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九年级专题复习教案并列句和复合句.
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第一篇:九年级专题复习教案并列句和复合句.

202_---202_九年级中考复习系列 并列句和复合句 并列句

由连词连接两个分句组成的句子叫并列句。这些分句平行并列,而且同等重要,能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主从连词。

并列连词:and, but, or, nor, for, whereas, while, either„or, neither„nor, not only„but(also).主从连词:so, therefore, however, still, yet, then等。并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思或分为四种关系。

(1)同等关系and/not only„but also/neither„nor,用连词and, not only„but also, neither„nor或者用逗号,有时也用分号连接两个简单句,构成并列句。如:He could neither read nor write He not only studies hard, but also likes sports.(2)转折关系but, yet, still, while, when, 用连词but, yet, still, while, when连接两个句子时,前后两句为转折关系。

如:Tom was not there but his brother was(there).(3)选择关系or, either„or.用连词or, either„or,连接两个句子时,前后两句为选择关系。如:Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough(4)因果关系for, so.用连词for, so连接两个句子时,前后两句为因果关系。如:He hurried, for it was getting dark.He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him 复合句

复合句中包括两个或更多的分句,其中一个分句是主句,其余的分句是从句。从句就是一个分句在主句中充当一个成分,如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。这里主要复习宾语从句,定语从句和状语从句。宾语从句

一宾语从句:用一个句子来做动词,介词宾语。用在动词,介词后。二中考考点:

◆第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。

引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。1.连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:

1)He knew(that)he should work hard.

2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam.

2.连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如:

3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning? 4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present.

作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如: 5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.

他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)3.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:

6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武汉市)(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)

4.连接副词when,where,why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:

8)I wonder where he got so much money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)

9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川省)(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)

第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“主句+连接词+主语+谓语/表语+„„”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的语序。尤其是连接词在宾语从句作主语时的语序。例如: 10)He doesn’t know what is wrong(the matter)his bike.11)—Dad,do you know what happened to my pet dog last night ? 12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁? 误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see? 正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?

◆第三关,注意时态的呼应。

宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如: 13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。

误:I thought(that)you are free today.正:I thought(that)you would be free today 14)He thought he was working for the people. 15)I heard she had been to the Great W all.

16)John hoped that he would find a job soon.

★★但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化: 17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. ★主句时态是现在时,从句根据句意选择不同时态

1.I know(that)he ______(join)the League in 1985.2.I see that they _________(play)football over there now.3.Tell me where he ____(live).4.I hear that he _________(come)tomorrow.★主句时态是过去时,从句根据句意选择不同的表示过去的时态(一般过去式,过去进行时,过去完成式,过去将来时)

★★在由could, would引导的主句中, 从句一般要用现在时。因为could, would经常表示礼貌或婉转的语气, 而不是过去时。

Could you please tell me where the bank is? Would you please tell me how far it is from here to the hospital? Do some exercises 1.The radio says it _____cloudy tomorrow.(be)2.The headmaster hopes everything ____well.(go)3.Tom says that they ________(play)basketball at six o’clock yesterday evening.4.I hear they ____________(return)it already.5.He said that they ________ members of the Party since 1948.(be)6.He asked what they _________ at eight last night.(do)7.The teacher told his class that light ______ faster than sound.(travel)8.I think you __________ about the relay race now.(talk)9.I didn’t know whom the letters ____ from.(be)correct the mistakes 1.Do you know what is he doing? 2.She said her mother is very well.3.I don’t know that he is a worker.4.Miss Li said there were seven days in a week.5.He wants to know if they did have a good time.6.She asked me that when the train would arrive.7.Could you tell me if he has come or not.8.I think you aren’t right 定语从句

一,什么是定语从句:

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。其作用是修饰主句中的某一名词或代

词,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

e.g.Do you know the man(who came to see Xiaowang this morning?)要点:

定语从句放在先行词之后,先行词由关系代词或关系副词引导,关系词放在它们中间。

关系代词:who, whom, that, which, whose 关系副词:when, where, why 1.He is a man whom we should all learn from.他是一个我们都应当学习的人 2.I still remember the day when I first came to 二,用法:.定语从句修饰人,用who that,(who和that一般可互换,有时可省去)如人后有介词,则必须用whom.The people(whothat)you were talking to were Japanese.Is she the girl that sells flowers? He is a man that you can safely depend on.他是一个你能依靠的人。

The girl to whom I spoken is my cousin.The girl whothat I spoken to is my cousin.★区别相似关系词:

由who,whom和whose引导的定语从句

who在从句中作主语,whom在从句中作宾语,whose在从句中作定语。1).This is the thief who stole my bike.这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。2).He is the boy whom you wanted to find.他就是你想要找的那个男孩。3).The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside.妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。2.修饰物用which that.e.g.The train whichthat has just is for xi’an.The pen thatwhich you gave me is very nice.This is the question that we’ve had so much discussion about.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion 3.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

(1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2)The time when we got together finally came.4.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语(1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.(2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.5.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语

(1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.★重点:判断关系代词与关系副词

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when 时间状语,why 原因状语)。

★★特别提示:当先行词和关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要和他们保持人称和数的一致。如:

The children who___(be)singing come from China I have known the girl who______(have)two big eyes for many years.判断改错:

This is the mountain village where I visited last year.This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.I'll never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.巩固练习:

1.Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago? A.where B.that C.on which D.the one 2.Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held? A.where B.that C.on which D.the one 强化训练:

1.Don’t talk about such things of ___ you are not sure.A.which B.what C.as D.those 2.Is this the factory ____ you visited the other day? A.that B.where C.in which D.the one 3.Is this factory ___some foreign friends visited last Friday? A.that B.where C.which D.the one 4.Is this the factory _____he worked ten years ago? A.that B.where C.which D.the one 5.The wolves hid themselves in the places ____ couldn’t be found.A.that B.where C.in which D.in that 6.I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.A.all which B.that C.all that D.which

7.The two things ______ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.A.about which B.of which C.in which D.for which 8.I like the second football match _______was held last week.A.which B.who C.that D./ 9.He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.A.which B.it C.that D.what 10.May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.A.which B.when C.on which D.about which.11.A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.A.who B.who’s C.whose D.which 状语从句

一,状语从句简介:

状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。二,总结、状语从句常见引导词 条件状语从句

if;unless;as(so)long as;(只要)原因状语从句

because;as;since;now(that)(既然)结果状语从句 so(such)… that ….目的状语从句

so that;in order that;让步状语从句

though;although;as;however;no matter „.;疑问词+ever; 比较状语从句

than;as(so)….as;the more ….the more 地点状语从句

where wherever ★三,疑点解释

1)when, while, as的区别:

①三者均可表示“当„„的时候”, 如果主句表示的是短暂的动作, 而从句表示的是一段时间, 三者可通用。

② as和when都可与终止性动词连用, while 只能与延续性动词连用。如:

It was snowing ____ we got to the airport.当我们到达机场时, 天正下着雪。(不能用 while)

③ as强调主句与从句表示的动作同时发生;while强调主句表示的动作持续于while所指的整个时间内;when可指主、从句所述动作同时或先后发生。如: He sang as he went along.他边走边唱.Please write____ I read.我读的时候, 请写下来。

____ he reached home, he had a little rest.回到家后, 他休息了一会儿。★★while, 是多义词。

while可用作并列连词,连接两个分句,表“对比,不同”。中文常备翻译为“而„.” My son likes to watch boxing games while I would rather listen to music.2)引导条件状语从句的连词有if(如果)、unless(除非)等, unless在意义上相当于if„.not。条件状语从句也像时间状语从句一样,如果主句用将来时, 从句要用现在时代替将来时。如: You will fail ____ you study hard.(=You will fail if you don't study hard.)除非你努力学习, 否则你会失败。3)原因状语从句:(1)引导原因状语从句的连词有 because, since, as , now that(2)because, since, as, for 用法比较:

because: 语气最强,回答why时用because,所表示的是直接理由,因果关系不能同so连用。

Why are you late? Because there is a traffic jam.since: “既然„..”表对方已知的事实或理由,常放在句首。

Since you have got enough money with you now, you can come and buy it next time.as: “由于„.”语气较弱,较口语化,表明显的原因或已知的事实,常放在句首。As he had been ready for the worst, he was not disappointed at the result.for是一个等立连词,连接的是两个并列的分句,其他三个引导的是状语从句;for不能放在句首。

It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.4)目的、结果状语从句

(1)引导目的状语从句的连词有so that, in order that;引导结果状语从句的连词有so„.that, such„.that

(2)„.so that„., in order that„..引导目的状语从句时,从句中常有can, could, may, might, would(3)so + 形容词/副词/分词 + that引导结果状语从句 such +(形容词)+ 名词 + that引导结果状语从句

He worked so hard that he made great progress.The book is so interesting that I have read it twice.(4)such + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+ that引导结果状语从句

so +形容词+ a/ an +单数可数名词+ that引导结果状语从句 注意:只有单数可数名词才有这两种表达方式。

It’s such a fine day that we all want to go outing.= It’s so fine a day that we all want to go outing.(5)如果修饰名词的形容词为many, few, much, little时,前面则用so,例如: so many +名词+ that ; so few +名词+ that ;so much +名词+ that ;so little +名词+ that 比较:

so many / few flowers →such nice flowers so much / little money → such rapid progress

so many people → such a lot of people

There were so many people in the bus that I could hardly move.She put so much butter and sugar in the cake that I didn’t dare to eat too much.巩固练习:

1)It _____ ten years since they ____ to France.A.as;covered B.was;have moved C.is;have moved D.is;moved 2)He ___wait until the rain ____.

A.won't;will stop B.won't;stop C.will;stops D.will;will stop 3)He will go to the Great Wall if it ___ tomorrow. A.won't rain B.doesn't rain C.don't rain D.isn't raining 4)___ you eat old food, you may be ill.A.Before B.Why C.If D.Which 5)Jack runs as ___ as Tom. A.fast B.faster C.fastest D.much 6)30,000dollars is a large amount of money, but it's ____ than we need. A.for more B.very much C.far less D.very little 7)Miss Gao asked a question, but it was ___ that nobody could answer it. A.very difficult B.too difficult C.difficult enough D.so difficult 8)I can't understand this passage _____ there are no new words in it. A.if B.because C.though D.and 9)“Why did Li Lei use a pencil? ”“ _____ his pen was broken.” A.Because B.When C.Until D.If 202_-202_年河南中考题组

1.It’s quite common in Britain to say “Thank you” to the drivers people get off the bus.A.after B.since C.until D.when 2.It’s time to say goodbye to my school.I’ll always remember the people have helped me.A.who B.what C.which D.where 3.―What time will Mr.Brown be back to China?

―Sorry.I don’t know.A.when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back D.how long he will stay abroad 4.Shaolin Temple lies in the west of Zheng Zhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.A.where B.which C.who D.what 5.―May I come in? I’m sorry I am lat.―Come in, please.But could you please tell me ?

A.why you are late again B.what were you doing then C.who you talked with D.how do you come to school 6.Your dream won’t come true you know what your dream is.A.after B.unless C.while D.since 7.―Barbara, where do you work? ―I work for a company sells cars.A.which B.where C.what D.who 8.―Could you please tell me ?

―Bus No.32 will take you right there.A.where is Henan Museum B.what Henan Museum is like C.how can I get to Henan Museum D.which bus I shall take to Henan Museum 9.Tom, keep away from the fire, you will get burnt.A.and B.so C.or D.but 10.―How was your climbing on Mount Tai? ―I didn’t believe I could do it I got to the top.A.until B.unless C.after D.when 11.―Be careful, you will make mistakes in your exams.―I know that, Mum.One can never be to careful.A.and B.or C.nor D.but 12.I arrived at the airport the plane had taken off.A.after B.while C.when D.before 13.the water was cold, Wei Qinggang jumped into it to save others.A.Although B.When C.If D.Because 14.Peter says that the Whites are on holiday, but no one knows.A.where they have been B.where are they

C.where are they from D.where they have gone 15.―Do you know Hong Zhanhui?

―Yes.He’s the college student has moved Chinese people a lot.A.who B.which C.what D.whom 16.All of us will be happy you can come with us.A.while B.if C.but D.or 17.―How long has the weather been like this? ―.A.Until last night B.Ever since last night C.Two days ago D.Two days later 18.I’m afraid that no one knows

A.when will the game start B.where has our teacher gone C.who will win the game D.how long did the meeting last 19._____it’s difficult to make her dream come true, she never gives up.A.Though B.Unless C.Because D.If 20.Friends are those_____ make you smile, always open there hearts to you and encourage you to succeed.A.which B.what C.whom D.who 21.Some of my friends are interested in science, but none of them can tell________.A.when UFOs will appear next time B.why do horses know the way C.where was this kind of plant found D.how do elephants communicate 202_-202_年全国中考题组

1.Money is important it’s not the most important thing.A.and B.but C.or D.so 2.―Can you tell me ? ―She is in the computer lab.A.where Linda was B.where is Linda C.where was Linda D.where Linda is 3.Little Helen is very young, she knows a lot of things.A.but B.as soon as C.so D.since 4.That’s the man house was destroyed in the storm.A.that B.whose C.who D.which 5.―What a nice T-shirt!Can I have it, Mom? ―Well, it really looks nice, I think it’s too expensive.A.but B.as C.for D.or 6.Be sure to let Tom know the notice as soon as he.A.will arrive B.was arriving C.arrives D.arrived

7.―Do you know the MP4 yesterday? ―Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.A.how much did he pay for B.how much he paid for C.he paid for how much D.he paid how much for 8.The film “Kung Fu Panda” is interesting I would like to see it again.A.such;that B.too;to C.as;as D.so;that 9.―Did Mrs.King leave a message? ―Yes.She wanted to know this Sunday.A.who you would go shopping B.if you would go shopping with her C.that you will go shopping D.when will you go shopping with her 10.The whole world is fighting against the HINI, a disease has caused many deaths.A.who B.which C.whom D.what 11.Is that the man helped us a lot after the earthquake? A.whose B.which C.when D.who 12.The workers have decided to finish the task on time, it means they would have no weekends these two months.A.after all B.even though C.as if 13.The girl I just talked with is Ben’s sister.A.whom B.which C.she 14.We have to get up at 7:15 tomorrow morning , we will be late for the 7:40 train.A.before B.though C.if D.so 15.My grandfather is very old, he never shops learning.A.than B.though C.but D.unless 16.—Why are you standing in front of the mirror with your eyes ______ ?---Oh, I want to see _____ when I’m asleep.A.closed;what do I look like B.closing;how I look like C.closed;what I look like D.closing;what I am like 17.--Could you tell me when Mr.Li ______in Beijing?----Sure.When he____, I’ll call you.A.arrives;will arrive B.will arrive;arrives C.arrives;arrives D.will arrive;will arrive 18.He wanted to know ______ the English party.A.when will we have B.when we will have C.when would we have D.when we would have 19.I hear Tom lives here, but I’m not sure ______.A.which room he lives in B.which room does he lives in

C.he lives in which room D.in which room does he live 20.I still remember the park _______ we first met.A.that B.which C.where D.when 21.There are many people downstairs.What do you think_____? A.to happen B.happening C.is happened D.has happened 22.You can’t wake a person______ is pretending to be asleep.A.who B.which C.he D.不填

23.______ we deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappy.A.Unless B.Until C.Though D.Whether 24.The teacher speaks very loudly ______ all the students can hear her.A.so that B.because C.since D.when 25.---Do you know _______ the girl in red is?---I’m not sure.Maybe a teacher.A.when B.how C.where D.what 26.The young man _____ is a friend of mine.A.who I had a talk B.whom I had a talk with C.whom I had a talk D.which I had a talk with 27._______, they were very happy.A.though they have no money B.Though they had got fine clothes C.Although they were very poor D.Although they were rich 28.Nobody knows _____.A.how will our future look like B.what will our future be like C.how our future will look like D.what our future will be like

第二篇:复合句

复合句

一、名词性从句

1.一个句子起名词的作用,在句中做主语、宾语/介词宾语、表语、同位语 连接词有that, whether, if(做“是否”讲时,只用于宾语从句), who, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever, when, where, why, how等 注意:

whoever和whomever的区别

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如:

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.(whoever在从句中做主语)

2.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要,也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义,其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如:

The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开,注意识别。如:

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.3.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别

whether与if作“是否”讲,在用法上有相同之处,也有不同之处 相同之处: 1)whether和if都能引导宾语从句,常置于see, ask, learn, tell, wonder, doubt, find out等动词之后。如:

He asked me whether/if I could help him.I want to know whether/if he lives there.2)whether和if都可用it作形式主语从句中。如:

It's uncertain whether/if he'll come this evening.3)在be uncertain/doubtful之后,常用whether引导宾语从句,有时也可以用if,如:

We are uncertain whether/if Mary will come.不同之处:

1)whether可置于句首引导主语从句,而if不能。

2)whether可用在介词之后,引导宾语从句,而if则不能。如:

Success depends on whether we make enough effort.3)whether可引导表语从句,if则不能。如:

The question is whether it is not worth doing.4)在名词之后引导同位语从句时,用whether而不用if。如:

The question whether the students answered correctly should be decided by the teacher.5)whether后可接不定式,而if不能。如:

Please tell us whether to go or stay here.6)在有些动词(如discuss)之后,只能用whether,而不用if引导宾语从句。如:

We discussed whether we should close the shop.7)在引导否定概念宾语从句时,只能用if,而不用whether。如: He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.4.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式,一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。

二、副词性(状语)从句

副词在句中起状语作用,故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子,那么该句便是副词性从句,也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为:时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。

状语从句的测试重点为:主从句之间逻辑意义关系,是否能选择正确的从属连词。

1.条件状语从句的常考知识点

(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词,考生应尤其注意unless的用法,因为它表示反面条件,相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。

(2)复合连词as long as,so long as,as far as,on condition that,in the event that;动词及分词provided(that),providing(that),given that, suppose/supposing(that),assuming,say等引导条件状语从句。如:

You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her.(如果„„)You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.(如果„„)Suppose it rained, we would still go.(假如„„)Say it were true, what would you do about it?(假如„„)

(3)祈使句表示条件。如:

Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.2.让步状语从句的常考知识点

(1)as 引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把强调的部分置于句首。如: Much as(=as much as=though/although)he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.Although/though he likes her much, he does….Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.= Althoug/though it may be humble, there is ….(2)while引导让步从句。如: Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如: Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.3.时间状语从句的常考知识点

(1)before表示汉语的 “只有/必须„„才能”。如:

New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.(2)when引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,则表示“这/那时突然”。如: I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法,意为“当谈到„„时”。如:

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如: I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”

Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。如: The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.4.原因状语从句的常考知识点

(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如: Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.(2)now that表示 “既然”;seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如: Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the(simple)reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。

5.while, whereas 引导对比从句 如:

While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.6.so„that„, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句 如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest(用虚拟语气)引导目的状语从句 如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.8.方式状语从句

1)A is to B what / as C is to D 2)as if/though引导的方式状语从句,既可以用陈述语气,也可以用虚拟语气。3)引导方式状语从句的关联词还有the way, how, as.如: Do it the way you were taught.Do it how you can.He did as(he was)told.三、形容词性(定语)从句

1.尤其要注意whose的用法

whose在从句中做定语,修饰名词。所以,如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词,且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语,那么,这个关系代词就应该是whose。如:

He is the right person whose personality is well recognized.2.介词+ which的用法

如果从句中主宾成分齐全,考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语,而状语通常用介词短语充当,于是可以得知,关系代词前面应有介词,再分析所给的选项,根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如:

We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.3.as 与which用作关系代词的区别

(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用。如:

As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如:

As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.常见的这类结构有:as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。

4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别

(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语,用that, which都可以,而且可以省略;

(2)先行词是不定代词no, every, some, any 以及anything, nothing, little, all, everything时,关系代词用that;

There is no person that is always in the right.Is there anything that I can do for you?(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next,last, only, very修饰时,用that;(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;(5)关系代词前面如果有介词,只能用which。

在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面,必须用that。They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited.5.but做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于who„not, that„not 这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如: There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.

第三篇:英语,并列句

并列句 并列句

并列句是由并列词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。如:She likes bread and milk,but she doesn’t like eggs at all.她喜欢面包和牛奶,但她一点儿也不喜欢吃鸡蛋。

并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接,常用的并列连词有:and, but, or else, nor, otherwise, so, for, still, yet,while, either…or…, neither…nor…, only…but…等。如: I help him and he helps me.我帮他,他帮我。

This is our first lesson,so I don’t know all your name.这是我们的第一节课,所以我不知道你们的名字。

【注】however,furthermore,therefore等为副词或副词词组,可用在两个分句中间,或在其前面加并列连词。如:

It is raining hard.However,I still want to go there.雨下得很大。然而,我还是要去那里。

还可以说:

It is raining hard,and however,I still want to go there.It is raining hard;however,I still want to go there.但不可以说:

It is raining hard, however, I still want to go there.

第四篇:复合句及练习

复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句所构成的句子,从句只用作句子的一个成份,不能独立,根据从句在句子中的作用,可分为名词性从句,定语从句和状语从句三类。

(一)名词性从句

名词性从句包括主语从句,表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,其关联词有连接词that, if, whether, 连接代词who,what, which等,连接副词when, where, how, why 等.1、主语从句

主语从句在句中做主语,它可以放在主句谓语动词之前,但多数情况由it作形式主语,而把主语从句放在主句之后。例如: Who did that is known to all.It is interesting that you should like him.(1)That you are leaving is a pity.(that 从句位于句首时,that不能省略。)It is a pity(that)you are leaving.It is good(that)you are so careful.(2)whether, if 引导主语从句:

It won’t make much difference if / whether you go today or tomorrow.If it is true remains a question.(误)Whether it is true remains a question.(正)

(3)由what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it引导。What you need is more practice.(正)It’s more practice what you need.(误)

(4)it’s important/strange/impossible/necessary/natural that 后面的主语从句用虚拟语气.It’s strange that he(should)attend such an important meeting.2、表语从句

表语从句在句中作表语,位于主句中的系动词之后。如:

The question is who can complete the difficult task.表语从句还可用as if 引导。例如:

He looked as if he was going to cry.用虚拟语气的表语从句:

My suggestion is that we should search the house.The order is that everybody should return on time.3、同位语从句

跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容,引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth,suggestion,decision, 等。连接词用that, 不用which。例如:His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.The news that our team has won the match is true.4、宾语从句

1)宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语。例如: We can learn what we did not know.He will talk to us about what he saw in the U.S.如果主句的谓语动词是及物动词make, find, see, hear等,则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后,用it作为形式宾语。例如:

We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English every day.另外,某些作表语的形容词,如afraid,sure, happy, glad, certain 等之后可带宾语从句。例如:

I am sure that he will succeed.注意:(1)关联词只能用whether不能用if 表示“是否”的情况如下: A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如: The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether 和 if 都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。(if 只能用在句首)例如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如: It all depends(on)whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。例如: He doesn't know whether to stay or not.E)后面紧接or not 时。例如:

We didn't know whether or not she was ready.(2)关联词if, whether 均可使用的情况如下: A)引导宾语从句。例如: I wonder if(whether)the news is true or not.B)在“be+形容词”之后,例如:

He was not sure whether(if)it is right or wrong.(3)关联词只能用whether或if ,不能用that 的情况下:

若doubt 一词作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时,主句为肯定句用whether或if, 主句为否定句或疑问句用that。例如: I doubt whether he will come soon.I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon?

注意:下面这个例句中doubt的含义为“认为...未必可能”。I doubt that he will come.2)直接引语和间接引语。

引述别人的原话叫直接引语,用自己的话转述别人的话叫间接引语。这两种引语不用引号。通常用连接词联接于主句。(1)陈述句变为以that 引导的宾语从句。例如: He said,” I’m very glad.“ He said that he was very glad.(2)一般疑问句变为if(whether)引导的宾语从句。例如: He said,” Can you come this afternoon, John?”

He asked whether John could come that afternoon.(3)特殊疑问句变为由who, what, when 等疑问词引导的宾语从句。例如: He said, “Where is Mr.Wang?” He asked where Mr.Wang was.注意上述例句中时态,人称代词,时间状语的变化。主句谓语动词为过去时,间接引语中的动词变化如下:一般现在时变为一般过去时;现在进行时变为过去进行时;一般将来时变为过去将来时;现在完成时变为过去完成时;一般过去时变为过去完成时;过去完成时仍为过去完成时。如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时,直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一律不变。但从句如果有表示某一具体的时间状语,从句有时仍用一般过去时.例如: He says, “I cleaned the floor.” He says he cleaned the floor.My father told me that my grandfather was born in 1950.其它变化:指示代词:this these地点状语:here时间状语:now,today,tonight,tomorrow,this week,yesterday,last week,the day before yesterday(two days before)the day after tomorrow(in two days’ time)three years ago, next month etc.(二)定语从句

在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that 等和关系副词 where, when, why 等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。

1、由who, whom, whose 引导的定语从句。

这类定语从句中 who 用作主语,whom 作宾语,whose 作定语。例如: This is the man who helped me.The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu?

2、Which 引导的定语从句。

which 在从句中作主语或谓语动词或介词的宾语。例如:

This is the book which you want.The building which stands near the river is our school.The room in which there is a machine is workshop.注意:(1)whom, which 作介词宾语时,介词一般可放在which 之前,也可放在从句原来的位置上,在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置上。例如:

This is the person whom you are looking for.注意:(2)引导非限定性定语从句时,关系代词往往用which , 不用that.例如:

I have lost my pen, which I like very much.3、由that 引导的定语从句

that 在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语。例如: The letter that I received was from my father.4.注意在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句: 1)先行词是不定代词:all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。例如:

All that we have to do is to practise every day.2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如: The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.3)先行词被only, no, right, all, any, every, few, little, some 等修饰。例如: I have read all the book(that)you gave me.4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。例如: He is the only person that I want to talk to.5)先行词既有人又有物时。例如:

They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.5.由when, where, why 引导的定语从句。例如: I know the reason why he came late.This is the place where we lived for 5 years.I will never forget the day when I met Mr.Liu.注意:先行词是表示地点时,有时用where,有时用that 引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。是及物的就用that(which),否则用where.例如: This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that(which)he visited last year.6、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 1)限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等。这些关系代词都不能省略。

2)非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句不影响主句意思的完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常不用关系代词that.例如:

I have two sisters, who are both students.I have lost the pen, which I like very much.7、as引导的定语从句

关系代词as的用法:一般用于such…as, the same…as,(as)…as结构,as 在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。

I would like to use the same pen as was used by you just now.Such a film as you described should not be shown at all.She is not the same girl as she was.as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,并在从句中作定语、表语或状语,构成the same...as等结构。例如: I like the same book as you do.(as 作宾语)

I shall do it in the same way as you did.(as作状语)I want to have such a dictionary as he has.(as作宾语)

2)as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,这个定语从句是说明整个句子,它可以放在主句之前。例如: As we all know ,he studies very hard.(as 作宾语)As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above, as is known to all, as it is等。

(三)状语从句

状语从句在句中作状语,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;放在主句之后,一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等9种。

1、时间状语从句

1)时间状语从句常用连词有when, as , while, before, after, since, till(until), as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than, the moment等。

2)时间状语从句一般不用将来时,因此,主句若为将来时,时间状语从句要用一般现在时。例如:

I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.3)连词when, while, as 都表示“当„的时候”,但是when引导的从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生,也可以先后发生;用as, while 时则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。例如: While I was reading, he came in.As the walked along the street, he sang happily.4)till(until)表示“一直到„”时,主句和从句都用肯定式;表示“直到„才„”时,主句用否定式,从句用肯定式。例如:

He did not get up till it was dark.他一直工作到天黑。5)as soon as,和 the moment引导的从句表示“一„就„”;用no sooner „ than 和hardly„when引导的从句表示“刚„就„”,主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:

As soon as I finish the work, I'll go to see you.Hardly had I entered the room, when I heard a loud noise.2、原因状语从句

原因状语从句常用 because, since 和 as引导。例如: As it is snowing, we shall not go to the park.3、地点状语从句

地点状语从句常用 where, wherever 等连词引导;注意不要和where引导的定语从句相混淆。例如:

We shall go where working conditions are difficult.(状语从句)

We shall go to the place where work conditions are difficult.(定语从句)

4、条件状语从句

条件状语从句用 if unless(if...not),as(so)long as(只要)等词引导,如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如: As long as I live,I shall work hard.I shall not go to school unless I finish my homework.5、让步状语从句

让步状语从句由although(though), as, even if, however, whatever, no matter who(how...)等词引导。例如: Clever as he is , he doesn't study well.注意:由as引导的让步状语从句,须将作表语的形容词或名词(名词前不用冠词)放在句首。

Although it rained heavily, they still went out.No matter who asks her for advice, she is always ready to help.注意:由although(though)引导的让步从句,主句不能用but。

6、结果状语从句

结果状语从句一般由so, so that, so...that, such...that引导,放在主句之后。例如:

The box is no heavy that nobody can move it.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.7、目的状语从句

目的状语从句常用so...that, so that, in order that 等引导,放在主句之后。例如:

They started early that they might arrive in time.He works hard in order that he can serve the country well.8、方式状语从句

方式状语从句放在主句之后,用as, just as, as if, as though 等引导。as if 和 as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如:

The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man.You man do as you please.9、比较状语从句

比较状语从句常由as...as, than, not so...,the more, the more等词引导。比较从句部分常是省略句。例如: I know you better than he does.The more we can do for you, the happier we will be.复合句练习题

1:Betty, ____has never been abroad, is studying English very well.A.her B.she C.that D.who 2:He wanted to make sure_______.A.how we went there by bus B.where did me go C.what did we go there D.when we went there 3:________ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 4:I’ll not ring you up ______ I come back.A.when B.as C.until D.while 5:Do you know the man whom our teacher ______ just now? A.shook handsB.shook his hands C.shook hand with D.shook hands with 6:The small mountain village ___ we spent our holiday two years ago lies in Hubei.A.what B.where C.that D.which 7:_______ he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.A.What B.It C.Which D.That 8: It is generally considered unwise to give a child_______he or she wants.A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever 9:This is the first time______ here A.I was B.I will be C.I have been D.I had been 10:He wouldn’t leave the TV set, ________ he was going to have an important exam the next day.11:_____ I had warned him,he was late for school,_____ made him not take the important examination.A.What;that B.That;which C.Which;that D.As;which 12:______ he comes or not, I will wait until 10p.m.A.Whenever B.Whether C.If D.Though 13:It was _____ that we wanted to stay here for another two days.A.such fine weather B.such a fine weather C.so fine weather D.so fine a weather 14:Perseverance is a kind of quality — and that’s ______ it takes do anything well.A.what B.that C.which D.why 15:He gave a book to ______ entered the classroom.A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever 16:John may phone tonight.I don’t want to go out________ he phones.A.as long as B.in order that C.in case 17:The problems now _______ at the meeting is really ______.A.were discussing;surprised B.being discussed;surprising C.being discussed;surprised D.were discussing;surprising 18:There isn’t so much pollution in the country _______ in big cities.A.that B.which C.as D.what 19:The day will soon come_________ man will set foot on another planet.A.which B.that C.when D.who 20:The book is quite different from ________ I read last month.A.that B.whichC.what D./ 21:________ he went to town, he would have a look at the bookstores.A.When B.While C.Whenever D.After 22:What a shame ________ you are leaving so soon. A.that B.which C.what D.whose 23:My question is __________ you’ll go there.A.if B.whether C.that D.what 24:The horse is getting old and cannot run___________ it did. A.as faster B.so fast than C.so faster as D.so fast as 25:The road is covered with snow.I can't understand______ they insist on going by motorbike. A.why B.whether C.when D.how 26:Someone is ringing the doorbell.Go and see______.A.who is he B.who he is C.who is it D.who it is 27:I thought her nice and honest _____ I met her.A.first time B.for the first time C.the first time D.by the first time 28:He’s got himself into a serious situation _________ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A.where B.which C.while D.why 29:All the students went to see ____ with her.A.what the matter was B.what was the matter C.what wrong was D.what was the wrong 30:Mr Zhang gave textbooks to all the pupils except_________ who had already taken them.A.the ones B.ones C.some D.the others 31:_____is expected, the boy succeeded in the exam.A.It B.As C.That D.Which 32:I’m rushed off my feet all day.I’m trying to get out of the endless business, ________ I find impossible.A.but B.whileC.whichD.that 33: ______ we can’t get seems better than _______we have. A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what 34:The film is________ a true story.A.according to B.according as C.based on D.depended on 35:Peter kept the young plants in the sunshine ____ grow well.A.so that B.so that they could C.in order to they D.in order he 36:It is ten years _________ he joined the army.A.since B.after C.that D.when 37:He is the student _______ you think to be worthy of our praise.A.who B.whom C.he D.him 38:Though he is young, ___________ knows a lot.A.yet he B.but he C.and he D.however he 39:When you answer questions in a job interview,please remember the golden rule:Always give the monkey exactly _______ he wants.

A.what B.which C.when D.that 40:The pile of bones on the plate showed_______.A.how much chicken the family had eaten B.how many the family had eaten chicken C.how much chicken had the family eaten D.how many had the family eaten chickens 41:______ the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.A.Your having read B.While reading C.If reading D.When you read 42:Mother was worried because her little son was ill, especially ____ father was away in the USA.A.as B.if C.that D.during 43:I told him to go to see a doctor, _________ he took.A.which advice B.which C.what advice D.what 44:Too much fat,______well known,is harmful to health. A.which is B.which it is C.as is D.as it is 45:In an armchair _________ an old man, behind _________ his photo taken in Beijing.A.was sitting;him was B.was sitting;whom hang C.sat;him hung D.sat;whom hung 46:These photographs will show you _________.A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how ur village looks like 47:Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _______ I will always treasure.A.thatB.one C.itD.what 48:Don’t use words, expressions or phrase ________ only to people with specific knowledge.A.being known B.having been known C.known D.to be known 49:The black teacher set a good example ____ all the rest of the group, _____ all peace-loving people.A.to, who are B.for, which was C.to, which are D.to, who were 50: He wonders _______ the sound came from A.where B.when C.how D.that

答案解析

1:D: who 试题解析:非限定性定语从句,不能用that,而用who。2: D: when we went there 试题解析:

宾语从句用陈述句语序。A项中有by bus就不能用how。3:

B: Whether 试题解析:

whether表示“是否”之意,引导主语从句时,不用if引导。4:

C: until 试题解析:

until既可用于肯定结构,也可用于否定结构。肯定结构意为“到„„为止”;否定结构意为“直到„„才”。本题主句谓语动词为终止性动词,用了否定句,应译成“直到我回来,我才给你打电话。” 5:D: shook hands with 试题解析:

shake hands with sb 是一个有用的短语,意为“和„„握手”。6: B: where 试题解析: 答案:B 解析:此题考查的是定语从句的用法。分析句子结构可知,该空所填词要引导定语从句,由此可以排除A,因为what不可以引导定语从句;因从句的基本结构主谓宾齐全,所以使用关系副词引导定语从句,且在从句中作状语。故正确答案唯有B项。7: A: What 试题解析:

答案解析:名词性关系代词what引导的主语从句,在此处what = the thing which。8: B: whatever 试题解析:

whatever引导名词性从句,作宾语,意为“无论什么„„都”。9: C: I have been 试题解析:

先行词是time, day, month, year等名词时,其定语从句用when引导,但It’s the first(secod, third)time that„.是特殊结构,只能用that引导,可以省略。这里的that= when。故选C。10: A: even if试题解析:

even if“即使”,引导让步状语从句。此句表示“即使第二天有重要的考试,他也不会离开电视机”。11: D: As;which 试题解析:

该题考查非限制性定语从句。what不能引导定语从句,that不能引导非限制性定语从句。as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句。which可代替前面句子的整个或部分内容;as表示“与„„一致;正如”之意,可代替前面或后面句子的整个或部分内容,常用于as we know/see,as we expected等短语中。as可放在句首或句子中,which只能在句中。故答案应选D。

12: B: Whether 试题解析:

Whether与or not连用,引导让步状语从句。13: A: such fine weather 试题解析:

weather[U]n.虽然前面有adj.修饰,也不能加a/an,只能用“such+adj.+[U]n.”结构。14: A: what 试题解析:

what 在表语从句中作takes的宾语,构成“It takes sth.to do sth”的句型。15: C: whoever 试题解析:

从句子结构上分析,主句中的介词“to”后缺少宾语,而从句也没有主语,这时肯定要填上一个具有“双重功能”的关系性wh-连词。who和whom无此功能,排除之。D项的whomever,在这里也不对,故选C。16: C: in case 试题解析:

本题考查从属连词。由信息句John may phone tonight(约翰可能今晚给我打电话),可知“我不想出去”,是怕“万一他给我打电话。”as long as意为只要, in order that„表示目的。

17: B: being discussed;surprising 试题解析:

being discussed作后置定语,修饰the problems。sth.is surprising。18: C: as 试题解析:

选C。先行词前若有so/such/the same等词时其关系词应用as。19: C: when 试题解析:

when引导的从句修饰day,为了平衡后置。20: C: what 试题解析:

what引导的从句作from的宾语。这里的what相当于the book(the One which/that/省略关系代词)。21: C: Whenever 试题解析:

选C。whenever意为“每当,无论何时”,等于no matter when。22: A: that 试题解析:

此题考查shame的用法。a shame意为a pity,表示“令人遗憾的事;令人惋惜的事”。通常跟that引导的从句。如:It’s a shame that you are 1ate again.What a shame that you are late again.还可以跟不定式。如:It is a shame for you to be late again. 23: B: whether 试题解析:

由语境可知该空引导从句,表示“是否”,因此应填whether而不能填if。24: D: so fast as 试题解析:

这里是比较状语从句,as„as和not so„as中间只能接形容词和副词的原级。25: A: why 试题解析:

本题考查宾语从句的引导词。根据语句的意义,选A比较恰当。句子意思是:路面上覆盖满了雪,我不明白他们为什么坚持要骑摩托车。26: D: who it is 试题解析:

宾语从句要用陈述句的语序。如果我们对所谈到的那个人还不清楚是谁时,要用it。

27: C: the first time 试题解析:

the first time(第一次)和every time,by the time,last time都可以引导时间状语从句。句意为:我第一次和她见面时,就认为她很诚实。

28: A: where 试题解析:where引导的定语从句,相当于in the situation。29: B: what was the matter 试题解析:

what was the matter(with)和what was wrong(with)作宾语从句时语序不变。注意what was the mater和what the matter was含义不同,后者意为“这是什么物质”。30: A: the ones 试题解析: 后面出现定语从句修饰,表示拿课本的“那些学生”显然是特指概念,因此排除B和C。the others“其余的人或物”,本身已表示是范围中的另一部分,后而不能用定语从句修饰。31: B: As 试题解析:

as在开头引导非限制性定语从句。32: C: which试题解析:

本题选C正确。如果选A,find后应有it作宾语,impossible作宾语补足语。而选C的理由是,which引导非限制性定语从句,which在从句中作find的宾语,which指代前面句子:I’m trying to get out of the„。

33: A: What;what 试题解析:

从语法项目分类看,此题涉及的是两个名词从句,都是主语从句,其基本框架是What we„seems better than what we„。此题把两个简单的主语从句用seem相连,加上使用了比较级,就构成了识别语句基本框架的难度,使得简单句式复杂化。34: C: based on 试题解析: according to 在作“根据,依据”讲时只做状语,不做表语。According as是较正式用语,意为“根据,取决于,视„„而定”,是从属连词,后接从句。如:You may go or stay, according as you decide.是去是留由你自己决定。Depend on是“依靠,依赖”。Be based on/ upon是“以„„为基础”,符合题意。故正确答案为C。35: B: so that they could 试题解析: so that此处表目的。36: A: since 试题解析:

当表示已经知道的原因时用as 或since, 但since比 as正式一些.37: B: whom 试题解析:

关系代词在此作定语从句谓语动词think的宾语,故用宾格。38: A: yet he 试题解析:

though虽不能与but连用,但都可以和yet/still连用,这时yet/still是连接副词,这同if„then同理。39:A: what 试题解析:

这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语,所以要填写what。句意是:当你找工作面试回答问题时,请记住这条黄金定律:永远给予对方确实想要的东西。40:A: how much chicken the family had eaten 试题解析:

宾语从句的主谓不可倒装;how much + 不可数名词 41: D: When you read 试题解析:

本题是上海1996年的高考试题。when you read the poem a second time是时间状语从句。42: A: as 试题解析:

as引导原因状语从句,表示mother着急的原因。其他选项都不正确。43: A: which advice 试题解析:

which引导定语从句,可以表示主句的整体概念或部分概念时,接抽象名词,如time,rate,advice等。44: C: as is 试题解析:

此题考查1)which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别用法和as都能引导非限制性定语从句。which可指主句中的某一个名词,也可指主句的整个句子,译为“这;这件事” ;as只能指主句的整个句子,译为“正如”。2)which只能放在主句后;as可放在主句的前面、中间和主句的后面。根据这两点,A、B不能填。D中as作主语,it是多余的。C项中as是主语。

45: D: sat;whom hung 试题解析:答案:D 解析:hang作“绞死”讲,是规则的;作“悬挂”讲,其过去式过去分词都是hung.根据句子的意思可知表示“挂”,由此可以排除B;在英语中,直接用逗号连接两个分句是行不通的,由此可以排除A和C。46: B: what our village looks like 试题解析: 解析:如把D项中的like去掉也对。47: B: one 试题解析:

本题一改过去考查用which引导非限定性定语从句的出题模式,没有给出该选项,因此我们在作同位语的代词中选择。本题的代词替代没有具体所指的an unforgettable moment,因此用one而不是it。在平时做题时注意不要有定势思维。本题考生错就错在只想到定语从句,选项中一旦没有which就失去了判断力。48:C: known 试题解析:

过去分词作定语,可以扩展为which are known„从句。49: D: to, who were 试题解析: 答案:D, 解析:set an example to表示给某人树榜样,由此可以排除B;因先行词指人,故使用who引导非限定性定语从句,由此可以排除C;根据时态的一致原则可知,此处应当使用一般过去时,故正确答案为D项。50: A: where 试题解析:

where引导宾语从句,在从句中作地点状语。

第五篇:九年级上复习教案

九年级(上)

第2课 大河流域——人类文明的摇篮

157.汉谟拉比法典

背景:公元前18世纪,古巴比伦王国的国王汉谟拉比统一了两河流域,建立起中央集权的奴隶制国家。

目的:为了维护奴隶主阶级的利益,巩固中央集权。

地位:世界上现存的古代第一部比较完备的成文法典。

实质:维护奴隶主阶级的利益,反映了古巴比伦王国奴隶主专政的实质。

影响(意义):法典比较全面地反映了古巴比伦的社会情况,说明了古巴比伦王国奴隶主专政的实质。

第3课 西方文明之源

158.伯利克里改革(公元前5世纪后半期,希腊—雅典)

内容:①(政治方面)扩大公民的权利,很多公民担任了政府公职。全体成年男性公民可以参加最高权力机构公民大会,决定内政、外交、和平、战争等重大问题,他们在行政和司法机构中也发挥着重要作用。②(文化方面)鼓励学术研究,发展文艺,重视教育。

影响:伯利克里当政期间,雅典达到全盛,经济繁荣,文化昌盛,奴隶主民主政治发展到古代世界的高峰。

评价:伯利克里改革是奴隶主民主政治,本质上仍然是少数奴隶主对广大奴隶的专政。启示:改革是社会进步与发展的重要推动力,杰出人物对历史发展能起到一定的推动作用。

第4课 亚洲封建国家的建立

159.日本大化改新

背景:六七世纪时,日本国内的阶级矛盾十分尖锐,大贵族奴隶主势力强大,政局混乱。时间、天皇:7世纪中期,孝德天皇颁布改新诏书,大化改新开始。

内容:①政治上建立中央集权的天皇制封建国家,废除贵族世袭制,以才选官;②经济上,把很多贵族土地收归国有,部民转为公民;国家定期把土地分给农民耕种,向他们收取赋税。影响(意义):大化改新是日本从奴隶社会向封建社会过渡的标志。评价:大化改新是古代日本以学习和模仿古代中国隋唐的政治和经济制度为主要内容的一场改革。改革打击了奴隶主贵族势力,形成了以天皇为首的中央集权国家,使日本社会环境稳定,经济发展。

第7课 东西方文化交流的使者

160.阿拉伯数字

发明:印度人用梵文的字头表示数字,创造了从0—9十个数字的计数法。

传播与发展:阿拉伯人学会了这一方法,对它加以改造。12世纪初,这一简便的计数方法传到欧洲,被称为“阿拉伯数字”。16世纪,其写法与现在基本一致,此后传遍了全世界。

评价:阿拉伯人为世界文化的传播与交流作出了重大贡献。

第8、9课 古代科技与思想文化

161.象形文字——世界上最古老的文字之一 产生:形成于公元前3000年左右的埃及。

特点:用图形表示事物,通常被刻在庙墙、宗教纪念物和纸草上,主要使用者是僧侣和书吏。

地位(影响):是世界上最古老的文字之一,对以后的字母文字产生了重要影响。

作用:为研究古代埃及的历史、文化提供了重要资料。162.世界三大宗教

名称

佛 教 基 督 教 伊 斯 兰 教

产生

等级制度激化了社会矛盾 背景

产生

公元前6世纪 时间 产生

古印度 巴勒斯坦一带 阿拉伯半岛的麦加 地点

创始人 乔达摩·悉达多 穆罕默德

宣扬“众生平等”,反对婆罗门世上只有惟一的神的特权地位。认为世间万物发耶稣是“救世主”。忍“真主”,穆罕默德是基本

展都有因果缘由;人的生老病受苦难,死后可以升“真主”的使者; 教义

死都是苦,人必须消灭欲望,入“天堂”。“伊斯兰”是阿拉伯语刻苦修行。“顺从”的意思。经典 《佛经》 《圣经》 《古兰经》

公元前3世纪,阿育王在位时4世纪被罗马教皇定佛教有了很大的发展,并向外为国教;11世纪,基传播与传播。向北:印度—中国—朝督教会分裂为天主教中世纪时伊斯兰教传发展 鲜—日本—越南等国,向,印与东正教,分别 以罗到亚洲、北非等地。

度—斯里兰卡、仄国、缅甸等马和君士坦丁堡为中和我国的傣族地区。心

传播 宣扬的教义对苦难中的人民有苦难欺骗麻痹作用;有利于维护其统治,原因 得到统治者支持。

第10课 资本主义时代的曙光

163.文艺复兴:

新兴资产阶级通过弘扬古代希腊、罗马文化的方式,反对教会宣扬的陈腐说教,发起了一场崭新的、促使人们思想解放的文化运动。人们把这场运动称为文艺复兴。(1)地区:14世纪从意大利开始,16世纪扩展到欧洲其他地方。(2)文艺复兴的核心思想——人文主义

出现背景:14世纪前后,地中海区域是欧洲贸易最繁荣的地区。当时,意大利兴起了很多城市国家,这些城市商业发达,手工工场也发展起来,越来越多的人通过发展工商业富裕起来,产生了新兴的资产阶级,他们非常不满教会对精神世界的控制,从而提倡人文主义。概念(内容):要求以人为中心,而不是以神为中心;提倡发扬人的个性,追求人在现实生活中的幸福。

(3)文艺复兴的实质:资产阶级思想文化运动(4)文艺复兴时期的代表人物:

但丁:文艺复兴的先驱,意大利人。被誉为旧时代的最后一位诗人,同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人。代表作:《神曲》。达·芬奇:文艺复兴时期意大利伟大的艺术大师。代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》、《最后的晚餐》等,都体现了人文主义精神。

莎士比亚:英国人,文艺复兴时期的文学巨匠。一生创作了三十多部剧本和许多脍炙人口的诗篇,这些作品深刻批判了封建道德伦理观念和社会陋习,集中体现了人文精神。代表作:《罗密欧和朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》等。

(5)文艺复兴的影响(作用):推动了欧洲文化思想领域的繁荣,为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础。

犹太人长期遭受苦

阿拉伯半岛内部矛盾

难,渴望“救世主”的丛生,人民渴望统一

到来。

7世纪(622年为教

1世纪

历元年)

164.新航路的开辟

原因:(经济根源)西欧商品经济的发展和资本主义萌芽——根本原因;(社会根源)西欧国家对财富的渴望和对黄金的强烈追求;(商业危机)奥斯曼土耳其控制了东西方之间的商路。

技术条件:地圆学说的流行;造船技术的提高;指南针的应用;航路经验的积累。经过:1487年,葡萄牙人迪亚士到达非洲南端好望角; 1497年,葡萄牙人达·伽马绕过非洲到达印度;

1492年,哥伦布率领由三艘不大的船组成的船队,从西班牙起程,开始横渡大西洋。经过两个多月的航行,历经千辛万苦,到达今天美洲的古巴、海地等地。哥伦布认为欧洲和亚洲隔大西洋相望,始终相信自己到的地方是亚洲的印度,所以称当地居民为印第安人,意思是印度居民。

1519—1522年,葡萄牙人麦哲伦的船队环球航行成功。

影响:(意义)①新航路开辟以后,从欧洲到亚洲、美洲和非洲等地的交通往来日益密切,世界开始连成一个整体;②欧洲大西洋沿岸工商业经济繁荣起来,促进了资本主义的产生和发展。(消极影响)③为欧洲开辟了殖民探索道路。

第11课 英国资产阶级革命

165.领导人:克伦威尔

166.1688年宫廷政变——标志着资产阶级革命结束

背景(原因):克伦威尔去世后,复辟的斯图亚特封建王朝对资产阶级和新贵族进行了疯狂的反攻倒算,使得人人自危,怨声载道。

经过:1688年,资产阶级和新贵族联合其他不满国王专制统治的人士发动宫廷政变,推翻了专制统治,另立新的国王。(当时被推翻的国王是詹姆士二世,新立国王是詹姆士二世的女儿和女婿荷兰执政威廉共同担任)

167.《权利法案》——1689年英国议会通过 目的:为了限制国王的权利。

内容:规定不经议会的批准,国王不能征税,也不能在和平时期维持常备军;同时,规定国王既不能随意废除法律,也不能停止法律的执行。

意义:(作用)以法律形式对国王的权利进行了明确的制约。(影响)英国君主立宪制的资产阶级统治开始确立起来。

168.英国资产阶级革命的影响(意义)

英国资产阶级通过革命推翻了封建君主专制,确立了自己的统治地位,为发展资本主义扫清了道路,推动了世界历史进程。

第12课 美国的诞生

169.北美独立战争

(1)开始标志:1775年4月,来克星顿枪声

(2)领导人:华盛顿。1775年独立战争爆发后,大陆会议任命华盛顿为总司令。1787年宪法制定后,华盛顿当选为美国第一任总统,并连任二届。

(评价华盛顿:他领导北美独立战争,使美国赢得了独立,结束了英国的殖民统治,确立了比较民主的资产阶级体制,有利于美国资本主义的发展,对以后欧洲和拉丁美洲的革命起了推动作用。当选为美国第一任总统。)(3)重要文献:《独立宣言》

1776年7月4日,大陆会议发表。在一定程度上体现了资产阶级启蒙思想。

内容:痛斥英国国王对殖民地的暴政,宣布一切人生而平等,人们有生存、自由和追求幸福等不可转让的权利。宣告北美13个殖民地脱离英国独立。

意义:《独立宣言》的发表,标志着美利坚合众国的诞生。(4)转折点:1777年,萨拉托加战役。170.1787年美国宪法

内容:确立美国是一个联邦制国家,规定总统既是国家元首,又是政府首脑,享有行政权;国会和最高法院分别掌握国家的立法和司法大权。根据宪法,华盛顿当选为美国第一任总统。171.美国独立战争的意义

(国内意义)美国独立战争结束了英国的殖民统治,实现了国家的独立,确立了比较民主的资产阶级政治体制,有利于美国资本主义的发展,(国际意义)对以后欧洲和拉丁美洲的革命也起了推动作用。

** 美国独立战争的性质:既是一场资产阶级革命,又是一场民族解放运动。

第13课 法国大革命和拿破仑帝国

172.《人权宣言》——法国革命史上的重要文献,最早规定天赋人权 内容:宣称人们生来自由,权利平等,私有财产神圣不可侵犯。意义:《人权宣言》反映了资产阶级要求废除封建专制和等级制度的要求,体现了资产阶级自由、平等、民主的思想。

评价:《人权宣言》宣称人们生来自由,权利平等,体现了反对君主专制和封建等级制度的思想,在当时具有进步意义。但它同时又明确保障私有财产神圣不可侵犯,体现了资产阶级的本质。

《人权宣言》宣扬的自由平等思想是启蒙思想的体现。173.法国大革命的影响(意义)法国大革命摧毁了法国的封建统治,传播了资产阶级自由民主的进步思想,对世界历史的发展有很大影响。

174.法兰西第一帝国

1804年,拿破伦加冕称帝国,建立帝国——历史上称法兰西第一帝国。

对内:颁布《法典》,将革命成果用法律的形式固定下来,维护了资产阶级利益,打击了封建残余势力,保证了法国资本主义的发展。对外:进行战争,既掠夺了财富,也开辟了广阔市场,为法国资产阶级谋取了利益。因此,法兰西第一帝国是一个代表大资产阶级、大地主阶级利益的政权。

拿破仑帝国覆亡的原因:(1)欧洲民族意识的觉醒;(2)长年战争使法国国内矛盾激化;(3)当时欧洲大陆的封建势力远远大于资产阶级势力。175.《法典》

目的:巩固资产阶级统治。

包括:《民法典》、《刑法典》、《商法典》

评价:是一部典型的资产阶级法典。对维护资产阶级革命成果,打击封建残余势力,保证法国资本主义的发展起了积极作用。在拿破伦帝国时期,曾经强迫在法国占领下的欧洲一些国家和地区实行此法典,打击了欧洲封建势力,推动了欧洲资本主义的发展。《法典》后来成为近代欧洲各国资产阶级法典的范本。176.拿破仑战争

性质:起初,拿破伦的战争是为了打退欧洲反法同盟对法国的干涉,属于自卫的正义战争。后来企图借用战争来称霸欧洲以维持统治,因而属于侵略的非正义战争。

影响:(积极的)打击了欧洲的封建势力,巩固了资产阶级统治。(消极的)损害了被侵略国家人民的利益,激起当地人民的反抗。

结果:1812年,拿破伦率领军队远征俄罗斯失利,元气大伤。1814年,拿破伦被欧洲反法联军赶下台。滑铁卢战役最终宣告了拿破伦的失败。

拿破伦的失败表明:在当时的欧洲大陆,封建势力远远大于资产阶级势力。

第14课 “蒸汽时代”的到来

177.珍妮机

18世纪60年代,哈格里夫斯发明的手摇纺纱机。它的发明标志工业革命的开始。178.瓦特改良蒸汽机

1785年瓦特改进了蒸汽机,并首先在纺织部门使用。

影响:瓦特的蒸汽机出现以后,在许多的生产部门,人们利用蒸汽机提供的动力带动机器,进行生产,极大地促进了大工厂生产的发展。从此,人类进入了“蒸汽时代”。179.汽船、火车——新交通工具

瓦特蒸汽机的出现推动了运输工具的进步。

1805年,美国人富尔顿制造出世界上第一艘蒸汽机作动力的轮船,并横渡大西洋成功。1825年,英国工程师史蒂芬孙利用蒸汽机发明的火车机车“旅行者号”试车成功。作用:此后,铁路交通迅速发展,为人们的生产和生活带来了极大的便利。180.工业革命

开始时间:18世纪60年代。

开始标志:手摇纺纱机“珍妮机”的发明。开始地点:英国。

完成:19世纪上半期,英国大机器生产已经成为工业生产的主要方式,工业革命完成。概念:工业革命,又称产业革命,是资本主义时期由工场手工业过渡到大机器生产阶段。它在生产领域里和社会关系上引起了根本性变化。

影响:(生产力方面)工业革命创造的巨大生产力使社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。(生产关系方面)工业革命以后,资本主义最终战胜了封建主义;(国际格局方面)率先完成工业革命的西方资本主义国家逐步确立起对世界的统治,世界形成了西方先进、东方落后的局面。

** 工业革命对中国的影响:政治上,英国发动鸦片战争,使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建国家;经济上,兴起洋务运动,近代化开始起步;思想文化上:开始出现学习西方的新思潮,魏源提出“师夷长技以制夷”。

第17课 国际工人运动与马克思主义的诞生 181.马克思主义的诞生

(1)内容(三个组成部分):马克思主义哲学、政治经济学、科学社会主义。(2)诞生标志:《共产党宣言》的发表

发表时间、作者:1848年,马克思、恩格斯为国际无产阶级组织——共产主义者同盟起草的纲领《共产党宣言》发表。内容:分析了阶级斗争在社会历史发展中的作用,揭示了资本主义必然要被社会主义代替的客观规律,号召全世界无产者联合起来,为获得自己的解放而斗争。

意义:《共产党宣言》的发表标志着马克思主义的诞生。从此,在科学理论的指导工作,国际工人运动进入一个新的历史时期。

第18课 美国南北战争

182.根本原因、性质

根本原因:北方资本主义经济与南方种植园经济在奴隶制存废问题上的矛盾。性质:美国南北战争是美国历史上的第二次资产阶级革命。183.领导人——林肯

简介:美国第16任总统,南北战争北方的领导人。1861年他就任总统,成为南方奴隶主发动叛乱的借口。1862年,林肯颁布《解放黑人奴隶的宣言》。1865年,南北战争以北方的胜利而告终,林肯被拥护奴隶制的狂热分子刺杀。

评价:林肯,美国内战时期的总统,领导了南北战争,为维护国家统一和解放黑人奴隶作出了重大贡献。从美国资本主义发展的过程来看,林肯政府扫除了美国资本主义发展道路上的又一障碍——奴隶制,为美国经济腾飞奠定了基础。184.重要文献——《解放黑人奴隶宣言》

背景:内战初期,北方军队一再失利,引起人民群众的强烈不满,他们要求政府采取更有力的措施。

目的:使北方可获得雄厚的兵源,战争后为北方提供充足的劳动力。时间:1862年9月,林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。

内容:规定从1863年元旦起,废除叛乱各州的奴隶制,并允许奴隶作为自由人参加北方军队。

影响(作用):宣言的发表,在全国引起巨大反响。广大黑人欢庆解放,跳跃报名参军,北方军队因此获得雄厚的兵源,扭转了战争形势。185.南北战争的影响

经过这场战争,美国废除了奴隶制度,扫清了资本主义发展的又一大障碍,为以后经济的迅速发展创造了条件。

第19课 俄国、日本的历史转折

186.俄国农奴制改革(1861年)沙皇:亚历山大二世。

目的:维护地主阶级的统治利益。

性质:是沙皇自上而下实行的资产阶级性质的改革。

内容:农奴在法律上是“自由人”,地主再也不许买卖农奴和干涉他们的生活;农奴在获得“解放”时,可以得到一份地,但他们必须出钱赎买这块份地。

影响:有利于资本主义的发展,是俄国近代历史上的重大转折点。局限:留下了大量封建残余。

187.日本明治维新(十九世纪六七十年代)性质:资产阶级性质的改革。

目的:改变日本的落后面貌,巩固以天皇为首的新政权。

内容:政治方面,“废藩置县”,加强中央集权;经济方面,允许土地买卖,引进西方技术,鼓励发展近代工业;社会生活方面,提倡“文明开化”,即向欧美学习,努力发展教育。意义:明治维新使日本从一个闭关锁国的封建国家,逐步转变为资本主义国家,摆脱了沦为半殖民地国家的命运,是日本历史的重大转折点。

(但日本强大起来以后,很快步走上了对外侵略扩张的军国主义道路。)

** 日本对外政策的变化:明治维新前,实行闭关锁国政策;维新时,实行开放政策,大量引进西方技术;维新后,实行对外侵略扩张政策。** 比较日本历史上的两次改革:

学实习给人们的施性质 内 容 影 响

对启示

大孝中封建①政治上建立中央集权的天皇制封建使日本从奴要实行开化德国制改国家,废除贵族世袭制,以才选官;②隶社会过渡放,加强对

改天隋革 革 皇 唐 明欧资产明治美 阶级治天性质维皇 的改新 革

经济上,把很多贵族土地收归国有,部到封建社会

民转为公民;国家定期把土地分给农民耕种,向他们收取赋税

使日本由一政治方面,“废藩置县”,加强中央集权;

个闭关锁国经济方面,允许土地买卖,引进西方技的封建国家术,鼓励发展近代工业;社会生活方面,逐步转变为提倡“文明开化”,即向欧美学习,努力

资本主义国发展教育。

外交流,积极学习世界先进文化;要改革创新,与时俱进。

第20课 人类迈入“电气时代”

188.第二次工业革命(第二次科技革命)

19世纪70年代,电力作为新能源进入生产领域,并逐步取代蒸汽,成为工厂机器的主要动力,人类历史进入了“电气时代”。

主要标志:电力作为新能源进入生产领域。领先国家:美国和德国

主要成就:电灯、汽车、飞机等。

影响:第二次科技革命,使人类进入“电气时代”。它极大地提高了社会生产力,密切了世界各地的联系,提高了人民的生活质量,为经济的发展开辟了更加广泛的途径。189.爱迪生

美国科学家。1879年研制成功耐用碳丝灯泡,为世界带来了光明。他正式注册的发明有一千三百种之多,被誉为“发明大王”。190.汽车、飞机

19世纪80年代,德国人卡尔·本茨等人设计出内燃机。以内燃机为动力,本茨在1885年试制汽车成功。

作用(影响):汽车的大量使用,增强了人们的生产能力,改变了人们的生活方式,扩大了人们的活动范围,加强了人与人之间的交流。

1903年,美国的莱特兄弟制成飞机,并试飞成功。

** 第二次工业革命对中国的影响:A 第二次工业革命后,日本发动甲午中日战争,1900年八国联军发动侵华战争,中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。B 中国人民掀起了救亡图存运动的高潮。先后发动了戊戍变法和辛亥革命。*两次工业革命的比较

第一次 第二次 起止时间 领先国主要标代表人物 新交通生产家 志 工具 关系

变化

18世纪60英国 改良的哈格里夫轮船、资本年代蒸汽机斯、瓦特、火车 主义—1840年(蒸汽史蒂芬逊 最终(英国)时代)确立 19世纪70美、德 电力与爱迪生、卡汽车、垄断年代—19内燃机尔本茨、莱飞机 资本世纪末20(电气特兄弟 主义世纪初 时代 时代

到来

对世界格给人们的启迪 局的影响

东方落科学技术是第后、西方一生产力;科先进 学技术的发展

推动社会进

导致了一步;要学习科战的爆发 学家勇于创

新、努力探求科学奥秘的精神品质。

第21课 第一次世界大战(1914·7—1918·11)

191.两大军事侵略集团

出现背景:在第二次工业革命的推动下,资本主义国家的生产力获得了突飞猛进的发展。由此,19世纪末20世纪初,主要资本主义国家进入帝国主义阶段。帝国主义各国经济政治发展不平衡,后起的帝国主义国家如德国要求重新分割世界,与英、法、俄等老牌帝国主义国家展开了激烈的争夺。争夺的结果,形成了两大敌对的帝国主义侵略集团。

形成原因:帝国主义国家之间政治、经济发展的不平衡,使帝国主义国家之间矛盾尖锐,从而形成两大侵略集团。

表现:三国同盟——德国、奥匈帝国、意大利;核心国:德国。三国协约——英国、法国、俄国。核心国:英国。

影响:两大军事集团形成后展开疯狂的扩军备战,世界大战一触即发。192.第一次世界大战

(1)原因:两大帝国主义军事侵略集团的形成。根本原因是资本主义国家政治经济发展不平衡的加剧。

(2)一战的导火线:1914年6月,萨拉热窝事件。(3)过程:

爆发:1914年,奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚宣战,第一次世界大战爆发。著名战役:凡尔登战役。

结束:1918年11月11日德国宣布投降,第一次世界大战以同盟国的失败而告终。(4)性质:帝国主义战争

(5)特点:时间长、规模大、破坏性强。(6)一战的影响

A 给人类带来巨大灾难。

B 改变了世界格局——摧垮了俄罗斯帝国、德意志帝国、奥匈帝国等;削弱了英国、法国和意大利;壮大了美国和日本;形成了第一个社会主义国家——苏维埃俄国;无产阶级革命运动和民族解放运动高涨。

C 一定程度上也促进了科技的发展。

* 第一闪世界大战不仅给各国人民带来深重的灾难,造成巨大的人员伤亡,还使人类的文明受到严重破坏。因此,我们应以史为鉴,反对战争,谴责战争。第22课 科学和思想的力量

193.伏尔泰——法国资产阶级启蒙思想家

思想主张:反对封建专制制度,主张由开明的君主执政,强调资产阶级的自由和平等。194.启蒙思想运动 出现时间:18世纪

性质:继文艺复兴之后的又一次大规模的资产阶级思想解放运动。

影响:启蒙思想家对封建专制制度和天主教会的猛烈抨击和对“自由”“平等”思想的宣传,促进了人们的思想解放,为新兴的资产阶级在政治上取代封建贵族提供了有力的支援,促进了欧洲的社会进步。这思想被介绍到中国、日本等亚洲国家,促进了这些国家的思想解放。195.牛顿——英国科学家,近代自然科学的奠基人之一。

主要成就:(1)天文学上,发现了万有引力定律。(2)数学上,创建了微积分;(3)力学上,建立了完整的力学理论体系。其中,力学三定律,也称“牛顿三定律”,对近代自然科学的发展影响最大。

196.达尔文——英国科学家。

主要成就:著有《物种起源》,提出了“进化论”思想。

影响(意义):《物种起源》的问世,第一次把生物学建立在完全科学的基础上,推翻了神创论和物种不变论。沉重打击了神权统治的根基。197.爱因斯坦——20世纪伟大的科学家之一。

主要成就:提出相对论。

(影响)意义:相对论的创立推动了整个物理学理论的革命,为原子弹的发明和原子能的应用提供了理论基础,由此打开了原子时代的大门。相对论还了揭示了空间、时间的辩证关系,加深了人们对物质和运动的认识,无论在科学上,还是在哲学上,都具有重要的历史意义。

第23课 世界的文化杰作

198.著名音乐家——贝多芬

地位:德国伟大的作曲家,资产阶级革命运动的热情歌颂者。

代表作:《英雄交响曲》。(完成于1804年,为拿破仑而写。这是贝多芬第一部明确反映重大社会题材的交响乐作品,标志着贝多芬在思想上和艺术上的成熟。这首交响曲从内容到形式都富于革新精神,感情奔放,篇幅宏大。199.文学巨匠——托尔斯泰

地位:俄国最伟大的作家之一,列宁称他为“俄国革命的镜子”。成就:《战争与和平》《安娜·卡列尼娜》《复活》。这些作品描写了俄国社会各阶层的生活图景,深刻揭露了19世纪后期到20世纪初俄国社会的基本矛盾。200.美术名家——梵高

地位:荷兰杰出的画家。

代表作:《向日葵》。(这一名画集中反映了他严谨的治学态度)

九年级专题复习教案并列句和复合句.
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