第一篇：名著梗概：《艰难时世》

名著梗概：《艰难时世》

(英国)狄更斯 著

[故事梗概]

葛擂更先生是退休的五金批发商人、国会议员。他有“四四方方象一堵墙般的额头„„四四方方的外衣，四四方方的腿干，四四方方的肩膀”。他是个讲究实际的人，认为“为人处事都从这条原则出发：二加二等于四，不等于更多”；他口袋里经常装着尺子、天平和乘法表，随时准备秤一秤、量一量“人性的任何部分”。他用“事实的哲学”，在焦煤镇办了一所子弟学校，要求教师以“事实”来教育学生。他认为，只有事实才是生活中最重要的；除此之外，什么都不要培植，一切都该连根拔掉；要锻炼有理性的动物的智力就得用事实。

葛擂更准备成立一个“事实委员会”，禁止学生使用幻想。一位拥护他的主张的绅士，还提出不能用画了马的纸糊墙壁，因为马不会在墙上跑；也不能在碗碟上画蝴蝶和鸟儿，因为它们不可能落在碗碟上。

葛擂更女儿露意莎，儿子汤姆过着单调而刻板的生活。他们在学会走路时，就被赶进教室，坐在黑板前，终日和魔鬼似的数字打交道。他们不允许阅读诗歌和故事，不准与自然景物接触，不准与其他孩子游玩。在他们房间里，设置了许多贝壳、金属、矿物的标本柜。每一个小葛擂更在五岁时已能解剖大熊了，就跟欧文教授解剖动物差不多；但没有一个小葛擂更能把儿歌中的牛和田野中的牛联想在一起。

葛擂更的住宅石屋，座落在郊外，是个标准的“事实之家”，形状异常整齐。这座很大的四四方方的房子，有一条阴暗的门廊遮住了它正面的窗户，正如同房主人的浓眉遮蔽了他的眼晴一样。这是座经过预算、核算、决算而造成的房子。大门的这边有六个窗户，大门的那边也有六个窗户；这一厢的窗户总数是十二个；那一厢的窗户总数仍然是十二个；加起来恰好是二十四个。一片草地，一个花园，和一条林荫小路都是直条条的，好象一本用植物编成了格子的账簿。

有一回，葛擂更无意间发现他以“事实”原则培养出来的宝贝儿女，竟然在一个破墙洞眼里偷看外面的马戏表演，汤姆还象狗一样扒在地下。这使葛擂更大为恼火，认为这是堕落的表现。女儿露意莎却反驳说，她对事实学校的一切都厌倦了。葛擂更强迫女儿和儿子离开墙洞眼回家去。

葛擂更有个好朋友叫庞得贝，是个银行家和工业家。庞得贝身材魁伟，声音洪亮，眼睛老是盯着人，笑起来声音象破锣；他又是个“自谦得咄咄逼人的‘凶汉’”，老夸耀自己的贫穷出身和“白手起家”。他认为露意莎在看马戏，是受马戏团丑角的女儿西丝·朱浦的影响，主张把正在事实学校里念书的西丝撵出去。于是，他们便一同往焦煤镇上走去。

焦煤镇到处是机器和高耸的烟囱。无穷无尽的长蛇似的浓烟，一直不停地从烟囱里冒出来，把原来的红砖房屋，涂沫得象生番的花脸。镇上有好几条大街，看起来条条都是一个样子，还有许多小巷也是彼此相同。那儿的居民也几乎个个相似，他们同时进，同时出，走在同样的人行道上，发出同样的脚步声，做着同样的工作。这个市镇“除了单纯的、有实际用处的东西而外，是没有其他的东西的”。这是个用“事实”理论建筑起来的市镇，“在物质方面，四处所表现出来的都是事实、事实、事实；在精神方面，四处所表现出来的，也都是事实、事实、事实”。

葛擂更和庞得贝恰好在路上遇见了西丝·朱浦。他们把她领到马戏团去见她的父亲。西丝的父亲是丑角演员。不久前，他因演出出了岔子，被观众嘲笑，抛下女儿逃跑了。葛擂更便向马戏团团长史德锐提出，把西丝交给他照顾。马戏团团长和西丝本人都同意了。但葛擂更并不是让西丝再回到学校念书，而是要她服侍自己的太太和给女儿露意莎作伴。他要自己女儿理解西丝的父亲和职业是没有出息的，以转移她对马戏的兴趣。另方面，他用调查报告、表格之类当作教科书教育西丝，以便使她“聪明起来”，但西丝对这一切并不感兴趣，她怀念着自己的父亲。

庞得贝在镇上开办了一家纺织厂。厂里有位技术熟练的纺织工人斯梯芬。他约莫四十来岁年纪，为人“纯厚而诚实”，是个难得的好织工。但他贫穷，家庭生活也很不幸。他的背有点驼，“眉头老是皱着，脸上总显得在深思”。他和女工瑞茄关系很好，经常在她那里得到精神安慰。他想和酗酒放荡的妻子离婚，与瑞茄结婚。但他付不起诉讼费。

葛擂更准备把儿子汤姆送到庞得贝银行里去工作，并把女儿露意莎嫁给庞得贝。虽然这是很不相称的婚姻，庞得贝比露意莎大三十岁；但葛擂更对女儿说：“从你们两个人的年龄来说，是有些不相称，但是从你们的财产和地位来说是没有什么不相称的；反过来说，倒是非常门当户对呢。”

庞得贝在结婚那天，向观众发表了冗长的演说。他说，他希望露意莎能配得上他，正如他配得上她一样；同时，他“也希望每一位小姐也能找到象我老婆已经找到了的这么好的一个丈夫”。

不久，焦煤镇来了一个议员大臣的弟弟詹姆斯·赫德豪士先生。他是一个仪表堂堂，性情冷漠的人物。原先他当过龙骑兵的一名司旗官。可是，他对这工作生厌了，便跟一位公使出洋。后来，他又讨厌这外交官职，便到耶路撒冷去游历；还坐游艇环游过世界。但他足迹所到，感到无一处能提起他的精神。回到伦敦后，意志更加颓唐了。一天，议员大臣劝他到焦煤镇去搞搞统计工作。詹姆斯认为这样可以换换空气，便答应了。他经葛擂更的介绍去见庞得贝。庞得贝神气十足地向客人介绍了焦煤镇的情况。认为这个市镇上又黑又浓的煤烟，就是他和“衣食父母”。他说：“煤烟是世界上最有利于健康的东西，特别是对于肺部”他吹嘘他的工人生活得很好，只是他们不知足。然后，他又带詹姆斯去见他的妻子。在一座古板的房子里，露意莎出现了。詹姆斯初次感到：“她的五官是端正的；但是面部的自然活动受到那样的压抑和束缚，因此看起来似乎无法猜测它真正的表情。”然而，她和自吹自擂的丈夫相比完全属于另一种性格。他对她产生了好感。露意莎的弟弟汤姆不久也和詹姆斯接近起来。汤姆告诉詹姆斯说，他的姐姐不爱自己的丈夫，她是为了照顾他在庞得贝银行找到工作，才答应嫁给庞得贝的。

英国的工人运动蔓延到焦煤镇。在纺织工人的集会上，一位从伦敦来的工人鼓动家，号召工人团结起来和资本家斗争。这是一个“两肩高耸，眉毛低垂，五官挤在一道的人”，他的名字叫斯拉克瑞其。他要工人们加入工会组织。到会的工人中，只有斯梯芬一人不愿意参加组织。斯拉克瑞其便说他是叛徒。斯梯芬上台辩解说，他不愿意参加，是因为他不同意罢工斗争，也不相信他们的会章。他自动退出了会场。

庞得贝得知这一事件后，便对斯梯芬进行拉拢。他诬蔑工人闹事是想用金调羹来吃饭。但斯梯芬却不接受拉拢，而站在工人立场上说话。他诉说工人生活的艰难；厂主总是对的，工人总是错的，这种情况越来越严重。庞得贝说，把肇事的工人捉起来，就可以改变“一团糟”的生活。斯梯芬说，“糟”并不是乱子闹的，而是生活本身很“糟”，他要东家不能用暴力对付工人。他说：“用强硬的手段是绝对不行的。用战胜和征服的办法是绝对不行的。老认为一方面是对的。而另一方面是错的，这种很不自然的想法也是绝对不行的。置之不理也是绝对不行的。让成千上万的人老是那样生活着，老是搞得那样一团糟，结果他们站在一边而你们站在另一边。”他认为要消除这种劳资对立的状态，资本家应当“用慈善心、耐心对待”工人。庞得贝见斯梯芬不识抬举，反而来教训他，便老羞成怒。他大骂斯梯芬说：“你真是个大马蜂似的，专门刺人。品质恶劣的家伙！”他把斯梯芬从工厂中开除了。

汤姆过着挥霍放荡的生活，已负债累累了。于是他狗急跳墙，偷了庞得贝银行的钱逃跑了。

庞得贝的女管家斯巴塞太太是个没落的贵族。她出于自私的目的，象警犬一样监视着露意莎和詹姆斯的关系，期待着露意莎的堕落。一天晚上，她赶到露意莎居住的乡间别墅去，想在那儿发现她和詹姆斯的私情。刚好那天下着大雨，斯巴塞太太躲在灌木丛中，她的白色长袜染成了五颜六色，鞋子里尽是荆棘的刺；毛毛虫吐着丝从她衣服的各部分吊下来，仿佛躺在它们自己制成的吊床中一样；雨水汇成的小川从她的帽子和罗马式的鼻子上流下来。她被淋得象落汤鸡一样。过了一会，她才看到露意莎从房里出来，奔向车站，上了火车。斯巴塞太太以为她是去和情人私奔，也跟着上了火车。可是，火车到了焦煤镇，她却把跟踪的目标丢了，她急得悲伤地流出泪来。

露意莎因爱情苦恼去找她父亲。她指责葛擂更在她童年时就扼杀了她一切美好的东西，把她嫁给了一个她讨厌的丈夫；现在她已爱上詹姆斯了，而且到了这步田地：“你的哲学和教育都不能救我了。”葛擂更感到十分惊奇，但他在“事实”面前，不得不承认他在女儿婚事上的无能为力，以及他的教育的失败。

西丝·朱浦从露意莎的处境出发，去见詹姆斯。她劝詹姆斯离开焦煤镇，以补偿他犯下的勾引别人妻子的过失。詹姆斯最初不愿意，气愤地痛骂露意莎的父亲是一部机器，兄弟是狗崽子，丈夫是狗熊。但他最后还是答应了西丝的请求离开了焦煤镇，他准备到埃及去。

庞得贝知道妻子的私情后，限定她在十二小时内回去。而露意莎住在父亲的家里，没有按时回去。庞得贝便把她遗弃了。同时，他根据一些迹象，断定银行的钱是斯梯芬偷的，因为银行失窃的那天，恰好斯梯芬不见了，出了赏钱要捉拿他。

斯梯芬被工厂解雇后，因生活无着，出外谋生，不幸失足掉进矿井里。人们过了几天才发现他，把他救上来是，他已奄奄一息了。临死前，他要葛擂更给他洗刷名誉，因为钱是葛擂更儿子偷的。最后他死了。

斯巴塞太太在镇上把一位老太婆领回到庞得贝的家里，因为她常向人打听庞得贝的情况。斯巴塞太太认为她可疑，也许和银行失窃案有关。谁知这老太婆竟是庞得贝的亲生母亲派格拉太太。庞得贝从小靠她抚养长大，但他发迹后，却不准母亲去见他，要她隐居到乡下去。派格拉太太因思念儿子，一年中有好几回要上焦煤镇来，她躲在路旁，瞧瞧过路的儿子，或从旁人嘴里，打听儿子的近况。这回女管家斯巴塞太太弄巧成拙，把老太婆胁逼回家，反而揭穿了庞得贝一向自吹从小失去父母的爱，在“阴沟里长大”的谎言。庞得贝被弄得狼狈不堪，气得竖眉瞪眼。

汤姆偷钱后，躲到马戏团里。他自动在马戏团扮演一名小丑的角色。葛擂更到马戏团找儿子，看到自己的“模范儿童”竟成了小偷和小丑，心里十分难过。为了躲避这场**，他决定把汤姆送到美洲去。

正当汤姆准备出逃时，一位在事实学校里毕业的学生毕周来捉他了。毕周现在是庞得贝银行受雇的职员，他暗中访得汤姆的下落，便跟踪到马戏团来。葛擂更以老师的身份，要他讲讲情面，并责备他“有心肝没有？”毕周却回答说：“我这颗心只能为理性所左右，老爷，不能为别的任何东西所左右。”并直率地承认，他捉拿汤姆是为了升级，他的行为是符合事实学校的教育理论的。

在这危急之际，幸亏马戏团马德锐团长放出自己的狗和马拖住了毕周，放走了汤姆。最后，马德锐对葛擂更说，世界上是有真正所谓“爱”的，狗也有“爱”的感情。从而反驳了葛擂更只重理性，否定感情的观点。

五年后，庞得贝猝然中风倒毙在焦煤镇的街上。葛擂更变成一个白发苍苍、老态龙钟的人，他已不再死守他那认为是一成不变的“事实”理论了。汤姆从美洲回来想见姐姐一面，但在半途暴病身亡。露意莎再嫁了人，西丝也结婚了，她们都生下儿女。对孩子充满着慈爱，因为“如果不去陶冶天真，培养性情，即使能用统计数字来证明一个国家是多么富足，但归根结底这还是大祸将临的预兆。”

第二篇：艰难时世英文读后感

Reading Report of Hard Times

Book Information

The book Hard Times I read was published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research and pressed in 1994, its author is famous English novelist Charles Dickens, what‟s more, this book contains 480 pages.Story and My Reflection

The novel was set in Coketown, a northern industrial city.Thomas Gradgrind ruled his family and his school according to Utilitarianism, the philosophy of the time, which had as its aim the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number of people.However, the form of Utilitarianism which Dickens attacked in the novel was plain materialism that denies all other values than material ones, or “Facts” as they were called.Thomas Gradgrind had two children Louisa and Tom.They were caught by their father when they tried to see Sleary‟s Circus, where the clown Jupe works.Jupe had a daughter Sissy, and when Jupe left the circus and his daughter, Gradgrind invited her to come and live with his family.Josiah Bounderby was the rich owner of the Coketown factories.He was a proud self-made man;but once and again his house was observed by a strange old woman.Stephen Blackpool was one of Bounderby‟s workers.Blackpool had a troubled life.He had an alcoholic wife, who had left him, but he cannot be porced from her.He was in love with Rachel, a factory girl.When a strike broke out and Blackpool was not willing to join the trade union his mates would not have anything to do with him.He was fired, and he had to leave town.Tom Gradgrind started to work in Bounderby‟s bank, and Bounderby proposed to Louisa.Though she was 30 years younger than him, she accepted.Bounderby‟s housekeeper Mrs.Sparsit was jealous.Louisa‟s marriage was unhappy, and James Harthouse, a politician, attempted to seduce her.Bounderby‟s bank was robbed by Tom.However, it was Steven Blackpool who was suspected, and Bitzer, a clerk in the bank gave evidence against him.Mrs.Sparsit

had discovered the relationship between Harthouse and Louisa and spied upon them.Louisa turned Harthouse down, and she went home to her father to talk to him about her problems.He came near to realizing that his upbringing of his children based on “Facts” had been a misunderstanding.Gradgrind now sheltered Louisa from Bounderby, and the couple were permanently separated.Stephen Blackpool was found dying in a disused mine shaft.He asked Gradgrind to clear his name.Gradgrind now learned from Sissy and Louisa that it was Tom that was the bank robber.Tom was now hiding in Sleary‟s Circus disguised as a clown.His escaped abroad was nearly stopped by Bitzer, but Sleary, his horse and his trained dog effect Tom‟s escape nevertheless.Mrs.Sparsit found out that the strange old woman outside Mr.Bounderby‟s house was in fact his mother, and that he did not have a humble origin as he had claimed.He was not after all a self-made man.Tom died abroad, and Gradgrind lived into old age rejecting his Facts and Figures, Faith, Hope and Charity had become his leading principles.The hard time Dickens depicts has far been behind us, but this novel still stimulates us to ponder.Nowadays, in this rapidly developing society, people are turning out to be cooler or more business-like towards each other.With more skyscrapers built up, people lock themselves in the small match-boxes rather than to stroll around the neighborhood;with the emergence of countries crowned as „the country on the wheels‟, people drive recklessly instead of walking and chatting leisurely;with computers striding into every family, people sit behind shining screening boasting with the unknown, substituting for visiting from one door to another.Does the development of industries have to sacrifice humanity? I believe this is the question everyone will deny.We all long for a harmonious world in which we live hand in hand, not a machine which stifles our emotions, fancies or imaginations.Brilliant Paragraphs

1.“Now, what I want is, Facts.Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts.Facts alone are wanted in life.Plant nothing else, and root out everything else.You can only

form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts: nothing else will ever be of any service to them.This is the principle on which I bring up my own children, and this is the principle on which Ibring up these children.Stick to Facts, Sir!”

2.In the innocence of her brave affection, and the brimming up of her old devoted spirit, the once deserted girl shone like a beautiful light upon the darkness of the other “It was altogether unaccountable that a young gentleman whose imagination had been strangled in his cradle, should be still inconvenienced by its ghost in the form of groveling sensualities;but such a monster, beyond all doubt, was Tom.”

3.It is known, to the force of a single pound weight, what the engine will do;but not all the calculators of the National debt can tell me the capacity for good or evil, for love or hatred, for patriotism or discontent, for the decomposition of virtue into vice, or the reverse, at any single moment in the soul of one of these quiet servants, with the composed faces and the regulated actions.4.Coketown lay shrouded in a haze of its own, which appeared impervious to the sun„s rays.You only knew the town was there because you knew there could have been no such sulky blotch upon the prospect without a town.A blur of soot and smoke, now confusedly tending this way, now that way, now aspiring to the vault of Heaven, now murkily creeping along the earth, as the wind rose and fell, or changed its quarter: a dense formless jumble, with sheets of cross light in it, that showed nothing but masses of darkness—Coketown in the distance was suggestive of itself, though not a brick of it could be seen.本文版权归曼界森英书下载网及英文电子书下载网共同所有

第三篇：艰难时世英语读后感

This novel is relatively short, the characters are not many, but the author Dickens with such a short story to fully develop the plot, the novel tells some of the major happened coking coal town, where people are very respected the fact that even for the oppression of the normal emotions, to reject all fantasy, it can be said that in the part of the inhuman, feeling and people's normal life, people rejected the emotion, will inevitably bring about problems, the people inside the final outcome can be said to be more miserable.Firstly, Mr.Gradgrind said, the president said opening to educate their children to get everything out non reality beyond, however, his education, and not be able to educate their children, he finally eat the bitter fruit, aware of this mistake.As for the two children Gradgrind's daughter Luisa, this is a kind of person but because be clever and sensible, education, loss of innocence, on the other hand she is very naive, her brother Moorhouse and Hird use.On the whole, she was very miserable, thinking of the girl who was gazing at the fire in front of her at night, and her heart was broken.When his son, Tom, left his parents, he was eager to give vent to his dissatisfaction with the education.He wanted to indulge himself, enjoy life, and even use his beloved sister, and finally went back to the road of no return.Have a girl, sissy, this is a happy girl, she did not yield to this kind of education, although in the beginning she has been scolded, but she insisted on their own dreams, eventually obtain happiness.The description is very characteristic, such as the beginning of Gradgrind appearance description, he said what is boxy, it can see what kind of person he is.From the background, it is estimated that the author wrote this article to satirize the fact that people in society at that time paid too much attention to facts and abandoned their emotions.

The author of the novel for thorough Britain in the middle of the nineteenth Century Manchester industrial status based on the observation, and the profound reflection on the capitalist society of the human condition, typical characterized by vivid description of the actual life and the character of the moral standard of the bourgeoisie of the powerful attack and bitter irony.A true description of the industrial town of coking coal town life, reflects the sharp contradiction between capitalists and workers, and the corrupt nature of the capitalist educational system by repressive youth, a considerable social value and aesthetic value of art.After reading this article, you can feel as a humanist Dickens believe that human nature is good and plasticity, in his criticism of capitalism and capitalist utilitarianism and politicians out of life at the same time, they ignored the essence of human goodness for some correction and criticism.At the same time, Dickens was sympathetic to the tragic fate of the oppressed class, praising their diligence and love, he did not approve of the political struggles of workers, reflects his tender sentiments and feelings to education to promote the understanding of the bourgeois reformism thought.“Tell you what, I ask for the truth.”.Don't teach the boys and girls anything but the facts.Only the facts are the most important.In addition, what all don't cultivate, all the uprooted.To exercise the intelligence of a rational animal, one must use the fact;that nothing else is of any use to them.This is the principle that I have when I educate my children, the principles that I use to educate these children.Hold fast to the facts, sir!“ This is the ”hard times“ begins with an abstract description of the image and show superimposed impression on the reader.”These children“ refer to the boys and girls of the so-called ”model school“.Dickens uses his comic style concise outline of the image of Mr.fingers, eyes, mouth, hair, neck, shoulder and dress in action, strengthen the emphasis on the facts.Mr.Gradgrind is both a believer and propagandist of utilitarianism and ”fact“ philosophy, as well as the executor and defender of feudal paternalism.His family life and family education is in a secluded hut in fact based only facts and function.The principles, contents, and methods of Mr.Gradgrind in school and family education can be summed up in facts, calculations, fantasy, and innocence.The root of his child's misfortunes was the victims of Gradgrind's ”philosophy of fact“ and ”model“ education.The two main characters ”hard times“ described in two, around two people launched the two clues, the two aspects of ideological performance.One is Gradgrind, and the other is Bounderby.Bounderby stands for industrial capitalists, not interested in education, only interested in practical interests.He told workers improperly people, but only as a ”hand“ and can drive the work of animal behavior led to his people.The structure of the whole article in the way of the trilogy, the plot slowly forward, gradually deepen the theme, the author take it leisurely and unoppressively irresistible, the logic of life, ”and another,“ portrait of characters, language skill, and often beyond all expectations reasonable figures in language use are reduced when we read the the sense of alienation and boredom, we are attracted to this article research.

Just read Dickens's ”hard times“, a strong impulse is to write ”Dickens women“.Dickens is really an extraordinary talent for shaping women's characters.It is not difficult to draw such a conclusion as long as he opens any of Dickens's novels.In the ”hard times, I statistics, women have played Louisa, Rachael, sissy, Mrs.Space and his rare Mrs.Gradgrind and Mrs.Paigela et al.Every woman here is endowed with a distinct color and personality by Dickens.They are of different ages, different ideas, different ways of doing things, tone and purpose are different, under Dickens's pen vivid to show.This is only a novel in Dickens's fourteen novels.It's hard to see yet another writer who can do that.At least I didn't see any other writer who could have created so many female characters in my reading.I think of Balzac, and Balzac has created a lot of female images, but there are not as many memorable women as Ou Yeni.At least in this regard, Dickens gave me the impression is very outstanding, especially after reading the “hard times”.Moreover, unlike other writers, for example, Balzac, Balzac's ambition is to create a world or society that is entirely his own through nearly a hundred novels.In Balzac, the law of social development played a leading role in the human comedy, but Dickens relied entirely on the evolution of character as a lever to promote his novels.It's a very different direction of creation.The two have charm, two charm are hard to compete.All successful writers have his success.Dickens's success, I think is his strong character of the mold, beyond any of his contemporaries.In Dickens's novels, “hard times” is a short.Space tests structure.As far as the novel is concerned, I feel it is the novel with the most succinct structure of Dickens.From Gradgrind's appearance, sissy father's home, and married Louisa Bounderby, Stephen and Rachael unspeakable love, Hird to seduce Space, Louisa housz Mrs.night track, Tom finally exposed to the crime of theft and so on a series of stories, with quite lively brushwork outlines.Each detail corresponds to the later events, not only for the pleasure of reading, but also for the openness and delicacy of Dickens's brushwork.Moreover, when the novel settles down, it is everywhere surprising and everywhere reasonable.This novel is relatively short, the characters are not many, but the author Dickens with such a short story to fully develop the plot, the novel tells some of the major happened coking coal town, where people are very respected the fact that even for the oppression of the normal emotions, to reject all fantasy, it can be said that in the part of the inhuman, feeling and people's normal life, people rejected the emotion, will inevitably bring about problems, the people inside the final outcome can be said to be more miserable.Firstly, Mr.Gradgrind said, the president said opening to educate their children to get everything out non reality beyond, however, his education, and not be able to educate their children, he finally eat the bitter fruit, aware of this mistake.As for the two children Gradgrind's daughter Luisa, this is a kind of person but because be clever and sensible, education, loss of innocence, on the other hand she is very naive, her brother Moorhouse and Hird use.On the whole, she was very miserable, thinking of the girl who was gazing at the fire in front of her at night, and her heart was broken.When his son, Tom, left his parents, he was eager to give vent to his dissatisfaction with the education.He wanted to indulge himself, enjoy life, and even use his beloved sister, and finally went back to the road of no return.Have a girl, sissy, this is a happy girl, she did not yield to this kind of education, although in the beginning she has been scolded, but she insisted on their own dreams, eventually obtain happiness.The description is very characteristic, such as the beginning of Gradgrind appearance description, he said what is boxy, it can see what kind of person he is.From the background, it is estimated that the author wrote this article to satirize the fact that people in society at that time paid too much attention to facts and abandoned their emotions.

The author of the novel for thorough Britain in the middle of the nineteenth Century Manchester industrial status based on the observation, and the profound reflection on the capitalist society of the human condition, typical characterized by vivid description of the actual life and the character of the moral standard of the bourgeoisie of the powerful attack and bitter irony.A true description of the industrial town of coking coal town life, reflects the sharp contradiction between capitalists and workers, and the corrupt nature of the capitalist educational system by repressive youth, a considerable social value and aesthetic value of art.After reading this article, you can feel as a humanist Dickens believe that human nature is good and plasticity, in his criticism of capitalism and capitalist utilitarianism and politicians out of life at the same time, they ignored the essence of human goodness for some correction and criticism.At the same time, Dickens was sympathetic to the tragic fate of the oppressed class, praising their diligence and love, he did not approve of the political struggles of workers, reflects his tender sentiments and feelings to education to promote the understanding of the bourgeois reformism thought.“Tell you what, I ask for the truth.”.Don't teach the boys and girls anything but the facts.Only the facts are the most important.In addition, what all don't cultivate, all the uprooted.To exercise the intelligence of a rational animal, one must use the fact;that nothing else is of any use to them.This is the principle that I have when I educate my children, the principles that I use to educate these children.Hold fast to the facts, sir!“ This is the ”hard times“ begins with an abstract description of the image and show superimposed impression on the reader.”These children“ refer to the boys and girls of the so-called ”model school“.Dickens uses his comic style concise outline of the image of Mr.fingers, eyes, mouth, hair, neck, shoulder and dress in action, strengthen the emphasis on the facts.Mr.Gradgrind is both a believer and propagandist of utilitarianism and ”fact“ philosophy, as well as the executor and defender of feudal paternalism.His family life and family education is in a secluded hut in fact based only facts and function.The principles, contents, and methods of Mr.Gradgrind in school and family education can be summed up in facts, calculations, fantasy, and innocence.The root of his child's misfortunes was the victims of Gradgrind's ”philosophy of fact“ and ”model“ education.The two main characters ”hard times“ described in two, around two people launched the two clues, the two aspects of ideological performance.One is Gradgrind, and the other is Bounderby.Bounderby stands for industrial capitalists, not interested in education, only interested in practical interests.He told workers improperly people, but only as a ”hand“ and can drive the work of animal behavior led to his people.The structure of the whole article in the way of the trilogy, the plot slowly forward, gradually deepen the theme, the author take it leisurely and unoppressively irresistible, the logic of life, ”and another,“ portrait of characters, language skill, and often beyond all expectations reasonable figures in language use are reduced when we read the the sense of alienation and boredom, we are attracted to this article research.

Just read Dickens's ”hard times“, a strong impulse is to write ”Dickens women“.Dickens is really an extraordinary talent for shaping women's characters.It is not difficult to draw such a conclusion as long as he opens any of Dickens's novels.In the ”hard times, I statistics, women have played Louisa, Rachael, sissy, Mrs.Space and his rare Mrs.Gradgrind and Mrs.Paigela et al.Every woman here is endowed with a distinct color and personality by Dickens.They are of different ages, different ideas, different ways of doing things, tone and purpose are different, under Dickens's pen vivid to show.This is only a novel in Dickens's fourteen novels.It's hard to see yet another writer who can do that.At least I didn't see any other writer who could have created so many female characters in my reading.I think of Balzac, and Balzac has created a lot of female images, but there are not as many memorable women as Ou Yeni.At least in this regard, Dickens gave me the impression is very outstanding, especially after reading the “hard times”.Moreover, unlike other writers, for example, Balzac, Balzac's ambition is to create a world or society that is entirely his own through nearly a hundred novels.In Balzac, the law of social development played a leading role in the human comedy, but Dickens relied entirely on the evolution of character as a lever to promote his novels.It's a very different direction of creation.The two have charm, two charm are hard to compete.All successful writers have his success.Dickens's success, I think is his strong character of the mold, beyond any of his contemporaries.In Dickens's novels, “hard times” is a short.Space tests structure.As far as the novel is concerned, I feel it is the novel with the most succinct structure of Dickens.From Gradgrind's appearance, sissy father's home, and married Louisa Bounderby, Stephen and Rachael unspeakable love, Hird to seduce Space, Louisa housz Mrs.night track, Tom finally exposed to the crime of theft and so on a series of stories, with quite lively brushwork outlines.Each detail corresponds to the later events, not only for the pleasure of reading, but also for the openness and delicacy of Dickens's brushwork.Moreover, when the novel settles down, it is everywhere surprising and everywhere reasonable.【艰难时世英语读后感】相关文章：

1.英语作文读后感

2.英语故事读后感

3.英语的读后感

4.《简爱》英语读后感

5.圣经英语读后感

6.《飘》英语读后感

7.TheLittlePrince英语读后感

8.飘英语读后感

9.《活着》英语读后感

第四篇：名著梗概：《死魂灵》

名著梗概：《死魂灵》

(俄国)果戈理著

[故事梗概]

省会NN市的一家旅馆里，新来了一位客人，他身材高大、肥胖。名片上写着“五等官保甫尔·伊凡诺维奇·乞乞科夫，地主，私事旅行”。他到省城来是要进行一项吓人听闻的投机买卖。他向地主们贱价收买已死、但尚未在名册上勾销的农奴。

俄国每十年进行人口调查一次，政府按登记的人口征收人头税。在人口调查后，若农奴死了，地主仍要为其纳税。只有到下次人口调查时，才把死农奴的名字勾销。因此，在两次调查之间死农奴在法律上仍被看做活人。乞乞科夫要购买的便是这种名存实亡的农奴——死魂灵。然后，他在南方买一块荒地，以移民为借口，把收买的死农奴当作活人“移到”荒地上，造好一分地主的产业册。他把这份产业册向救济局抵押，可以牟取高额的押金（当时一千个农奴可抵押二十万卢布）。乞乞科夫骗取了押金，便可逃往国外，过安乐公的日子。为此，乞乞科夫来到省城的第一件事，便是向本城官员们打听这一带有名的地主，他们有多少农奴？最近发生过哪些流行的时疫？农奴死的多不多？

乞乞科夫在交际场中出现，显得温柔、体面、彬彬有礼，博得了官员们的好感。关于他自己，他则回避不谈。即使要谈，也大都不着边际。他表现出惊人的谦虚，他说：“在世界上我是无足轻重的一条虫，没有令人注意的价值。”在官员们的家里，他认识了当地地主。一星期后，他便坐着马车，一一去拜访他们。

乞乞科夫第一个拜访的地主叫玛尼罗夫。他的房子建筑在山上，有着英国式的花园。玛尼罗夫“年纪并不大，那眼睛却糖似的甜，笑起来细成一条线”。他的风采也很体面，总显出要竭力收揽对手的欢心的模样来。初次一见面，对谁都要喊出“一个多么可爱而出色的人啊！”；但过了一会，就什么话也不说了；再过一会，便心里想“呸！这是什么东西！”于是离了开去。如果不离开，那就立刻觉得无聊得要命。玛尼罗夫管自己的太太叫“心儿”。他们结婚虽然八年多了，但还是一起分吃着苹果片、糖果或胡桃。每当这时候，他总是用一种表示挚爱和娇柔的声音说道：“张开你的口儿来呀，小心肝，我要给你这一片呢。”

乞乞科夫来拜访他时，关于谁先进门的事推让了半天，谁也不肯让步。最后，只好两人侧着身子，一同跨进门槛。玛尼罗夫对市上的官员们总是称赞不已，对谁都加上“非常可敬”和“非常可爱”的字样。当乞乞科夫向他提出购买死魂灵时，最初，他感到很惊讶，他不知乞乞科夫买来干吗？后来，他答应把这些对他根本没用的死农奴奉送给他。这使乞乞科夫很高兴，说了一番“忠于真理”及“良心干净”的话，而且还用手帕去擦那流下来的眼泪。

乞乞科夫的马车在路上碰到雷雨。天色已经很晚了。他来到一个狗吠得“象教会里唱歌队”一样的村庄。迎接他的是一个旧式地主科罗皤契加。她看到乞乞科夫满身泥水，便惊叫起来：“啊呀，我的上帝，你的背面和这一边，都脏得象野猪一样了，这是在那里弄的呢？”这是个女寡妇，她的农奴还不上八十个。庭院里养满了鸡鸭，她亲自操持家务，一个子儿、一个子儿的积蓄着钱财。当乞乞科夫要她把死了的十八个农奴让给他时，女地主犹豫着，考虑着别人会出更高的价格来购买。乞乞科夫忍耐不住了，愤愤地抓起一把椅子在地板上一顿，并且咀咒她遭着恶鬼。女地主害怕了，只好以十五个卢布的代价把死农奴卖给了乞乞科夫。

在乡间的一家小饭馆里，乞乞科夫遇见了地主罗士特莱夫。这是一个“中等身材的汉子，通红的面颊，雪白烁亮的牙齿，漆黑的胡子”。他过惯了逍遥放浪的生活，成天在外赌博、酗酒、打架，惯会造谣生事。这种人，大家都称他为快男儿，“他们爱说话，会花钱，有胆量，不改口。”初见面，他就要发誓和你结成永久的朋友。但也许就在结拜的晚上就和你吵翻了，彼此打起架来。他一会儿说：“吻我吧，心肝，我爱得你要死了”，另一会儿，他却骂你是个不折不扣的大混蛋。罗士特莱夫刚从省城赌输了钱回来，他邀请乞乞科夫到他田庄上去作客。乞乞科夫答应了。罗士特莱夫的家里乌七八糟，招待客人的设备一点也没有。房间里只有几根猎枪和各式各样的烟斗。他带乞乞科夫参观他的产业。首先看马房，然后看狗圈。他的狗都起着各种怪名字，如“骂呀、发火、不要脸、上帝在此、暴徒、宝贝”等。狗群见主人来了都跑拢来，有的狗用脚掌搭在罗士特莱夫的肩膀上，而罗士特夫站在狗群中“就象是它们的父亲”。“骂呀”还用后脚站起来和乞乞科夫接了个吻，弄得他狼狈不堪，赶快把口水吐掉。然后他们又参观鱼池。罗士特莱夫说，他的池子里养着要两个大汉才能拉得上来的鱼。最后，参观罗士特莱夫的田产。他说他的田庄上，野兔多得连地面都看不见了，最近他还亲自拉住一只兔子的后脚。

饭后，乞乞科夫谨慎地向罗士特莱夫提出要购买他的死魂灵，并让他不要把这事传扬出去。罗士特莱夫追问他买来干吗？乞乞科夫编了几次谎，总瞒不过这哂笑着的老滑头。罗士特莱夫提议下盘象棋赌一下。他把死农奴押上，乞乞科夫把一百卢布押上。乞乞科夫暗想自己的棋下得不坏，不妨碰碰运气。可是，下棋时罗士特莱夫作弊。他用袖子把一个棋子推到乞乞科夫面前，要吃他的“帅”了。乞乞科夫不下了，罗士特莱夫便认定他输了，并喊来仆人要揍他。正在这紧张的时刻，法院送来一张传票，有个地主控告罗士特莱夫在一次醉酒时打了他。乞乞科夫便乘这机会，赶快跳上马车跑了。

乞乞科夫拜访的第四个地主是梭巴开维支。这是个行动笨拙、样子象熊的地主。连他身上的便服也是熊皮色：袖子和裤子都很长，脚上穿着毡靴，走起路来老踩别人的脚。他的脸色是通红的，象一个五戈比的铜钱，“谁都知道，这样的脸，在世界上是很多的。对于这特殊的工作，造化不必多费心机，也用不着精细的工具，如磋子、锯子之类，只要简单的劈几斧就成。一下--瞧这里罢，鼻子有了--两下--嘴唇已在适当之处了；再用大锥子在眼睛的地方钻两个洞，这家伙就完全做成了。也无须再把他刨平、磨光，就说道‘他活着哩’，送到世上去”。

梭巴开维支的房舍和家里的陈设都笨重结实。无论桌子、柜子、椅子都好象在说：“我也是一个梭巴开维支”或者“我也象梭巴开维支”。连他的田庄上的栅栏、马房、农奴小屋都造得非常坚牢。墙上挂的画也都是腰身壮大的将军。他的太太高大稳重，好象一棵椰子树。梭巴开维支阴沉寡言，食量却很大，自称有“俄国人世间的肚子”，无论吃烧猪还是烧鹅都要吃个“完整”的。他对任何人都瞧不起，他认为省城的官员们都是些强盗、骗子和混蛋。而且他一眼看出乞乞科夫是个骗子手。当乞乞科夫向他购买死农奴时，他开口要一百卢布一个，并极力称赞这些死去的农奴都是些能干的角色。他们讨价还价争执了许久。最后，乞乞科夫只好以两个半卢布一个的价钱成了交。他在心里却暗骂梭巴开维支是个“杀人凶手”。

泼留希金是乞乞科夫最后拜访的地主。他的田庄既萧条又颓败。农奴住的小屋显出衰朽的景象。木材是虫蛀的，许多屋顶好象一面筛。有些房屋除了椽子之外，看不见屋盖，其间有几枝横档，仿佛骨架上的肋骨一样。泼留希金的房子则象个“衰老的病人”，围着又低又破的篱笆，墙壁和门上生满青苔。打开昏暗的门，吹来一股好象从地窖中出来的冷气。

泼留希金是个富有的地主，他有上千个农奴。但他极端吝啬，过着象叫化子一样的生活。他穿得很破旧，吃的也很坏。当他在路上走着的时候，看到一块旧鞋底、一片破布或一个铁钉都要拾回家。农奴们都在背后说：“我们的渔翁又在那里捞鱼了”。他把田庄上的出产和拾来的东西堆在房间里后，便不再去过问它们了。因此，他的干草和谷子腐烂了，粮堆和草堆都变成真正的肥料，地窖里的面粉硬得象石头一样，只好用斧头去劈下来。麻布、呢绒以及手织布匹都化成飞灰。他和一切人都断绝了往来。因为他认为与人接触就象征着物质上的消耗。甚至，他把子女看作是自己财产最危险的浪费者。他和子女吵翻后，便不愿意再求得和解。他对农奴进行残酷的剥削，不管年成好坏，农奴都得照样缴纳地租，女人要缴纳旧额的胡桃，女织匠要照机数织出一定的布匹。在他田庄上，农奴死得象苍蝇一样多，每年都发生农奴逃跑的事件。乞乞科夫来拜访他时，先打量了他老半天，无法断定他是男的或女的？最后，乞乞科夫以为他是女管家。于是，他一面跨下车子，一面问道：“请问，妈妈！主人在做什么呀？”泼留希金回答说：“主人不在家！”并问有什么事？当乞乞科夫说出有件买卖要和主人当面交谈时，他便把乞乞科夫接进家中。这时，乞乞科夫才看清了他的脸，“这个老人有尖尖的下巴，转来转去的小眼睛，穿着破破烂烂的衣裳，在颈子上还用旧袜子或绷带来代替领带。”乞乞科夫提出要购买他的死农奴时，他很高兴，把乞乞科夫当作“救主”，因为他的农奴死得多，每年还得向政府交纳大笔税款。乞乞科夫以十分低廉的价格，在他那里整整弄到了二百个死的和逃跑的农奴的名单。

乞乞科夫走访地主后，回到省城旅馆。心情十分愉快。亲自写好了注册呈文，准备到民事厅去办手续。乞乞科夫购买农奴的事（人们以为他买的是活农奴），在省城传为佳话。人们把他当成阔佬、体面人。甚至还引起名门闺秀对他的青睐。可是在一次晚会上，罗士特莱夫却当场揭了他的底，说他在购买死农奴，弄得他狼狈不堪。

省城的官员们都聚集在警察局长家里，猜度着乞乞科夫是个什么样的人物？邮政局长讲了一个神奇的戈贝金大尉的故事，以为他是戈贝金。有人怀疑乞乞科夫是化了装的拿破仑。警察局长参加过一八一二年对拿破仑的战争，认为乞乞科夫和拿破仑差不多。他们去问罗士特莱夫。这位撒谎大王又添油加醋的胡诌了一通。官员们都把乞乞科夫当作是神秘莫测的人物。为此，检事感到害怕，回家后竟中风死了。

乞乞科夫在省城呆不下去了。天一亮，他便坐着马车走了。在马车里，他回想起自己的生活经历。他出身于破落的贵族家庭。小时候，父亲送他去上学，便教给他一套为人处世的哲学。父亲说；“你听着，保甫卢沙，„„最要紧的是要博得你的上头和教师的欢心。只要和你的上头弄好，那么，即使你生来没有才能，学问不大长进，也都不打紧；你会赛过你所有的同学的。不要多交朋友；他们不会给你多大好处的；如果要交，那就拣一拣，要拣有钱有势的来做朋友，好帮帮你的忙，这才有用处。不要乱花钱，滥请客，倒要使别人请你吃，替你花；但顶要紧的是：省钱，积钱，世界上的什么东西都可以不要，这却不能不要。„„只要有钱，你想怎样就怎样，什么都办得到，什么都做得成。”因此，乞乞科夫在学生时代，就显出惊人的积钱本领。他常搞些小玩意儿，高价卖给同学。他巴结教师，暗中告同学的密。毕业时竟获得了优等文凭。后来，他在财政厅干事，为了往上爬，他叫科长为“爸爸”，并表示要向他的麻脸的、嫁不出去的女儿求婚。于是，科长在上司面前极力保荐乞乞科夫，把他提升为科长。乞乞科夫目的达到后，他中止了叫科长为“爸爸”，而且，向他女儿求婚的事再也不提了。后来，他由于贪污被停职。但他在税务局又找到了税务官的职位。他勾结商人进行走私活动，捞到了四十万卢布的家私。可是案发了，他的赃款被查抄。降级为法院代书人。这时，他看到一个迁居到墨西哥的地主，把大半死亡的农奴和已成为荒地的产业拿到救济局去抵押，骗取了大笔的款子。于是，乞乞科夫受到启发，便想出了购买死农奴和荒地的计划。

乞乞科夫的马车在道上飞跑，车轴闪成一枚圆圆的平板，道路隆隆响动。路人吓得发喊，站下来仿佛生了根。车子飞过去了，只看见在远地里好象一阵浓密的烟云，后面旋转着空气。作家发出感叹说：“俄国啊，你不也在飞跑吗？你奔到哪能里去？给我一个回答吧！”

第五篇：名著梗概：《堂吉诃德》范文

名著梗概：《堂吉诃德》

西班牙)塞万提斯著

[故事梗概]

堂吉诃德是西班牙拉·曼却地方的一个穷绅士。他五十来岁，“身材瘦削，面貌清癯”，爱读骑士小说，满脑子尽是些魔术呀、比武呀、打仗呀、恋爱呀、痛苦呀等荒诞无稽的故事。他又十分迂腐，认为书上所写的都是千真万确的。于是，他想入非非，要去做个游侠骑士，“消灭一切暴行，承担种种艰险，将来功成业就，就可以名传千古”。他把祖传下来的一套破盔甲找出来，擦拭了又擦，面甲坏了，他便用硬纸补上一个。他家有一匹瘦得皮包骨的马，他给它起了个好听的名字“驽骏难得”，意思是“原来是一匹驽马，现在是马中第一”。按照骑士的习惯，除了名马，还要选个意中人。他选中了邻村的一位农家姑娘阿尔东沙·罗任索。他给她起名为杜尔西内妮，意思是“甜蜜温柔”。他又做了把长枪，臂上挎着盾牌，俨然象个骑士了。他先后三次出门去打抱不平。有过种种遭遇，闹了不少笑话。

堂吉诃德第一次出门是单枪匹马，为时两天。头一天，他在大路上看到一家客店，把它当作了堡垒。店门中站着两个妓女，他把她们当成名门闺秀；他又把店主当成了堡垒长官。他想起自己是个未受封的骑士，便要求“堡垒长官”给他封赠。这位店主是个爱开玩笑的人。他看出堂吉诃德有点疯傻，入店后又打了骡夫，怕再出乱子，便赶快满足了堂吉诃德的要求。店主叫一男孩子点了蜡烛，又叫两个妓女跟着。他自己则拿了一本帐簿，要堂吉诃德跪在他的面前。然后，他对着帐簿念念有词，在堂吉诃德颈窝上狠狠打了一掌，又用剑在他肩膀上使劲地拍了一下，便由一个妓女给他挂上剑，另一个妓女给他套上马刺。封赠仪式便算完成了。堂吉诃德爬起来，谢了“长官”，满心喜悦。

第二天，他听从“长官”的劝告，决计回家一趟，因为他必须置办行装，还要找个仆从。在一座林子里，他看到一个十五岁左右的牧童被绑在树上，主人一面骂他丢了羊，一面用皮带狠命地抽打他。堂吉诃德路见不平，便拔刀相助，上前搭救了牧童，并警告和恐吓了那富农一番。然后，他扬长而去。等堂吉诃德走远后，那位富农重又把孩子绑上，更加没命地抽打起他来。

堂吉诃德遇见一伙商人。他把他们当作一队兵马，挺枪跃马冲杀过去。结果，他被一个骡夫打下马来，躺在地上动弹不得。一个去磨麦子的同村邻居发现了他，才把他搭救回家。

堂吉诃德的朋友理发师和神甫，认为堂吉诃德的疯狂行为是受了骑士小说的毒害。他们在堂吉诃德的外甥女和女管家的协助下，搜查了堂吉诃德的藏书室，把其中大部分的骑士书都扔到院子里，放把火烧了。

堂吉诃德第二次出外当游侠是在十五天之后。他劝说了一个又矮又胖、满脸胡子的农民桑丘·潘沙做仆从。堂吉诃德允许将来封他做海岛总督。桑丘家里很穷，正想出去碰碰运气，加上当仆从是赚工钱的，他便答应了。于是桑丘骑了一匹自家的骡子，跟在堂吉诃德的瘦马后面，一同出发了。

他遇见的第一件事是郊野里有三、四十架风车。这是西班牙农民借用风力推转石磨，磨麦子和饲料的。堂吉诃德却把它当作三、四十个巨人，把风车的翅翼看成是巨人的胳膊，要向前厮杀。尽管桑丘大喊这是风车，要阻挡他，但堂吉诃德脑子里装满了妖魔鬼怪一类的东西，连理也不理。他向第一架风车扑去，用长枪刺进了风车的翅翼。刚好这时起了一阵风，那风车把他的长枪折做了几段，堂吉诃德连人带马都被摔了出去。亏得桑丘上来搀扶，他才好不容易从地上爬了起来。当天，他们在林子里度过了倒霉了一夜。

第二天，堂吉诃德遇见了一帮行人，后面还有一辆马车，车上是一位要到塞维利亚去的贵妇人。堂吉诃德把走在前面的两个戴面罩、撑阳伞的修士当成劫持公主的强盗。他提起枪冲了上去。一个修士从骡背上吓得跌了下来，另一个落荒而逃。接着，他和贵妇人的仆从比斯盖人大战一场。结果他的剑击中了仆从的脑袋，车上的贵妇人便连忙恳求堂吉诃德宽宏大量，手下留情，饶了她仆从的生命。堂吉诃德乐意地答应了。这样，他便赢得了出游以来的第一次胜利。桑丘佩服得五体投地，以为跟随这样一位英勇的主人，不久他的总督的封赠就可以到手了。

他们到一家客栈歇息。堂吉诃德又把客栈看成是堡垒。晚上，他还把一个偷汉子的女仆，当作是钟情于他的“堡垒长官”的女儿。为此，他挨了女仆情人（一个骡夫）的一顿结实的痛打。第二天，堂吉诃德离开客栈时，因没付房钱，落在后面的桑丘被人们揪住了。他们把桑丘兜在床毯里，不停地向空中抛掷，象“狂欢节耍狗那样耍他”。堂吉诃德回马要救他，可是店门被关上了。他隔着一堵墙头看着，急得要命。直到人们气力使尽，才把桑丘放了。

大路上赶来了两群羊。堂吉诃德把公羊、母羊的叫唤，当成是“萧萧马嘶、悠悠角声、咚咚鼓响”，把羊群看成是出现在他面前的左右两支军队。他便紧握长枪，象一道电光似地冲了上去，举枪乱刺。这样一来，被他杀伤的羊可真不少。最后，他也被牧羊人乱石打倒，还磕掉了三、四个牙齿。这事发生时，桑丘在一旁直揪自己的胡子，咒骂自己的倒霉，跟随了这样一个疯主人。等到牧羊人走后，他才上去，把堂吉诃德扶了起来，并抱怨主人不该自招烦恼。堂吉诃德对他解释说，他被魔法师作弄了。魔法师由于妒忌他胜利，便把敌对的两军变成两群羊。晚上，堂吉诃德又冲散了一队送葬行列，因为他把车上的死人看作是被害的骑士。

在一个山间，堂吉诃德听到一阵怪声，他把它当作重要敌情的信号，吩咐桑丘在原地等他，他要单独去进行冒险。这时，天已黑下来了，胆小的桑丘吓得要命，他不能让主人离开，便暗暗地把主人的马腿用绳子拴住，一头结在自己的骡子身上。堂吉诃德鞭马前往，马只在原地打转。他以为自己又着魔了。便坐在马上一直等到天明。天亮后，桑丘悄悄地把绳子解了。他不愿意单独留下，便跟堂吉诃德沿着响声传来的方向寻去。他们来到一条溪边，发现响声原来是安装在那里的一台砑布机发出的。

这时，天下起雨来。一位路过的理发师把铜面盆顶在头上遮雨。堂吉诃德一见，硬说那是骑士的光灿灿的头盔，举枪冲了上去。理发师以为是剪径强盗，赶快跳下骡背逃走了。堂吉诃德夺得了铜盆，把它戴在自己的头上。桑丘把理发师的骡子牵过来，并把他的行囊收归己有。

堂吉诃德遇见一队被押送到海船上服苦役的犯人。他一一询问了他们被关押的原因，同情他们的遭遇，杀散了押送人，把犯人全放了。可是，他和其中一个最凶的犯人希内斯冲突起来：堂吉诃德要犯人把他行的善事，去报告他的意中人杜尔西内妮，但希内斯不干。结果堂吉诃德挨了犯人一顿揍。他懊丧地对桑丘说：“对坏人行好事，就是往海里倒水。”为了躲避巡逻队的追究，堂吉诃德不敢走大路，他和桑丘走进了一座深山。在这里，他们遇见了一个叫卡迪纽的青年。卡迪纽因爱人陆莘达被花花公子堂费南铎夺走，悲观失望，躲进深山过着野人一样的生活。堂吉诃德受了启发，决定自己也要为意中人受苦，在深山过过修炼的生活。他打发桑丘回家去。这突如其来的决定，使桑丘大为诧异，但他要改变主人的意见是根本不可能的。

桑丘往回走。他在客店里遇见了同村的神甫和理发师。他把堂吉诃德入山修炼的事告诉他们。他们便在一起商议如何把堂吉诃德弄回家。最后，他们定下一条计策：由理发师化装成落难的贵妇人，神甫化装成家丁，引堂吉诃德出山为贵妇人复仇，以达到骗他回家的目的。于是，桑丘便带路回去寻觅堂吉诃德。在山里，他们首先遇见了那位失恋青年卡迪纽。接着，又遇见了一个女扮男装的姑娘多若泰。这是个从家里逃出来的年轻漂亮的女子。原来她受了花花公子堂费南铎的诱骗，先是答应要娶她，后来，堂费南铎看上了陆莘达，便把她抛弃了。神甫一行很同情她的遭遇，尤其是卡迪纽听到她提起堂费南铎和陆莘达的名字，更是怒火中烧。这时，神甫也把自己到山里来的目的及搭救堂吉诃德的事讲了出来，要他们一同寻找他的朋友。多若泰说扮演落难女子她更合适些。神甫和理发师听了都很高兴，便叫她扮成一位公主，伪称她的王国被奸贼篡夺了，请求堂吉诃德前去帮她复国。他们都扮作公主的随从。事情进行得很顺利，他们在山里找到了堂吉诃德。他也满口应许了“公主”的请求，认为这是他作为一名骑士义不容辞的职责。于是他便离开了这座深山。

堂吉诃德一行借宿在一家旅店里。店主也颇受骑士小说的影响。他把堂吉诃德安顿在一间房里，那儿堆放着许多装满红酒的酒袋。堂吉诃德惦记着替多若泰复仇的事，他连做梦也和迫害公主的巨人交战。他把酒袋当作巨人的头颅砍杀，结果红酒流了一地，他还认为这是巨人的血呢。店主知道后，也无可奈何。

客店里来了一伙客人，押送着一个戴面罩的姑娘。这姑娘便是陆莘达。她被堂费南铎强迫结婚的那天，原想自杀，后因晕倒，堂费南铎在她身上搜到了刀子和绝命书，婚礼便没有进行下去。她被救醒后，逃进了修道院。可是，堂费南铎又把她找到了。现在，他正在从修道院中把她押解回家。多若泰认出了堂费南铎，便向前求情，要他成全陆莘达和卡迪纽的婚事。最初，堂费南铎不肯。后来，他拗不过众人一致的劝说，终于同意了。这样一来，堂费南铎和多若泰也言归于好了。

次日，客人们要各自分开了。他们想了一个处置堂吉诃德的办法：半夜里，人们冲进他的住房，把他捆绑起来，装进一个木笼子里，然后把他放在牛车上，使他相信他已着魔了。然后，由神甫和理发师把他押送回家。从而堂吉诃德结束了他的第二次游侠活动。

堂吉诃德第三次出游是在相隔一个月之后。女管家用了六百个鸡蛋把他的身体调养好了。他从邻居参孙·加尔拉斯果学士那里，打听到萨拉果萨城要举行一年一度的比武大会的消息。他想到那里去赢得荣誉，便和桑丘暗暗商量了一阵子，又瞒着家人出游了。加尔拉斯果得知后，便化成“镜子骑士”，在半路去拦截他。加尔拉斯果原想把堂吉诃德斗败后，使他回家。可是，加尔拉斯果的马绊了一跤，反而被堂吉诃德冲倒马下。这一胜利使堂吉诃德得意非凡。他下决心“要使衰亡的骑士道重新振兴”，把“扶弱锄强，救危济因”当作自己应尽的职责。

堂吉诃德在路上遇见一辆运载狮子的车辆。那狮子是献给皇上的。他想在狮子面前不甘示弱，决定和这兽中之王较量一番。他用长枪威逼管狮子的人把笼门打开。那狮子雄健威武，它伸了伸腰，又张了张嘴巴。但它似乎对胡闹无理的冒犯满不在乎。它没有冲出笼门，漫不经意地向四周看了一下，掉转身子，懒洋洋，慢吞吞地重又在笼子里躺下了。堂吉诃德便吩咐管狮子的人打它几棍，让狮子发脾气跑出来。但管狮子的人不干，他说要是这样的话，他自己得先被狮子撕碎。他假意地夸奖了堂吉诃德一番，随即把笼门关上了。这之后，堂吉诃德便给自己加了一个光荣称号“狮子骑士”。紧接着这次胜利，他又帮忙一个穷小伙子巴西琉从有钱人那里夺回了心爱的美人季德丽亚。他和桑丘都受到了绝好的招待。

有一天，堂吉诃德在林子里遇到一对正在游猎的公爵夫妇。他们对堂吉诃德荒唐的事迹早有所闻。当他们知道眼前出现的就是堂吉诃德和他的仆从时，便想作弄他们一番。他们以隆重的迎接骑士的典礼，把堂吉诃德迎回自己的城堡。公爵夫人尤其喜欢桑丘的有趣的谈吐，便专门寻他开心。他们在夜间举办了一个大型的游猎会。公爵夫妇暗中令仆从妆扮成魔法师和堂吉诃德的意中人杜尔西内妮。由魔法师把杜尔西内妮带到堂吉诃德面前，对堂吉诃德说，杜尔西内妮已着魔了，唯一解救办法是桑丘要承受三千三百鞭的鞭打，以惩罚桑丘曾欺骗主人，把一个过路的乡下女人说成是杜尔西内妮的过错。桑丘害怕鞭打，但他在主人恳求下，只好答应了。不过，他提出一个条件：鞭打不能一下子兑现，这样他受不了，要在今后陆续偿清。公爵的总管又化妆成“三尾裙伯爵夫人”，恳求堂吉诃德上天去和魔法师战斗，因为魔法师把她这样一个有身份的夫人和她的女仆都变成满脸胡子的男人。堂吉诃德毅然答应了，但他担心上不了天。“伯爵夫人”说，他可以和他的仆从骑一匹神奇的木马去。

在公爵花园里，堂吉诃德和桑丘被蒙上眼睛，坐在一只大木马上。公爵叫人抬来几只大风箱，朝着他们拼命鼓风，弄出各种声响，堂吉诃德凭自己的想象，以为正在空中飞行去和魔法师作战呢。然后，人们用亚麻点燃木马的尾巴。马肚子里装满了花炮之类，立即一阵噼噼啪啪的爆炸，把堂吉诃德和桑丘都抛跌在地上。堂吉诃德睁开眼，看到人们都伏在地下，他的长枪插在一张白羊皮纸上。上面写着上天对他功绩的褒扬，说他已解脱了伯爵夫人的苦难。公爵夫妇装得十分惊讶的样子，把一场闹剧扮演得象真的一样。

公爵夫妇为满足桑丘的宿愿，假意把他封作海岛总督，让他到自己的一块领地去上任。临行时，堂吉诃德慎重其事地对桑丘进行了一番训诫。要他“上应天意，下顺人情”，在任职内尽量实行“宽恕”，因为“仁爱比公正更光荣伟大”。交代他生活上要勤俭、朴素、清洁、不要贪睡。桑丘一一接受了，认为这些都是“金玉良言”。

桑丘带着陪同他总管去上任。这位总管是受命来作弄他的。在桑丘到达那天，总管便布置了一批居民去告状。以各种难断的诉讼作难这位“总督大人”，但桑丘却把事情剖析得清清楚楚，决断得公正不阿。这使人们大出所料。办完案，桑丘被送到一个富丽的官邸。饭厅里摆好了一桌供王公享用的盛馔。桑丘一进门，喇叭便“滴滴哒哒”地吹奏起来，四个小厮上来给他倒水洗手。桑丘又饥又累，入席便要用饭。他身旁站着一个手拿鲸鱼骨棍子的人，每当桑丘要动手去吃一盘菜时，他便把棍子迅速一指，上菜的小厮连忙上来把菜撤了下去。这样反复了十来遍，菜被撤光了，桑丘一口也没吃上。他气得直问，这是搞什么名堂？那拿鲸鱼骨棍子的人说，他是他的医生，他应当为他的健康负责。“总督大人”想吃的菜，正是他不能吃的。桑丘发火了，他说他做总督连饭菜都吃不上，这个官也不要了。人们见他发了这么大的脾气，才让他取食面包和葡萄。

在任职期间，桑丘廉洁奉公，亲自制订法令，规定价格，不准贩卖粮食，严禁淫荡歌曲，把辖区治理得井井有条，无可挑剔。

最后，总管导演了一场“外敌”入侵的把戏。要桑丘穿着铠甲去打仗。那铠甲又窄又长，把他折磨得半死。“外敌”平息后，桑丘感到做总督真是不容易。他说：“我生来不是总督的料„„一个人最好干自己的老本行”。于是，他弃官逃走了。他回到公爵住地，对公爵说：“我光着身子进去，如今还是个光身；我没有吃亏，也没有沾便宜。我这个官当得好不好，那里有见证，可以让他们说。我解决了疑难，宣判了案件，经常饿得要死„„”

萨拉果萨城比武会逼近了。堂吉诃德主仆辞别公爵动身。路上，他想去拦截一队斗牛群。结果真是不堪设想，堂吉诃德主仆都被牛群冲倒，还遭到践踏，差点没送命。末了，来了个“白月骑士”，他指名要和堂吉诃德决斗，而且他们双方商定：谁输了，便让对方发落。结果“白月骑士”把堂吉诃德撞下马来，把他斗败了。“白月骑士”罚他回家去，一年之内不准外出。原来这个“白月骑士”不是别人，正是同乡参孙·加尔拉斯果学士化妆的。堂吉诃德不知就里，只好遵从约定，灰心丧气地往家走。在回家路上，桑丘在堂吉诃德的请求下偿清了三千三百鞭的鞭打，以便让杜尔西内妮脱离魔法。但他自个儿打自个儿，打得既轻，而且又作弊。他一面把鞭子抽在树干上，一面大叫，当作是打在自己的屁股上。

堂吉诃德回到家，发了高烧，一连躺了六天，起不了床。最后他已奄奄一息了。终于，他理智清醒过来，对围拢在他身旁的家人和朋友说；“我以前成天整夜读那些骑士小说，读得神魂颠倒；现在觉得心里豁然开朗，明白清楚了。现在知道那些书都是胡说八道，只恨悔悟太迟”。他表示“对骑士小说已经深恶痛绝”了，叮嘱他的外甥女要“嫁个从未读过骑士小说的人”，否则梗要取消给她的财产继承权，然后他死了。