下载文档第一篇：2012大学英语四级考试写作辅导
2012大学英语四级考试写作辅导
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间（When）—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间？
地点（Where）—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化？
人物（Who）—— 何人参与，谁是主角？
事件（What）—— 发生了什么，有何特点？
原因（Why）—— 事件的起因？
结果（How）—— 事件的经过及结局？
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”（1988.6.），2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步？去公园？在校园里？在街上（街上空气不好，还是不去！）。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序（in chronological order），第一句话点明时间（One morning）、人物（第一人称“I”），并简要描述了早晨的特点（What was the setting），接着第二段第一句话交代地点（in the park），然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动（What was happening），最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子？考前的晚上？公布成绩的日子？周末？
Where：在大街上违章停车？在学校？在商场？在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅？
Who：是我倒霉？是好友？你？那个蛋白质室友？
What：拿到罚单？上课上班迟到？失恋？被窃？四级没过？
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦…
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛…
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东西挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1）用第一人称;2）短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3）写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
第二篇：大学英语四级考试写作辅导教程
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some
were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。
根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything，it seemed to me，went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning，as luck would have it，my alarm clock didn’t ring，and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that，when making an omelet，I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point，I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway，but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class，because my English teacher is very strict and demanding，and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway，I raced all the way from the station to my school，thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school，I abruptly bumped into a man and，worse luck，broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology，I just kept on running and running.At long last，I arrived at the school only to find，with great sadness mixed with some relief，that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated，I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!
【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr
历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。
第三篇：2012英语四级写作辅导
记叙文的思路与练习
记叙文是以叙述人物的经历和事物的发展变化过程为主要表现形式的一种文体。记叙文既可以以写人为主，又可以以写事为主。写记叙文要注意记叙文的“六大要素”即：
时间(When)—— 何时发生，有没有具体时间?
地点(Where)—— 何地发生，有没有地点变化?
人物(Who)—— 何人参与，谁是主角?
事件(What)—— 发生了什么，有何特点?
原因(Why)—— 事件的起因?
结果(How)—— 事件的经过及结局?
一般说来，在一篇记叙文中这六大要素是缺一不可的。
记叙文的思路就围绕这六大要素充分展开。
【例】四级考试中，只出现过一次专门的记叙文体裁的写作，即“An Early Morning Walk”(1988.6.)，2003年6月出现过包含记叙文的作文，即“An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident”。
对于“An Early Morning Walk”，知道命题要求后，我们就要开始构思了。
When：题目已规定了是“清晨”，在这个时候，“我”去散步。
Where：到哪儿散步?去公园?在校园里?在街上(街上空气不好，还是不去!)。
Who：在公园里看到晨练的人：中老年人、年轻人、小孩子;在校园里看到读书背单词的学生。
What：人们热火朝天地做操，随音乐跳舞，打球，等等。
Why：清晨空气清新，适合锻炼;一日之际在于晨，背背书，读读单词。
当然，由这个题目可以令人想到很多东西，因篇幅所限，我们做了删减。
参考范文
An Early Morning Walk
One morning I got up very early，and everything around was very quiet.The sun had just risen，shining brilliantly and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk.There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees.I strolled along the street toward the park，breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy.When I arrived at the park，I found，to my surprise，that there were so many people there.Men and women，boys and girls，all were enjoying themselves in their various activities.Some were doing morning exercises，some were playing badminton and some old people were having their tea while talking to each other cheerfully.I wandered around the park.To my delight，I found a few middle-school students talking to each other in English in one corner of the park.I went up and spoke to them in English.We soon became friends.I was very glad to find another opportunity to practice my spoken English.On the way home，I realized that an early morning walk really was good and healthful.Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.【点评】文章按照时间顺序(in chronological order)，第一句话点明时间(One morning)、人物(第一人称“I”)，并简要描述了早晨的特点(What was the setting)，接着第二段第一句话交代地点(in the park)，然后介绍公园里人们及作者的活动(What was happening)，最后在文章结尾点题，即，归纳中心思想——Taking early morning walks makes one healthy and wise.仅仅189个单词既满足了记叙文的“六大要素”，又有明确的中心思想和生动的细节，行文方式符合要求。
1.以“A Most Unlucky Day”为题，想想该怎么写。注意：题目的中心词是“unlucky”。
When：
Where：
Who：
What：
Why：
How：
参考思路
When：哪一天是最倒霉的日子?考前的晚上?公布成绩的日子?周末?
Where：在大街上违章停车?在学校?在商场?在经常光顾的地方——食堂、餐厅、麦当劳、图书馆、溜冰场、投影厅?
Who：是我倒霉?是好友?你?那个蛋白质室友?
What：拿到罚单?上课上班迟到?失恋?被窃?四级没过?
Why：倒霉嘛，无非是运气不好，睡过头了、态度恶劣、偷懒、不刻苦„
How：一团糟，挨批，心情极度沮丧，不过也无所谓嘛„
想完之后，我们再花点儿功夫将关联的东东挑出来，别忘了本文的中心是“unlucky”。根据自己的思路，写一篇文章：
参考范文
A Most Unlucky Day
I had a streak of tough luck yesterday.Everything，it seemed to me，went wrong.And I simply couldn’t understand why all the bad things happened to me in one single day.In the morning，as luck would have it，my alarm clock didn’t ring，and with an aching head I woke up half an hour later than usual.I was in such a hurry that，when making an omelet，I got my fingers burnt and splashed the omelet all over the floor of the kitchen.Having no time for my breakfast at that point，I rushed out of my house with an empty stomach and hurting fingers.I had intended to catch the 7:30 subway，but somehow I couldn’t make it.I became very nervous at the mere thought of being late for my English class，because my English teacher is very strict and demanding，and he gets angry whenever any student is late for his class.After getting off the 7:40 subway，I raced all the way from the station to my school，thinking it would be impossible for me to flag a taxi at this hour of the day.At the corner of the street near my school，I abruptly bumped into a man and，worse luck，broke the glasses I had bought for 500 yuan just last week.With scarcely any time to receive or offer an apology，I just kept on running and running.At long last，I arrived at the school only to find，with great sadness mixed with some relief，that the school was empty and the classrooms were all locked.It was Saturday.My ill luck showed no sign of coming to an end.When I returned home greatly frustrated，I found myself locked out.In my hurry I had forgotten to bring the key with me.Just my luck!【点评】这篇文章按照时间顺序一气呵成。文章的标题、第一句和最后一句都点出了中心思想：“I had a most unlucky day”。故事从作者醒来开始，在慌慌张张中煎蛋卷、赶地铁、急奔学校、撞破眼镜、发现白忙乎了一场，最后猛然清醒——匆忙之中忘了钥匙!整个故事描述得精彩生动，既有动作的细节又有作者内心的感受，让读者也身临其境地体会了倒霉的一天。
根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。
参考范文
Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。
参考范文
Go on a Mediterranean Journey
My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr.历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。
说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。
所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：
范文点评
A Famous Clock
When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。
参考思路
1)目标的分类：(可根据时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，任选一个进行分类和排列)
2)各个类别的特点和细节：
3)组织成文：
范文点评
Goals
Everyone has goals.Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning.These three sets of goals should be developed： lifetime，intermediate and short term.Lifetime goals should be written out.These goals should be clear and reasonable.For instance，the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable.Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles，earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university，successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.For the beginning doctoral student，intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal.Like lifetime goals，these are measurable and clearly stated.Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.These goals are more performance oriented，and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course，learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标：终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法：定义、举例、分类和比较等。我们要了解并且要掌握的方法：
1.定义法(definition)
定义法是用下定义的方式去揭示事物本质特征或概念内涵。它能使读者迅速抓住本质属性和基本特点。此法的句型：
① „ is a/the „ of „ which/that „② „ relate to/involve/refer to „
【例】
(1)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which is used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号体系。
(2)Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.(3)Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.2.举例法(illustration)
举例法就是举出实际事例来说明事物的方法，是最常见，往往也是最有效的阐释模式。
专家提醒
举例时应挑选具体、典型且有能力表达清楚的例子，并注意按照一定的顺序编排。
请看上述范文第二段：“For instance”引出“lifetime goals”的实例，如，赢得研究奖金、出版有影响书或文章、获得大学的系主任职位、获得国家自然科学基金及大公司稳定的顾问职位。
3.分类法(classification)
分类法就是把说明的对象，按一定的标准划分成不同类别分别加以说明的方法。如：上述范文介绍人生的三种目标，并按照时间的长短对终生目标、长期目标和短期目标做了分类说明。
4.比较法(comparison)
比较法是用一个事物和与其有联系的其他事物加以对比的说明方法。目的是为了帮助读者准确地区分事物，通过对比达到对该事物的深刻认识。
如：上述范文对三种人生目标在时间上和实际操作上进行了比较，并阐明了彼此的联系。
(1)Lifetime goals should be written out.(2)Like lifetime goals，these are measurable and clearly stated.(3)These goals are more performance oriented，and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.5.数字法(statistics)
数字法是运用数据来表明事物的本质和特点，准确合理的数据使文章精确可信。
【例】
(1)Nearly half of all Americans over age 20 wear a bridge or denture，and more than 20 percent have complete upper and lower denture.By age 50，one out of every two persons has gum disease.(2)And it seems sensible to wait.One quarter of all marriages between people under twenty-one end in porce.In Britain in 1972，there were 124，248 porces.说明文的说明方法除上面介绍的常见的几种以外，还有诸如分项法、列举法、比喻法及引用法等，只有综合运用多种说明方法，才能多角度、多层次地全面、清晰、准确地展示客观事物的本来面貌。
1.用定义法解释：
CET-4：
the Olympic Games：
a skeleton in the cupboard：
Hope Project：
qualifications：
2.用举例法说明：
教育的重要性：
当前网络游戏的危害：
成功的方法：
健身的种种看法：
大学生学好英语的方法：
3.用分类法说明：
社会实践的方面：
课外活动：
大学生谈恋爱的原因：
大学毕业生的分配情况：
食堂的伙食：
4.用比较法说明：
留学的利弊：
兼职的好坏：
不同的减肥方法：
题海战术与素质教育：
5.用数字法说明：
大学生的身体状况：
大学生的就业现状：
汽油价格上涨带来的影响：
手机的使用情况：
中国人住房状况：
借助说明文的构思方法，看看下列题目该如何写：
(1)The Layout of a Hospital
Direction： You are asked to write a composition about “The Layout Of a Hospital”。Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the picture and information given below.Your compositions should be no less than 100 words.1)the Emergency Department
2)the Out-patient Department
3)the Surgery Department
4)Dispensary/Pharmacy
5)Physician Department
6)the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department
7)the Dental Department
8)the Laboratory
9)the X-ray Department
10)the Administrative Building
11)the Ward
参考范文
Near the gate，on the west side of the road is the Emergency Department.Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department.The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which faces the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings： the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road.A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.Near the end of the main road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.
第四篇：大学英语四级考试写作指南
大学英语四级考试写作指南:现象阐释型
本文作者： 赵子凌
这类写作类型是以当下比较流行的社会现象为话题展开的写作。一般题目即为现象，要求考生对现象进行较为详尽的阐释，包括分析该现象产生的原因或可能带来的后果，并要求考生谈谈自己对于该现象的看法或建议。
基本解题思路：描述现象，分析原因，自己对这个现象的看法。但有时提纲结构会稍加变化，第二部分要求分析后果而不是原因，写作时以具体提纲为准。
以2007年12月四级写作真题为例：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic What Electives to Choose.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.1.各大学开设了多种多样的选修课
2.学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课 3.以你自己为例„„
审题
根据题目中所给的中英文提示，可知话题是大学生非常熟悉的“选修课的选择”。因此考生在写的时候可以结合自己的实际情况进行分析，这样易于下手。中文提纲中的三个句子分别对应article的三个段落，可以作为各段落的主题句。
扩展提纲
1.开门见山地指出“各个大学开设了多种多样的选修课”这一现象。
2.阐述不同学生选择选修课的不同原因，如有的同学是出于兴趣，有的是为以后求职做准备。3.谈谈自己选择选修课时的考虑并解释。
范文
Nowadays, colleges offer a wide range of elective courses for undergraduates.Students from different departments may sit in the same classroom and study a subject that may have nothing to do with their majors.There is no doubt that elective courses are welcomed by students, but the reasons for each student to make his/her own choice differ.Some students choose a course merely out of their personal interest in a certain field, while others may take the utility of the course into consideration and expect to put what they have learnt into practice after graduation.Some students are inclined to choose courses they are familiar with in order to get a good score in the exam, while others do not care about the exam and choose a course in a little known field.Personally, I’d like to learn from elective courses some knowledge useful for my future job.Elective courses can provide a chance to learn about other professions and give me broader usability.If I can prove my training in business but also have courses in science, I may just win a job over those who strictly majored in business with no other interests.(195 words)老师评：这篇文章感觉只是一篇中规守距的短文，主要问题是没有按四六级作文三段结构来写，表达不够多样性。选修课在英文中可以表达为：electives, elective courses, optional, optional courses;专业可以用majors, departments, programs;
练习题
2011年6月四级写作真题 Online Shopping 1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚
2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题 3.我的建议
四级作文高分秘诀
一.写得对
首先要保证审题正确，以免跑题。提纲式作文是四级作文中很常见的一种题型，建议考生在读题过程中将提纲中的关键词划出来，从而明确方向。
二.写得多
写作文最怕的是言之无物，干瘪无味。考生常见的问题是观点确定后无法展开论证。针对这个问题，建议考生在平时广泛地阅读报刊杂志，有效扩充自己的文化背景知识，有意识地积累名人轶事等素材。这与死记硬背范文有明显区别。
三.写出彩
要想四级作文出彩。一个小窍门就是注意所用语言的多样性。因为四级作文的篇幅不长，所以尽量不要让同一个单词反复出现。为了避免单词的重复使用，我们可以使用近义词或者同义的短语。如“主要的原因”：main reasons。Main可以替换为primary, essential, crucial，indispensable，fundamental。丰富多变的用词是article的最大亮点。
在句式方面，要避免单一的简单句型，可以适当加入倒装句、强调句、插入语等句式，做到句式多样化，为article加分。
作文评分知多少？
四级作文满分15分，阅卷老师从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判，就总的印象给出奖励分：按五个标准给分，一般不会低于2分，但其他分，如3、4、6、7、15分也是会有的。报道分和翻译合并在一起，计算机自动加权处理为总分710分的20%（142分），但我看到的最好成绩是130多分。标准如下：
2分 — 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或有多处严重错误。5分 — 基本切题。思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8分 — 基本切题。部分思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误颇多，包括一些严重错误。11分 — 切题。思想清楚，文字连贯，有少量语言错误。
14分 — 切题。思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，语言仅有个别小错。
(注：“严重语言错误”包括句子结构错误、时态语态错误和用词错误，严重影响作者意思的表达。)
一般来说，离要求词数每少10个扣一分（按一行算）。总词数超过要求一般不会扣分，但这并不意味着词数越多越好，建议控制在150-180词左右。明显笔误不扣分。
第五篇：大学英语四级考试短文写作
大学英语四级考试短文写作
四项基本技能：听、说、读、写
传统上：听和说、读和写
现在的新视角：听和读（input）、说和写(output)
一． 四级英语评分标准
120个词：（10句话）：每一段写3－4句话，写3个自然段
出题方式：命题作文、看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（中文或英文）写出文章概要或大意，给出关键词作文等。
二． 四级作文题型
（一）正反阐释题
2000年6月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you.You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:
1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是。。
2.也有人持不同意见。。
3.我的看法和打算
99年6月； 98年6月 97年6月； 96年6月；95年1月；05年12月； 06年12月
（二）阐释原因、描述危害题
00年1月；99年1月；97年12月；01年1月
（三）永恒话题
97年1月
（四）写一封信
01年6月；02年1月；03年6月（见证书）；04年1月；04年6月；05年1月；
05年6月
三． 四级作文评分原则
CET作文采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
1． 第一段要推敲
第二段看有没有主题句，第一句就写主题句
第三段总结
看作文就是看两点：第一看组织结构，第二看语言表达
2．检查五个方面的语言错误：
1）检查三个一致问题：主谓一致，时态一致，单复数一致
4）检查拼写错误
3．格式有2种：
（1）每一段缩进去4个字母，每一段之间不空行（传统格式）
（2）每一段顶格写，每一段之间空一行（流行格式）
4．评分标准：
11分――切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分――切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本无语言错误，仅有个
别小错。
字数不足酌情扣分。
注：只写一段者：0－4分；只写两段者：0－9分（按规定三段的作文）提供三点提
纲的作文
建议：无论提纲是几点，都要写到三段或四段
经原国家教委批准，四、六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用“作文最低分”制计算成绩，其中足见国家对提高大学英语写作能力的重视程度。按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。
四． 四级英语作文范文
1． Should Firecrackers Be Banned?
2． Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?
五． 主题句练习
1.确定以下主题句是否恰当。
Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out.The batter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get “home” safely.The other team tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ball to the base before the batter gets there or by tagging the batter with the ball.The batter can stop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it “home”.university you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning that particular university’s entrance requirements.Then you must follow the steps outlined in their response.You will probably have to send copies of your high school diploma, get letters of recommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there.You may have to achieve a certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university.Finally, you will have to contact the American embassy to start the procedures to obtain a student visa.refreshing swim.Then I walk along the beach and collect shells.Later you’ll find me relaxing in the warm sunshine and making sand castles.Then I sleep for a while before I open the basket of food and drinks that I always pack to take.those students can get to class on the bus.Many universities have a special shuttle bus that is provided for student transportation.Some students like to ride to class on bicycles.This is good exercise.Also, it is easier to find a space to leave a bicycle than to find a parking space for a can on a crowded university campus.Those students who live close to campus or on campus can enjoy a leisurely walk to their classes.2.写出相应的主题句。
1．______________________________________________________________________.The white pages of an American telephone book give the phone numbers of residences.The blue pages contain the numbers of government offices, and the yellow pages have advertisements and business numbers.There are maps as well as indexes at the back of the book.The telephone books of larger cities ma provide separate books for different sections of the city, while those of small towns may have room to include the numbers from several towns all in one book.2.________________________________________________________________________.First, the fast-food restaurant is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busy schedule.Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty.A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and stay within a limited budget.Finally, the food is usually consistent.For example, a cheeseburger from a well-known fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it is purchased.Consequently, buyers know exactly what they are getting.3.选出不支撑主题句的例子。
1）Ways to get rid of hiccups
A.breathe into a paper bag
B.hold your breath to the count of 10
C.have someone frighten you
D.make an appointment with your doctor
2)Steps for planning a trip
A.purchasing a map
B.working late
C.making an itinerary
D.reserving a ticket
3)Reasons for car accidents
A.fast driving
B.drinking and driving
C.not following traffic regulations
D.giving signals
4)Advantages off small apartments
A.good school facilities
B.easy to clean
C.cheaper to furnish
D.relatively inexpensive
5)Characteristics of a good restaurant
A.efficient waiters
B.tasty food
C.jacket and tie required
D.pleasant atmosphere
