第一篇：专业英语试卷B答案

专业英语试卷B答案

I.1.混合经济

2.有限责任公司 3.经济萧条 4.经济危机 5.社会福利 6.法律制度7.自然资源

8.机会成本

9.首席执行官 10.资源配置 II(I)1.One meaning of marketing conjures up the term selling, influencing, persuading.The other meaning of marketing is the concept of sensitivity serving and satisfying human needs.2.All organizations must develop appropriate products to serve their consuming groups and must use modern tools of communication to reach their consuming publics.3.To develop custom loyalties and satisfaction.4.It involves product development, pricing, distribution, and communication;and in the more progressive firms, continuous attention to the changing needs of customers and the development of new products, with product modifications and services to meet these needs.5.Serving and satisfying human needs(II)1.Managers are to get things done by and through others, while other members of an organization are to get things done by themselves.2.These functions include planning, organizing, motivating and controlling.3.In fact, each function has its champions and the mix of the functions will vary from task to task.A wise manager will implement each of the functions in whatever ways will best accomplish the goals of the organization.4.Since all managers work with people, motivating others is an extremely complex process.III ① 它包括产品开发、定价、推销和产品信息交流；在那些观念较新的企业里，营销还包括关注客户需求的不断变化、不断开发新产品，并且不断改进产品、改进服务，以满足客户的需求。②这种营销概念认为，在供应极大丰富的年代，所有商业公司面临的问题是培养客户对产品的忠诚和提高客户的满意度，而这个问题的关键是把注意力集中在客户的需求上。

③所有的机构必须开发对路的产品以满足其消费群体的需求，而且必须运用现代交流工具与其消费群体沟通。商业或非商业机构的管理者面临的选择不是要不要宣传推销的问题，因为没有任何一家公司或企业可以避开营销。他们面临的选择是做的好坏的问题。

④说的更具体一些，一位管理人员如何安排别人把事情做好呢？要回答这个问题，我们需要了解管理工作的职能。这些职能包括计划、组织、动员和检查。

⑤人们常常提出这样的问题：哪一项管理职能最重要？其实，每一项职能都有其重要的作用，任务不同，各种职能综合程度也不同。一位聪明的管理人员为了最出色地实现本单位的目标会灵活地运用各种管理职能。

第二篇：2012专业英语试卷答案

学号：_____________ 班级：__________ 姓名：_______________ 专业：__________

湖北医药学院2014-2015学年第 一 学期

专业 12 级本科课程结业考试

《

专业英语 》试卷（A）

I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D(40points)1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A.-ic

B.-al

C.-ar

D.-our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A.-cyte

B.cyt/o

C.cel/o

D.both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A.erythr/o

B.immun/o

C.hist/o

D.vascul/o 4.An-means ______.A.up

B.down

C.apart

D.without 5.The suffix-itis means _______.A.infammation

B.inflammation

C.inflammazed

D.instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________.A.radar

B.x-ray

C.radio

D.both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is_____.A.–scopy

B.–tome

C.–meter

D.–graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A.–tomy

B.-stomy

C.–tome

D.–ectomy 9.A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______.A.electroencephogram B.electromyogram

C.electrocardiogram

D.electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____.A.stethodynia

B.thoracalgia

C.thoracodynia

D.all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A.my/o

B.myel/o

C.myc/o

D.none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______.A.dem/o

B.derm/o

C.dermat/o

D.both B and C 13.Which of the following combining vowel means blood vessels ? A.vascul/o

B.angi/o

C.chromat/o

D.Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______.A.crinogenic

B.endocrine

C.crinologic

D.endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.A.leukocyte

B.leukemia

C.leukogenesis

D.erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________.A.bronchitis

B.pneumonitis

C.gastritis

D.hepatitis 17.-plasm means _______.A.treatment

B.knowledge

C.diagnosis

D.growth 18.Mammo/o refers to _______.A.mother

B.thymus gland

C.thyroid gland

D.breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A.en-

B.endo-

C.intra-

D.none of the above 20._______ means surgical repair of an organ.A.phag/o

B.–plasm

C.–plasty

D.–pathy

21.Spir/o is a combining form meaning ______.A.see

B.sight

C.breath

D.sport 22.Inflammation of lungs is known as _______.A.pneumonitis

B.pneumonia

C.pulmonitis

D.All of the above 23.Which of the following forms means “protection or safe” ?

A.immun/o

B.lymph/o

C.erythr/o

D.None of the above 24.Cardiopathy means _________.A.heart failure

B.heart disease

C.brain disease

D.skeletal disease 25.Which of the following combining forms does not refer to an organ?

A.hepat/o

B.gastr/o

C.psych/o

D.nephr/o 26.The color of something best expressed in medical terminology is _______.A.chrom/o

B.chromomat/o

C.chramat/o

D.Both A and B 27.Which of the following means “cell”?

A.cyt/o

B.cyst/o

C.–cyte

D.Both A and C 28.Bi-means ______.A.life

B.two

C.across

D.Both A and B 29.The form meaning arteries is ________.A.arter/o

B.arteri/o

C.arthr/o

D.artheri/o 30.The prefix with the meaning of bad is ______.A.mal-

B.dys-

C.polio-

D.Both A and B 31.The flesh is expressed in the combining form of _______.A.top/o

B.ten/o

C.thym/o

D.sarc/o 32.The combining vowel for angitis is ____________.A.a

B.o

C.e

D.i 33.Hypo-means having _______ of something.A.too much or too high

B.too little or too low

C.over

D.below 34.Morph/o means ______.A.many

B.maxillae

C.shape

D.head 35.“Pertaining to nourishment or development” is expressed in _________.A.–tropy

B.–trophy

C.-tropic

D.-trophic 36.The process of recording sth is expressed in _________.A.-graph

B.-gram

C.-graphy

D.-scope 37.The formation of blood is also known as ______.A.hematopoiesis

B.hemopoiesis

C.homopoiesis

D.both A and B 38.Because the strands are readily stained with dyes, they are called_______.A.chromosomes

B.protoplasm

C.cytoplasm

D.chromatin

39.The science that deals with cells on the smallest structural and functional level is called _____.A.biology

B.microbiology

C.homostasis

D.molecular biology 40.An instrument for measuring the cell counts of red blood cells is an _______.A.erythrocyte

B.erythrogenesis

C.erythrocytometer

D.erythrocytograph II.Find the best answer to the following abbreviations.(10 points)41.SARS

A.Serious Acute Respiratary Syndrome

B.Severe Acute Respiration System C.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

D.Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome 42.T.B

A.tuberclosis

B.tubercluosis

C.tubaclosis

D.tuberculosis 43.Ig A.immunoglobin

B.immunogloblin

C.immunoglobulin D.immunoglubin 44.RNA A.ribonuclear acid

B.ribonucleic acid

C.ribanucleic acid D.ribonucleic acid 45.USG A.ultrosonograhy

B.ultrasonograhy

C.ultrosonography

D.ultrasonography 46.ECG

58.光纤技术

A.optic fiber technology

B.fiber optic techonology C.fiber optic technology

D.optic fiber techonology 59.肌肉收缩

A.muscle contraction

B.muscular contraction

C..musclar contraction

D.Both A and B 60.血供

A． supply blood

B.blood supply

C.protein molecule

D.extensor IV.Reading Comprehension.(40 points)A.electrocardiogram

B.electrocardiography

C.electroencephogram D.electroencephalogram 47.CT

A.computed tomograhy B.computed tomography C.computerized tomograhy

D.computerized tomography

48.MRI

A.Magnetic resononce image

B.Magnetic resonance image

C.Magnetic resononce imaging D.Magnetic resonance imaging 49.VD

A.varied disease

B.venareal disease

C.venereal disease

D.vocal disease 50.GI

A.gastrointral

B.gastrointervention

C.gastrointestinal

D.gastrointersectional

III.Find the best answer to the following translations.(10 points)51.心血管疾病

A.cardiavasclar disease

B.cardiavascular disease

C.cardiovasclar disease

D.cardiovascular disease 52.随意肌

A.voluntary muscle

B.involuntary muscle

C.smooth muscle

D.cardiac muscle 53 脉冲信号

A.pulse

B.impulse

C.impulsive

D.pulsive 54.转换

A.transformation

B.transaction

C.transmute

D.transmission 55.功能失调

A.malfunction

B.dysfunction

C.maloperation

D.disoperation 56.局部化的感染

A.local infection

B.localized infection

C.local inflammation

D.localized inflammation 57.乐观的预后

A.optimistic pregnosis

B.optimistic prognosis

C.pessimistic pregnosis D.pessimistic prognosis

第三篇：自动化专业英语试卷及答案

2008年秋冬学期研究生专业英语期末考试试卷参考答案 1.Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric

度量 收敛 方差 随机 等价 动态方程 判据、评价标准 测量模型

偏微分方程

在概率意义上，依概率 ② Convergence③ Covariance④ Stochastic⑤ Equivalence⑥ Dynamic equation⑦ Criteria⑧ Measurement Model⑨ Partial derivative equation⑩ In the sense of probability

2.Explain the following symbols in English

①  bmthe second order derivative ofb sub m, b

double prime sub m

②

③

④ ABA is equivalent toapproaches aB xiaxi yyx

xthe partial derivative ofwith respective to

a⑤ b

⑥ a‖b

⑦

⑧ 3

f

fintegral between limits b to a a is parallel to the cube root of set aAbXaaAX is contained in b d⑨ abcdepided by

⑩ e plusminus c multiplied , allequals ,N,s.t aia as ifor any special , there is a respected N,such that

ai

approaches

a

as i approaches



二、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese Paragraph A[8 Points]

A subset

d(x,y)M

AX

is said to be bounded if there exists

x,yA

MR

such that

for all.The diameter of A is defined to be

supd(x,y)x,yA.A bounded metric space is one for which X itself is bounded.Bounded intervals in R are bounded sets.A discrete metric space is bounded(take

译文：一个子集A

d(x,y)M

M1).X

被称为是有界的，如果存在M

x,yA

R

使得对所有x,y

A

有

。A的半径被定义为supd(x,y)。有界度量空间是指X本

1）

身有界的空间。

在R上有界的区间是一个有界集。离散度量空间是有界的（取M

Paragraph B[8 Points]

In general, it is not required that the reference dynamic model be exactly the same as the truth dynamics or that the modeling parameter

α

be equivalent to the

true modeling vector.This notation is left in place to simplify the derivation of the Kalman filter formulation.A number of innovative approaches have been developed for adapting reference model parameters to improve fidelity(逼真度)with the unknown real-world system model and can be used to enhance filter operation.译文：一般来说，并不需要参考动态模型与实际动态模型完全相同，或模型参数

a

与实际模型矢量相等。这个记号保留下来只是为了简化Kalman 滤波公式的推

导。大量的改进方法也已被开发出来用于调整参考模型的参数使其与未知的实际系统更接近，这些方法也能被用于增强滤波器运行效果。

Paragraph C[8 Points]

It is commonly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of the

formulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter application.Once the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance R.While the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates correctly.译文：在Kalman 滤波器的设计者中存在着这样一个共识：对上文所列出来的公式的实现只是用于建立一个精确且稳健的Kalman滤波器应用的一部分努力。一旦动态方程、测量方程和偏微分方程被编码，剩下的任务就是调节在过程噪声方差阵Q和测量噪声方差阵R中表示的噪声幅度值的大小。其中测量噪声的调整可可以立足于实际系统的硬件性能指标，过程噪声常常被用于调节一些参数，以保证滤波处理过程正确。

Paragraph D[8 Points]

Suppose now that

X1

is given as a fixed function of the random

X1

variablesy(t0),...,y(t).Then

is itself a random variable and its actual value is

known whenever the actual values ofy(t0),...,y(t)are known.In general, the actual value of

X1(t1)

will be different from the(unknown)actual value of

x1(t1).To arrive

at a rational way of determiningX1, it is natural to assign a penalty or loss for incorrect estimates.Clearly, the loss should be a(i)positive,(ii)nondecreasing function of the estimation error 

x1(t1)X1(t1)

.译文：现在设X1是随机变量y(t0),...,y(t)的确定函数，则X1本身就是一个随机变量，其实际取值只有在y(t0),...,y(t)确定后才能确定。一般地，X1(t1)的实际值将与（未知的）x1(t1)的实际值不同。为了寻找确定X1的一个合理的方法，自然会为不准确的估计赋予一个惩罚或损失。显然，损失应该是估计误差

x1(t1)X

(t1的)

（i）正定、(ii)非递减 函数。

Paragraph E[8 Points]

Definition:A lead/lag compensator is a rational function of the form

RC(s)

K(1s)1s

1

forK,,

R

with 0,1and

K,0

.It is a lead compensator when and a lag compensator when

K(1s)1s

1.译文定义：一个超前/滞后补偿器是一个形如

RC(s)，K,,R，0,1，K,

0的有理函数。当偿器。

1时，它是一个超前补偿器；当1时，它是一个滞后补

三、Try to write an abstract for the following article in about 150 words[20 Points]

TCP/IP Communication for Real-Time and Embedded Systems

（Article deleted here）

Abstract

Using a thermal model of a house as an example, this article describes a method for communicating with other devices via TCP/IP.The method is based on using inexpensive TCP/IP-to-serial-conversion hardware.The real-time system is xPC Target™, a bootable kernel that enables real-time execution of Simulink® models on a separate PC.The target computer is an x86 processor Intel®/AMD® standard PC that can use commercial off-the-shelf input/output interface cards.The connectivity approach described here can be used with any real-time or embedded system that supports serial communication.四、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements（In about 300 words）

Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in Sci.abroad, and you have got the email address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking country.You have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him(her).Now please: Write to this professor;Introduce yourself to him(her);Apply for a studying permission, Convince the

professor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him(her)to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is possible.参考：

Dear professor:

Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this letter.The only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your supervision.I am a Chinese student.My name is Dongfang Jiang.Now I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of PR.China.I would graduate in April next year.I am a hard-working student;the appended Resume can help you know more about me and my study.My parents have promised to provide me fundamental financial support for my studying in your country.I also believe that I have the ability to improve my financial situation through taking part time work if it is possible.As I want to get a deeper understand of the advanced development of this science direction(which is exactly what your research field), and hope to do some related research work some day, I hope, my wish can be realized.I am looking forward to your kind reply.Your sincerely

Dongfang JiangNov.20, 2008

第四篇：行政管理学B试卷及答案

《行政管理学》B卷考试试题

一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题2分，共50分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。

1.微观行政环境因素对行政管理活动的影响是（）A.最直接的B.决定性的 C.间接的D.较直接的 2.社会环境中最基本的因素是（）A.自然环境

B.经济环境 C.政治环

D.文化环境

3.既包含政府的行政职责，也包含政府的行政功能的是（）A.行政计划

B.行政领导 C.行政职能

D.机关管理 4.下列不属于行政组织基本构成要素的是（）A.机构设置

B.人员构成 C.法规制度

D.资本有机构成

5.以各组织机构的职权性质和范围来划分，行政组织可分为职能制与(A.层级制

B.分权制

C.集权制

D.首长制 6.公务员之称各国并不一致，在美国称之为（）A.公务员

B.文官

C.政府雇员

D.文职人员 7.标志着美国公务员制度形成的是（）A.功绩制

B.政党分肥制

C.绅士政府

D.彭德尔顿法 8.下列各项中，不属于公务员制度基本原则的是（）A.分类管理原则

B.适才适用与扬长避短原则 C.德才兼备与注重功绩原则

D.学而优则仕原则

9.在完成高度保密和紧急任务时往往不适用的领导方式是（）A.强制方式

B.说服方式

C.激励方式

D.示范方式 10.下列制度中，上下级领导之间联系的制度是（）A.通报评议制度

B.通报征询制度)

C.办公会议制度

D.咨询会制度 11.办公室管理的根本特征是（）A.政策性

B.综合性

C.辅助性

D.服务性 12.在国家预算中占主导地位的是（）A.部门预算

B.中央预算

C.地方预算

D.单位预算

13.对多种目标和多个可行方案做全面权衡，选出效益最大、可靠性最大、弊病最少的方案。这是（）A.信息原则的要求

B.预测原则的要求 C.可行原则的要求

D.择优原则的要求 14.使原决策得到修正、补充和完善的根本途径是（）A.行政决策

B.行政咨询C.行政执行

D.行政反馈 15.紧急协调方式也称（）A.说服式协调方式

B.突发性协调方式 C.律令式协调方式

D.建议协调方式 16.下列属于心理行为方式的是（）A.法律方法

B.政治方法 C.经济方法

D.思想教育方法 17.评价与测定行政效率，必须以（）A.数量的比率为前提

B.投入与产出之比为前提 C.行政产出与行政投入的关系为前提

D.行政管理活动方向正确为前提 18.下列关于行政效率的效益要素的认识，正确的是（）A.从效益角度讲，提高行政效率的主要工作在于改善行政产出的质量 B.行政决策的数量也是效益要素的内容

C.行政管理活动的经济效益是行政效率的主要内容

D.各项行政工作的质量是效益要素，在一定时期内完成的行政任务的数量则不是 19.下列各项是中间管理层工作质量的主要标准的是（）A.方向标准B.有无严格的工作程序标准

C.能否及时有效地处理突发事件D.工作成果是否符合计划要求

20.提出“还政于州”的口号，给州政府更多的自主权的美国总统是（）A.里根

B.布什

C.克林顿

D.卡特 21.信息的使用和价值对时间的依赖性称为（）A.信息的广泛性

B.信息的可转换性 C.信息的时效性

D.信息的可传递性

22.秦汉时，国家权力分为行政与监察两种。其中，主管监察的是（）A.太尉

B.奉常

C.御史大夫

D.郎中令

23.中国人民政治协商会议(简称“政协”)是有广泛代表性的（）A.行政决策组织

B.统一战线组织C.咨询组织

D.行政监察组织

24.根据我国《国家公务员暂行条例》规定，任免机关对公务员本人提出书面辞职申请的审查批准时限为

A.一个月

B.二个月

C.三个月

D.半年 25.经济方法的根本特征是（）A.利益性

B.有偿性

C.间接性

D.多样性

二、简答题（每题5分，共15分）1．行政干预手段与经济手段

2．行政效益与行政效率

3．程序化决策与非程序化决策

三、论述题（每题10分，共20分）1.试述人事行政的功能和环节。

2.试论述泰罗“科学管理原理”的基本内容及其意义。

四、案例分析题（共15分）

【案例】中共XX县委向县人大常委会、县人民政府提交了19个乡、镇长职务任免建议名单。第二天，县人民政府便将这19个乡、镇长的任免通知发至县直属单位和有关区、乡、镇，县人大常委会收到以上任免通知后，认为县政府的任免通知违背了宪法和地方组织法的有关规定，遂建议县政府予以纠正，但未能引起县政府的重视。事隔不久，县人大常委会主要负责同志又向县委反映这一问题，县委也没有明确表态。在这种情况下，县人大常委会专门就此问题举行了常委会议。在常委会上，委员们一致通过了《县人大常委会关于撤销县人民政府不符合法律规定的乡、镇长任免通知的决定》，指出县政府对19个乡、镇长的任免通知不符合法律规定，予以撤销。

【案例分析】请用行政学有关理论分析上述案例中县政府、县人大常委会的做法是否正确，为什么？

参考答案

一、单项选择：

1、A

2、B

3、B

4、D

5、A

6、C

7、C

8、A

9、D

10、B

11、C

12、B

13、D

14、B

15、B

16、D

17、D

18、A

19、D

20、A

21、C

22、A

23、B

24、C

25、A

二、简答题（每题5分，共15分）1．行政干预手段与经济手段

行政干预手段是指通过行政系统，采取行政命令、指示、规定和下达指令性计划来进行管理的方法，它具有垂直性、强制性的特点；经济手段是指按照经济运行的规律要求，通过贯彻物质利益的原则来进行管理的方法，它具有间接性、诱导性的特点。两种手段都是行政管理过程的基本手段。

2．行政效益与行政效率

行政效益则是对行政管理活动结果即行政产出的评价；行政效率是指在保证政府活动符合预定目的，并给社会带来有益成果的前提下，行政活动的产出与投入之间的比率。评价行政效率要以对效益的肯定为前提。

3．程序化决策与非程序化决策

程序化决策是对重复出现的，有一定常规可循的问题的决策；非程序化决策是对偶然发生或首次出现的，没有现成规范和原则可循的问题的决策。非程序化决策一般更为复杂，领导者应将主要精力集中在非程序化决策上。

三、论述题

1.答案要点：⑴人事行政的基本功能是：计划和组织；使用和开发；激励和监督。⑵人事行政的主要环节是：职位分类、选拔、培训、考核等。

2.答案要点：⑴泰罗“科学管理原理”的基本内容包括：①时间与动作的研究；②对工人的挑选和培养；③工人与资方的合作；④实行职能管理制。⑵泰罗“科学管理原理”促进了传统的经验管理向科学管理的转变，对行政管理学的产生和发展也起了重要作用。

四、案例分析题 答案要点：

⑴上述案例中县政府的做法不正确，乡镇长必须由乡镇人民代表大会选举产生；⑵县人大常委会的做法正确，按照宪法规定，它有权“撤消本级人民政府的不适当的决定和命令”。

第五篇：专业英语答案

UNIT 4

1.土地利用与人类活动密切相关，人们通过利用土地来谋生。

The land use has to do with human activities.Peopleearn their living by using the land.2.衡量人口的指标通常有出生率、死亡率以及人口增长率等。

There are always some indexes such as the birth rate, the death rate and the growth rate to measure the population.3.医疗条件的改善、技术的进步以及人口的迁移导致人口近年来的迅速增长。The improved medical care, the progress of technology and the migration have led to the rapid increase of population in the recent years.4.人口在全球的分布是不均衡的，可以用人口密度来衡量人口分布的情况。The population distributes unevenly around world, which can be measured by the density of population.5有的发展中国家后来发现了其他国家和地区缺少的资源，如石油。他们利用通过石油赚取的财富来发展教育和医疗，结果是许多人的预期寿命大大延长了。Some developing counties in time discovered theresourcessuch as petroleum which are in shortages in the other countries.They use the treasures earned from petroleum to develop education and medical care, resulting in a much longer life expectancy.英语作业：环境问题的根源在于人口增长还是资源的过度消耗？

Which is the cause of the environment problem, population explosion or overuse of resources?

UNIT 5

1.在空中，你可以凭借地面闪烁的灯光将城市与其他地区区别开来。

In the air, you can tell a city from the other regions by the glowing lights on the horizon.2.世界绝大多数的人口都集中分布在城市地区，这是人口分布不均衡的显著特征。

Most of the people in the world densely distribute in the urban areas, which is the distinguished feature of the uneven distribution of p

opulation.3.城市的区位受到很多因素的影响，包括环境、交通、防御以及接近原料和资源产地。

A lot of factors have influenced on the location of a city, including environment, transportation, defense and nearness to resources and raw materials.4.许多古代城市都有城墙来抵御敌人的进攻。近代，由于新式武器的产生，防御对于城市来讲不再像以前那么重要了。

Many ancient cities had walls to protect them against the enemy’s attack.In time, due to the invention of new weapon, defense is less important to cities than it used to.5.世界主要的宗教有基督教、佛教、犹太教和伊斯兰教。宗教对于城市的产生和定位起到了十分重要的影响和作用，形成和发展了像耶路撒冷、梵蒂冈等这样的宗教中心城市。

The major religions are Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism and Islam.The religion made a great difference location of cities, which made and developed the religious center cities such as Vatican and Jerusalem.有第四课和第五课的作业参考答案，给大家看看 吧