第一篇:端午节英文介绍
the Dragon Boat Festival
The fifth month of the year is a traditional festival in China, the Dragon Boat Festival is also called the sticky rice dumpling
festival.On Dragon Boat Festival, people used to eating zongzi, dragon boat, hang calamus ` HaoCao artemisiae argyi, embalm cangzhu, drink realgar wine.Allegedly, eating zongzi and dragon boat racing is to commemorate qu yuan, As for hanging moxa calamus, have perfumed, a.dahurica cangzhu, drink realgar wine, it is said to ward off evil spirits."
Since the start of 2008, the Dragon Boat Festival officially listed in national holidays.In culture gradually multivariate, information increasingly rich today, the Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese
traditional festivals confronted with many challenges.The urgent need people keep pace with The Times, we should not only keep tradition, and to meet the people need.In GuiLin, the annual Dragon Boat Festival, held every entirely dragon boat match.One month before the game,the teams will be in lijiang to makepre-match preparation to get good grades in the game.Although just a game, but many more are
embodies our traditional festive to commemorate and to inherit.Nowadays many traditional festivals had become the legal
holiday, traditional festivals also more get everybody's attention, we will also pass traditional festival customs.
第二篇:端午节英文介绍范文
端午节英文介绍
Brief Introduction to Dragon Boat Festival
Officially falling on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, the Dragon Boat Festival is also known as Double Fifth Day.While many stories regarding its origin abound, the most popular and widely accepted version regards Qu Yuan, a minister during the Warring States Period(475-221 BC)
Legend of the Dragon Boat Festival's Origin
At the end of the Zhou Dynasty, the area we now know as China had fallen into a state of fragmentation and conflict.While the Zhou dynasty had ruled for several centuries, several other states, originally feudal domains, tried to carve out their own kingdoms.The state of Qin would eventually emerge the victor and unify all of China under one rule for the first time in history.Qu Yuan served as minister to the Zhou Emperor.A wise and articulate man, he was loved by the common people.He did much to fight against the rampant corruption that plagued the court--thereby earning the envy and fear of other officials.Therefore, when he urged the emperor to avoid conflict with the Qin Kingdom, the officials pressured the Emperor to have him removed from service.In exile, he traveled, taught and wrote for several years.Hearing that the Zhou had been defeated by the Qin, he fell into despair and threw himself into the Milou River.His last poem reads:
Many a heavy sigh I have in my despair,Grieving that I was born in such an unlucky time.I yoked a team of jade dragons to a phoenix chariot, And waited for the wind to come, to sour up on my journey
As he was so loved by the people, fishermen rushed out in long boats, beating drums to scare the fish away, and throwing zong zi into the water to feed braver fish so that they would not eat Qu Yuan's body.The Modern Dragon Boat Festival started from that time to this day, people commemorated Qu Yuan through Dragon Boat Races, eating zong zi, and several other activities, on the anniversary of his death: the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.Dragon Boat races are the most exciting part of the festival, drawing crowds of spectators.Dragon Boats are generally brightly painted and decorated canoes.Ranging anywhere from 40 to 100 feet in length, their heads are shaped like open-mouthed dragons, while the sterns end with a scaly tail.Depending on the length, up to 80 rowers can power the boat.A drummer and flag-catcher stand at the front of the boat.Before a dragon boat enters competition, it must be “brought to life” by painting the eyes in a sacred ceremony.Races can have any number of boats competing, with the winner being the first team to grab a flag at the end of the course.Annual races take place all over China, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and other overseas Chinese communities.Zong Zi
The traditional food for the Dragon Boat Festival, Zong zi is a glutinous rice ball, with a filling, wrapped in corn leaves.The fillings can be egg, beans, dates, fruits, sweet potato, walnuts, mushrooms, meat, or a combination of them.They are generally steamed.Talisman and Charms
Another aspect of the Double Fifth Day is the timing: at the beginning of summer, when diseases are likely to strike, people also wear talisman to fend off evil spirits.They may hang the picture of Zhong Kui, guardian against evil spirits, on the door of their homes, as well.Adults may drink Xiong Huang Wine, and children carry fragrant silk pouches, all of which can prevent evil.It is said that if you can balance a raw egg on its end at exactly noon on Double Fifth Day, the rest of the year will be lucky.
第三篇:端午节英文介绍
Good afternoon, I’m Cathy.I’m happy to be with you.I hope you can enjoy yourself in my class.First, I have got a question for you.Do you still remember the traditional festival on June 16? It was celebrated on Wednesday.Right.It is the Dragon Boat Festival.The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating zong zi and racing dragon boats.What is the origin for the festival? yes, we want to commemorate the great poet Qu Yuan who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in the miluo river.So today my topic is Chinese festivals.Now let’s recall them in the order of the time.New Year’s Day, Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival, Women’s Day, Tree-planting Day, Tomb-sweeping Festival, Labor Day, Youth Day, Children’s Day, Dragon Boat Festival, qixi festival(Chinese Valentine’s Day), Army’s Day, Mid-autumn Festival, Teachers’ Day, Double Ninth, National Day.The spring festival is the biggest and most important festival in China.In the festival, people will participate in many activities.Can you give us some examples? Right.Buy new clothes, have new haircut, clean the house, do new year’s shopping, stick couplets and “fu” on the doors, people usually put “fu” upside down.When it is placed in this position, it means the good luck has come or will come.(squibbing firecrackers).The younger generation can get some money as a gift, and we also set off firecrackers.Nearly all the family members will come back for the family reunion dinner no matter where they stay or how busy they are.Here is my question for you? What do we usually eat in spring festival? yes, jiaozi, tangyuan, niangao, yu.Do you know why? We eat jiaozi because the shape of jiaozi is like “yuanbao”, it means you will have plenty of money and treasures in the coming year.The shape of tangyuan is round, means “get together” and the filling is sweet.It means family members stay together harmoniously and happily.Niangao share the same pronunciation as gao, means you’ll make progress year by year.Yu means surplus, in Chinese we have niannianyouyu, it is a wish for year of plenty.The Lantern Festival or Yuanxiao Jie is a traditional Chinese festival, which is on the 15th of the first month of the Chinese New Year.The festival marks the end of the celebrations of the Chinese New Year.Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival from the Han Dynasty(206 BC-221 AD).Like most other Chinese festivals, there is also a story behind the Festival.It is also believed that the festival has Taoist origins.This is a festival for people having fun.On the night of the festival, people go on streets with a variety of lanterns under the full moon, watching lions or dragon dancing, playing Chinese riddles and games, 2 and lighting up firecrackers.There is really a lot of fun for the young and the old.Yuanxiao(glutinous rice ball)or Tangyuan is the special food for the Lantern Festival.It is believed that Yuanxiao is named after a palace maid, Yuanxiao, of Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty.Yuanxiao is a kind of sweet dumpling, which is made with sticky rice flour filled with sweet stuffing.Yuanxiao is sticky, sweet and round in shape, symbolizing family unity, completeness and happiness.Tree-planting day is celebrated to commemorate Dr.Sun yat-sen.March 12 is the anniversary of his death.He has attached great importance to forestry.The traditional tomb-sweeping festival falls on April 5 and is seen by Chinese as a special day for remembering the dead.After the festival, the temperature will rise up and fainfall increases.It is the high time for plowing and sowing.The Double Seventh Festival, on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month, is a traditional festival full of romance.It often goes into August in the Gregorian calendar.3 This festival is in mid-summer when the weather is warm and the grass and trees reveal their luxurious greens.At night when the sky is dotted with stars, and people can see the Milky Way spanning from the north to the south.On each bank of it is a bright star, which see each other from afar.They are the Cowherd and Weaver Maid, and about them there is a beautiful love story passed down from generation to generation.It was said long time ago, there was a boy whoes father died when he was a little boy.People called him Cowherd.He lived with his brother and sister-in-law.But his sister-in-law did not like him and always cornered him.One day, the heartless women asked him herd the cows and told him he could go home on dondition that he turned those nine cows into ten which is utterly impossible.He went out with only nine cows.Later he came to a moutain and sat down on the grass, crying.Then came an old man who told him there was an injured cow in the wood.Cowherd followed the old man’s direction and finally found the cow.Then he learned that the cow he saved was a cow in the heaven.Some days passed, the cow told cowherd that there would be some fairy maidens bathing in the lake.If he tole the red clothes of one of them, the one who owned the red clothes was going to be his wife.That day, Cowherd did do what the cow told him.And finally he married the fairy maiden called Weaver Maid.They had a daughter and a boy and lived a happy life.But one day the cow told Cowherd if he died his skin can be made shoes, and the one who wears the shoes can fly.Several days later, the cow died.The Queen Mother in the heaven flared up for she found that her daughter had married a man.So she sent troops from heaven to catch Weaver Maid.Cowherd came home finding that his wife was brought back to heaven.He wore the shoes made of the cow’s skin in a hurry and followed the troops to rescue Weaver Maid.But unfortunately no soner did he grabed Weaver Maid’s hand than the Queen Mother drew a line between them which immediately formed a river by using her golden hairpin.Cowherd and Weaver Maid were separated on the each side of the river forever.The magpies were moved by their touching story.So they built a bridge for their once-a-year reunion till now.This tragic story is known to all chiese people.So we name the day—7th July—Chinese Valentine’s Day, or rather, Double Seventh Festival.Mid-autumn Day falls on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month(农历).On that night the moon is brighter and fuller than any other night.In China, Mid-autumn Day is a time for family reunions(团圆).On this day, many families enjoy watching the full moon.Some families will bake(烘)cakes, called “moon cakes.” They're delicious!In ancient China, poets considered the moon as a symbol of brightness(光明), purity(纯洁), and goodness(善良).They wrote many beautiful poems about the moon.The most popular one was a story about a lady on the moon(嫦娥).She flew to the moon and lived in the Moon Palace(月宫).
第四篇:端午节英文介绍
Dragon Boat Fe s tiv al l: 5th day of the 5th lunar month
龙舟节:农历5月初 5
Qu
Yu an n
The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years,the festival has been marked by eating zong zi(glutinous rice wrapped to form a pyramid using bamboo or reed leaves)and racing dragon boats.屈原
龙舟节,也被称作端午节,庆祝于中国农历 5 月初 5。几千年以来,这个节日的主要风俗为吃粽子(用竹叶或芦苇叶将糯米饭包裹成金字塔形状)和赛龙舟。
The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.This regatta commemorates the death of Qu Yuan , an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.
众所周知,人们在这个节日就要进行龙舟比赛,尤其是在有许多河流和湖泊的南方城市。赛龙舟这项活动是为了纪念逝去的屈原,历史记载屈原是一位正直,不甘同黑暗的社会同流合污而投河自尽的爱国大夫。
Qu was a minister of the State of Chu situated in present-day Hunan and Hubei provinces, during the Warring States Period(475-221BC). He was upright, loyal and highly esteemed for his wise
counsel that brought peace and prosperity to the state.However, when a dishonest and corrupt prince vilified Qu, he was disgraced and dismissed from office.Realizing that the country was now in the hands of evil and corrupt officials, Qu grabbed a large stone and leapt into the Miluo River on the fifth day of the fifth month. Nearby fishermen rushed over to try and save him but were unable to even recover his body.Thereafter, the state declined and was eventually conquered by the State of Qin.屈原是战国时期(公元前475-221)楚国(今湖南和湖北)的一名大夫。他十分正直、衷心,并且自信可以通过自己的治国才能给国家带来和平和财富。然而,当时虚伪和和堕落的国王对屈原恶意诽谤,这使他感到非常羞耻,就罢官离开了朝野。意识到现在整个国家都处于邪恶腐败政党的手中,屈原在 5 月初 5 那天抱起一块大石头跳进了汨罗江。附近的渔民冲过去想要去救他,但却并没有找到他的身体。之后,楚国真的衰落了,最终由秦国所占领。
Z ongz i
The people of Chu who mourned the death of Qu threw rice into the river to feed his ghost every year on the fifth day of the fifth month.But one year,the spirit of Qu appeared and told the mourners that a huge reptile in the river had stolen the rice.The spirit then advised them to wrap the rice in silk and bind it with five different-colored threads before tossing it into the river.
粽子
为了纪念屈原,楚国人纷纷在5月初5这天将米饭团扔进江里,借此来慰藉屈原的灵魂。但是,有一年,屈原的灵魂出现了,并告诉悼念者江里有一个巨大的爬行动物偷走了米饭,建议他们可以将米饭用丝绸包裹起来,接着用五种不同颜色的线绑起来再扔进河里。
During the Duanwu Festival, a glutinous rice pudding called zong zi is eaten to symbolize the rice offerings to Qu. Ingredients such as beans,lotus seeds, chestnuts, pork fat and the golden yolk of a salted duck egg are often added to the glutinous rice. The pudding is then wrapped with bamboo leaves,bound with a kind of raffia and boiled in salt water for hours.
在端午节那天,人们吃一种糯米饭来纪念屈原,这种食物被称为粽子。粽子的主要成分通常有豆子,莲子,栗子,肥猪肉和咸鸭蛋的蛋黄部分等。然后用竹叶将这些材料包裹起来,用一种纤维细线将其捆绑,放入沸腾的盐水中煮数小时即可。
T he d r agon -bo o a t races
The dragon-boat races symbolize the many attempts to rescue and recover Qu"s body.A typical dragon boat ranges from 50-100 feet in length, with a beam of about 5.5 feet, accommodating two paddlers seated side by side.龙舟比赛
龙舟比赛象征着人们为营救屈原和寻找屈原的身体做出的许多努力。典型的龙舟通常长 59 到 100 英尺,中间有一个 5.5 英尺的梁,两边分别坐两位划桨者。
A wooden dragon head is attached at the bow, and a dragon tail at the stern.A banner hoisted on a pole is also fastened at the
stern and the hull is decorated with red, green and blue scales edged in gold.In the center of the boat is a canopied shrine behind which the drummers, gong beaters and cymbal players are seated to set the pace for the paddlers. There are also men positioned at the bow to set off firecrackers, toss rice into the water and pretend to be looking for Qu. All of the noise and pageantry creates an atmosphere of gaiety and excitement for the participants and spectators alike.The races are held among different clans, villages and organizations, and the winners are awarded medals, banners,jugs of wine and festive meals.船头是一个木制的龙头,船则是龙尾,并且会立着一面旗子,而船身都是红色、绿色、蓝色的刻度,同时镶着金边。船中心则是带有顶棚的船身,在此之后敲鼓打锣的人整齐落座,为划舟打出节拍。在船头也会有固定的人燃放烟花,向水中投放粽子,做出在寻找屈原的样子。所有的这些为参与者们和观看者们营造出一种兴奋、激动和喜悦的节日气氛。龙舟比赛通常在不同的民族、村庄和组织之间举行,胜出者会赢得奖牌,旗子,美酒和节日饮食。
第五篇:端午节介绍
基本简介
端午 端午节(Dragon Boat Festival 或 Double Fifth Festival)又称为端阳节,为每年的农历五月初五图解端午节日,在湖北、湖南、贵州、四川一带,端午节又分为大端午与小端午。小端午为每年农历五月初五,大端午为每年农历五月十五日。
时至今日,端午节在中国人民中仍是一个十分盛行的隆重节日。国家非常重视非物质文化遗产的保护,2006 年 5 月 20 日,该民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
2009 年9月30日在联合国教科文组织保护非物质文化遗产政府间委员会第四次会议9月30日在阿联酋阿布扎比审议并批准了列入《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》的 76 个项目,中国“端午节”名列其中。这是中国首个入选世界非遗的节日。
《国务院关于修改〈全国年节及纪念日放假办法〉的决定》(2008 年 1 月 1 日起施行)第二条规定,“全体公民放假的节日:(五)端午节,放假一天(农历端午当日)……”据此,自2008 年开始,端午节正式列入国家法定节日。在文化逐渐多元、信息日益丰富的今天,端午节等中国传统节日面临着不少挑战。这迫切需要人们与时俱进,既要保持传统,又要适应当今人们需要。放假时间 1.1 放假安排 中央公布今年端午节放假方案,5 月 31 日(星期六)至 6 月 2 日(星期一,端午节)放假调休,共 3 天。
1.2 端午节高速路并不免费 按照高速公路免费通行政策,端午节期间高速路并不免费。
根据 2012 年 7 月 24 日国务院批转交通运输部等部门制定的《重大节假日免收小型客车通行费实施方案》,免费通行时间为春节、清明节、劳动节、国庆节四个国家法定节假日,以及当年国务院办公厅文件确定的上述法定节假日连休日。
根据这一规定,端午节并不在免费节假日内。
据分析,中秋节与国庆节距离较近,元旦与春节临近,而端午节因为农忙、学生中高考等因素,向来客流量比较低,有关部门最终只选择另外 4 个节假日免收通行费。
此外,根据交管部门限行管理通告,法定节假日期间,机动车不受尾号限行限制。
因此这个端午节,5 月 31 日至 6 月 2 日,市民可以享受连续 3 天不限行。历史起源 名称由来“端”字有“初始”的意思因此“端五”就是“初五”。而按照历法五月正是“午”月因此“端五”也就渐渐变成了“端午”。《燕京岁时记》记载“初五为五月单五盖端字之转音也。”起源传说关于端午节的来历归纳起来 大致有以下诸说。
2.1 源于浴兰节说 古人五月采摘兰草盛行以兰草汤沐浴、除毒之俗。《大戴礼记•夏小正》“五月……煮梅为豆实也蓄兰为沐浴也。”屈原《九歌•云中君》“浴兰汤兮沐芳华采衣兮若英。”南朝梁人宗懔《荆楚岁时记》云“五月五日谓之浴兰节。”此俗流传至唐宋时代又称端午为浴兰之月。
《大戴礼记》为汉文帝时礼学名家戴德选编的是研究上古社会的珍贵资料。如果此说成立端午节在先秦时代已出现迄今历时二千余年可谓渊远流长。[3] 2.2 “恶日”说
端午
汉代人认为五月五日为恶月、恶日且有“不举五月子”之俗即五月五日所生的婴儿无论是男或是女都不能抚养成人。一旦抚养则男害父、女害母。甚至出现了“五月到官至免不迁”“五月盖屋令人头秃”等说法。这一习俗至迟从战国开始流行迄至汉代盛行不衰。此俗在汉人王充的《论衡》、应劭《风俗通》以及《后汉书》中多有记载。
《史记·孟尝君列传》记历史上有名的孟尝君在五月五日出生。其父要其母不要生下他认为“五月子者长于户齐将不利其父母。” 《风俗通》佚文“俗说五月五日生子男害父女害母”。
《论衡》的作者王充也记述“讳举正月、五月子以正月、五月子杀父与母不得举也。”东晋大将王镇恶五月初五生其祖父便给他取名为“镇恶”。宋徽宗赵佶五月初五生从小寄养在宫外。可见古代以五月初五为恶日是普遍现象。可见从先秦以后此日均为不吉之日。这样在此日插菖蒲、艾叶以驱鬼薰苍术、白芷和喝雄黄酒以避疫就是顺理成章的事。并且人们还避“端五”忌讳称之为“端午”。
2.3 追念历史人物说 纪念屈原 屈原 传说端午节是为了纪念战国时代楚国诗人屈原,他在五月初五这天投汨罗江自尽殉国。屈平字原通常称为屈原又自云名正则号灵均汉族战国末期楚国丹阳今湖北秭归人楚武王熊通之子屈瑕的后代。屈原虽忠事楚怀王,却屡遭排挤。怀王死后又因顷襄王听信谗言而被流放最终投汨罗江而死。此说最早出自南朝梁代吴均《续齐谐记》和南朝宗懔《荆楚岁时记》。据说屈原投汨罗江后当地百姓闻讯马上划船捞救一直行至洞庭湖始终不见屈原的尸体。
那时恰逢雨天湖面上的小舟一起汇集在岸边的亭子旁。当人们得知是为了打捞贤臣屈大夫时再次冒雨出动争相划进茫茫的洞庭湖。为了寄托哀思人们荡舟江河之上此后才逐渐发展成为龙舟竞赛。百姓们又怕江河里的鱼吃掉他的身体就纷纷回家拿来米团投入江中以免鱼虾糟蹋屈原的尸体后来就成了吃粽子的习俗。看来端午节吃粽子、赛龙舟与纪念屈原相关有唐代诗人文秀《端午》诗为证“节分端午自谁言万古传闻为屈原。堪笑楚江空渺渺不能洗得直臣冤。“ 迎接伍子胥
伍子胥 春秋时吴国忠臣伍子胥含冤而死之后化为涛神世人哀而祭之故有端午节。这则传说在江浙一带流传很广。伍子胥名员楚国人父兄均为楚王所杀后来子胥投奔吴国带吴伐楚五战五胜攻破楚都郢城。当时楚平王已死子胥掘墓鞭尸三百以报杀父兄之仇。吴王阖闾死后其孙夫差继位吴军士气高昂百战百胜越国大败越王勾践请和夫差许之。伍子胥建议应彻底消灭越国夫差不听吴国太守受越国贿赂谗言陷害子胥夫差信之赐子胥宝剑子胥以此死。子胥本为忠良视死如归在死前对邻舍人说“我死后将我眼睛挖出悬挂在吴都之东门上以看越国军队入城灭吴”便自刎而死夫差闻言大怒令取子胥之尸体装在皮革里于五月五日投入大江因此相传端午节亦为纪念伍子胥之日。
纪念孝女曹娥 此说出自东汉《曹娥碑》。曹娥是东汉上虞人父亲溺于江中数日不见尸体当时孝女曹娥年仅十四岁昼夜沿江号哭。过了十七天在五月五日投江五日后抱出父尸。
2.4 祭祀龙图腾说
图腾 龙 这种说法来自闻一多的《端午考》和《端午的历史教育》。他认为五月初五是古代吴越地区
“龙”的部落举行图腾祭祀的日子。其主要理由是 一端午节两个最主要的活动吃粽子和竞渡都与龙相关。粽子投入水里常被蛟龙所窃而竞渡则用的是龙舟。
二竞渡与古代吴越地方的关系尤深况且吴越百姓还有断发纹身“以像龙子”的习俗。
三古代五月初五日有用“五彩丝系臂”的民间风俗这应当是“像龙子”的纹身习俗的遗迹。
2.5 源于夏至说
夏至
首倡夏至说者为黄石先生年他在《端午礼俗史》香港秦兴书局年出版一书中提出端午节如涓涓之水发源于远古时代三代汇为川流秦汉扩为河唐宋纳百川而成湖海。
端午节源于夏至说闻世后学者吞吐百家从更广泛的视野去研究。年刘德谦先生在《端午始源又一说》《文史知识》年期中认为端午来自夏、商、周时期的夏至且提出端午节中“斗百草”、“采杂药”等与屈原无关。年月在韩国首尔举办的国际学术会上中国社科院民族学人类学研究所研究员何星亮先生再度完善了夏至说又提出端午节即夏至令人耳目一新。[3] 刘德谦在《“端午”始源又一说》和《中国传统节日趣谈》中提出三个主要理由(一)权威性的岁时著作《荆楚岁时记》并未提到五月初五日要吃粽子的节日风俗却把吃粽子写在夏至节中。至于竞渡隋代杜台卿所作的《玉烛宝典》把它划入夏至日的娱乐活动可见不一定就是为了打捞投江的伟大诗人屈原。(二)端午节风俗中的一些内容如“踏百草”、“斗百草”、“采杂药”等实际上与屈原无关。
(三)《岁时风物华纪丽》对端午节的第一个解释是“日叶正阳时当中即端午节正是夏季之中故端午节又可称为天中节。由此端午节的最早起源当系夏至。而众多说法中以纪念屈原说影响最为广泛。由于屈原的人格艺超群人们也愿意把这一纪念日归之于他。
2.6 端午十说
蔡邕 一说认为端午节是龙的节日。闻一多先生《端午考》考证端午节是古代吴越民间举行图腾祭的节日认为端午节实际上是一个龙的节日。
二说认为端午节是纪念楚国爱国诗人屈原逝世。据《续齐谐记》记述屈原在五月初五投汨罗江而死楚人哀之每逢此日以竹筒盛米投江祭之。
三说是据《礼记》载端午源于周代的蓄兰沐浴。
四说认为据东汉时期蔡邕《琴操》中载端午节系为纪念先贤介子推。
五说认为宋代高承《事物纪源》刊文端午源于春秋时期越王勾践于是日操练水军。
六说认为梁宗懔《荆州岁时记》转述端午是为迎“涛神”伍子胥。《后汉书》中也写道浙江虞巫上祝曹盱五月初五在曹娥江上婆娑起舞迎接伍子胥。后来江浙一带百姓每逢端午逆流而上举行各种仪式以悼念伍子胥。
七说认为在《道书》中载有五月初五是为祭祀先祖日。
八说是据《会稽典录》一书记载端午是为纪念寻父投江而死的曹娥。
九说认为端午起源于夏、商、周时期的夏至节。其时仲夏之日万物方盛夏至日阴气荫生恐物不懋故在五月初五以五色印为门户饰以惩恶气。
十说是民间有一传说认为端午源于湖北沔阳沙湖曾有四位豪杰专门劫富济贫后遭当地官兵突袭围困而于五月初五投江而亡。当地民众万分悲哀将这一天定为端午节以示悼念。[4] 3 端午习俗 3.1 龙舟竞渡
端午节 龙舟一词,最早见于先秦古书《穆天子传》卷五:“天子乘鸟舟、龙舟浮于大沼。”预《九歌·湘君》中“驾飞龙今北征,邅吾道兮洞庭”,“石濑浅浅,飞龙兮翩翩”,学者们也认为“飞龙”即龙舟。《湘君》即描写湘人驭驾龙舟,将玉佩沉入江中(与抛踪子入江相仿)悼念某位历史人物之诗。这即与“魂舟”暗合,与楚国《人物御龙帛画》之像暗合,可互为印证。
《荆楚岁时记》载:“五月五日,谓之浴兰节。…… 是日,竞渡,竞采杂药。”此后,历代诗赋、笔记、志书 等记载竞渡就数不胜数了。
龙舟,与普通船只不太相同,大小不一,桡手人数不一。如广州黄埔、郊区一带龙船,长33 米,路上有 100 人,桡手约 80 人。南宁龙舟长 20 多米,每船约五六十人。湖南汨罗县龙舟则长 16—22 米,挠手 24—48 人。福建福州龙舟长 18 米,挠手 32 人。龙船一般是狭长、细窄,船头饰龙头,船尾饰龙尾。龙头的颜色有红、黑、灰等色,均与龙灯之头相似,姿态不一。一般以木雕成,加以彩绘(也有用纸扎、纱扎的)。龙尾多用整木雕,上刻鳞甲。除龙头龙尾外,龙舟上还有锣鼓、旗帜或船体绘画等装饰。如广东顺德龙舟上饰以龙牌、龙头龙尾旗、帅旗,上绣对联、花草等,还有绣满龙风、八仙等图案的罗伞。一般龙舟没有这么多的装饰,多饰以各色三角旗、挂彩等。古代龙舟也很华丽,如画龙舟竞渡的《龙池竞渡图卷》(元人王振鹏所绘),图中龙舟的龙头高昂,硕大有神,雕镂精美,龙尾高卷,龙身还有数层重檐楼阁。如果是写实的,则可证古代龙船之精丽了。又如《点石斋画报·追踪屈子》绘芜湖龙船,也是龙头高昂,上有层楼。有的地区龙舟还存有古风,很精丽。
龙舟 龙船竞渡前,先要请龙、祭神。如广东龙舟,在端午前要从水下起出,祭过在南海神庙中的南海神后,安上龙头、龙尾,再准备竞渡。并且买一对纸制小公鸡置龙船上,认为可保佑船平安(隐隐可与古代鸟舟相对应)。闽、台则往妈祖庙祭拜。有的直接在河边祭龙头,杀鸡滴血于龙头之上,如四川、贵州等个别地区。
而湖南汨罗县,竞渡前必先往屈子祠朝庙,将龙头供在词中神翁祭拜,披红布于龙头上,再安龙头于船上竞渡,既拜龙神,又纪念屈原。而在湖北的屈原家乡秭归,也有祭拜屈原的仪式流传。祭屈原之俗,在《隋书·地理志》中有记载:“其迅楫齐驰,棹歌乱响,喧振水陆,观者如云。”唐刘禹锡《竞渡曲》自注:“竞渡始于武陵,及今举楫而相和之,其音咸呼云:‘何在’,斯沼屈之义。”可见两湖地区,祭屈原与赛龙舟是紧密相关的。可能屈原(及曹娥、伍子胥等)逝去后,当地人民也曾魂舟送其灵魂归葬,故有此俗。
龙舟竞渡 又如浙江地区,是以龙舟竞渡纪念曹娥。《后汉书·列女传》中载,曹娥是投江死去的,民间则传说她下江寻找父尸。浙江地区多祭祀之,《点石斋画报·虔祀曹娥》即描绘会稽地区人民祭祀曹娥之景象。
《清嘉录》中记吴地(江苏一带)竞渡,是源于纪念伍子胥,苏州因此有端午祭伍子胥之旧习,并于水上举行竞渡以示纪念。另外还有广西的纪念马援、福州的纪念阎王王审知等仪式。
各种祭祀、纪念之仪式,无非是点香烛,烧纸钱,供以鸡、米、肉、供果、粽子等。如今这些含有迷信色彩朗仪式已很少见,但在过去,人们祭祀龙神庙时气氛很严肃,多祈求农业丰收、风调雨顺、去邪祟、攘灾异、事事如意,也保佑划船平安。用人们的话说,“图个吉利”,表达人们内心良好的愿望。
在正式竞渡开始时,气氛十分热烈。唐代诗人张建封《竞渡歌》:“……两岸罗衣扑鼻香,银钗照日如霜刃。鼓声三下红旗开;两龙跃出浮水来。棹影斡波飞万剑,鼓声劈浪鸣千雷。鼓声渐急标将近,两龙望标且如瞬。坡上人呼霹雷惊,竿头彩挂虹霓晕。前船抢水已得标,后
船失势空挥挠。……”这些诗句淋漓尽致地写出了龙舟竞渡的壮景。妇女们平时是不出门的,如今也争着来看龙船,银钗耀日;鼓声、红旗指挥下的龙舟飞驰而来,掉如飞剑,鼓声如雷;终点插着锦绮彩竿,作为标志。龙舟向着标飞快地驰近……近代的龙舟比赛也大抵相同,不过规程稍严格一些。近年来,国内外都出现了国际龙舟比赛,吸引了各国健儿。
龙舟竞渡 除了比赛速度外,划龙舟还有其他一些活动。比如龙舟游乡,是在龙舟竞渡时划着龙舟到附近熟悉的村庄游玩、集会。有时龙舟还有各种花样的划法,具有表演的含义。如广州的龙舟,挽手用桨叶插入水中,再往上挑,使水花飞溅;船头船尾的人则有节奏地顿足压船,使龙舟起伏如游龙戏水一般。浙江余杭县龙舟,有的是让人把龙尾踩低,使龙头高翘,船头的急浪便从龙嘴中喷吐出来,如龙吞云吐雨一般。
也有的是游船式竞渡。如《淮南子·本经训》“龙舟鷁首,浮吹以娱”,是划着龙船、摇船在水上奏乐、游玩。在《梦粱录》中记载南宋杭州“龙舟六只,戏于湖中”。湖上有龙舟,只是画舫游船的一部分。
唐、宋、元、明、情各代帝皇,均有临水边观看龙舟的娱乐,也属于游戏之类。《旧唐书》中记穆宗、敬宗,均有“观竞渡”之事。《东京梦华录》卷七,记北宋皇帝于临水殿看金明池内龙舟竞渡之俗。其中有彩船、乐船、小船、画舱、小龙船,虎头船等供观赏、奏乐,还有长之四十丈的大龙船。除大龙船外,其他船列队布阵,争标竞渡,作为娱乐。宋张择端《金明池夺标图》即描绘此景。又明代皇帝,在中南海紫光阁观龙舟,看御射监勇士跑马射箭。清代则在圆明园的福海举行竞渡,乾隆、嘉庆帝等均往观看。
龙舟竞渡 又有夜龙舟。在浙江武进,过去有夜龙舟,在四面挂起小灯以竞渡。四川五通桥从 1982 年起出现了夜龙舟,在舟上装电灯,配焰火,漂浮河灯,辉煌夺目。浙江少数地方还于水上设堆堆浮焰,让张灯结彩的龙舟从焰中穿过。
又有旱龙舟,是在陆地上进行的模拟龙船比赛的活动。如《南昌府志》载:“五月五日为旱龙舟,令数下人异(y6,共同拾东西)之,传葩代鼓,填溢通衢,士女施钱祈福,竞以爆竹辟除不祥。”浙江武义县,过去也有旱地推端午船之俗,也认为可除邪祟。另广东的佛山、东莞、信宜都有旱地划龙舟之俗,实际上是一种舞蹈,但日期不一定在端午。佛山秋季秋色时的旱地龙舟最为壮观。
又如《徽州府志》载:“五月五日,迎神船逐疫,船用竹为之,袭画状似鳅,以十二人为神,载而游绪市。”另有把小型旱龙船给小儿做玩具的。
龙舟 在划龙船时,又多有唱歌助兴的龙般歌流传。如湖北秭归划龙船时,有完整的唱腔,词曲根据当地民歌与号子融汇而成,唱歌声雄浑壮美,扣人心弦,即“举揖而相和之”之遗风。又如广东南雄县的龙船歌,是在四月龙船下水后唱到端午时止,表现内容十分广泛。流传于广西北部桂林、临桂等地的龙船歌,在竞渡时由众桡手合唱,有人领呼,表现内容也多与龙舟、端午节俗有关,歌声宏远动人。《广西民间音乐选集》中收有临桂县 4 龙船歌》组曲,如号子般的节奏鲜明、热烈,唱起来必定十分动人。
另外,还应说一下女龙船。在过去,许多地方的龙舟竞渡均不许妇女参加,认为妇女接触龙舟很不吉利。如今各地都出现了女子龙舟队,英姿讽爽的女人们奋勇争光,争夺第一,丝毫不弱于须眉男儿。
3.2 凤舟
凤舟竞渡 与春节有舞龙也有舞凤一样,端午有龙舟也有凤舟。凤舟的来源如上述,是源于远古的乌舟、鷁舟。古代宫廷中有凤阿(如《天府广记》中记明代宫廷便有),民间有凤船竞渡。《粤囊》载:“龙舟以吊大夫,凤船以奉天后,皆与五日为胜会。庚午之夏,番禺石桥村入聚万金,制凤船,长十丈,阔丈三,首尾高举,两舷重翼为舒敛,背负殿宇,以奉天后,游各水乡。”1964 年后香港又出现了风艇赛。这种风艇艇身稍短,可坐 16 名队员,饰有凤头、凤尾,由女队员竞渡。的确是一种很好的比赛形式,合龙凤呈样之意。
有的地方还有龙凤船。《顺德县志》载:“大良之龙凤船妙极华丽。”但今已不见了。湖南汨罗县的龙舟,前装龙头,后置凤尾,凤尾是用包有红纸的竹篾成扇形插于船尾,如矩尾一般,也可称为龙凤船。龙凤船,似乎是龙船与鸟船相融合后留下的痕迹。
3.3 拴五色丝线 应劭的《风俗通》则记载:“五月五,日以五彩丝系臂,名长命缕,一名续命缕,一命辟兵缯,一名五色缕,一名朱索,辟兵及鬼,命人不病瘟”。五彩丝不是五彩缤纷的花色丝线,而是确定了的红、黄、蓝、白、黑五种颜色的丝线合并成的缕索。
中国古代崇拜五色,以五色为吉祥色。因而,节日清晨,各家大人起床后第一件大事便是在孩子手腕、脚腕、脖子上拴五色线。系线时,禁忌儿童开口说话。五色线不可任意折断或丢弃,只能在夏季一场大雨或第一次洗澡时,抛到河里。据说,戴五色线的儿童可以避开蛇蝎类毒虫的伤害;扔到河里,意味着让河水将瘟疫、疾病冲走,儿童由此可以保安康。
3.4 挂荷包
荷包 陈示靓的《岁时广记》引《岁时杂记》提及一种“端五以赤白彩造如囊,以彩线贯之,搐使如花形。”以及另一种“蚌粉铃”:“端五日以蚌粉纳帛中,缀之以绵,若数珠。令小儿带之以吸汗也”。这些随身携带的袋囊,内容物几经变化,从吸汗的蚌粉、驱邪的灵符、铜钱,辟虫的雄黄粉,发展成装有香料的香囊,制作也日趋精致,成为端午节特有的民间艺品。
3.5 悬艾叶、菖蒲、蒜头
端午节 艾、菖蒲和蒜被称为“端午三友”。南北朝时,端午又称为“沐兰节”,荆楚一带有采艾的习俗。采艾要在鸡未鸣以前就出发,挑选最具人形的艾草带回去挂在门上,有的还将艾草扎成虎形,再粘贴艾叶於其上。艾与菖蒲中含有芳香油,它们和蒜一样都有杀菌作用。端午期间,时近夏至,正是寒气暑气交互转换之时,从饮食到穿衣、行动都得注意。宝山县有谚语道:“未吃端午粽,寒衣不可送;吃了端午粽,还要冻三冻。”古时,人们缺乏科学观念,误以为疾病皆由鬼邪作崇所至,于是,端午节这天,人们以菖蒲作宝剑,以艾作鞭子,以蒜头作锤子,又称为“三种武器”,认为可以退蛇、虫、病菌,斩除妖魔。
江南地区,有的习俗是在端午节饮菖蒲酒,则其药用效能就更为直接。通常是在节前,便把菖蒲切碎,伴上雄黄,浸入酒中,节日便可饮用。
3.6 写符念咒 除了用艾、菖蒲和蒜这“端午三友”驱鬼外,还有一种重要的驱鬼方法,是在室内挂避邪驱鬼的符咒。挂驱鬼符还有一些严格的仪式。如有的要求必须在端午日出或正午时书写,书写材料用生朱,砚内、书写人口中必须放上硝石等。较为通行的符咒有:“五月五日天中节,赤口白舌尽消灭”之类。上海人过去在端午节悬挂钟馗像于门口,正是这种辟邪风俗的继续与演变。另外,类似于此的祛鬼禳魔的习俗,还有在儿童额上点雄黄酒。节日一早,妇女们便将儿童耳上夹艾蒿,头上戴菖蒲,然后用雄黄酒在额上写一个“王”字。据说,这样可使百鬼畏惧,保命长生。
3.7 射柳
端午节 “与南方的赛龙舟不同,最具北方特色的是射箭和打马球”。
我国北方各民族从来没有端午节竞渡习俗,更不知道南国汉族还有一位爱国大诗人屈原。但是,在辽、金、清各朝历史上都有端午节契丹族、女真族和以后的八旗将士驰马射柳、打马球的竞技遗俗。
北方人民的端午节庆游戏——射柳。据说,这项竞技活动在辽时便已出现,一直延续至清末。
驰马射柳在端午节清晨举行,先将柳树干中上部削去青皮一段,使之露白,作为靶心。然后参赛者依次驰马拈弓射削白处。射断柳干后驰马接断柳在手者为优胜。《金史·礼志》:“金因辽俗,重五日插柳去地约数寸,削其皮而白之。先以一人驰马前导,后驰马以无羽横簇箭射之。既断柳,又以手接而弛去者为上。断而不能接去者次之。每射必发鼓以助其气。”至明代,是把鸟雀贮于葫芦中射之。这种节日竞技相沿成习,直至清末。
3.8 打马球
端午节 明皇击鞠图。击鞠亦即打马球,也是北方端午节的主要经济娱乐活动之一。相传,唐玄宗李隆基便是这项运动的爱好者。
打马球,也是端午之戏之一。马球,是骑在马上,持棍打球,古称击鞠。三国曹植《名都篇》中有“连翩击鞠壤”之句。唐代长安,有宽大的球场,玄宗、敬宗等皇帝均喜马球。章怀太子墓中《马球图》,画出了唐代马球的兴盛:画上,二十多匹骏马飞驰,马尾扎结起来,打球者头戴幞巾,足登长靴,手持球杖逐球相击。《析津志》记辽国把打马球作为节日的传统风俗,于端午、重九击球。《金史·礼志》也记金人于端午击球。宋代有“打球乐”舞队。至明代,马球仍流行。《续文献通考·乐考》记载明成祖曾数次往东苑击球、射柳。明《宣宗行乐图》长卷中绘有宣宗赏马球之场面。当时的官员王直写的端午日观打球的诗:“玉勒千金马,雕文七宝球。鞚飞惊电掣,伏奋觉星流。炎页过成三捷,欢传第一筹。庆云随逸足,缭绕殿东头。”北京白云观前也有群众骑马击球之典。清代天坛一带也还有马球运动,直至清中叶之后,马球才消失了。近西安市又出现了仿古马球运动,使这一古老的体育运动在绝迹多年后重又出现在中华大地上。
3.9 采药 这是最古老的端午节俗之一。《夏小正》载:“此日蓄药,以蠲除毒气。”《岁时广记》卷二十二“采杂药”引《荆楚岁时记》佚文:“五月五日,竞采杂药,可治百病。”后魏《齐民要术•杂记》中,有五月捉蛤蟆的记载,亦是制药用。后来有不少地区均有端午捉蛤蟆之俗,如江苏于端午日收蛤蟆,刺取其沫,制作中药蟾酥;杭州人还给小孩子吃蛤蟆,说是可以消火清凉、夏无疮疖。还有在五日于蛤蟆口中塞墨锭,悬挂起来晾干,即成蛤蟆锭,涂于脓疮上可使消散。这种捉蛤蟆制药之俗,源于汉代“蟾蜍辟兵”之传说。又如湖北监利于端午“采百草”,亦采药草之俗。采药是因端午前后草药茎叶成熟,药性好,才于此日形成此俗。
3.10 沐兰汤
沐兰汤 端午日洗浴兰汤是《大戴礼》记载的古俗。当时的兰不是现在的兰花,而是菊科的佩兰,有香气,可煎水沐浴。《九歌•云中君》亦有“浴兰汤会沭芳”之句。《荆楚岁时记》:“五 月五日,谓之浴兰节。”《五杂俎》记明代人因为“兰汤不可得,则以午时取五色草拂而浴之”。后来一般是煎蒲、艾等香草洗澡。在广东,则用艾、蒲、凤仙、白玉兰等花草;在湖南、广西等地,则用柏叶、大风根、艾、蒲、桃叶等煮成药水洗浴。不论男女老幼,全家都洗,此
俗至今尚存,据说可治皮肤病、去邪气。
3.11 采茶、制凉茶 北方一些地区,喜于端午采嫩树叶、野菜叶蒸晾,制成茶叶。广东潮州一带,人们去郊外山野采草药,熬凉茶喝。这对健康也有好处。
3.12 “驱除”五毒
端午节 民间认为五月是五毒(蝎、蛇、蜈蚣、壁虎、蟾蜍)出没之时,民间要用各种方法以预防五毒之害。一般在屋中贴五毒图,以红纸印画五种毒物,再用五根针刺于五毒之上,即认为毒物被刺死,再不能横行了。这是一种辟邪巫术遗俗。民间又在衣饰上绣制五毒,在饼上缀五毒图案,均含驱除之意。
3.13 “倒灾葫芦” 端午也以桃印为门饰。桃是民俗中驱鬼之物,源于神荼、郁垒之神话,以桃刻印,亦为祛攘之意。《续汉书•礼仪志》:“朱索、五色桃印为门户饰,以止恶气。”后世的昧符、吉祥葫芦即源于此。
《梦粱录》卷三:“士官等家以生朱于午时书‘五月五日天中节,赤口白舌尽消灭’之句”,这是宋代之俗。《燕京岁时记》又记:“端阳日用彩纸剪成各样葫芦,倒粘于门阑上,以泄毒气。”这是清代之俗。有的还在纸葫芦上垂丝穗、飘带等,更为好看,或在葫芦中剪出五毒形状,挂贴于门,亦表示将五毒之气泄尽之意,你为“倒灾葫芦”。
至今民间仍有悬镜于门以避邪之俗。在唐代,专于五月五日午时于扬州扬子江心铸铜镜,以进贡皇帝,称为“天子镜”,这也是辟邪之意(见《唐国史补》)。所以后世多于门前挂镜驱邪。
3.14 斗草之戏
端午节 汉以前不见斗草之戏。(《历代社会通俗事物考•尚秉和》)起源无考,普遍认为与中医药学的产生有关。远古先民艰苦求存,生活单调,暇余以斗虫、斗草、斗兽等为戏自娱,及至传说的“神农尝百草”形成中医药学后,每年端午节群出郊外采药,插艾门上,以解溽暑毒疫,衍成定俗;收获之余,往往举行比赛,以对仗形式互报花名、草名,多者为赢,兼具植物知识、文学知识之妙趣;儿童则以叶柄相勾,捏住相拽,断者为输,再换一叶相斗。白居易《观儿戏》诗云:“弄尘或斗草,尽日乐嬉嬉。” 《物原》云:“始于汉武”。据梁朝人宗懔在《荆楚岁时记》中云:”五月五日,四民并踏百草,又有斗草之戏。“《年华记丽》:“端午结庐蓄药,斗百草,缠五丝。” 南北朝时称“踏百草”,唐代称“斗草”或“斗百草”。《刘宾客嘉话》云:”唐中宗朝,安乐公主五日斗百草.“宋代扩展至平日随时可斗。历代文人作品中对此多有描述。
北京故宫博物院藏《群婴斗草图》,其玩法大抵如下:比赛双方先各自采摘具有一定韧性的草,(楼兰案:多为车前草,车前草多年生草本植物,多生路边、沟 旁、田埂等处。无茎,具多数细长之须根;叶自根际丛出,薄纸质,具五条主叶脉,全缘或波状,或有疏钝齿,长达 15—30 厘米;具绿白色疏生花,花冠四裂,雄蕊四枚;果实成熟后会如盖子般掀开,释出四至六颗棕黑色种子,其长长的花轴,用来斗草的好材料。)然后相互交叉成“十”字状并各自用劲拉扯,以不断者为胜。
这种以人的拉力和草的受拉力的强弱来决定输赢的斗草,被称为“武斗”。王建《宫词》,吟咏斗草游戏的情状:“水中芹叶土中花,拾得还将避众家,总待别人般数尽,袖中拈出郁金芽”斗草除有“武斗”外,还有“文斗”。所谓“
群婴斗草图 文斗”,就是对花草名,《红楼梦》第六十二回中:“宝玉生日那天,众姐妹们忙忙碌碌安席饮酒做诗。各屋的丫头也随主子取乐,薛蟠的妾香菱和几个丫头各采了些花草,斗草取乐。这个说,我有观音柳;那个说我又罗汉松。突然豆官说,我有姐妹花,这下把大家难住了,香菱说,我有夫妻穗。豆官见香菱答上了不服气地说:“从来没有什么夫妻穗!”香菱争辩道:“一枝一个花叫‘兰’,一枝几个花叫‘穗’。上下结花为‘兄弟穗’,并头结花叫‘夫妻穗’,我这个是并头结花,怎么不叫‘夫妻穗’呢?”豆官一时被问住,便笑着说:“依你说,一大一小叫:‘老子儿子穗’,若两朵花背着开可叫‘仇人穗’了。薛蟠刚外出半年,你心里想他,把花儿草儿拉扯成夫妻穗了,真不害臊!”说得香菱满面通红,笑着跑过来拧豆官的嘴,于是两个人扭滚在地上。众丫鬟嬉戏打闹,非常开心。这时,宝玉也采了些草来凑热闹。
3.15 躲端午
端午节 躲端午是端午节习俗,指接新嫁或已嫁之女回家度节。简称“躲午”,亦称“躲端五”。俗以五月、五月五日为恶月、恶日,诸事多需避忌,因有接女归家躲端午之俗。此俗宋代似已形成,陆游《丰岁》诗有“羊腔酒担争迎妇,遣鼓龙船共赛神”之句。《嘉靖隆庆志》亦记云:“已嫁之女召还过节”。又,《滦州志》:“女之新嫁者,于是月俱迎以归,谓之‘躲端午’”。
3.16 端午雨 端午雨,时民间岁时占验习俗。俗信端午节下雨,不吉;反之则吉。此种俗信在宋代即已存在。陈元靓《岁时广记》引《提要录》云:“五月五日哨,人曝药,岁无灾。雨则鬼曝药,人多病。此闽中谚语。”又许月卿《次韵蜀人李施州芾端午》自注云:“临川人谓端午日雨,鬼旺人灾。清赵怀玉诗自注亦引有“端阳无雨是丰年”的谚语。
3.17 立蛋
立蛋 所谓的“立蛋”及“浮水针”是指端午节当天正午十二点时,因是阳刚正气汇集之极,所以俗信平日不易竖立的鸡蛋在此时便可直竖在地上,同理也可证于绣花针亦可浮在水面上。
事实上,若以科学原理印证可知:因端午节当天太阳照射在北半球,正午时分太阳引力与地球引力互相拉扯,使得立在地上的蛋很容易就能达到平衡站起来,所以立蛋便成为端午节孩童最佳的嬉戏项目之一。
3.18 跳钟馗 跳钟馗、闹钟馗:自晋代以来跳钟馗、闹钟馗,赐福镇宅就是端午节和春节的重要内容。2.悬挂钟馗画。最早的钟馗画,据说出自画圣吴道子之手。据北宋沈括《梦溪补笔谈》记载:唐明皇患疾近一月,忽梦二鬼。小鬼窃得皇上玉笛及杨贵妃之紫香囊奔逃,大鬼乃捉小鬼刳其目,然后擘而啖之。大鬼道:“臣为钟馗,即武举不捷之士也,誓与陛下除天下之妖孽。”唐明皇醒后,即病愈,便召画工吴道子,嘱其按梦中情景画钟馗捉鬼图,道子挥笔即成,明皇见后,竟与所梦一模一样,惊叹不已。后来,钟馗画渐渐走入民间,绘制钟馗画大都作于五月端午节这一天,或者端午节的前后几天。到了清代,江南苏、浙一带的居民大都在农历五月于大门或堂中挂钟馗图一月,以期驱邪除害、祛凶引福。传统食俗 最早出现的端午时食,应属西汉的“枭羹”。《史记》“武帝本纪”注引如淳言:“汉使东郡送枭,五月五日为枭羹以赐百官。以恶鸟,故食之”。大约因为枭不易捕捉,所以吃枭羹的习俗并没有持续下来。但端午的主角-粽子,在稍晚的东汉就已出现。一直要到晋朝,粽子才成为端午的应节食品。《风土记》:“五月五日,与夏至同,……先此二节一日,又以菰叶裹
黏米,杂以粟,以淳浓灰汁煮之令熟。”同时又有另一种端午节食,称为“龟”也只在晋朝昙花一现,随即销声匿迹。只有《风土记》中称为“角黍”的粽子,因为附会在屈原的传说上,千百年来,成为最受人欢迎的端午节食。
4.1 吃粽子
粽子 “粽子香,香厨房。艾叶香,香满堂。桃枝插在大门上,出门一望麦儿黄。这儿端阳,那儿端阳,处处都端阳。” 这是旧时流行甚广的一首描写过端午节的民谣。总体上说,各地人民过端午节的习俗大同小异,而端午节吃粽子,古往今来,中国各地都一样。如今的粽子更是多种多样,璀璨纷呈。现今各地的粽子,一般都用箬壳包糯米,但内含的花色则根据各地特产和风俗而定,著名的有桂圆粽、肉粽、水晶粽、莲蓉粽、蜜饯粽、板栗粽、辣粽、酸菜粽、火腿粽、咸蛋粽等等。
中国少数民族的粽子 瑶族:瑶族做粽子用糯米配腊肉条、绿豆,包“枕头粽”,形似枕头,每个约 250 克。也有在糯米中加红糖、花生等制成素馅凉粽子。[5] 广西派:硕大的“枕头粽” 畲族:畲族粽子,民间称牯角。用箬叶将糯米包成四角。再用龙草捆扎,十个一串,有的人家还要在包粽子时加菜、肉、红枣等做馅。煮粽常用灰碱水,粽子煮好后,色黄气香,可存放半月。
傣族:傣族过端午也吃粽子,还要过“粽子节”。据说“粽子节”是为了纪念一对因婚姻遭父母反对而殉情的青年男女。在这一天,凡未婚的傣家小伙子都要拿粽子包,与姑娘们相会在大龙潭的芒果树下,男女围成圈,姑娘唱起情歌,小伙子吹叶子伴奏。然后小伙子把粽包送给中意的姑娘。
毛南族:毛南族也过端午节,但节日的意义与汉族不同,民间称为“药节”。过药节时,习惯采艾叶、菖蒲、黄姜等草药熬水饮汁,或用这些草药作馅包粽食用。民间认为端午吃这种包馅粽粑可以解毒去病。
4.2 饮雄黄酒
雄黄酒 端午饮雄黄酒的习俗,从前在长江流域地区极为盛行。古语曾说 “饮了雄黄酒,病魔都远走”。雄黄是一种矿物质,俗称“鸡冠石”,其主要成分是硫化砷,并含有汞,有毒。一般饮用的雄黄酒,只是在白酒或自酿的黄酒里加入微量雄黄而成,无纯饮的。雄黄酒有杀菌驱虫解五毒的功效,中医还用来治皮肤病。在没有碘酒之类消毒剂的古代,用雄黄泡酒,可以祛毒解痒。未到喝酒年龄的小孩子,大人则给他们的额头、耳鼻、手足心等处涂抹上雄黄酒,意在消毒防病,虫豸不叮。
4.3 吃五黄 江浙一带有端午节吃“五黄”的习俗。五黄指黄瓜、黄鳝、黄鱼、咸鸭蛋黄、雄黄酒。此外浙北端午节还吃豆腐。
4.4 吃十二红 高邮等地有吃“十二红”的习俗。十二红指油爆虾、炒红苋菜、咸鸭蛋黄、朱砂豆腐等。
4.5 吃茶蛋 江西南昌地区,端午节要煮茶蛋和盐水蛋吃。蛋有鸡蛋、鸭蛋、鹅蛋。蛋壳涂上红色,用五颜六色的网袋装着,挂在小孩子的脖子上,意为祝福孩子逢凶化吉,平安无事。
4.6 吃大蒜蛋
大蒜蛋 河南、浙江等省农村每逢端午节这天,家里的主妇起得特别早,将事先准备好的大蒜和鸡蛋放在一起煮,供一家人早餐食用。有的地方,还在煮大蒜和鸡蛋时放几片艾叶。早餐食大蒜、鸡蛋、烙油馍,这种食法据说可避“五毒”,有益健康。
4.7 吃打糕 端午节是吉林省延边朝鲜族人民隆重的节日。这一天最有代表性的食品是清香的打糕。打糕,就是将艾蒿与糯米饭,放置于独木凿成的大木槽里,用长柄木棰打制而成的米糕。这种食品很有民族特色,又可增添节日的气氛。
4.8 吃煎堆 福建晋江地区,端午节家家户户还要吃“煎堆”,就是用面粉、米粉或番薯粉和其他配料调成浓糊状煎成。相传古时闽南一带在端午节之前是雨季,阴雨连绵不止,民间说天公穿了洞,要“补天”。端午节吃了“煎堆”后雨便止了,人们说把天补好了。这种食俗由此而来。端午佩饰 5.1 健人
端午 健人 旧时江浙一带端五时妇女的一种饰物。一般用金银丝或铜丝金箔做成,形状为小人骑虎,亦有另加钟、铃、缨及蒜、粽子等的。插在妇女发髻,也用以馈送。《清嘉录》云:“(五月五日)市人以金银丝制为繁缨、钟、铃诸状,骑人于虎,极精细,缀小钗,贯为串,或有用铜丝金箔者,供妇女插鬓。又互相献赉,名曰健人。”健人一说与艾人同意,只是以帛易艾,吴曼云《江乡节物词•小序》云:“杭俗,健人即艾人,而易之以帛,作骆虎状,妇人皆戴之,”似此则当有驱邪辟疫之作用;一说即古时的步摇,纯为妇女装饰品(蔡云《吴献》注)。
5.2 豆娘
豆娘 端午 旧时端五节妇女的头饰。多见于江南。一些地区亦称作健人。此物一说源于古代的步摇,一说即艾人的别样形式。《清嘉录》引《唐宋遗纪》云:“江谁南北,五日钗头彩胜之制,备极奇巧。凡以缯销翦制艾叶,或攒绣仙、佛、合、乌、虫、鱼、百兽之形,八宝群花之类。绉纱蜘蛛,绮榖凤麟,茧虎绒陀,排草蜥蜴,又螳蜘蝉蝎,又葫芦瓜果,色色逼真。加以幡幢宝盖,绣球繁缨,钟铃百状,或贯以串,名曰豆娘,不可胜纪。” 5.3 艾虎
端午节 旧时端午节驱邪辟祟之物,也作装饰品。我国古代视虎为神兽,俗以为可以镇祟辟邪、保佑安宁。《风俗通》云:“虎者阳物,百兽之长也。能噬食鬼魅,……亦辟恶”。故民间多取虎为辟邪之用,其中尤以端午节的艾虎为最具特色。艾虎或以艾编剪而成,或剪彩为虎,粘以艾叶,佩戴于发际身畔。端午节饰戴艾虎的风习已经有千年以上的历史。宋陈元规《岁时广记》引《岁时杂记》:“端午以艾为虎形,至有如黑豆大者,或剪彩为小虎,粘艾叶以戴之。王沂公《端午帖子》诗:‘钗头艾虎辟群邪,晓驾祥云七宝车’。”又清富察敦崇《燕京岁时记》:“每至端阳,闺阁中之巧者,用绫罗制成小虎及粽子……以彩线穿之,悬于钗头,或系于小儿之背,古诗云:‘玉燕钗头艾虎轻’,即此意也。”除佩饰艾虎以外,端午节还有用雄黄为小儿在额头画“王”的风习,其意也在于借虎辟邪。
5.4 画额
时端午节以雄黄涂抹小儿额头的习俗,云可驱避毒虫。典型的方 画额 法是用雄黄酒在小儿额头画“王”字,一借雄黄以驱毒,二借猛虎(“王”似虎的额纹,又虎为兽中之王,因以代虎)以镇邪。清富察敦祟《燕京岁时记》:“每至端阳,自初一日起,取雄黄合酒洒之,用涂小儿领及鼻耳间,以避毒物。”除在额头、鼻耳涂抹外,亦可涂抹他处,用意一致。山西《河曲县志》云:“端午,饮雄黄酒,用涂小儿额及两手、足心,……谓可却病延年。” 5.5 长命缕
端午节 时端午节厌胜佩饰。亦称续命缕、续命丝、延年缕、长寿线,别称’百索、’辟兵绍、五彩缕等,名称不一,形制、功用大体相同。其俗在端午节以五色丝结而成索,或悬于门首,或戴小儿项颈,或系小儿手臂,或挂于床帐、摇篮等处,俗谓可避灾除病、保佑安康、益寿延年。此类节物的形制大体有五:简单的以五色丝线合股成绳,系于臂膀;在五彩绳上缀饰金锡饰物,挂于项颈;五彩绳折成方胜,饰于胸前;五彩绳结为人像戴之;以五彩丝线绣绘日月星辰乌兽等物,敬献尊长。此俗始于汉代。东汉应劭《风俗通•佚文》:“午日,以五彩丝系臂,避鬼及兵,令人不病瘟,一名长命缕,一名辟兵绍”。以后相沿成习,直至近、现代。清富察敦祟《燕京岁时记》记当时风俗:“每至端阳,闺阁中之巧者,用续罗制成小虎及粽子、壶卢、樱桃、桑葚之类,以彩线穿之,悬于钗头,或系于小儿之背。”其中唐宋时,更有宫廷赐大臣此种节物之事。史载唐代宗兴元元年端节,宫廷曾赐百索一轴。又《宋史•礼志十五》:“前一日,以金缕延寿带、彩丝续命缕分赐百官。节日戴以入。” 5.6 戴香包
端午节 香包又叫香袋、香囊;荷包等,有用五色丝线缠成的,有用碎布缝成的,内装香料(用中草药白芷、川芎、芩草、排草、山奈、甘松、高本行制成),佩在胸前,香气扑鼻。
陈示靓的《岁时广记》引《岁时杂记》提及一种“端五以赤白彩造如囊,以彩线贯之,搐使如花形。”以及另一种“蚌粉铃”:“端五日以蚌粉纳帛中,缀之以绵,若数珠。令小儿带之以吸汗也”。这些随身携带的袋囊,内容物几经变化,从吸汗的蚌粉、驱邪的灵符、铜钱,辟虫的雄黄粉,发展成装有香料的香囊,制作也日趋精致,成为端午节特有的民间艺品。
戴香包颇有讲究。老年人为了防病健身,一般喜欢戴梅花、菊花、桃子、苹果、荷花、娃娃骑鱼、娃娃抱公鸡、双莲并蒂等形状的,象征着鸟语花香,万事如意,夫妻恩爱,家庭和睦。小孩喜欢的是飞禽走兽类的,如虎、豹子;猴子上竽、斗鸡赶免等。青年人戴香包最讲究,如果是热恋中的情人,那多情的姑娘很早就要精心制作一二枚别致的香包,赶有节前送给自己的情郎。小伙子戴着心上人送给的香包,自然要引起周围男女的评论,直夸小伙的对象心灵手巧。