第一篇:多维英语探索英译汉(短文)
1.In the past,when explorers or merchants went out into the world to find new lands or markets or sources of raw materials,they often did not share a language with the people with whom they came into contact.When this situation was encountered,one of three solutions was adopted.在过去,当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时,他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。遇到这种情况时,他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付,吕口:(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之),(2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言,或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的。在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际语)。这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语),但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。在当今世界,将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的,因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。
2.Pathological liars are persons who lie constantly and for no apparent reason.那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。他们会对任何事情说谎。他们似乎无法控制说谎的;中动。对这些人的研究表明,他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭;也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里,真话得不到尊重,没有人说真话。他们似乎比常人更加强烈地需要得到别人的爱不口别人的尊重。但事实上,他们中并非每个人都无法控制自己说谎的欲望。没人能说清为什么有些人能克制说谎而有些入却无法克制说谎。病态的说谎者往往没有亲近的或长期维持的私人关系。他们非常谨慎,通常不介绍自己的熟人相互认识以免他们将听到的东西进行比较。
3.It’s common for North American parents to tell their children that lying is bad,通常,北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事,他们不应该说谎。如果说谎,他们应该感到内疚。在欧美文化中,对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然而通过他们自己的行为,父母也会告诉孩子,在某些情况下,大多数人确实也会说谎。因此孩子在这种双重教育下长大——他们偶尔也会说谎,但是他们会感到内疚,并且不想让别人知道他们已说了谎。
4.These young people are setting new patterns for the relation of the inpidual to the society about him.这些青年人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影0向的情况反而使他们更坚定地自行其事。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。例如,当今的青年夫妇拒绝向更注重表面的社会生活习俗让步。在我们那一代,年轻的新娘们如果不是家住名区,如果他们家的餐具不够高雅,她们则会咆尝其苦。那时青年人对于有影响的社会关系、部队中的官职、有名的俱乐部成员身份都十分敏感。然而这一代人却坚持希望别人评价他们自身的价值。我常常听说他们小心翼翼地隐藏起出身名门的事实。他们坚持作为一个独立的人被社会接受,这产生一种空前的坦诚。一位女大学生对我说:“你知道我一直都不够诚实,我正在试图改正”。一位退伍土兵在一个男女混合的场合,当着目瞪口呆的双亲面对大家说他在战后的六个月里一直是一个“精神变态者”。这些言词说明自由的坚固性——一种属于自己而不属于虚伪的社会习俗的自由。
5.Calvin Trillin satirizes the iaea of an American Dream in his contemporary story.卡尔文.特里林在其描述美国暴发户生活的当代故事“成功”中,讽刺了“美国梦”的观念。出色的讽刺故事的要点之一是:在故事中运用几乎可信的夸大手法。在某个事实被歪曲得几乎成真时,你相信它可能是真的——但是你其实仍在怀疑——这就是好的讽刺故事所
要取得的最佳效果。讽8g的另一要点是反语。反语指的是词汇的字面意义与其实际意义完全相反。反语往往有趣,但带有悲伤的意味。课文中妻子的最后几句话完全是反语。
6.The young man was taken away from his office in handcuffs.这个年轻人在他的办公室被带上手铐带走了。当天下午的报纸头版刊登了一幅他被传讯后离开时的照片,证实了他已受到指控。照片上的他试图用他那件价值850美元的意大利名牌外套遮住他的脸。第二天的早报上,刊登了一篇篇幅很长的文章,将他作为那些出身贫寒的华尔街商人最终成为贪婪的牺牲品的代表。他的朋友和同事都避开他。
7.Aha.Money.It’s probably the only thing that complicates life between the sexes
啊哈,钱!也许这就是唯一像性本身一样能使两性之间的生活复杂化的东西。当一个女人的收入高于她的配偶时,生活就会变得复杂了。目口便是最开明的男土也会感到妻子挣的钱比他多对他是威胁。而且即使夫妻关系最融洽的夫妇也认为如果妻子收入高于丈夫,他们必须格外努力去维护这种和谐的幸福生活。
8.A sex stereotype that determines the interests and occupations of each sex is usually
决定男女各自兴趣和职业的性别模式通常并不是没有一点依据的。在某一社会环境中,男女的性别模式观念一般与某一时期特定的男人或女人概念密切相关。对于儿童,如果不具有某一社会中人们观念上所公认的性别特征,而仅仅是靠生理上的性别特征来辨别他们,那么他们的情感,爱好以及将来的体格上将会表现得不正常。他们必定会终生感到自己在同类中缺乏男子气或女人味。这是因为他们的文化理念是基于一系列不同的性别模式观念,而这些性别模式观念还是很有 道理的。
9.Making the customer connection is Gerstner’ s thing.IBM isn’t the only company trying to get close to its customers.建立与顾客的联系是Gerstner的目标。在“经济周刊”进行的一系列采访中他说道广我是带着一种观点来到这里的(1BM),即:你与顾客共同开始新的一天,你将以顾客为中心考虑公司的工作,并以顾客为中心组织工作”。这种方法在某种程度亡是IBM公司在计算机服务业中迅猛发展的原因,也是华尔街突然喜欢起IBM公司的原因之一。IBM就象一台大发动机,多年来首次所有的活塞都开动了:新型的大型机、个人计算机和小型计算机销售情况均喜人。IBM公司努力地争取成为各家公司在公司内部网络装置中应用IBM公司产品时的不可缺少的助手。当今,计算机服务业是IBM公司增长最快的业务。
不仅IBM公司,其它公司的高层领导也试图与顾客建立良好关系。建立关系成了各大公司巨头反复强调的宗旨。西北大学的J.L.KelloSS管理学院的教授PhilipKotler说:“越来越多的总经理意识到,他们本人就是负责销售的总经理,正在销售信誉”。他还说,“这种销售是在各公司的总经理阶层中进行”。“其建立的不仅是连接销售员与采购经理之间的桥梁,它还是一座连接各公司总经理之桥”。
10.We are at our human finest,dancing with our minds,当存在两种以上的选择时,我们人类会思路活跃作出最佳选择。有时会有十种,甚至二十种不同的方法去做某事,其中肯定有一种方法是对的。然而正是这种大量的可选择性才能把我们带入一个完全崭新的领域。这个过程可称为探索而且基于人类的易犯错误性上。如果我们人类的大脑只有一个中心,只能在当正确的决定作出后才有反应,而不是象一团乱麻似的把不同的、糊涂的或清醒的神经原组合在一起。正是这些神经网络会使我们的思路好象一会儿进入绝路,一会儿跳到树上,一会儿又掉进死胡同,然后又从死胡同跳出后进入一片蓝天,沿着错的转弯处,在错误处徘徊,那厶我们就会像呆在现在所处的原地,静止不前。
11.At present,the system most widely used by the British police is called “Photofit.”
目前,一种被英国警察广泛使用的电脑破案方法称为“模拟影像”。由目击者描述疑犯,然后像拼图版似的用五种不同部位的特征把照片拼出。这五个部位是:发型,眼睛,鼻子,嘴巴和下巴。这种方法对寻找罪犯很有帮助,但二十件案子仅能破一件。事实上,通常几近半数的“模拟影像”是误导。造成这种情形有两个原因。第一种原因是这种模拟影像的照片与疑犯毫无相象之处。第二是相象之处太大众化而没有任何帮助。不幸的是,这种误导的想象会导致一个无辜的人被关押。
12.The deliberate violation constituted law(civil disovedience)is by definition a violation The assumption that a law is a valid target of civil disobedience is filled with moral andFor a just society to exist,故意违犯成文法律的行为(非暴力反抗),顾名思义,是一种违法行为。关于非暴力反抗的理论研究承认,非暴力反抗目口使事出有因也应受到惩罚。事实上,违背法律的行为即使仅作为形式上的异议而非实质性的异议,其无论在道德上还是在法律上,都是不容许的。只有当那些法律违背了人类生活的基本价值观,公民对此进行非暴力反抗,以示道德上的保护时,该行为才能得到合理支持。
有一种假想认为,法律是非暴力反抗的确黼对象,该假想中充斥着不可忽视的道德、法律责任。根据该假想,公民如果在道义上是正当的,他必须准备呈交对违法行为的起诉书;井在该起诉失败时,他应当受到惩罚。他甚至可以要求实施该法律并心甘情愿地默认法庭的最后裁决。
为了保持一个公平的社会,我们必须认可“宽容原则”,政府必须容忍以适当方式表达出的个人异议,个人也必须容忍依法确定的多数裁决。没有人能滥用自由,所有人都得对反对意见持宽容态度。持异议者必须接受对他们的异议所持的不同意见,并对它们持尊重的态度。如果不尊重这一原则,那么公民的非暴力反抗不仅在法律上是错误的,在道德上也是不恰当的。
13.I don’t think that any of us believed Sam’s faults were accurate representations of
认为我们谁也不会相信山姆(Sam)的缺点是低层黑人生活的准确写照。山姆只是黑人形象的一种自我定义的方式,而这种定义并不具有社会学意义上的准确性。山姆对于我们来说根本不像白人种族主义者所描述的那种黑人,也不是我们恨铁不成钢的心态的体现。它只是与我们进取心的表达形成鲜明的对比。如果恨自己也是一种动力因素的话,那么对于我们黑人来说恨的不是低层黑人,而是我们不愿成为低层的黑人。
14.Still,hate or love aside,it is fundamentally true that my middle-class
再者,且不说爱和恨,一个根本的事实是:我的中产阶级的标志是摆脱一切低层黑人的生活形象,与大家都公认的中产阶级的价值观和责任感保持一致。这些价值观使我产生了清楚的信念:做一个既有个性又负责任的公民,懂得了你的生活质量会基本反映出你本人努力的程度;懂得了每个人的责任感是自由的基础,命运所带来的限制(无论命运对你是公平或不公平)不应成为坐视等待、听天由命的借口。
15.As for the peasant populations of a great part of the world,对于全世界的大部分农民来说,饥饿是他们最为焦虑的事。他们不会为是否加薪而感到忧虑,不会为选择三所大学中的哪一所而感到忧虑;也不会为究竟购买福特汽车还是凯迪拉克车感到忧虑;或为他们想买的电视机的价格太贵而感到忧虑。他们饥寒交迫。在世界许多地区,农民害怕局部的战争、暴徒、政变可能危及他们的家园、危及他们缺吃少穿的生活和生命。但是可以确切地说他们并不感到焦虑。
16.Anxiety,as we have come to use it to describe our characteristic
正如我们一直用焦虑来描绘一种典型的心态一样,焦虑与饥饿、损失、暴力以及死亡的恐惧感完全不同。焦虑是一种在即刻将发生的、导致生命危险的恐怖事件消失时所出现的正常情感。此类恐怖事件有火山爆发,冷箭袭击,背后挨刀以及其他灾难等。
17.Instead,management,shareholders,the government,bankers,suppliers,Another Japanese advantage is that their taxes are the lowest of any
And we did.In the process,相反,管理层、股东、政府、银行家、供应商以及工人们都齐心协力。他们利用最先进的技术设计出世界一流的产品。他们从国家因资源短缺而制定的高油税政策中得到启示,设计出了节油汽车。毫无疑问这也为日本应付1973年阿以战争以及1980年国王(伊朗)突然弃位(而带来的石油危机)做好了准备。
日本的另一优势在于它的税率在世界上所有工业国家中是最低的。日本可以承担如此低税率的一个原因在于它在国防上无需太多开支。自从二战结束以后,我们美国一直替它承担着这个重担。在它们投降以后,我们告诉他们,“{洲门这些家伙,听着,停止制造武器。{训门也看到了这给你们带来了什厶。但不用担心,我们可以替你们保卫你们的国家。我们希望你们改做一些其他有利于和平的好玩意——譬如汽车。我们甚至可以教你们如何造汽车。底特律的人们可以帮你们的。”而我们也确实帮了他们。在这个过程中,我们创造了一个巨人。现在约三十五岁的它已长大成人,羽翼丰满。它已可以在美国的汽车市场上横;中直撞,而且我们如不加以制止,它还将一如既往地这样持续下去。
18.In Germany,in contrast with France,与法国截然不同的是。在德国,友谊更清楚地表达为一种感情的根由。处于青春期的少男少女们,建立起深厚的友谊。他们在一起散步、交谈一一与其说是为了增长智慧,还不如说是为了倾吐各自的希望,忧虑和憧憬,为了团结一致组成统一战线来对付校方和家庭的干涉,并通过交往可以彼此了解对方和自己的内心世界。
19.I once would have said that a friend is a friend all the way,我曾经说过,朋友自始至终是朋友。但是现在我相信这个观点是狭隘的。因为我所拥有的友谊和我见过的友谊是有不同层次的,起着不同作用,满足不同需要。有知心姐妹那样的自始至终的朋友之间的友谊,也有最无关紧要的偶尔在一起玩玩的友人之间的友谊。
第二篇:英译汉练习短文
·英译汉练习短文·
Passage1
SatiricLiterature1
Perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,itsoriginalityofperspective.Satirerarelyoffersoriginalideas.Instead,itpresentsthefamiliarinanewform.Satiristsdonotoffertheworldnewphilosophies.Whattheydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,oraffected.Satirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.DonQuixotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;BraveNewWorldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;AModestProposaldramatizesstarvationbyadvocatingcannibalism.Noneoftheseideasisoriginal.ChivalrywassuspectedbeforeCervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforeAldousHuxley3,andpeoplewereawareoffaminebeforeSwift4.Itwasnottheoriginalityoftheideathatmadethesesatirespopular.Itwasthemannerofexpression,thesatiricmethod,thatmadetheminterestingandentertaining.Satiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,notbecausetheyaremorallywholesomeorethicallyinstructive.Theyarestimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcommonsensebriskness5theybrushawayillusionsandsecondhandopinions6.Withspontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,andspeaksinapersonalidiominsteadofabstractplatitude.Satireexistsbecausethereisneedforit.Ithaslivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,andfoolishphilosophy.Satireservestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruth,thoughrarelytoanyactiononbehalfoftruth.Satiretendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,andonlypartiallytrue.Liferesemblesinonlyaslightdegreethepopularimageofit.Soldiersrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,notdoordinarycitizensdevotetheirlivestounselfishserviceofhumanity.Intelligentpeopleknowthesethingsbuttendtoforgetthemwhentheydonothearthemexpressed8.Notes
1.这篇文章用词正式,句式严谨、周密、冗长,文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式,可多用四字结构和铺排形式。
2.Cervantes:塞万提斯(1754-1616),西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3.AldousHuxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎(1825-1895),英国生物学家,作家。
4.Swift:斯威夫特(1667-1745),英国作家,擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5.briskness:brisk意为keenorsharpinspeechormanner。
6.secondhandopinions:不可翻译为“二手的观点”,应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7.cheapmoralizing:这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”,而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”,而是“说教”。
8.whentheydonothearthemexpressed:当直译不方便时,我们可用视点转移法:但是当周围人不谈起时
Key
讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情,在这一视角下,这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒,让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到,我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中,有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑;《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩;《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉,使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的:在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神;在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上;在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎,而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品,而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心,因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语,便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭,它重新调整视角,将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起,用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今,是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫,它提醒读者,他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动,但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们,他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想,而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实,但是当周围人不谈起时,他们常常会忘记掉。
Passage2
AmericanFolkArt
WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans—havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland—especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts—forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theUnitedStates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtooriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitist3wascalled.Localcraftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—
begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.Notes
everyday:意为commonplace,ordinary
midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美国独立后50年间
portraitist:译为“画师”,以和前面的limner(画家)相区别。
Key
美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增,他们创造了各种艺术的市场,特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人,或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民,抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始,美国这一群体的数量不断增加,而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇,美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密,而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中,人口不断西徙,在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州,人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间,人口增加了近5倍,原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里,肖像绘画的要求不断增长,直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国,摄影时代开始,而且,在不超过一代人的时间内,手工画像就不再风靡了。从此,人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求,专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”,当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像,很快在当地声誉鹊起,然后很多人前来要求画像;艺术家们发现,他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游,既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像,是一件非常值得的事情。
Passage3
Crows
CrowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymetandeasilyidentifiablemembersofthenativefaunaoftheUnitedStates.Thegreatnumberoftales,legends,andmythsaboutthesebirdsindicatesthatpeoplehavebeenexceptionallyinterestedinthemforalongtime.Ontheotherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive─particularlybehavioral─information,crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones,theendangeredCaliforniacondor,tociteoneobviousexample.Therearepracticalreasonsforthis.Crowsarenotoriouslypoorandaggravatingsubjectsforfieldresearch.Keenobserversandquicklearners,theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,andadeptatavoidingthem.Becausetheyaresonumerous,active,andmonochro
matic,itisdifficulttodistinguishonecrowfromanother.Bands,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothem,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,whoareamongthewariestandmostuntrappableofbirds.Technicaldifficultiesaside,crowresearchisdauntingbecausethewaysofthesebirdsaresocomplexandvarious.Aspreeminentgeneralists,membersofthisspeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,andtheycanquicklyadjusttochangesintheircircumstances.Beingsoeducable,inpidualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,strategiesandscams.Forexample,onepetcrowlearnedhowtoletadogoutofitskennelbypullingthepinonthedoor.Whenthedogescaped,thebirdwentintothekennelandateitsfood.Key
乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员(物种)。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说(故事、传说和神话)流传众多,可见,人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面,在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时,与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比,它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知,野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少,并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐,领悟快捷,善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图,并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活,人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上,但这却要满足一个前提,那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步,撇开技术上的困难不谈,其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手,其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源,而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习,每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好,策略和花招。比如,有一只宠物乌鸦,学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后,它便进去,享用了狗的美食。
Passage4
LifeonEarth
LifeoriginatedintheearlyseaslessthanabillionyearsaftertheEarthwasformed.Yetanotherthreebillionyearsweretopassbeforethefirstplantsandanimalsappearedonthecontinents.Life’stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife.WhatformsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestyleThetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedonmegafossils--relativelylargespecimensofessentiallywholeplantsandanimals.Vascularplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandferns,leftthefirstcomprehensivemegafossilrecord.Becauseofthis,ithasbeencommonlyassumedthatthesequenceofterrestrializationreflectedtheevolutionofmodernterrestrialecosystems.Inthisview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcontinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,andlastlybyanimalsthatpreyedontheplant-eaters.Moreover,themegafossilssuggestthatterrestriallifeappearedandpersifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweentheSilurianandtheDevonianperiods,alittlemorethan400millionyearsago.Recently,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingacloserlookatthesedimentsbelowthisSilurian-Devoniangeologicalboundary.Itturnsoutthatsomefossilscanbeextractedfromthesesedimentsbyputtingtherocksinanacidbath.Thetechniquehasuncoverednewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheancientoceans-plantmicrofossilsandmicroscopicpiecesofsmallanimals.Inmanyinstancesthespecimensarelessthanone-tenthofamillimeterindiameter.Althoughtheywereentombedintherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,manyofthefossilsconsistoftheorganicremainsoftheorganism.Thesenewlydiscoveredfossilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopushedbackthesedatesfortheinvasionoflandbymulticellularorganisms.Ourviewsaboutthenatureoftheearlyplantandanimalcommunitiesarenowbeingrevised.Andwiththoserevisionscomenewspeculationsaboutthefirstterrestriallife-forms.Key
在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后,生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而(按照以前通行的观点),要再过30亿年,第一批动植物才出现在大陆上。或许,正如生命的起源一样,生命从海洋向陆地的过渡,同样在进化论上受到质疑。
什么形式的生命能使其生活方式发生如此惊人的变化?对于第一批登陆的生物,传统的观点是建立在巨化石基础上的,这些巨化石是一些基本上完整的动植物的较大标本。与现代种子植物和蕨类植物有种属相关的微管植物,留下了一批巨化石记录。因此,人们可以推测,生命登陆的次序反映了现代陆生系统的进化。按照这种观点,维管植物首先移居到大陆水域的周边,其次是以这种植物为食的动物,最后是吃这种食草动物的动物。而且,巨化石也表明(提示),在四亿多年前的志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间(在志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间,即四亿多年前),陆生生命已经出现,种类也急剧增加。
但是最近,古生物学家一直对志留纪-盆泥纪抵制界限以下的积淀物进行更为周密的调查。结果表明,将岩石放在一些盛有酸的容器里,一些化石就能从这些沉淀物中离析出来。这项技术从古海洋岸边的沉积物中又发现了新的证据——植物的微小化石以及在显微镜才可以看得见的小动物的碎片。多数情况下,标本的直径不足1/10微米。尽管他们在岩石中埋藏了数亿年,许多化石仍遗留有生物体的有机物质。
这些新发现的化石不仅揭示了先前不为人质的有机体的存在,也将多细胞生物进居陆地的时间向前推移。我们对早期动植物群体(群落)本质的看法正得以修正,随之而来的是对第一批陆生生命的新推断。
Passage5
HistoricalMethods
Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesrather
thantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.Vocabulary:
practice:custom
create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain
affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare
revere:respectandadmire
primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson
inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit
equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected
Key
历史研究方法
虽然每一位历史学家对历史有自己的界定,但是,现代最习惯的做法是,将历史看着是对过去重大事件进行再现并予以解释。每一代的历史学家,总会根据自身所处的时代和位置,重新判定过去的事件中哪些是重要的。这样找到的证据往往是不完全的、零散的;也常常是片面的、有着个人偏见的。对历史学家研究技艺的讽刺在于,运用这一技艺的人总是知道,他们所付出的努力不过是在给一个无边无际的过程不断加砖添瓦。
人们对历史学研究方法产生兴趣原因有二,其主要原因是历史学家内部意见不统一,其次原因是,将历史学作为一门需要智力活动参与(进行分析和研究)的学科是否合理,外界持尚有怀疑态度。虽然以前的历史学重视与文学和哲学的紧密关系,但是在提出新问题、并为理解过去提供有益的方法方面,新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多的机会。社会科学方法论必须调整之后适应这样的学科:它由历史资料的重要程度决定,而非根据当代世界所必不可少的需求决定。
在历史学的研究中还有其他的一些方法是用来解释历史资料的。而在上一转化过程中,这些方法使得传统研究方法更为有效。
在历史学界,方法论是一个从根本上就非常含糊的术语。它到底是普通历史研究中所特有的概念,还是适合于各个分支领域的研究技巧,人们对此尚无定论。历史学家,特别是那些盲目从于自己的研究兴趣、因而被指责为使用“井蛙(狭隘)方法”的历史学家,常常成为“技术谬误”的牺牲品。同样,在自然科学领域,技术谬误
也错误地将学科看成是由一些技术运用所组成的整体。这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会科学历史学派的身上,前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料的评议;后者认为历史的研究应该是某些具体技术的运用。
Passage6
TheMethodofScientificInvestigation
Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingproseduringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.Key
科学研究的方法
科学研究的方法只是人类思维中必要的工作方式的表现,正是通过这种方式,人类对一切现象进行逻辑推理,并做出精确的解释。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间并无实质的区别,其区别有如面包师或者肉匠用普通磅秤称量他们的物品,而化学家则用天平和精确/细致分级的砝码来进行难度很大和复杂深入的分析一样。并不是因为在前一种情况下的磅秤与后一种情况下的天平在构造原理或工作方式上有何不同,只是因为天平是更为精密的仪器,与磅秤比较起来,其称量结果自然要精确得多。
如果我给你(可省去)举一些非常熟悉的例子,或许你会理解得更清楚。你会多次听说过科学家们是运用归纳法和演绎法工作,而且,在某种意义上,他们运用这些思维方式从自然界中总结出一些自然规则,然后运用特殊的技巧,在这些自然规则的基础上建立自己的理论。因此,很多人认为,普通人的思维活动决不能与科学家的思维活动堪比;只有通过某种特殊训练,普通人才能获得这些思维过程。听到这些夸张的说法,你或许会认为科学家的大脑和普通人的大脑在构造上不相一样;但是如果你不被这些大话(夸张的说法)唬住,你会发现你弄错
了:在你生命中的每天、每时、每刻,你都在运用这些绝妙的思维方法。
在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个众所周知的情节:主人公在听到别人夸赞他毕生都是出口成章时,他表现出无尽的喜悦。同样,我相信,当你发现(在科学家运用科学思维的同时,)你也一样基于归纳法和演绎法原理行事,你会感到十分慰籍,也会对自己也非常满意。(在座)每一个人在一天中都有可能有机会开动一辆思维的列车进行(一连串)复杂的推理,这与科学家在探寻自然现象时的思维活动相比,虽然程度有些不同,但其性质却完全一样。
Asecretary’sjob
Althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecessarilyso!Intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariesweremalebecausewomenwereconsideredtooweakforsuchhardactivities.NowthereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintothesecretarialfieldAndmorewomenaremovingintoexecutivepositions.Jobsandcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,butbyability.Aslongasthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,heorshewillbeabletogetajob.Goodsecretariesarealwaysindemand.Agoodsecretaryshouldbeexcellentinofficeduties.Forexample,whenthebosshasanurgentbudgetmeeting,thesecretaryshouldnotdisturbhim.Ifthebossisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorsheshouldmakethereservationaheadoftimeinanappropriaterestaurant.Goodsecretariesshouldalsopayattentiontotheirappearanceanddressfashionablyandneatly.Theymustbeabletospeakatleastoneforeignlanguagefluently.Ifasecretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforpromotion.一份秘书的工作
通常秘书一般都被想成是“她”而执行者是“他”,但这不是必然的!在最初的办公室工作中,几乎所有的秘书都是男性,因为女性被认为是无法胜任如此难的工作。现在越来越多的男性加入到秘书的工作领域而许多女性加入到执行者的行列。工作和经历不在取决于性别而是能力。只要这个人有成为好秘书的资质,他或她将得到这份工作。好的秘书经常是受欢迎的。一个好的秘书必须有出色的办公室工作潜质。例如:当老板正在开一个紧急预算会议,秘书就不能打扰他。如果老板要开一个晚宴,他或她在这之前要预定一个合适的酒店。好的秘书还必须要注重他们的形象,穿着时尚整齐。他们要最少流利的讲一门外语。如果一个秘书非常熟练并且有技巧的掌握电脑,那么她很有可能被推荐升职。
本文编辑由(http://www.teniu.cc/sb)提供
第三篇:英译汉练习短文6篇
·英译汉练习短文6篇·
Passage 1 Satiric Literature1
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.Satire rarely offers original ideas.Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form.Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies.What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd;Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science;A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism.None of these ideas is original.Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before Swift4.It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular.It was the manner of expression,the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining.Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness5 they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions6.With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish philosophy.Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed8.Notes
1.这篇文章用词正式,句式严谨、周密、冗长,文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式,可多用四字结构和铺排形式。
2.Cervantes: 塞万提斯(1754-1616),西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3.Aldous Huxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎(1825-1895),英国生物学家,作家。
4.Swift: 斯威夫特(1667-1745),英国作家,擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5.briskness:brisk意为keen or sharp in speech or manner。
6.secondhand opinions:不可翻译为“二手的观点”,应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7.cheap moralizing:这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”,而是vulgar, contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”,而是“说教”。
8.when they do not hear them expressed:当直译不方便时,我们可用视点转移法:但是当周围人不谈起时
Key 讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情,在这一视角下,这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒,让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到,我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中,有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑;《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩;《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉,使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的:在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神;在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上;在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎,而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品,而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心,因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语,便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭,它重新调整视角,将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起,用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今,是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫,它提醒读者,他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动,但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们,他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想,而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实,但是当周围人不谈起时,他们常常会忘记掉。
Passage 2 American Folk Art
What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday1 “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially
Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri.Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen.During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called.Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline;sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits;artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvasses, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.Notes everyday: 意为commonplace, ordinary
midway through its first century: 美国独立后50年间
portraitist:译为“画师”,以和前面的limner(画家)相区别。
Key 美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增,他们创造了各种艺术的市场,特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人,或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民,抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始,美国这一群体的数量不断增加,而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇,美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密,而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中,人口不断西徙,在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州,人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间,人口增加了近5倍,原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里,肖像绘画的要求不断增长,直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国,摄影时代开始,而且,在不超过一代人的时间内,手工画像就不再风靡了。从此,人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求,专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”,当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像,很快在当地声誉鹊起,然后很多人前来要求画像;艺术家们发现,他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游,既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像,是一件非常值得的事情。
Passage 3 Crows
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.On the other hand, when it comes to substantive─particularly behavioral─information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones, the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example.There are practical reasons for this.Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another.Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.Being so educable, inpidual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.Key 乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员(物种)。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说(故事、传说和神话)流传众多,可见,人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面,在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时,与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比,它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知,野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少,并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐,领悟快捷,善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图,并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活,人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上,但这却要满足一个前提,那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步,撇开技术上的困难不谈,其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手,其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源,而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习,每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好,策略和花招。比如,有一只宠物乌鸦,学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后,它便进去,享用了狗的美食。
第四篇:英译汉练习短文6篇
英译汉练习短文6篇·
Passage 1 Satiric Literature1
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective.Satire rarely offers original ideas.Instead, it presents the familiar in a new form.Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies.What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful, or affected.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd;Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science;A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism.None of these ideas is original.Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes2, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley3, and people were aware of famine before Swift4.It was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular.It was the manner of expression,the satiric method, that made them interesting and entertaining.Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive.They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness5 they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions6.With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.Satire exists because there is need for it.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing7, and foolish philosophy.Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true.Life resembles in only a slight degree the popular image of it.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, not do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed8.Notes
1.这篇文章用词正式,句式严谨、周密、冗长,文风较为华丽。翻译时选词要正式,可多用四字结构和铺排形式。2.Cervantes: 塞万提斯(1754-1616),西班牙伟大的作家、诗人、戏剧家。
3.Aldous Huxley:奥尔德斯·赫胥黎(1825-1895),英国生物学家,作家。
4.Swift: 斯威夫特(1667-1745),英国作家,擅长用讽刺和幽默揭露社会黑暗现象。
5.briskness:brisk意为keen or sharp in speech or manner。
6.secondhand opinions:不可翻译为“二手的观点”,应该是“人云亦云的的观点”。
7.cheap moralizing:这里cheap意思不是“便宜的”,而是vulgar, contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”,而是“说教”。
8.when they do not hear them expressed:当直译不方便时,我们可用视点转移法:但是当周围人不谈起时
Key 讽刺文学
或许讽刺文学最突出的特点是它耳目一新、视角独创。讽刺文学很少给人以原创的思想,但是它却将人们熟悉的事情以全新的形式展现出来。讽刺作家并不给人以新的哲学理念。他们所做的只是从某一视角来看待一些为人熟知的事情,在这一视角下,这些事情显得愚蠢不堪、充满危害而又矫揉造作。讽刺作品将我们从自鸣得意中震醒,让我们既愉快又惊诧地看到,我们从未质疑、全盘接受的价值观中,有很多都是错误的。《唐吉珂德》使得骑士精神显得荒谬可笑;《挑战新世界》嘲笑了科学的自诩;《一个小小的建议》则建议食用人肉,使饥饿问题戏剧化。这些思想中没有一条是原创的:在塞万提斯之前就有人怀疑骑士精神;在赫胥黎之前人文主义者就反对宣称纯科学的至高无上;在斯威夫特之前人们就已经意识到饥荒问题。并不是思想的独创而使得讽刺文学受人欢迎,而是它的表述方式、嘲讽方法使得它趣味横生、有娱乐性。人们阅读讽刺文学只是因为在美学上它是让人心满意足的艺术品,而不是因为它在道德上有益或伦理上的教益。它激人兴奋、爽人身心,因为它只是运用常理通识、辛言辣语,便将各种幻想和人云亦云的观点一扫而光。讽刺文学自心而来不拘谦恭,它重新调整视角,将熟悉的事物紊杂地放置在一起,用个性化的语言而不是抽象的陈词滥语表述出来。
讽刺作品之所以存在是因为人们需要它。它存续至今,是因为读者欣赏爽身怡心的刺激和不拘谦恭的告诫,它提醒读者,他们生活的世界里充满了陈腐的思想意识、低俗的道德说教和愚蠢的哲学理念。讽刺作品虽然很少代表真理促成行动,但它却能使人们感悟到真理。讽刺作品常常告诉人们,他们在大众媒体中所看到的、听到的、读到的大多是伪装善良、多愁善感或只有部分真实。生活只在很小的程度上与大众对它的印象相符。士兵们很少拥有电影赋予他们的理想,而普通老百姓也决不会把自己的生命无私地奉献给人道主义服务。聪明人知道这些事实,但是当周围人不谈起时,他们常常会忘记掉。
Passage 2 American Folk Art
What we today call American folk art was, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday1 “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class
republics—whether
ancient
Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing number of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New England — especially
Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition.Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and the portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri.Midway through its first century2 as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to original thirteen.During these years, the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by camera.In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s — anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist3 was called.Local craftspeople—sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline;sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits;artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvasses, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.Notes everyday: 意为commonplace, ordinary
midway through its first century: 美国独立后50年间
portraitist:译为“画师”,以和前面的limner(画家)相区别。
Key 美国民间艺术
我们所说的美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增,他们创造了各种艺术的市场,特别是肖像绘画。家境殷实的、主要是中产阶级的市民——不管他们是古罗马人,或是17世纪荷兰自治城市富裕居民,抑或是19世纪的美国人——都对肖像绘画艺术表现出突出的爱好。从18世纪晚期开始,美国这一群体的数量不断增加,而且满足画像要求的艺术家也不断地增加。
勿需惊奇,美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和.麻萨诸塞州——因为这一地区富裕、人口稠密,而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。1776年《独立宣言》宣布后的几十年中,人口不断西徙,在纽约州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利诺斯州、密苏里州,人们随处可见肖像画师绘画的身影。美国独立后50年间,人口增加了近5倍,原先13个州又增加了11个。在这些岁月里,肖像绘画的要求不断增长,直到有了照相机才算得到满足。1839年银版照相法传入美国,摄影时代开始,而且,在不超过一代人的时间内,手工画像就不再风靡了。从此,人物画像又成为了奢侈品——有钱人提出绘画要求,专业画家来完成绘画。
但是在肖像绘画的全盛时期——从18世纪晚期到19世纪50年代——任何有一点艺术才能的人都可以成为“画家”,当时的肖像画师就是这么被人称呼的。当地艺人——标牌、马车、房屋的画师——也开始画人物肖像作为一个赚钱的副业。有时候有绘画天赋的男子或妇女一开始只给家庭成员勾勒画像,很快在当地声誉鹊起,然后很多人前来要求画像;艺术家们发现,他们收拾起颜料、画布、画笔去各地巡游,既做房屋装饰又画人物肖像,是一件非常值得的事情。
Passage 3 Crows
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States.The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a long time.On the other hand, when it comes to substantive─particularly behavioral─information, crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones, the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example.There are practical reasons for this.Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.Because they are so numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another.Bands, radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them, but this of course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappable of birds.Technical difficulties aside, crow research is daunting because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.As preeminent generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances.Being so educable, inpidual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.For example, one pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door.When the dog escaped, the bird went into the kennel and ate its food.Key 乌鸦
乌鸦可能是美国本土动物中最常见、也是最容易识别的成员(物种)。关于它的奇闻异事和神话传说(故事、传说和神话)流传众多,可见,人们对它的浓厚兴趣由来已久。另一方面,在提及对它的本性——特别是行为方面的了解时,与其他同样普通和一些非常罕见的物种——一个显而易见的例子是加州濒临灭绝的秃鹫——相比,它更鲜为人知。这其中有一些实际的原因。
众所周知,野外的乌鸦研究成果甚少,并让研究者苦恼不已。它们观察敏锐,领悟快捷,善于分辨其他动物和研究人员的意图,并能巧妙地避开他们。由于乌鸦数量众多、颜色单
一、机警灵活,人们很难把它们区分开来。人们当然可以把脚环、无线电发射机和其他识别装置缚在乌鸦身上,但这却要满足一个前提,那就是活抓乌鸦——但这却是最为机警、最难抓到的鸟类之一。
乌鸦的研究之所以令人却步,撇开技术上的困难不谈,其原因之一便是它们生活方式复杂多变。它们是超凡的多面手,其种族中的一些成员创造性地开发了大量的栖息地、利用大量的资源,而且能很快适应环境的变化。由于善于学习,每个乌鸦个体都有迥然不同的兴趣、爱好,策略和花招。比如,有一只宠物乌鸦,学会将狗窝上的门闩拉开放狗出窝。狗出窝后,它便进去,享用了狗的美食。
Passage 4 Life on Earth
Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after the Earth was formed.Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals appeared on the continents.Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils--relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.Vascular plants, related to modern seed plants and ferns, left the first comprehensive megafossil record.Because of this, it has been commonly assumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems.In this view, primitive vascular plats first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eaters.Moreover, the megafossils suggest that terrestrial life appeared and persified explosively near the boundary between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million years ago.Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary.It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by multicellular organisms.Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal communities are now being revised.And with those revisions come new speculations about the first terrestrial life-forms.Key
在地球形成不到十亿年的时间后,生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而(按照以前通行的观点),要再过30亿年,第一批动植物才出现在大陆上。或许,正如生命的起源一样,生命从海洋向陆地的过渡,同样在进化论上受到质疑。
什么形式的生命能使其生活方式发生如此惊人的变化?对于第一批登陆的生物,传统的观点是建立在巨化石基础上的,这些巨化石是一些基本上完整的动植物的较大标本。与现代种子植物和蕨类植物有种属相关的微管植物,留下了一批巨化石记录。因此,人们可以推测,生命登陆的次序反映了现代陆生系统的进化。按照这种观点,维管植物首先移居到大陆水域的周边,其次是以这种植物为食的动物,最后是吃这种食草动物的动物。而且,巨化石也表明(提示),在四亿多年前的志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间(在志留纪和盆泥纪之间的期间,即四亿多年前),陆生生命已经出现,种类也急剧增加。
但是最近,古生物学家一直对志留纪-盆泥纪抵制界限以下的积淀物进行更为周密的调查。结果表明,将岩石放在一些盛有酸的容器里,一些化石就能从这些沉淀物中离析出来。这项技术从古海洋岸边的沉积物中又发现了新的证据——植物的微小化石以及在显微镜才可以看得见的小动物的碎片。多数情况下,标本的直径不足1/10微米。尽管他们在岩石中埋藏了数亿年,许多化石仍遗留有生物体的有机物质。
这些新发现的化石不仅揭示了先前不为人质的有机体的存在,也将多细胞生物进居陆地的时间向前推移。我们对早期动植物群体(群落)本质的看法正得以修正,随之而来的是对第一批陆生生命的新推断。
Passage 5
Historical Methods
While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past.In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered;it is also frequently partial or partisan.The irony of the historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past.Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technicist fallacy.”Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.Vocabulary: practice: custom create: make sth from the past exit again or seem to exist again affinity: a close connection between two things because of qualities or features that they share revere: respect and admire primacy: the state of being the most important thing or person inherent: a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it equate: to consider that two or more things are similar or connected Key 历史研究方法
虽然每一位历史学家对历史有自己的界定,但是,现代最习惯的做法是,将历史看着是对过去重大事件进行再现并予以解释。每一代的历史学家,总会根据自身所处的时代和位置,重新判定过去的事件中哪些是重要的。这样找到的证据往往是不完全的、零散的;也常常是片面的、有着个人偏见的。对历史学家研究技艺的讽刺在于,运用这一技艺的人总是知道,他们所付出的努力不过是在给一个无边无际的过程不断加砖添瓦。
人们对历史学研究方法产生兴趣原因有二,其主要原因是历史学家内部意见不统一,其次原因是,将历史学作为一门需要智力活动参与(进行分析和研究)的学科是否合理,外界持尚有怀疑态度。虽然以前的历史学重视与文学和哲学的紧密关系,但是在提出新问题、并为理解过去提供有益的方法方面,新兴的社会科学似乎提供了更多的机会。社会科学方法论必须调整之后适应这样的学科:它由历史资料的重要程度决定,而非根据当代世界所必不可少的需求决定。
在历史学的研究中还有其他的一些方法是用来解释历史资料的。而在上一转化过程中,这些方法使得传统研究方法更为有效。
在历史学界,方法论是一个从根本上就非常含糊的术语。它到底是普通历史研究中所特有的概念,还是适合于各个分支领域的研究技巧,人们对此尚无定论。历史学家,特别是那些盲目从于自己的研究兴趣、因而被指责为使用“井蛙(狭隘)方法”的历史学家,常常成为“技术谬误”的牺牲品。同样,在自然科学领域,技术谬误也错误地将学科看成是由一些技术运用所组成的整体。这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会科学历史学派的身上,前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料的评议;后者认为历史的研究应该是某些具体技术的运用。
Passage 6 The Method of Scientific Investigation
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person , as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.You will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples.You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently from that of his fellow men;but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong , and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.Key 科学研究的方法
科学研究的方法只是人类思维中必要的工作方式的表现,正是通过这种方式,人类对一切现象进行逻辑推理,并做出精确的解释。科学家的思维活动与普通人的思维活动之间并无实质的区别,其区别有如面包师或者肉匠用普通磅秤称量他们的物品,而化学家则用天平和精确/细致分级的砝码来进行难度很大和复杂深入的分析一样。并不是因为在前一种情况下的磅秤与后一种情况下的天平在构造原理或工作方式上有何不同,只是因为天平是更为精密的仪器,与磅秤比较起来,其称量结果自然要精确得多。
如果我给你(可省去)举一些非常熟悉的例子,或许你会理解得更清楚。你会多次听说过科学家们是运用归纳法和演绎法工作,而且,在某种意义上,他们运用这些思维方式从自然界中总结出一些自然规则,然后运用特殊的技巧,在这些自然规则的基础上建立自己的理论。因此,很多人认为,普通人的思维活动决不能与科学家的思维活动堪比;只有通过某种特殊训练,普通人才能获得这些思维过程。听到这些夸张的说法,你或许会认为科学家的大脑和普通人的大脑在构造上不相一样;但是如果你不被这些大话(夸张的说法)唬住,你会发现你弄错了:在你生命中的每天、每时、每刻,你都在运用这些绝妙的思维方法。
在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个众所周知的情节:主人公在听到别人夸赞他毕生都是出口成章时,他表现出无尽的喜悦。同样,我相信,当你发现(在科学家运用科学思维的同时,)你也一样基于归纳法和演绎法原理行事,你会感到十分慰籍,也会对自己也非常满意。(在座)每一个人在一天中都有可能有机会开动一辆思维的列车进行(一连串)复杂的推理,这与科学家在探寻自然现象时的思维活动相比,虽然程度有些不同,但其性质却完全一样
第五篇:小学英语开放性作业设计多维探索
小学英语开放性作业设计多维探索
张建美
2013-2-26 15:42:37来源:《考试周刊》(长春)2010年3期第143页
【作者简介】张建美,海门市正余中心小学(江苏海门226153)。
课堂教学是学校教育的主渠道,而作为教学常规部分的作业,对学生创新精神和实践能力的培养具有重要的作用。
所谓开放性作业,是指作业根据课程教学的要求,向课内外、校内外和学生的社会生活实践开放。开放性作业可以使作业充满吸引力、活力和乐趣,给学生带来成就感与惊喜,并有利于探究性学习方式的形成。在传统的接受性学习方式下,课堂教学呈现出偏、统、独、死、费等特征,作业也陷入了诸多不科学的误区,很大层面上是机械性的、统一性的、书面性的,甚至是惩罚性的作业。这些传统的作业方式直接导致学生普遍存在知识面狭窄、动手实践能力下降、缺乏质疑问难的创新品质等现象。尤其严重的是,题海式的作业严重摧残了学生可贵的探究心、求知欲、想象力和创造力,成为一道沉重的思维枷锁。
为此,笔者就设计开放性作业,让学生愉快学习,结合自己的教学实践,谈几点看法。
一、设计探究型作业,提高作业的激情
心理学研究表明,激情是调动学生踊跃参与、积极思维、探求知识的原动力。学生对学习有了激情,就会把学习视为一种至高无上的享受,就会克服一切困难,积极探索,学有所成。受应试教育的影响,许多教师对作业功能的定位不准确,将其看作只是“知识的巩固”与“技能的强化”,导致作业深深陷入了机械重复、呆板陈旧、单调封闭的误区。教师布置作业总是力求面面俱到,致力多多益善,认为学生做得越多越杂,就会记得越深越牢,学生的能力也就越强。然而,这样的作业与作业方式已远远不能适应新课程改革对英语教学的要求。单调乏味的作业也常常是一些学生失去学习激情、不做或不完成作业的原因之一。为了改变这一现状,教师应根据教学内容的要求和特点,设计与布置形式多样的作业,使作业富有探究性、创造性,更具吸引力,使学生在听、说、读、写方面都得到训练
与提高,充分调动学生学习英语的激情和积极性。
二、设计新颖型作业,提供选择的机会
英语课程标准强调:“发展学生自主学习的能力和合作精神,形成有效的学习策略。”多元智能理论认为:每个人都有自己相对的优势和弱势智力。因此,教师要摈弃那种一味按教材和配套作业布置大量客观练习作业的观念,有选择地针对不同智力结构的学生布置不同的作业,引导他们去自己选择。作业的类型可以是多种方式,如制作、表演等。如在学了关于水果的单词后,作业可以是做单词卡片,一面写上单词,另一面画上水果;可以是设计一个给单词填字母的游戏;可以是背一背书上的水果儿歌;还可以是教爸爸、妈妈学单词,听录音磁带并跟读等。学生在完成作业的过程中,他们的自主意识得到了唤醒,在获得愉悦的情感体验的同时也获得了学习策略。
总之,不拘泥于书本、不拘泥于形式的自主作业,使教师从传统的“主角”角色变成了“指导”“参谋”“顾问”,使不同智力结构的学生的不同想法得以表现,有利于激发学生学习英语的主动性,有利于学生能力在不同层次上的提高和创新能力的发展。
三、设计活动型作业,提供表现的机会
小学生天性活泼好动,爱玩、好表现。所以,教师可以开展角色扮演、调查、模拟采访等活动,让学生在活动中激发兴趣,学习知识,擅长知识。如在学习了《牛津小学英语》教材3B Unit 10中的“Do you play...?”和Unit 11中的“A Good Idea”后,就可让学生分组自由采访并统计本班学生对体育活动、乐器的爱好情况,所涉及的体育活动名称与乐器名称均用英语表达。学习了4B Unit 3中的“What's Your Job?”后,就可让学生想象十几年后自己想从事的职业,然后,小作者可进行全班范围内的采访。由于这类新鲜有活力的作业贴近学生的实际生活,学生能够运用所学的语言进行真实的交际,全身心地投入,在玩的过程中,英语这门课程不知不觉地带给他们许多快乐,使他们保持持久的学习兴趣。
四、设置趣味型作业,提供创新的机会
“兴趣是最好的老师”。英语新课程把“激发和培养学生学习兴趣”放在首位。教师把知识的巩固融于趣味型作业之中,往往会给学生带来无穷的乐趣和吸引力,使作业成为具体、生动的任务,起到事半功倍的效果。如在学完人体各部位的英语名称后,让学生每人画一个自己喜欢的机器人或卡通人物,然后标出各部位的英语名称。学了颜色的英语单词后,可以让学生画一条彩虹,再用英语标出相应的颜色;也可以让学生听录音做涂色练习;还可以让学生自编儿歌:“blue,blue,蓝蓝的天;green,green,绿绿的树;yellow,yellow,黄黄的稻子;red,red,红红的太阳;black,black,黑黑的黑板;white,white,白白的墙壁。”这样不但提高了记忆效果,达到了复习知识的目的,还激发了学生的内在智力潜能,培养了他们的创造力。
五、设置生活型作业,提供体验的机会
新课程改革的一个基本理念就是“回归学生的生活世界”。因此,英语作业的设计应尽量贴近学生的实际生活,将学生置于逼真的情境之中,激发学生学习的强烈愿望,将教学的目的要求转化为学生的内在需要,让他们在生活中学习,在学习中更好地生活。如在教完“Nice to Meet You”这一课后,我让学生把自己的新朋友带回家,向妈妈介绍:“Mum,this is my friend,Zhang Xiaoqiang.”可以教妈妈回答:“Nice to meet you!”这样既让学生运用了英语,又让学生当了一回“小老师”,增加了学习的兴趣。
作业既是一个深入的载体,更是一个极好的凭借。作业能给学生一个良好的起点,调动学生多方面的感官体验和情绪活动;作业又给学生一个灵巧的支点,让学生在愉悦的学习中,自然地彰显出各自不同的智力和能力。“开放性作业”在使学生获得了许多的知识信息的同时,又提高了学生综合学习能力,更使学生开阔了视野,得到了愉快的体验,享受到了成功的喜悦。
总之,教师在布置英语作业时,要按照课标的理念进行合理、有效的设计,引导学生在能动的创造性的作业过程中,通过实践、探索、交流获得知识,形成能力,发展思维,促进学生的可持续发展。
【参考文献】
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.英语课程标准(实验稿)[S].北京师范大学出版社,2001.[2]潘伟英.小学英语开放性作业设计[J].中小学外语教学与研究,2006,(2).[3]咎淑华.浅谈新课程标准下小学英语作业的设计[J].中小学外语教学(小学篇),2005,(10).[4]王蕴芬.如何设计开放性的英语作业[J].中小学外语教学(小学篇),2005,(23).