuity and tolerance which created it.I have been privileged to witness some of that history and, with the support of my family, rededicate myself to the service of our great country and its people now and in the years to come.本篇文章来源于爱英语吧_英语学习网站(http://

第五篇：英国女王演讲稿

英国女王登基60周年演讲稿

My Lords and Members of the House of Commons, I am most grateful for your Loyal Addresses and the generous words of the Lord Speaker and Mr.Speaker.This great institution has been at the heart of the country and the lives of our people throughout its history.As Parliamentarians, you share with your forebears a fundamental role in the laws and decisions of your own age.Parliament has survived as an unshakable cornerstone of our constitution and our way of life.History links monarchs and Parliament, a connecting thread from one period to the next.So, in an era when the regular, worthy rhythm of life is less eye-catching than doing something extraordinary, I am reassured that I am merely the second Sovereign to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee.As today, it was my privilege to address you during my Silver and Golden Jubilees.Many of you were present ten years ago and some of you will recall the occasion in 1977.Since my Accession, I have been a regular visitor to the Palace of Westminster and, at the last count, have had the pleasurable duty of treating with twelve Prime Ministers.Over such a period, one can observe that the experience of venerable old age can be a mighty guide but not a prerequisite for success in public office.I am therefore very pleased to be addressing many younger Parliamentarians and also those bringing such a wide range of background and experience to your vital, national work.During these years as your Queen, the support of my family has, across the generations, been beyond measure.Prince Philip is, I believe, well-known for declining compliments of any kind.But throughout he has been a constant strength and guide.He and I are very proud and grateful that The Prince of Wales and other members of our family are travelling on my behalf in this Diamond Jubilee year to visit all the Commonwealth Realms and a number of other Commonwealth countries.These overseas tours are a reminder of our close affinity with the Commonwealth, encompassing about one-third of the world’s population.My own association with the Commonwealth has taught me that the most important contact between nations is usually contact between its peoples.An organization dedicated to certain values, the Commonwealth has flourished and grown by successfully promoting and protecting that contact.At home, Prince Philip and I will be visiting towns and cities up and down the land.It is my sincere hope that the Diamond Jubilee will be an opportunity for people to come together in a spirit of neighborliness and celebration of their own communities.We also hope to celebrate the professional and voluntary service given by millions of people across the country who are working for the public good.They are a source of vital support to the welfare and well being of others, often unseen or overlooked.And as we reflect upon public service, let us again be mindful of the remarkable sacrifice and courage of our Armed Forces.Much may indeed have changed these past sixty years but the value of those who risk their lives for the defense and freedom of us all remains undimmed.The happy relationship I have enjoyed with Parliament has extended well beyond the more than three and a half thousand Bills I have signed into law.I am therefore very touched by the magnificent gift before me, generously subscribed by many of you.Should this beautiful window cause just a little extra color to shine down upon this ancient place, I should gladly settle for that.We are reminded here of our past, of the continuity of our national story and the virtues of resilience, ingenuity and tolerance which created it.I have been privileged to witness some of that history and, with the support of my family, rededicate myself to the service of our great country and its people now and in the years to come.202_年女王演讲稿 This past year has been one of great celebration for many.The enthusiasm which greeted the Diamond Jubilee was, of course, especially memorable for me and my family.It was humbling that so many chose to mark the anniversary of a duty which passed to me 60 years ago.People of all ages took the trouble to take part in various ways and in many nations.But perhaps most striking of all was to witness the strength of fellowship and friendship among those who had gathered together on these occasions.Prince Philip and I were joined by our family on the River Thames as we paid tribute to those who have shaped the United Kingdom's past and future as a maritime nation, and welcomed a wonderful array of craft, large and small, from across the Commonwealth.On the barges and the bridges and the banks of the river there were people who had taken their places to cheer through the mist, undaunted by the rain.That day there was a tremendous sense of common determination to celebrate, triumphing over the elements.That same spirit was also in evidence from the moment the Olympic flame arrived on these shores.The flame itself drew hundreds and thousands of people on its journey around the British Isles, and was carried by every kind of deserving inpidual, many nominated for their own extraordinary service.As London hosted a splendid summer of sport, all those who saw the achievement and courage at the Olympic and Paralympic Games were further inspired by the skill, dedication, training and teamwork of our athletes.In pursuing their own sporting goals, they gave the rest of us the opportunity to share something of the excitement and drama.We were reminded, too, that the success of these great festivals depended to an enormous degree upon the dedication and effort of an army of volunteers.Those public-spirited people came forward in the great tradition of all those who devote themselves to keeping others safe, supported and comforted.For many, Christmas is also a time for coming together.But for others, service will come first.Those serving in our armed forces, in our emergency services and in our hospitals, whose sense of duty takes them away from family and friends, will be missing those they love.And those who have lost loved ones may find this day especially full of memories.That's why it's important at this time of year to reach out beyond our familiar relationships to think of those who are on their own.At Christmas I am always struck by how the spirit of togetherness lies also at the heart of the Christmas story.A young mother and a dutiful father with their baby were joined by poor shepherds and visitors from afar.They came with their gifts to worship the Christ child.From that day on he has inspired people to commit themselves to the best interests of others.This is the time of year when we remember that God sent his only son 'to serve, not to be served'.He restored love and service to the centre of our lives in the person of Jesus Christ.It is my prayer this Christmas Day that His example and teaching will continue to bring people together to give the best of themselves in the service of others.The carol, In The Bleak Midwinter, ends by asking a question of all of us who know the Christmas story, of how God gave himself to us in humble service: 'What can I give him, poor as I am? If I were a shepherd, I would bring a lamb;if I were a wise man, I would do my part'.The carol gives the answer 'Yet what I can I give him-give my heart'.I wish you all a very happy Christmas.202_年女王演讲稿 I once knew someone who spent a year in a plaster cast recovering from an operation on his back.He read a lot, and thought a lot, and felt miserable.Later, he realized this time of forced retreat from the world had helped him to understand the world more clearly.We all need to get the balance right between action and reflection.With so many distractions, it is easy to forget to pause and take stock.Be it through contemplation, prayer, or even keeping a diary, many have found the practice of quiet personal reflection surprisingly rewarding, even discovering greater spiritual depth to their lives.Reflection can take many forms.When families and friends come together at Christmas, it's often a time for happy memories and reminiscing.Our thoughts are with those we have loved who are no longer with us.We also remember those who through doing their duty cannot be at home for Christmas, such as workers in essential or emergency services.And especially at this time of year we think of the men and women serving overseas in our armed forces.We are forever grateful to all those who put themselves at risk to keep us safe.Service and duty are not just the guiding principles of yesteryear;they have an enduring value which spans the generations.I myself had cause to reflect this year, at Westminster Abbey, on my own pledge of service made in that great church on Coronation Day 60 years earlier.The anniversary reminded me of the remarkable changes that have occurred since the Coronation, many of them for the better;and of the things that have remained constant, such as the importance of family, friendship and good neighborliness.But reflection is not just about looking back.I and many others are looking forward to the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow next year.The baton relay left London in October and is now the other side of the world, on its way across 70 nations and territories before arriving in Scotland next summer.Its journey is a reminder that the Commonwealth can offer us a fresh view of life.My son Charles summed this up at the recent meeting in Sri Lanka.He spoke of the Commonwealth's 'family ties' that are a source of encouragement to many.Like any family there can be differences of opinion.But however strongly they're expressed they are held within the common bond of friendship and shared experiences.Here at home my own family is a little larger this Christmas.As so many of you will know, the arrival of a baby gives everyone the chance to contemplate the future with renewed happiness and hope.For the new parents, life will never be quite the same again.As with all who are christened, George was baptized into a joyful faith of Christian duty and service.After the christening, we gathered for the traditional photograph.It was a happy occasion, bringing together four generations.In the year ahead, I hope you will have time to pause for moments of quiet reflection.As the man in the plaster cast discovered, the results can sometimes be surprising.For Christians, as for all people of faith, reflection, meditation and prayer help us to renew ourselves in God's love, as we strive daily to become better people.The Christmas message shows us that this love is for everyone.There is no one beyond its reach.On the first Christmas, in the fields above Bethlehem, as they sat in the cold of night watching their resting sheep, the local shepherds must have had no shortage of time for reflection.Suddenly all this was to change.These humble shepherds were the first to hear and ponder the wondrous news of the birth of Christ – the first noel – the joy of which we celebrate today.I wish you all a very happy Christmas.202_年女王演讲稿

In the ruins of the old Coventry Cathedral is a sculpture of a man and a woman reaching out to embrace each other.The sculptor was inspired by the story of a woman who crossed Europe on foot after the war to find her husband.Casts of the same sculpture can be found in Belfast and Berlin, and it is simply called Reconciliation.Reconciliation is the peaceful end to conflict, and we were reminded of this in August when countries on both sides of the First World War came together to remember in peace.The ceramic poppies at the Tower of London drew millions, and the only possible reaction to seeing them and walking among them was silence.For every poppy a life;and a reminder of the grief of loved ones left behind.No one who fought in that war is still alive, but we remember their sacrifice and indeed the sacrifice of all those in the armed forces who serve and protect us today.In 1914, many people thought the war would be over by Christmas, but sadly by then the trenches were dug and the future shape of the war in Europe was set.But, as we know, something remarkable did happen that Christmas, exactly a hundred years ago today.Without any instruction or command, the shooting stopped and German and British soldiers met in No Man's Land.Photographs were taken and gifts exchanged.It was a Christmas truce.Truces are not a new idea.In the ancient world a truce was declared for the duration of the Olympic Games and wars and battles were put on hold.Sport has a wonderful way of bringing together people and nations, as we saw this year in Glasgow when over 70 countries took part in the Commonwealth Games.It is no accident that they are known as the Friendly Games.As well as promoting dialogue between nations, the Commonwealth Games pioneered the inclusion of para-sports within each day's events.As with the Invictus Games that followed, the courage, determination and talent of the athletes captured our imagination as well as breaking down pisions.The benefits of reconciliation were clear to see when I visited Belfast in June.While my tour of the set of Game Of Thrones may have gained most attention, my visit to the Crumlin Road Gaol will remain vividly in my mind.What was once a prison during the Troubles is now a place of hope and fresh purpose;a reminder of what is possible when people reach out to one another, rather like the couple in the sculpture.Of course, reconciliation takes different forms.In Scotland after the referendum many felt great disappointment, while others felt great relief;and bridging these differences will take time.Bringing reconciliation to war or emergency zones is an even harder task, and I have been deeply touched this year by the selflessness of aid workers and medical volunteers who have gone abroad to help victims of conflict or of diseases like Ebola, often at great personal risk.For me, the life of Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace, whose birth we celebrate today, is an inspiration and an anchor in my life.A role model of reconciliation and forgiveness, he stretched out his hands in love, acceptance and healing.Christ's example has taught me to seek to respect and value all people, of whatever faith or none.Sometimes it seems that reconciliation stands little chance in the face of war and discord.But, as the Christmas truce a century ago reminds us, peace and goodwill have lasting power in the hearts of men and women.On that chilly Christmas Eve in 1914 many of the German forces sang Silent Night, its haunting melody inching across the line.That carol is still much-loved today, a legacy of the Christmas truce, and a reminder to us all that even in the unlikeliest of places hope can still be found.A very happy Christmas to you all.