第一篇：TED演讲 健康的时间观念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)

Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how inpiduals, all of us, pide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between inpiduals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've

experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be

present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on

future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)

And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical

rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time

perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第二篇：TED演讲 健康的时间观念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how inpiduals, all of us, pide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between inpiduals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第三篇：Ted演讲

私有制：中国经济奇迹的真正源泉

甚至连许多西方经济学家都认为,中国已经找到了主要依靠国家财政与控制的繁荣之路。但是，他们大错特错了。

2009年3月 • 黄亚生

美国式资本主义的可信性是全球金融危机中最早的牺牲品之一。随着雷曼兄弟银行的破产倒闭，全世界的权威评论家一窝蜂地唱衰美国经济理念——有限政府、最小限度的监管和对信贷的自由市场分配等。在考虑以何种模式取代没落的美国模式时，有些人把目光转向了中国。在中国，市场受到严格的监管，而金融机构则由国家控制。在经历了华尔街的溃败后，焦躁不安的弗朗西斯•福山在《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）上撰文指出，中国式的国家资本主义“看起来越来越有吸引力了。”《华盛顿邮报》（Washington Post）的专栏作家大卫•伊格内修斯为基于孔子思想的“新干预主义”在全球的出现而高声欢呼；伊格内修斯引用理查德•尼克松间接称颂经济学家凯恩斯（John Maynard Keynes）的话说：“现在我们都中国化了。”

但是，在宣布新的中国世纪的曙光到来之前，全球的领导人和高管们需要好好再想一想，中国活力的源泉到底是什么。说到中国经济奇迹产生的原因，获得广泛认可的看法——那是专家治国论的胜利，共产党依靠国家控制的企业实现了向市场经济的逐步转型——从各个重要方面来讲都错了。这种标准的看法认为，企业家精神、私有财产权、金融自由化和政治改革对中国的经济奇迹只发挥了很小的作用。但是，基于对中国政府的调查数据和中央及地方政府文件的详细分析，我的研究结论是，财产权和私营企业是高速增长和贫困水平降低最主要的激励因素。

我们经常读到这样的文章，认为渐进主义是中国成功地从马克思主义转型到市场经济的关键因素；许多文章称赞北京摒弃了俄罗斯式的休克疗法，采用更加务实的方法，创建了良好的商业环境，让私营企业有机地发展。这种观点认为，通过在上世纪80年代首先进行小范围改革，中国经济发展的自由度和市场导向水平逐渐提高，并在90年代后期积蓄了发展动力。但事实并非如此。实际发生的情况是，上世纪80年代进行的金融自由化和私营企业的早期地方性试验，催生了乡镇企业最初的蓬勃发展。正是这些早期的收获——而并非国家主导的大规模基础设施投资和90年代的城市化——为中国奇迹奠定了真正的基础。尽管有许多专家将中国宏大的基础设施项目和利用外国资金建设的崭新工厂与印度破败不堪的公路和微不足道的外国直接投资流进行比较，但这种观点夸大了公共开支和外国投资对中国发展的贡献。直到上世纪90年代后期以前，这两种因素在中国的影响力所占比重都不大——它们的出现比80年代宽松的金融控制和最初的乡镇企业发展大潮要晚得多。在上世纪80年代，中国经济的发展要比90年代快得多，并且产生了更好的社会效益：贫困人口下降，贫富差距缩小，而且劳动力在GDP中所占份额——衡量从经济发展中人均获益的指标——显著上升。从1978年到1988年，生活水平低于中国贫困线的农村人口减少了1.5亿以上。而在90年代，尽管GDP几乎都达到了两位数增长，并且实施了大规模的基础设施建设，但贫困人口数量却只下降了6,000万。此外，在80年代，中国经济增长主要靠投资而不是消费驱动的程度远不像今天这样严重。

换句话说，企业资本主义与国家资本主义不同，它不仅带来了增长，而且还对增长所带来的利益进行了广泛的分配。企业主义（Entrepreneurialism）既充满活力，又符合社会道德。

西方媒体总爱把像北京、上海和深圳这样的大城市称颂为生机勃勃的发展中心（见图表）。而中国的农村地区，即使被提到，也通常被形容为贫困的穷乡僻壤。但是，只要对经济数据进行仔细分析，就会发现，对中国现代化城市高楼大厦的这些令人震撼的描述完全是一种误导：事实上，中国的农村才具有最大的经济活力，而政府的强势干预已经窒息了中心城市的企业家精神和所有权。

后一种观点的重要性无论怎样强调都不过分。中国资本主义的发展历史事实上大部分都可以被描述为两个中国的斗争：由市场推动的、富有企业家精神的农村与由国家主导的城市之间的斗争。无论何时何地，只要中国农村占据优势地位，中国的资本主义就是企业式的、独立于政治的，并且是充满竞争活力的。无论何时何地，只要中国城市占据主导地位，中国的资本主义就会朝着依赖于政治和国家集权的方向发展。

上海是中国城市发展最显著的象征，其现代化的摩天大楼、外国奢侈品商店和全国最高的人均GDP使其成为中国的模范城市——一个国家资本主义获得成功的最好例证。事实果真如此吗？采用更具有实际意义的经济成就指标来衡量，上海的发展远不及温州。温州是位于上海南边数百英里以外一个浙江省的城市，这里是企业资本主义的一片乐土。上世纪80年代初期，使温州闻名于世的仅仅是它那勤劳的农民。当时，在温州的500万居民中，城市人口还不到10%。如今，温州是中国最具活力的城市，其数量众多的企业主宰着欧洲的服装市场。而相比之下，曾经是中国最早的实业家乐园的上海，如今却很少涌现出本土企业家。

温州的转型几乎完全是靠自由市场政策来实现的。早在1982年，当地官员就开始试行民间借贷、自由利率、存贷款机构的跨地区竞争，以及向私营企业提供贷款等。温州市政府还大力保护私营企业家的财产权，并从其他诸多方面使城市更有利于企业的发展。

本土企业为民生福祉带来了什么变化吗？非常多。按人均GDP计，上海几乎是温州所在的浙江省的两倍（难以获得温州人均GDP的详细数据）。但是，如果衡量家庭收入——一般居民的实际的支出能力——这两个地区的繁荣程度就旗鼓相当了。2006年，一个典型上海居民的家庭收入比一个典型浙江居民的家庭收入高13%，但上海居民的非工薪收入水平（如政府福利）却几乎是浙江居民的两倍。两地居民的平均劳动收入大体相当。平均来看，上海居民从经营企业中获得的收入比浙江居民低44%，而从所拥有的资产中获得的收入则要低34%。这就意味着：国家资本主义可以提高城市高楼大厦的楼高和GDP的统计数据，但并未提升居民的实际生活水平。

如果研究一下浙江省与其北部近邻江苏省的经济状况，这种对比就会更加清晰。这两个省份可以进行近乎完美的比较。它们的地理条件差不多相同：都是沿海省份，江苏位于上海北面，而浙江位于上海南面。它们还拥有相似的企业发展历史：都对解放前上海的实业家

和企业家阶层做出过重大贡献。然而，在改革以后的若干年里，江苏省吸引了外国投资并从公共建设工程开支中受益颇多，而浙江省却不然。这种差异产生了令人吃惊的结果。

20年前，江苏省比浙江省更为富庶，但如今却比浙江穷，在每一项重要的经济和社会福利指标上都落后于浙江。平均来看，浙江居民的资产性收入要大大高于其北方邻省的居民，他们居住的房子更大，拥有电话、计算机、彩电、相机或汽车的比例更高。浙江的婴儿死亡率更低，浙江人的平均预期寿命更长，识字率也更高。值得注意的是，浙江的收入不平等程度也远远低于江苏。应该如何解释浙江更胜一筹的繁荣呢？最令人信服的解释是，在江苏，政府对经济干预过多，歧视本地企业而青睐外国资本；而浙江的官员则让本土企业家拥有自由支配权，允许他们构建更大、更富有活力的本地供应链。

中国经济奇迹的真正难解之处并不是其经济如何发展，而是西方专家为何对其发展历程的理解错误百出。一个原因是，这些外来旁观者误解了构成中国经济体系最基本的元素之一——乡镇企业——的性质。一些西方最知名的经济学家将乡镇企业称为具有中国特色——具有创新意义的混合体，在政府的控制下实现了高速增长——的资本主义象征。例如，诺贝尔奖得主约瑟夫•斯蒂格里兹就称赞乡镇企业为从社会主义到资本主义转型时最常见的问题——私人投资者的资产剥离——提供了具有独创性的解决方案1他认为，这些企业既具有公有制的形式，可以避免被掠夺，同时又能实现私营企业的高效率。

简而言之，西方经济学家常常认为乡镇企业归乡镇政府所有。就在2005年，另一位诺贝尔奖得主道格拉斯•罗斯在《华尔街日报》上撰文指出，乡镇企业“与经济学中的标准企业很少有相似之处” 2。但有证据表明，情况并非如此。在中国国务院1984年3月1日发布的一份政策性文件中，第一次正式提到了乡镇企业的名称。该文件将它们定义为“由乡镇主办的企业、由农民组成的联合企业、其他联合企业和个体企业。”“由乡镇主办的企业”一词指的是归乡镇所有并管理的集体企业。该政策文件中提到的所有其他企业均为私营企业：个人所有的企业或有多个股东的较大型企业——都是严格意义上的“经济学中的标准企业”。官方对“乡镇企业”一词的使用具有非常显著的一致性：它一直是既包括私营企业，也包括政府主办的企业。

西方经济学家之所以会犯错误，是因为他们认定该名称涉及到所有制。但中国官方却从地理含义上去理解它——位于乡镇的企业。中国农业部的记录证明，私人拥有并管理的企业实体在乡镇企业中占绝大部分。在1985年到2002年期间，集体所有制企业的数量于1986年达到顶峰，为173万家，而私营企业的数量却迅猛增长，从大约1050万家增加到超过2,000万家。换句话说，在改革时期，乡镇企业数量的增长完全归功于私营企业。到1990年，在改革的头10年中，此类私营企业雇用的劳动力数量占到了乡镇企业雇用劳动力总数的50%，而税后利润则占到了58%。

对中国发展的真正源泉的思想混乱也搅乱了外国人对中国企业出现在国际市场上的理解认知。人们常说，中国为全球竞争带来了新的企业模式，国家所有制与明智的运用政府对金融的控制相结合，创造了独一无二的竞争力源泉。计算机制造商联想公司就经常被赞颂为中国非传统商业环境中的一个杰作。

但是，联想的成功大部分要归功于其早期便在香港注册并在香港募集资本的能力，而香港被认为是世界上最自由的市场经济。1984年，联想公司从中国科学院获得了第一笔启

动资金，但其后所有重大投资的资金均来自于香港3。1988年，该公司从总部位于香港的中国技术公司获得了90万港币（11.6万美元）的投资，成立了合资公司，使联想能够将香港作为其法定的公司所在地。1993年，香港联想公司在香港证券交易所首次公开上市，集资1,200万美元。联想公司是香港基于市场的金融与法律体系的成功故事，而并非中国由国家控制的金融体系的成功案例。

当中国在汲取华尔街崩溃的教训，并准备应对全球经济低迷之时，它可能做的最糟糕的事情莫过于去接受它已经发现了比自由市场更高效的发展模式的说法。中国经济奇迹的真正经验其实非常传统——基于私有制和自由市场金融。中国的经验为全世界提供了非常及时的提示：旨在鼓励这些力量发展的改革的确奏效。

作者简介：

黄亚生，麻省理工学院Sloan管理学院副教授，从事政治经济学的教学工作，创建并管理麻省理工学院的中国和印度实验室，该实验室旨在帮助本土企业家提高管理技能。本文摘自其《具有中国特色的资本主义：企业精神与国家》（Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State）一书。

第四篇：TED演讲

罗兹·萨维其：只身横渡大西洋的现代传奇

假如你要知道自己的人生该怎么走，不妨在你年轻的时候就给自己写一份讣告。这是只身划船横渡大西洋的罗兹·萨维其（Roz Savage）的做法。

Roz在还年轻的时候是在英国当管理咨询顾问，但她一直感到那不是她一生要追求的东西，因为她更喜欢当一位探险家。当她过了35岁之后，有一天给自己写了两份讣告。一份是按照自己希望过的生活形态来写的，另外一份是按照现有的生活规律来写的。写完后，Roz认真读了两份讣告，她感到假如自己是按照现有的生活方式生活下去的话，无疑会像第二份讣告里所描述的那样度过自己未来的五年、十年，乃至余生。这样的生活也很如意，但就是缺了点什么。Roz觉得第一份讣告所记述的人生才是她所认同的人生。她说，那天我看着这两份讣告，我在想，天啊，我现在走的是完全错误的道路啊。后来，她辞掉了工作，又经过一番挣扎，最后决定跳出常规思维的局限，并下决心要坐一只小船，拿着双桨划行大西洋。

也许经常看探险片的人马上会想到粗胡子大汉独自一人闯荡大海的影像。但是，Roz是一个普普通通的女子，她也不是职业探险家，更不曾有过特别的经历。但是，她还是决定试一试。

2005年，Roz出发了。非常不幸的是，她选的时间刚好是大西洋上气旋特别活跃的时期，小船出行甚为困难。另外，她所准备的4对船桨都相继折断，在茫茫的大海中，没有人能帮到她，Roz唯一能做的，就是用船上的工具把船桨修补好，继续前行。

在大海上的划行给Roz带来了巨大的心理和生理挑战，她甚至在想，以每个小时2英里的速度来划行，要到哪个牛年马月才能完成3000英里的征途？但她没有办法，只能一步一步的前进。经过103天的努力，Roz终于顺利到达彼岸。在岸上，她得到了现场诸多粉丝的热烈欢迎，她说，那种感觉就像是当上了电影明星。同时也印证了一个讲法，险阻越大，克服困难后最终得到的成果也越大。从大西洋回来后，Roz又开始计划她的太平洋划行之旅。现在，她已经完成了太平洋旅程（约9000至10000英里）的三分之二。她回头反思，总结出大海划行给她带来的一些启示：

首先，我们给自己讲述的故事会影响我们的态度。开始时，Roz也认为只有那些粗胡子的大汉才有能力划行大海。但事实并非如此。同样道理，我们一直认为石油是比不可少的。但实际上，除了石油之外是有很多其他可持续的选择的，我们也有这样的自由意志去作出恰当的选择。

其次，是关于一点一滴的个体行动本身。我们会以外单独的个体就是大海中的一滴水，无足轻重。但正是很多人的坏决定之累计使得我们所有人走向灾难之边缘。而假如我们可以换个角度去思考，可以试想，假如每个人都能做出智慧的抉择，我们就有可能走向更可持续的未来。并且我们将会是与很多人一道来做这样的事

情，假如我们都开始做智慧的抉择，那么也许未来到超市购物使用塑料袋就会被大众认为是愚蠢的抉择。而这也仅仅是其中一个例子。

最后，整个过程都是关乎承担责任的。Roz曾一直以为只有当她有了好房子、好车、好男人之后，快乐就会自然降临到她身上。但当她写完了那两份讣告之后，她似乎懂得了一点什么。她知道自己不能被动的去等待。另一方面，即使能够活到90岁，但是，生活在一个有饥荒和干旱的地球而祈求获得快乐也是非常困难的事情，更不能指望在这样的环境下生活会让人健康长寿了。于是，Roz决定发起一个叫EcoHeroes的倡导活动，帮助人们记录生活中的环境友好行为。也许单纯换一个灯泡不能带来太多改变，但这样的精神却是拯救地球所必须的一种态度。

我们站在历史上非常关键的时刻，我们曾被关爱的，也曾被诅咒。我们还能选择一个绿色的未来——唯需每个人一点一滴的努力。——Roz Savage

第五篇：TED演讲

TED演讲:做勇敢的女孩 不做完美的女孩

我们社会一直默认的教育方式是“将女孩养成完美无缺的人，将男孩育成勇敢无畏的人。” 但演讲者Reshma Saujani却否定这样的观点，每一个人都应该有勇气去挑战自己从来就只是想想而不敢尝试的事，男生女生都应该为自己勇敢！TED演讲英文文稿: TED演讲中文文稿: 0:12 So a few years ago, I did something really brave, or some would say really stupid.I ran forCongress.0:22 For years, I had existed safely behind the scenes in politics as a fundraiser, as an organizer, butin my heart, I always wanted to run.The sitting congresswoman had been in my district since1992.She had never lost a race, and no one had really even run against her in a Democraticprimary.But in my mind, this was my way to make a difference, to disrupt the status quo.Thepolls, however, told a very different story.My pollsters told me that I was crazy to run, thatthere was no way that I could win.1:01 But I ran anyway, and in 2012, I became an upstart in a New York City congressional race.Iswore I was going to win.I had the endorsement from the New York Daily News, the WallStreet Journal snapped pictures of me on election day, and CNBC called it one of the hottestraces in the country.I raised money from everyone I knew, including Indian aunties that werejust so happy an Indian girl was running.But on election day, the polls were right, and I only got19 percent of the vote, and the same papers that said I was a rising political star now said Iwasted 1.3 million dollars on 6,321 votes.Don't do the math.It was humiliating.1:55 Now, before you get the wrong idea, this is not a talk about the importance of failure.Nor is itabout leaning in.I tell you the story of how I ran for Congress because I was 33 years old and itwas the first time in my entire life that I had done something that was truly brave, where I didn'tworry about being perfect.2:20 And I'm not alone: so many women I talk to tell me that they gravitate towards careers andprofessions that they know they're going to be great in, that they know they're going to beperfect in, and it's no wonder why.Most girls are taught to avoid risk and failure.We're taught tosmile pretty, play it safe, get all A's.Boys, on the other hand, are taught to play rough, swinghigh, crawl to the top of the monkey bars and then just jump off headfirst.And by the timethey're adults, whether they're negotiating a raise or even asking someone out on a date,they're habituated to take risk after risk.They're rewarded for it.It's often said in Silicon Valley,no one even takes you seriously unless you've had two failed start-ups.In other words, we'reraising our girls to be perfect, and we're raising our boys to be brave.3:20 Some people worry about our federal deficit, but I, I worry about our bravery deficit.Oureconomy, our society, we're just losing out because we're not raising our girls to be brave.Thebravery deficit is why women are underrepresented in STEM, in C-suites, in boardrooms, inCongress, and pretty much everywhere you look.3:45 In the 1980s, psychologist Carol Dweck looked at how bright fifth graders handled an assignmentthat was too difficult for them.She found that bright girls were quick to give up.The higher theIQ, the more likely they were to give up.Bright boys, on the other hand, found the difficultmaterial to be a challenge.They found it energizing.They were more likely to redouble theirefforts.4:11 What's going on? Well, at the fifth grade level, girls routinely outperform boys in every subject,including math and science, so it's not a question of ability.The difference is in how boys andgirls approach a challenge.And it doesn't just end in fifth grade.An HP report found that men willapply for a job if they meet only 60 percent of the qualifications, but women, women will applyonly if they meet 100 percent of the qualifications.100 percent.This study is usually invoked asevidence that, well, women need a little more confidence.But I think it's evidence that womenhave been socialized to aspire to perfection, and they're overly cautious.5:00(Applause)5:03 And even when we're ambitious, even when we're leaning in, that socialization of perfection hascaused us to take less risks in our careers.And so those 600,000 jobs that are open right now incomputing and tech, women are being left behind, and it means our economy is being leftbehind on all the innovation and problems women would solve if they were socialized to be braveinstead of socialized to be perfect.5:35(Applause)5:39 So in 2012, I started a company to teach girls to code, and what I found is that by teachingthem to code I had socialized them to be brave.Coding, it's an endless process of trial anderror, of trying to get the right command in the right place, with sometimes just a semicolonmaking the difference between success and failure.Code breaks and then it falls apart, and itoften takes many, many tries until that magical moment when what you're trying to build comesto life.It requires perseverance.It requires imperfection.6:21 We immediately see in our program our girls' fear of not getting it right, of not being perfect.Every Girls Who Code teacher tells me the same story.During the first week, when the girls arelearning how to code, a student will call her over and she'll say, “I don't know what code towrite.” The teacher will look at her screen, and she'll see a blank text editor.If she didn't knowany better, she'd think that her student spent the past 20 minutes just staring at the screen.But if she presses undo a few times, she'll see that her student wrote code and then deleted it.She tried, she came close, but she didn't get it exactly right.Instead of showing the progressthat she made, she'd rather show nothing at all.Perfection or bust.7:13 It turns out that our girls are really good at coding, but it's not enough just to teach them tocode.7:21 My friend Lev Brie, who is a professor at the University of Columbia and teaches intro to Javatells me about his office hours with computer science students.When the guys are strugglingwith an assignment, they'll come in and they'll say, “Professor, there's something wrong with mycode.” The girls will come in and say, “Professor, there's something wrong with me.” 7:44 We have to begin to undo the socialization of perfection, but we've got to combine it with buildinga sisterhood that lets girls know that they are not alone.Because trying harder is not going to fixa broken system.I can't tell you how many women tell me, 8:00 "I'm afraid to raise my hand, I'm afraid to ask a question, because I don't want to be the onlyone who doesn't understand, the only one who is struggling.When we teach girls to be braveand we have a supportive network cheering them on, they will build incredible things, and I seethis every day.Take, for instance, two of our high school students who built a game calledTampon Run--yes, Tampon Run--to fight against the menstruation taboo and sexism ingaming.Or the Syrian refugee who dared show her love for her new country by building an appto help Americans get to the polls.Or a 16-year-old girl who built an algorithm to help detectwhether a cancer is benign or malignant in the off chance that she can save her daddy'slifebecause he has cancer.These are just three examples of thousands,thousandsofgirlswhohave been socialized to be imperfect, who have learned to keep trying, who have learned perseverance.And whether they become coders or the next Hillary Clinton or Beyoncé, they willnot defer their dreams.9:26 And those dreams have never been more important for our country.For the Americaneconomy, for any economy to grow, to truly innovate, we cannot leave behind half ourpopulation.We have to socialize our girls to be comfortable with imperfection, and we've got todo it now.We cannot wait for them to learn how to be brave like I did when I was 33 years old.We have to teach them to be brave in schools and early in their careers, when it has the mostpotential to impact their lives and the lives of others, and we have to show them that they will beloved and accepted not for being perfect but for being courageous.And so I need each of youto tell every young woman you know--your sister, your niece, your employee, your colleague--to be comfortable with imperfection, because when we teach girls to be imperfect, and we helpthem leverage it, we will build a movement of young women who are brave and who will build abetter world for themselves and for each and every one of us.10:44 Thank you.10:45(Applause)Thank you.10:56 Chris Anderson: Reshma, thank you.It's such a powerful vision you have.You have a vision.Tell me how it's going.How many girls are involved now in your program? 11:06 Reshma Saujani: Yeah.So in 2012, we taught 20 girls.This year we'll teach 40,000 in all 50states.11:15 And that number is really powerful, because last year we only graduated 7,500 women incomputer science.Like, the problem is so bad that we can make that type of change quickly.11:29 CA: And you're working with some of the companies in this room even, who are welcominggraduates from your program? 11:35 RS: Yeah, we have about 80 partners, from Twitter to Facebook to Adobe to IBM to Microsoftto Pixar to Disney, I mean, every single company out there.And if you're not signed up, I'mgoing to find you, because we need every single tech company to embed a Girls Who Codeclassroom in their office.11:52 CA: And you have some stories back from some of those companies that when you mix in moregender balance in the engineering teams, good things happen.12:01 RS: Great things happen.I mean, I think that it's crazy to me to think about the fact that rightnow 85 percent of all consumer purchases are made by women.Women use social media at arate of 600 percent more than men.We own the Internet, and we should be building thecompanies of tomorrow.And I think when companies have perse teams, and they haveincredible women that are part of their engineering teams, they build awesome things, and wesee it every day.12:24 CA: Reshma, you saw the reaction there.You're doing incredibly important work.This wholecommunity is cheering you on.More power to you.Thank you.12:32