第一篇:2014年高考英语二轮复习必备的重要知识点
2014年高考英语二轮复习必备的重要知识点
2014年高考英语马上要进入二轮复习,高考二轮复习的重要知识点与一轮复习不同,考生要重新制定高考英语二轮复习计划。高考冲刺网小编整理了2014年高考英语二轮复习必备的重要知识点,希望对各位考生有所帮助。
1.单项填空
考生必须原则上做到语境为主,兼顾语法。灵活运用排除法、还原法、简化句子结构法等适合自己的应试技巧提高答题效率。在日常学习中要牢记基本词汇的本意、转化意、引申意或比喻意以及固定搭配;要以动词的学习为重点(时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、词义辨析);要强化从句的学习(状语从句、定语从句、名词性从句)。
2.完形填空
该题型综合考察学生在特定语境下综合运用语言的能力。在训练中要牢记应试原则:瞻前顾后、上下求索、左顾右盼、首尾一贯。
在日常学习中要做到:注意重点词组、习语和常用句型的积累和应用;注意词汇的使用范围和同一词汇在不同语境中的不同含义;常读、常思、常悟、常总结,以阅读带动完形填空能力的提高;科学选题,选好试题,由浅入深,语言地道,文意连贯。
3.阅读理解
高考中该题型题材丰富,体裁多样,内容富有时代气息,语言原汁原味,以考察深层次理解为主。如主旨大意;猜测词义或句意;判断推理;理解作者的写作意图和基本态度;文章题目等。
在平时备考时就要养成好的习惯:精泛结合、扩大视幅、不点读、不出声读、不过多回读;能根据上下文猜词、乐于分析长难句、坚持做好读书笔记、不断扩大词汇等。训练中要以限时阅读为主,把握好速度和准确度的关系。在做题过程中要逐渐做到:快读文章笼统抓大意;回读文章对应答好题。快读文章不仅容易获得文章的主题思想,而且可以减弱生词多对阅读的影响。所谓找对应就是在明确文章表达的中心后,带着问题回读文章,找到相关信息,把
A、B、C、D四个选项逐个与原文对照,认真分析,通过排除或对比来获得答案。这样既能减少阅读量,又能减轻阅读压力,从而提高阅读的信心和效率。
4.短文改错
该题型重点“检测考生对书面语篇的校验能力”,设题方式有多词、少词、错词和正确四种。考查语言的错误主要包括:动词(时态、语态、主谓一致、平行结构、非谓语动词)、名词(单复数、所有格)、形容词、副词、代词、连词、冠词、固定搭配、习惯用法等。
在日常学习中考生应重视基础知识的积累,注意搜集和更正自己习作当中常犯的典型错误。多读文章、多写文章、多改文章,以增强语感。
5.书面表达
该题型是让考生在特定的语境中综合运用所学知识以特定文体(书信、便条、请假条、日记、报道、发言稿等)进行语言输出的主观性试题。在日常训练中学生要熟悉各种题材、题型的特点和要求,背诵常用的词汇、句型、文章的开头、结尾和优美的段落,多进行仿写、改写和修改,并养成良好的书写习惯,做到卷面整洁优美,大小写和标点符号运用正确。
在应试的过程中可采用七步写作法提高书面表达的整体水平。具体操作步骤为:一审(审定人称、主体时态、格式)、二定(确定主题和结构)、三列(列出简明要点)、四连(连词成句,连句成文)、五美(综合运用过渡语的使用、长短句的搭配、倒装、非谓语动词、强调句型、独立主格、复合句的使用、高级词汇等手段进行美化,以达到地道、流畅、一气呵成的效果)、六查(检查大小写、标点、时态、语态、主谓一致)、七抄(将草稿快速、工整地誊写到试卷上)。
第二篇:(典型题)2014高考英语二轮复习知识点总结 冠词
【典型题】2014高考英语二轮复习名师知识点总结:冠词
高考对冠词的考查每年几乎都有一道题,而且都设两个填空,以增加难度和覆盖面。考生在冠词试题上失分较多,主要是缺乏语感,对一些知识点掌握不够透彻。高考冠词主要考查其基本用法,包括定冠词与不定冠词的区别用法、名词前省略冠词的场合、特指与泛指的区分以及习语中冠词的用法等。
考点
一、考查不定冠词a / an表示个别或泛指的用法
1.How about taking_____short break? I want to make_____call.A.the;a B.a;the C.the;theD.a;a
【解析】 答案为D。take a short break“休息一会儿”,make a call“打一个电话”。
2.Christmas is_____special holiday when_____whole family are supposed to get together.A.the;the B.a;a
C.the;a D.a;the
【解析】 答案为D。a special holiday指“某一个特别的节日”;the whole family为特指。
考点
二、考查定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法
1.I looked under_____bed and found books I lost last week.A.the;a B.the;the
C.不填;the D.the;不填
【解析】 答案为B。此题中的the bed和the books都为特指。the bed 指“所看的床”;the books指“所丢的书”。
2.I like_____color of your skirt.It is good match for your blouse.A.a;theB.a;aC.the;a D.the;the
【解析】 答案为C。the color指“你衬衫的颜色”;a good match泛指“和你的外套相配的一种好颜色”。
考点
三、考查不定冠词及零冠词的习惯搭配
1.George couldn’t remember when he first met Mr.Anderson, but he was sure
it was Sunday because everybody was at church.A./;the B.the;/ C.a;/ D./;a
【解析】 答案为C。a Sunday泛指某一个星期天;at church为固定搭配,不用冠词,意为“在做礼拜”。
2.Many people have come to realize that they should go on_____balanced diet and makeroom in their day for exercise.A.a;/ B.the;a C.the;the D./;a
【解析】 答案为A。a balanced diet泛指“一种平衡的饮食”;make room为固定搭配,意为“腾出空间”。
考点
四、考查不定冠词在具体化的抽象名词前的用法
1.—How about_____Christmas evening party?
—I should say it was_____success.A.a;a B.the;a
C.a;不填 D.the;不填
【解析】 答案为B。the Christmas evening party为特指刚结束的圣诞晚会;a success考查抽象名词具体化时的不定冠词用法。success原为抽象名词,不可数, 但在此处已经完全具体化而变为可数名词。题中a success意为“一次成功的晚会”。当抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、情感、情绪的人和事时,这个抽象名词已经变为可数名词,再如What a pleasant surprise you gave us!意为“你真的给我们带来了惊喜”。
【精选试题】 名校模拟题及其答案
1(盐城中学高一年级12月份阶段考试,21)We’ll be traveling by ________ camel across the desert before we go to ________university.A./;the B.the;/ C./;/ D.the;a
2(沈阳二中2008—2009学上学期12月月考,8)Richard Powers’ The Echo Maker, ____ novel set in ___ small town of Kearney, Nebraska, US, has won the 57th US National Book Award for fiction.A.the;the B.a;a;C.a;the D./;the 2
3(辽宁省营口市08-09学年普通高中高二上学期期末质量检测,1)He is in ____ control of the company.I mean, the company is in ____ control of him.A.the;/ B./;the C.the;the D./;/
4(银川市实验中学2009届高三年级第三次月考,33)Now that Tom hates_______ school, the school becomes_______ prison to him
A.a;a B./;a C.a;/ D./;/
5(宁夏银川一中2009届高三年级第三次月考,21)In _____ preparation for the launching of Shenzhou Ⅶ, scientists need ______ knowledge of weather changes.A.the;the B.a;∕ C.∕;a D.the;a
6(山东济南高二英语08-09期末统考试题,33)Because of ______ high demand for Type AB blood, ______ supplies of it are usually limited.A.the;the B.不填;不填 C.不填;the D.a;the
7.The sign reads “In case of ____ fire, break the glass and push ____ red button.”
A.不填;a B.不填;the C.the;the D.a;a
8.I earn 10 dollars ____ hour as ____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.A.a;an B.the;a C.an;a D.an;the
9.There’s ____ dictionary on ____ desk by your side.A.a;the B.a;a C.the;a D.the;the
10.—Where is my blue shirt?
— It’s in the washing machine.You have to wear ____ different one.A.any B.the C.a D.other
11.If you have got temperature without coughing and headache,perhaps you have caught cold.Just stay in bed.Don’t think that you have got HINl.A the;the;不填 B a;a;不填
C.a;the;the D a:a:the 3 As global warming continues to be major concern for the future of our planet,people are starting to turn to gmen living practices to help save it for future generations.A.a:the B.a;不填 C不填;the D.the;the
13.Every second day he went to the library for some books to read.But after a page or two,he would put the book down and pick up new one
A.the:a B不填;龇 C th。;the D不填;a The education of young has become hot and serious topic in the present society.A the;不填
B.a;the C.不填;the D the;a He has good knowledge of many foreign languages,and one of them is English which is language spoken by many people in the world.A the:a B.a;the C.a;a D.the;the Throughout history nan has had to accept fact that all living things must die.A the:the B。;a C不填;the D不填;不填
17一Was problem solved?
一We were trying to think of way out,but it was impossible to find one.A a:the B the;a C.the;不填D。。
18.I am in charge of the class which was in charge of my wife.A.不填:the B不填;不填 C the;不填D the;the While music is just so-so,story in this TV play is quite moving
A the:the B不填;不填 C.the;a D不填;the
20.According to World Health Organization,health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent spread of AIDS
A the:the B.th。;不填 C.a;a D不填;the 4 Nowadays Intenet is becoming increasingly popular and new high speed broadband network has recently started.A a;the B the;a C a;a D the;the
22.We made Xiao Ming monitor at the class meeting last Saturday,since ten students have been looking after the old man by turns,including monitor
A our;不填 B不填;the C.the;the D.a;our It was reposed by the foreign media that the 29th Beijing Olympic Games was unique and successful event in Olympic history.A a;不填 B.the;the C.不填;the D.a;the As is known,it was Hu Jintao,presidem in our nation,who gave lecture at the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympics。
A the;a B the;不填 C;the D不填;a Love is way of life,but not aim of it
A.the;the B.a;the C a;all D.the;an Many people have come to realize that they should go on balanced diet and make room in heir day for exercise.A.the;不填 B the;a C the;the D不填;a 1 wanted to catch early train,but couldn’t get ride to the station
A an;the B不填;the C an;不填D the;a Gorge couldn’t remember when he first met Mr Anderson.but he was sure it was Sunday because everybody was at church
A不填;the B the;不填 C;不填 D不填:a Polar bears live mostly on sea ice,which they useas platform for hunting seals。
A.a;a B.a;the C不填;a D the;不填
30.waIk is expected to last all day,so bring packed lunch
A.A;a B.The;不填 C.The;a D.A;不填
——答案与解析——
1.C【解析】by +camel 表示乘坐交通工具,中间不用任何冠词;go to university 上大学 固定搭配。C【解析】一本小说,可数;特指某个城镇,用定冠词。B【解析】in control of 人控制某事某物;in the control of 某事某物在人的控制下。B【解析】学校专有名词这个时候不加,泛指;像一座监狱,可数名词。C【解析】in preparation for 固定搭配;a knowledge of 某一门知识,这个时候可数。D【解析】a demand for 固定搭配一个„需求;专指前面AB血型的供给。
B【解析】fire 表示火,抽象不可数,那个红色的按钮特指。C【解析】一个小时可数,而且读音开头是元音,所以用an;作为一个超市收银员也是泛指可数.9.A【解析】桌子上有一本词典,不具体所指;你身边的桌子特指。
10.C【解析】泛指另外一件T恤。B。【解析】第一空和第二空是抽象名词具体化。此时temperature表示发烧,cold表示感冒,应加不定冠词。第三空in bed是固定短语,意为躺在床上。B。【解析】第一空用不定冠词,表示人们关心的事情之一;第二窄空后而是复数名词,前面不加冠词。
13.D。【解析】.Every second day每隔一天,中间不加冠词;第二空表示泛指,用不定 冠词a,所以答案选D。D。【解析】第一空the young是定冠词加形容词可表示一类人;第二空表示泛指一个,此处意为已经成为一个热门而义严肃的话题。B。【解析】have a good knowledge of对„„很了解;第二空表示特指,因为后面有定语修饰。C。【解析】history为抽象名词,其前不加冠词;fact后带有同位语.应表示特指,所以答案选C。B。【解析】第一空指说话双方都知道的事情,所以用定冠词;第二空的意思是想出一个好方法,way是可数名词,所以应该用不定冠词,因此答案选B。A.【解析】句意:我在管理由我妻子管理的班级。in charge of负责,管理,其主语通常是人,in the charge of由„„负责或管理,其主语通常是物。故答案选A。
A。【解析】本题的两个设空之处都指的是说话双方都明白的事情,应该用定冠词,所以答案选A。A。【解析】世界卫生组织前应该用定冠词;第二空特指疾病的传播,也应该用定冠词。故答案为A。B,【解析】Intenet为专有名词,成用the来修饰;而一条新的高速宽带网为泛指,用不定冠词a来修饰。B。【解析】动词make之后用作补语的名词monitor(班长)表示职位,故不加冠词。第二空用定冠词the,表特指(即上文提到的我们选出的班长)。D。【解析】考查冠词的特指与泛指用法。第一空表示某类事物中的一个用不定冠词,第二空特指奥林匹克历史,用定冠词。D。【解析】表示职位的名词president作同位语,其前不加冠词;give a lecture为固定用法,意思是做演讲。B。【解析】第一个空为a way of life一种生活方式,表泛指;第二个空用the,特指生活的目的。故选B。A。【解析】考查固定搭配中冠词的用法。get ona diet节食,make room for抽出时间或空间,room是不可数名词。D。【解析】the early train早班车,为习惯说法。后半句的意思是:但是却没有赶上去火车站的车。get a ride搭便车。C。【解析】此处意为但是他确信那是一个星期天,因为大家都在做礼拜。be at chutch做礼拜。C。【解析】ice是不可数名词,表泛指时不需要用冠词;platform是可数名词,用a表示泛指。C。【解析】第一空用the表示说话双方都知道的事情;第二空用a,表泛指。
第三篇:2010高考二轮复习英语教案
2010高考二轮复习英语教案
专题八 非谓语动词和独立主格结构
【专题要点】非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下:1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语;2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语;3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词; 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语,且意义不同的动词或短语;5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别;6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别; 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别;8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语; 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式;10.独立主格结构在句中作状语; 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。
【考纲要求】非谓语动词包括不定式、动词-ing形式和过去分词三种形式。动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握:非谓语动词的时态和语态;他们在英语句子中的作用;非谓语动词的基本用法和含义,非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分,比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等;掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析;掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。对于独立主格结构考纲要求掌握独立主格结构的构成方式;在句子中的作用以及with复合结构。
【教法指引】非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词,是高中英语学习的难点,也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点,教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当,尤其是对以下要点的复习: 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别;2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式;3.非谓语动词完成式的用法;4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语;5.非谓语动词用作目的状语;6.非谓语动词用作结果状语;7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语;8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题;9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题;10.“(be+)过去分词+介词”结构;11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。
对于独立主格结构的复习,教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。【知识网络】 非谓语动词用法
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义,我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled,for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人„„的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到„„”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对„„感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有: interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 【口诀记忆】
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装,主动答应选计划 同意请求帮一帮,愿望似乎就没有,碰巧承担常努力。attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲,打算 begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略,漏 appear似乎,显得 determine决定 manage设法 cease停止 hate憎恨,厌恶 pretend假装 ask问 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱;烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢,宁愿 care关心,喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 decide决定 learn学习regret抱歉,遗憾 choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺,允许 start开始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意,赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 decide决定 learn学习vow起
contrive设法,图谋 incline有„倾向 propose提议 seek找,寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿 announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使 bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求 assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示 advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
authorize授权,委托 help帮助 recommend劝告,推荐 bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒 beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引,邀请,summon传唤 command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示 drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉 direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱 entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫 enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说 encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教 entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语 【口诀记忆】
考虑建议盼原谅,避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏 禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡
acknowledge承认,自认 cease 停止 mention说到,讲到 admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢,讨厌 advocate:提倡,主张 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激,欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有,喜爱 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑,逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口 consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想,爱好 favor 造成,偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描绘,计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成,结束不得 pardon原谅,饶恕 resist抵抗,阻止 forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复 imagine设想 postpone延迟,延期 risk冒险
involve卷入,包含 practise 实行,实践 suggest建议 hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救,储蓄 keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持,忍受 loathe非常讨厌,厌恶 recall回想
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别 【口诀记忆】 想起忘记常后悔
1)forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做)forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)2)stop to do 停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事 3)remember to do 记住去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾 regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔 5)try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 6)mean to do打算,有意要„ mean doing意味着
7)go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情)go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)8)propose to do 打算(要做某事)proposing doing建议(做某事)9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为;+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念(注)如果这些动词前有should一词,其后宾语只跟不定式,不能跟动名词。例如: I should like to see him tomorrow.
10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义;+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗? You must remember to leave tomorrow.你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way.让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling.我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean(your)going to hospital.得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如: ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动 ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求 campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望 courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因 decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要求不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意: departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗? 5.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too„to, too„not to , but/only too„ to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。6.非谓语动词常考的其它结构(1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如:
When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do.我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cross the river.困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。(双重宾语)注)A.有时疑问词前可用介词,如:
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语,只能跟疑问词(如:how, what)+不定式: While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有„,只能„”讲时跟不定式结构(but与不带to的不定式 连用)。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式
1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有: feel 觉得 observe 注意到,看到 overhear听到 watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉,感知 notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake,Eric sprang to his feet,and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词,如make, let,have等。如: Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。(注):
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如: He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
(4)不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为:for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如: I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如: It was wise of him to do that.他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为;①人称代词的所有格+动名词;②名词's+动名词。例如: Tom insisted on my going with them.他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late.他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词,如:careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me.你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示(而且there后面的不定式只能是to be)。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7.非谓语动词中的有关句型(1)动名词作主语的句型
1)Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football.打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless(nice, good,interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth. It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car.开这种小车是浪费。8.非谓语动词的特殊结构
有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语,用来表示说话人对说话内容所特的态度。1)现在分词的独立结构
judging from / by„, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的独立结构
to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)动词原形: Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作连词的分词considering(考虑到,就„而言),providing / provided „假如,supposing 假如 这些词用来表示条件的连词,后接that 从句。
独立主格结构
一、概念:
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、功能:
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,因此成为独立主格结构。其实,虽然叫做独立主格结构,并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用。
三、形式:
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成:第一部分有名词或代词担任,第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为:—ing 分词独立主格结构;—ed分词独立主格结构;无动词独立主格结构等。
四、举例:
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做,他们离开了。(代词+-ing;表原因)
2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室,手里拿着书。(无动词结构;表伴随)
3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上,闭着眼睛。(名词+-ed;表状态)
4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了,我们开始玩篮球。(名词+副词;表时间)
5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字,他拾起那张纸。(借此结构;表伴随)
6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会开始了。(名词+不定式;表时间)
五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同:
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换成状语从句后,有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致;而分词短语转化为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例:
⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.-→Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许,本周末我们最好休息一下。
⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.-→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.从顶楼上看,花园更漂亮。
2、还应该注意,分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致,而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”;有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例:
⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表,用了我很长时间。(依着原则)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我们)种花时必须小心,不能碰坏花根。(悬垂分词)
六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同:
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有:generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例:
⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说,这个规则很容易懂。
⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根据他所说的,她一定很诚实。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式,表明说话人的立场和态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例:
⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.说实话,我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是,他把钥匙锁在车里了
七、非谓语动词独立主格结构
在独立主格结构中,非谓语动词和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。Such an able man to help you,you will surely succeed sooner or later.有这么能干的人来帮你, 你迟早一定会成功的。(such an able man和 to help you 之间存在着主谓关系)
= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后,他母亲开始给他讲故事。(seating himself at the desk拥有了自己的逻辑主语he,注意是“主格”)
= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丢了自行车钥匙,他只好步行去学校。(lost 的逻辑主语是the key,lost 也可以用完成式having been lost)
= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A.不定式“独立主格结构”
在“逻辑主语+动词不定式”结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构也可用一个从句或并列分句来表达。1.动词不定式用主动的形式
在独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。His mother to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。(= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.)
——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去听音乐会吗? ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.对不起,有这多的作业要批,我真的抽不出时间。
(=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.)
The four of us agreed on a pision of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。
(=The four of us agreed on a pision of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.)
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树,花和草后,我们新建的学校将看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B.-ing形式“独立主格结构”
动词的-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。(= As he was very ill, he went home.)Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在课桌旁坐好后,他开始看杂志。(= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)
1. 表示时间的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每个人都准备好后,老师开始上课。(相当于一个时间状语从句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每个人坐好后,主席开始开会。(相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated)2. 表示原因的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路,我们没有困难就找到了那奇怪的洞。(相当于一个原因状语从句Because the boy led the way)Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.许多眼睛看着他,他感到有点儿紧张。(相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him)必背:
含有being的独立主格结构。
It being National Day today,the streets are very crowded.今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。
= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3. 表示条件的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.时间允许的话,我们下星期将进行一次野炊。(相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话,我愿工作到深夜。(相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows)4. 表示方式的-ing形式作“独立主格结构”
The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着,每个人胸前都带着一张卡。(相当于一个并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest)
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上,眼睛看着天空。(相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky)
C.-ed形式“独立主格结构”
与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样,如果-ed形式的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致的话,就需要用-ed形式的独立主格结构。
The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写的,英语初学者也能看懂。
= As the book was written in simple English,English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了。
= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。
= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任务完成以后,他休了两个月的假。(=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.)比较:
动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生,动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束,动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。
The manager looks worried,many things to settle.经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。(事情还没有处理,而且是由经理本人来处理,用不定式to settle)The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很轻松。(事情已经处理好了,用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭,一边看电视。(两个动作同时进行)
The food cooked, the boy went to bed.饭做好了,小孩去睡了。(两个动作有先后,饭已做好,小孩才去睡觉的
八、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构,上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。A. with+名词代词+形容词
He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜欢开着窗子睡觉。
= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中,衣服湿透了。
= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意:
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中,也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
With his son so disappointing,the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父亲如此出名,儿子不想读书。B. with+名词代词+副词
Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的灯都打开时,我们的学校看上去更美。
= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前,小孩在后走着。
= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C. with+名词代词+介词短语
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口,手里拿着一部电脑。
= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在课桌前,嘴里衔着一支笔。
= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D. with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了,彼得出去玩了。
= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信号发出了,火车开始起动了。
= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作还没完成,我不敢回家。
= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E. with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围,那男子感到很高兴。
= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。
= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁没人注意的时候,从窗口溜走了。
= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F. with+名词代词+动词不定式
The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有这么多的家庭作业要做,小男孩看上去很不开心。
= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观,小孩很激动。
The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示:
在with/without 的复合结构中,多数情况下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。(without不能省略)
九、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外,还能作定语。在形式上,“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾,并通常用逗号与主句隔开。A.作状语
独立主格结构作状语,其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。1.表示时间 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临,我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
(= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.)All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后,他们才开始吃饭。
(= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.)With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后,格雷斯打的回家了。
(After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.)2.表示原因
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有许多难题要解决,新当选的总统日子不好过。
(= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.)
There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了,他只好步行回家。
(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3.表示条件
Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话,我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
(= If weather permits,we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.)All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后,你可以休息。
(=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.)
Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果从各方面考虑,你的计划似乎更实际些。
(= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.)提示:
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首,并且不能保留连词。【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下课了,学生都离开了教室。
【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出来了,他们继续赶路。4.表示伴随情况或补充说明
The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。
(= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯被带了进来,手被捆在背后。
(=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.)Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有两百人在事故中丧生,其中许多是儿童。
(Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.)B.作定语
独立主格结构作定语,其功能相当于一个定语从句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student)他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰bottle)你可以使用一个颈被砍掉的大塑料瓶。
= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示:
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是,不 是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you stand on the top of the mountain,the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山顶上, 公园看上去更美。(不要改为独立主格结构)
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔细检查试卷的话,有些错误是可以避免的。(不要改为独立主格结构)
第四篇:2010高考二轮复习教案
2010高考二轮复习教案
作者:佚名 资料来源:网络 点击数:215 更新时间:2009-12-6 20:57:38
文 章来源 莲 山 课 件 w w w.5Y k J.c oM
2010高考二轮复习教案
政
治
第二部分:热点专题
专题三
聚焦乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件
加强民族团结
【专题要点】
1.新疆乌鲁木齐市发生了“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件。2009年7月5日,新疆乌鲁木齐市发生了“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件。这一事件的幕后黑手,是以热比娅为首的宗教极端势力、民族分裂势力和国际恐怖势力。7月5日发生在乌鲁木齐的暴力事件是以热比娅为首的境外“疆独”组织“世界维吾尔代表大会”指挥煽动的。目前,公安部门已抓捕1434名参与打砸抢烧杀嫌犯。乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件发生后,在党中央、国务院坚强领导下,经过各方面共同努力,迅速平息了事态。目前,新疆社会大局总体趋于稳定。
2.中共中央政治局常务委员会召开会议研究部署维护新疆社会稳定工作。中共中央政治局常务委员会于2009年7月8日召开会议,研究部署维护新疆社会稳定工作。中共中央总书记胡锦涛主持会议。会议指出,维护和保持新疆社会大局稳定,是当前新疆最重要最紧迫的任务。要巩固和发展前一段工作成果,坚持维护社会稳定、维护社会主义法制、维护人民群众根本利益,依法坚决打击打砸抢烧严重违法犯罪行为,严密做好各项防范工作,严防敌对势力破坏民族团结,保障人民群众基本生活,加强舆论引导,切实维护社会稳定大局。会议强调,要高举各民族大团结旗帜,大力发扬新疆各族干部群众同呼吸、共命运、心连心的优良传统,牢固树立汉族离不开少数民族、少数民族离不开汉族、各少数民族之间也相互离不开的思想,引导各族干部群众倍加珍惜各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的大好局面,不传谣、不信谣、不受挑拨煽动、不参与违法活动,坚决同不法分子的违法犯罪活动作斗争,自觉维护民族团结和社会稳定。
3.胡锦涛考察新疆。2009年8月22日至25日,中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛在新疆考察工作,深入天山南北看望慰问各族干部群众。8月25日,新疆维吾尔自治区干部大会在乌鲁木齐召开。正在新疆考察工作的中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛出席大会并发表重要讲话。他强调,要深刻认识新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来新疆发生的沧桑巨变,倍加珍惜来之不易的大好局面,紧紧抓住国家深入实施西部大开发战略的宝贵机遇,坚持一手抓改革发展一手抓团结稳定,努力在中国特色社会主义道路上创造新疆更加美好的明天。胡锦涛指出,今年是新中国成立60周年,也是新疆和平解放暨人民解放军进军新疆60周年。中央历来关心新疆各族群众,一贯支持新疆经济社会发展,高度重视新疆社会稳定。以毛泽东同志、邓小平同志、江泽民同志为核心的党的三代中央领导集体对新疆工作作出一系列重大决策和工作部署,指明了新疆工作的正确方向。党的十六大以来,中央对新世纪新阶段新疆发展和稳定作出战略部署,推动新疆各项工作取得新的显著成绩。我们必须坚定信心、同心同德、开拓进取、扎实工作,坚定不移推进新疆改革开放和社会主义现代化建设,坚定不移维护新疆社会大局稳定,坚定不移维护民族团结。胡锦涛指出,乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件是一起由境内外“三股势力”精心策划组织的打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件,给各族群众生命财产造成极大损失,给社会稳定造成严重破坏。在党中央、国务院坚强领导下,自治区党委和政府、中央和国家机关有关部门、部队、生产建设兵团紧急行动起来,紧紧依靠新疆各族干部群众,坚决制止暴力犯罪,恢复了乌鲁木齐社会稳定。胡锦涛代表党中央、国务院和中央军委,向全区各族干部群众,向部队官兵、民兵预备役人员和公安民警,向生产建设兵团干部职工,致以崇高的敬意,向在平息这起事件斗争中壮烈牺牲的同志和在这起事件中不幸遇难的无辜群众表示沉痛的哀悼,向他们的亲属表示诚挚的慰问。胡锦涛强调,这场斗争的胜利充分显示了党和人民的力量,充分显示了我国社会主义制度的力量,充分显示了各族人民大团结的力量。事实证明,新疆各族人民共同团结奋斗的政治基础、思想基础、群众基础是深厚牢固的,分裂势力不得人心、是注定要失败的,他们的破坏活动动摇不了新疆改革发展稳定大局,动摇不了新疆各族人民在中国共产党领导下建设繁荣富裕和谐的社会主义新疆的坚强决心。
4.第五次全国民族团结进步表彰大会。2009年9月29日国务院第五次全国民族团结进步表彰大会在北京举行。中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席胡锦涛出席大会并发表重要讲话。他强调,新形势下,我们要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,认真贯彻党的民族政策,扎扎实实做好民族工作,大力促进我国各民族在社会主义大家庭中和衷共济、和睦相处、和谐发展,奋力开创我国民族团结进步事业新局面,不断形成实现国家兴旺发达、人民幸福安康的强大力量,不断形成实现社会和谐稳定、国家长治久安的强大力量,不断形成实现中华民族伟大复兴、为人类作出更大贡献的强大力量。这次会议的任务是:表彰近年来各条战线上涌现的民族团结进步模范,大力宣传他们的先进事迹,营造珍惜和维护民族团结、实现共同进步的良好社会氛围。总结新中国成立60年来民族团结进步事业的成就和经验,分析面临的机遇和挑战,提出当前和今后一个时期的主要任务。动员全国各族人民向民族团结进步模范学习,高举各民族大团结的旗帜,共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展,为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利、开创中国特色社会主义新局面、实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗。大会首先表彰了全国民族团结进步模范集体和模范个人。胡锦涛等党和国家领导人为受表彰的模范集体和模范个人代表颁奖。中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理回良玉宣读了《国务院关于表彰全国民族团结进步模范集体和模范个人的决定》,包头市人民政府等739个模范集体、周晓红等749个模范个人受到表彰。
【考纲要求】
一、考纲要求
没有团结稳定的社会环境,就不会有改革发展的大好形势。乌鲁木齐“7·5”事件给各族群众生命财产造成极大损失,给社会稳定造成严重破坏,充分表明,**是祸害之根,稳定是幸福之源,社会不稳定,什么事情也干不成,已经取得的成果也会失去。这场斗争的胜利充分证明,新疆各族人民共同团结奋斗的政治基础、思想基础、群众基础是深厚牢固的,分裂势力不得人心、是注定要失败的。坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇,坚持维护社会大局稳定不动摇,坚持各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展不动摇,这是做好新疆工作的根本之策,也是推动社会主义现代化航船顺利前行的根本要求。只有坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇,使经济社会发展取得长足进步、各族群众生活得到明显改善,才能更加坚定各族群众坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的信心和决心,不断增强对中华民族的归属感、对中华文化的认同感、对伟大祖国的自豪感。只有坚持维护社会大局稳定不动摇,把促进改革发展同维护社会稳定有机结合起来,筑牢保持稳定的社会基础,才能获得改革发展的前提和保障。只有坚持各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展不动摇,推动各民族和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展,才能维护祖国统一这一各族人民的最高利益。一手抓改革发展,一手抓团结稳定,这是我们的宝贵经验。党的各级组织和领导干部要认真学习贯彻胡锦涛总书记的重要讲话,始终坚持“三个不动摇”,进一步凝聚各族人民的智慧,形成推动科学发展、促进社会和谐的强大合力;自觉做到“三个不动摇”,加快推进社会主义现代化事业,实现中华民族的伟大复兴。
二、重点问题
1.当前新疆等民族地区的发展正处于历史最好时期。
2.一手抓改革发展 一手抓团结稳定。
3.民族区域自治符合各民族共同利益。
4.党的民族政策是国家现代化的重要基石。
5.加快建设繁荣富裕和谐社会主义新疆。
【教法指引】
1.民族是具有共同地域、共同语言、共同经济生活和共同心理素质的人们的稳定共同体。
2.我国各民族在社会主义制度下已形成平等、团结、互助的新型民族关系。
3.我国处理民族关系的基本原则:(1)民族平等原则:①民族平等是马克思主义在民族问题上的基本观点。各民族之间只有大小、强弱和发展程度上的区别,绝无优劣之分。各民族都对人类历史的发展作出了自己的贡献。②具体表现:
一、各民族在政治权利、社会地位上实现了平等;
二、各民族在发展经济、文化等方面享有平等的权利;
三、各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的平等权利,都有保持或改革自己风俗习惯的自由。(2)民族团结原则:①民族团结和民族凝聚力的强弱,与一个多民族国家的发展前途有密切的关系,是衡量一个国家综合国力的标志之一。各民族的大团结是国家统一、繁荣、昌盛的重要保证。因此,加强民族团结,维护国家统一,是中华民族的最高利益,也是各民族的共同愿望。②必须反对大民族主义和地方民族主义,与极少数民族分裂分子进行斗争,依法惩处煽动民族歧视的行为。(3)民族共同繁荣原则:①实现各民族共同繁荣,是由社会主义本质决定的。②在现阶段,加快民族地区经济文化的发展,是民族工作的根本任务,也是促进各民族个同繁荣,增进民族团结。发展社会主义民族关系的必由之路。③推进西部大开发,实行“兴边富民”行动,是坚持民族共同繁荣原则的具体体现。(4)三原则的关系:民族平等是实现民族团结的政治基础,民族平等和民族团结是实现各民族共同繁荣的前提条件。各民族的共同繁荣是民族平等、民族团结的物质保证。
4.民族区域自治制度:(1)含义:在国家统一领导下,各少数民族聚居区实行区域自治。(2)实行民族区域自治,体现了坚持民族三原则。(3)民族自治地方是中央统一领导下的地方行政区域,分为自治区、自治州、自治县三级。自治机关是民族自治地方的人民代表大会和人民政府。(3)依据:是由我国的历史特点和现实情况决定的,有着坚实的政治和社会基础。①中国自秦汉以来,就是统一的多民族国家;②我国民族“大杂居、小聚居”的特点,适合实行区域自治;③我国各民族在长期斗争中形成了政治认同。
5.我国的宗教政策:(1)我国的宗教信仰自由政策①含义(略),正常的宗教活动是指在宗教活动场所或教徒家中进行,在宪法、法律和政策范围内进行的活动。任何人不得在宗教活动场所内进行无神论宣传。任何宗教组织和教徒也不得到宗教活动场所以外进行宗教活动。②依法加强对宗教事务的管理,这是为了使宗教活动纳入法律、法规和政策范围,更好地、全面地贯彻执行宗教信仰自由政策。③积极引导宗教与社会主义相适应。这并不是要求教徒放弃有神论的思想和宗教信仰,而是要求教徒在政治上同社会主义国家的法律、政策和国家利益相一致。④坚持独立自主自办的原则。(2)依据:符合宗教自身规律;有利于民族团结和国家统一;有利于团结信教群众,共同致力于社会主义现代化建设。
6.树立科学世界观,抵制邪教,反对封建迷信。
【知识综合】
(一)政治学科:
1.经济常识:社会主义的本质、国家的宏观调控、财政的作用、社会主义生产目的、我国宗教的独立自主自办原则与对外贸易的基本原则。
2.哲学常识:物质与意识的辩证关系、客观规律性与人的主观能动性的辩证关系、一切从实际出发、实事求是、具体问题具体分析、联系的观点、发展的观点、内外因辩证关系、实践与认识的辩证关系、社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系、人民群众是实践的主体。
3.政治常识:我国的国家性质和国家职能、民族区域自治与我国的国家结构形式、“一国两制”、我国国家机构组织和活动的原则、中共的地位、作用、宗旨、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、我国处理民族问题的基本原则和基本政策、我国的宗教信仰自由政策、公民维护国家统一和民族团结的义务、我国的宗教政策与依法治国和以德治国原则、我国处理对外关系坚持独立自主的和平外交政策。
(二)历史学科:新疆自古即与祖国大陆密不可分。中国历代政府在新疆先后建立了行政机构,行使管辖权。新疆人民具有光荣的爱国主义传统。新疆的解放。民族区域自治制度的建立和所起的积极作用。
(三)地理学科:新疆的自然、区域和文化特征,新疆的资源。
2010高考二轮复习教案
第五篇:2010届高考二轮复习:名言、谚语集锦(英语)
2010届高考二轮复习:名言、谚语集锦
谚语、名言是历史文化的积淀,是人类智慧的结晶。在作文中适当引用一些谚语或名言,往往会起到画龙点睛的作用,为文章增光添彩。下面列出一些作文中经常用到的谚语、名言。请同学们抄在小纸条上,随身携带,每天至少背一句,真正消化吸收,这样写作文时就能信手拈来、挥洒自如!
1.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。2.A good beginning makes a good ending.善始才有善终
3.A good teacher, a good student.有好的老师就有好的学生。4.A miss is as good as a mile.差之毫厘,失之千里。
5.A trouble shared is a trouble halved.两人分担,困难减半。6.A true friend is the best possession.真正的朋友是最好的财产。7.A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出,驷马难追。
8.Achievement is founded on diligence and wasted upon recklessness.业精于勤,荒于嬉。9.Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于空谈。
10.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的东西并不一定都是金子。11.All roads lead to Rome.条条道路通罗马。
12.All things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难。
13.An empty sack cannot stand upright.有理走遍天下,无理寸步难行。14.As you sow, so shall you reap.种瓜得瓜瓜,种豆得豆。15.Beauty is only skin-deep.美只是外表。16.Better late than never.迟做总比不做好。
17.Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚,人以群分。
18.Bitter pills may have wholesome together.良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。
19.Books are the ever-burning lamps of accumulated wisdom.书籍是智慧积累的长明灯。20.Calamity is man’s true touchstone.逆境是真正的试金石。21.Call a spade a spade.直言不讳。/ 一是一,二是二。
22.Confidence of success is almost success.相信成功,你就接近成功。23.Constant dripping wears away the stone.滴水穿石。
24.Courage and perseverance conquer all.勇气加坚韧可征服一切。25.Deeds, not words.行动胜于雄辩。
26.Deliver your words not by number but by weight.话不在多,而在其份量。27.Denying a fault doubles it.否认错误,错上加错。28.Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤奋是好运之母。29.Diligence redeems stupidity.勤能补拙。
30.Discontent is the first step in progress.不满足是进步的开始。
31.Do as well as you can today, and perhaps you may be able to do better tomorrow.今天尽你最大的努力去做好,明天你也许就能做得更好。
32.Don’t put off till tomorrow what you can do today.今日事今日毕。33.Don’t teach fish to swim.不要班门弄斧。
34.Early to bed and early to rise, makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起床,聪明、富裕又健康。
35.Easier said than done.说起来容易,做起来难。
36.East or west, home is best.东好西好,还是家里最好。/金窝银窝,不如自己的狗窝。37.Empty vessels make the most sound.满半瓶水不呼,半瓶响叮当。
38.Every man is the architect of his own fortune.人人都是自己命运的建筑师。39.Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的老师。40.Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。41.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。42.Good things come to those who wait.苍天不负苦心人。
43.He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后,谁笑得最好。44.He lives long that lives well.活得好等于活得久。
45.He that corrects not small faults will not control great ones.小错不纠,大错难控。46.Health is better than wealth.健康胜于财富。47.Honesty is the best policy.诚实才是上策。
48.If at first you don’t succeed, try again.如果初次不成功,就要一试再试。49.If it were not for hope, the heart would break.人靠希望活着。50.It is more blessed to give than to receive.施比受有福。51.It is no use crying over spilt milk.牛奶已洒,哭也白搭。
52.It is not how long, but how well we live.莫求活得长,但求活得好。53.Knowledge is long, life is short.吾生也有涯,而知也无涯。54.Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
55.Life is too short to waste.生命短促,不容浪费。56.Like father, like son.有其父,必有其子。57.Live and learn.活到老学到老。58.Look before you leap.三思而后行。
59.Luck is a pidend of sweat.The more you sweat, the luckier you get.一份汗水,一份收获。60.Many hands make light work.众人搭些火焰高。61.Never do things by halves.切勿半途而废。62.Never say die.绝不要轻言放弃。
63.Ninety percent of inspiration is perspiration.百分之九十的灵感是汗水浇出来的。64.No competition, no progress.没有竞争,就没有进步。65.No pain, no gain.不劳则无获。
66.No road of flowers leads to glory.没有一条通往光荣的道路是铺满鲜花的。
67.Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence.世界上没有东西可以代替坚持。68.One loses by pride and gains by modesty.满招损,谦受益。69.Opportunity knocks only once.机不可失,失不再来。70.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。71.Practice what you preach.言行一致。72.Pride goes before a fall.骄兵必败。
73.Promises must be kept and action must be resolute.言必行,行必果。
74.Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的。/冰冻三尺,非一日之寒。75.Pure gold fears no fire.真金不怕火炼。
76.Quality matters more than quantity.质比量重要。77.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
78.Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打,无往不胜。79.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
80.The early bird catches the worm.早起的鸟儿有虫吃。81.The greatest pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.人生最大的快乐就是挑战极限。
82.The shortest answer is doing.最简短的回答就是干。
83.There are two sides to every question.任何问题都有两个方面。84.There is no royal road to learning.学无坦途。
85.There is no substitute for hard work.没有任何东西可以取代勤奋。86.There’s always room for improvement.再好也有改进之处。87.Thrift is great revenue.节俭是笔大收入。88.Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不待人。89.Time is money.一寸光阴一寸金。
90.Truth has always a sure bottom.真理总能站住脚。
91.Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠赛过一个诸葛亮。92.Victory belongs to the most persevering.坚持不懈才能胜利。93.Wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。94.Well begun is half done.好的开端是成功的一半。
95.Whatever man has done, I may do.别人已经做到的,我也能做到。96.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
97.Where there is life, there is hope.有生命,就有希望。/留得青山在,不怕没些烧。98.Whit patience the mulberry leaf becomes a silk gown.只要功夫深,铁杵磨成针。99.Work won’t kill, but worry will.工作不会让你筋疲力尽,但忧虑会毁掉你。/操劳不丧身,忧愁愁煞人。
100.Youth is the season of hope.青春是希望的季节。