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2014秋季unit3课文单词
编辑:轻吟低唱 识别码:17-349189 8号文库 发布时间: 2023-04-08 03:30:00 来源:网络

第一篇:2014秋季unit3课文单词

2014秋季九年级英语

Unit 3Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?

restroom /restru:m/ n.(美)洗手间;公共厕所 p.17 stampn.邮票;印章 p.17 Bookstoren.书店 p.17 Postcardn.明信片 p.18

pardoninterj.请再说一遍;抱歉,对不起 p.18

washroomn.洗手间;厕所 p.18 bathroom n.浴室;洗手间 p.18 quick /kwik/adj.快的;迅速的adv.快速地;迅速地 p.18 rushv.& n.仓促;急促 p.18 suggestv.建议;提议 p.19 staffn.管理人员;职工 p.19 grape /greip/ n.葡萄 p.20

centraladj.中心的;中央的 p.20 mail /meil/ v.邮寄;发电子邮件n.邮件;信件 p.20 east /i:st/ adj.东方的;东部的adv.向东;朝东 n.东;东方 p.20

fascinatingadj.迷人的;极有吸引力的convenientadj.便利的;方便的 p.21 malln.商场;购物中心 p.21 clerk /kla:k/n.职员 p.21 cornern.拐角;角落 p.21

politeadj.有礼貌的;客气的 p.22 politelyadv.礼貌地;客气地 p.22 speaker/spi:k(r)/n.讲(某种语言)的人;发言者 p.22 request /rikwest/ n.要求;请求 p.22 choicen.选择;挑选 p.22 directionn.方向;方位 p.22 correctadj.正确的;恰当的 p.22 directadj.直接的;直率的 p.22 whom /hu:m/pron.谁;什么人 p.22 addressn.住址;地址;通讯处 p.22 faithfullyadv.忠实地;忠诚地 p.24 Italianadj.意大利(人)的;

n.意大利人;意大利语 p.20 Kevin /kevin/凯文(男名)p.20 Tim /tim/蒂姆(男名)p.20

第二篇:2014秋季九年级英语unit4课文单词

2014秋季九年级英语

Unit 4I used to be afraid of the dark?

humorousadj.有幽默感的;滑稽有趣的 silentadj.不说话的;沉默的 p.26 helpful /helpfl/adj.有用的;有帮助的 p.26 from time to time 时常;有时 p.26 scoren.& v.得分;打分 p.26 backgroundn.背景 p.27 interviewv.采访;面试

n.面试;访谈 p.27 Asian /eisn, eizn/ adj.亚洲的;

亚洲人的 n.亚洲人 p.27 deal with 对付;应付 p.27 darev.敢于;胆敢 p.27

privateadj.私人的;私密的 p.27 guard /ga:(r)d/ n.警卫;看守

v.守卫;保卫 p.27 requirev.需要;要求 p.27

Europeanadj.欧洲的;欧洲人的 p.28 British /britis/ adj.英国的;英国人的 p.28 speech /spi:ts/ n.讲话;发言 p.28 ant /a:nt/ n.蚂蚁 p.29 insect /insekt/ n.昆虫 p.29 influencev.& n.影响 p.30

seldomadv.不常;很少 p.30

proud /praud/ adj.自豪的;骄傲的 p.30 be proud of 为⋯.骄傲;感到自豪 p.30 absentadj.缺席;不在 p.30

fail /feIl/ v.失败;未能(做到)p.30 examination n.考试;审查 p.30 boarding school寄宿学校 p.30 in person 亲身;亲自 p.30

exactlyadv.确切地;精确地 p.30 pride /praid/ n.自豪;骄傲 p.30 take pride in 为⋯.感到自豪 p.30 grandsonn.孙子;外孙 p.31

generaladj.普遍的;常规的;总的n.将军 p.32 introductionn.介绍 p.32 Paula葆拉(女名)p.26

Alfred 艾尔弗雷德(男名)p.26 Billy /bili/ 比利(男名)p.26 Candy坎迪(女名)p.27 Jerry /dzeri/ 杰里(男名);杰丽(女名)p.28 Emily /emIli/ 埃米莉(女名)p.28

第三篇:2014秋季九年级英语unit5课文单词

2014秋季人教版 九年级英语

Unit 5What are the shirts made of?

materialn.材料;原料 p.33 chopstickn.筷子 p.33 coinn.硬币 p.33

forkn.餐叉;叉子 p.33

blousen.(女式)短上衣;衬衫 p.33 silvern.银;银器adj.银色的 p.33 glassn.玻璃 p.33 coonn.棉;棉花 p.33

steel /sti:l/n.钢;钢铁 p.33 grass /gra:s/n.草;草地 p.34 leaf /li:f/ n(.pl.leaves /li:vz/)叶;叶子 p.34 produce v.生产;制造;出产 p.34 widely /waidli/ adv.广泛地;普遍地 p.34 processv.加工;处理 p.34 France /fra:ns/ 法国 p.35 no matter 不论;无论 p.35

localadj.当地的;本地的 p.35 even though虽然;即使 p.35 brandn.品牌;牌子 p.35 avoidv.避免;回避 p.35 productn.产品;制品 p.35 handbagn.小手提包 p.35

mobileadj.可移动的;非固定的 p.35 Germany德国 p.36

surfacen.表面;表层 p.36

postmann.邮递员 p.36

capn(.尤指有帽舌的)帽子 p.36 gloven(.分手指的)手套 p.36 international adj.国际的 p.37

competitorn.参赛者;竞争者 p.37 paint /peint/ v.用颜料画;刷漆 p.37 its /its/ adj.它的 p.38

formn.形式;类型 p.38 clay /klei/ n.黏土;陶土 p.38 balloonn.气球 p.38

scissorsn.(pl.)剪刀 p.38 lively /laivli/ adj.生气勃勃的;(色彩)鲜艳的 p.38 fairy 童话故事 p.38

heat /hi:t/ n.热;高温 p.38 polish v.磨光;修改;润色 p.38 completev.完成 p.38 Korea 朝鲜;韩国 p.33 Switzerland瑞士 p.35

San Francisco 圣弗朗西斯科

(旧金山,美国城市)p.35 Pam帕姆(女名)p.34

第四篇:初级商务英语课文单词整理

Unite 1 word of work

Business 生意

Technique 技术,技巧,手法,技能 cross-cultural 跨文化的 Internet 互联网

Presentation 报告,展示 public speaking 公众演讲 Consultant 咨询者,顾问 Consultancy 咨询公司

run(course/workshop)vt.开办(课程/讲习班)one-to-one 一对一

Accredited 授权,信任,委派(appoint 任命,指定,委派)Motivational 激发性的 Title 题目,主题 Sample 样品 Account 计算

Correspondence 通信,一致,相当

(correspondent 通讯员,记者=journalist/reporter/newsman)Badge 徽章,标记

Identify 确认,鉴定,识别

catering service 饮食业,饮食服务

MD managing director的缩写,总经理,执行董 Gadget 小玩意,小器具,小配件 Client 客户

Entertaining 娱乐的,有趣的,(entertainment 娱乐,招待,消遣 entertainer 演艺人员,表演者 entertain 使娱乐)Professional 专业的,专业人士

Involve 牵涉,包含,(evolve 发展,进化)Responsibility 责任

be responsible for sb./sth 对·····负责 Interior 内部,内部的,室内的 Memo 备忘录

electrical appliances 电器 Ship 船

Power Point 幻灯片 Bonus 津贴,红利 Catalogue 目录

Positive 积极的 =active/proactive /optimistic乐观的 pessimistic 悲观的/negtive 消极的,否定的 Presence 出席,在场 Diary 日记 Athens 雅典(希腊首都)Quality manager 质量监控经理

Unite 2 work in progress

management consultant 管理咨询师

PA(personal assistant)个人助理,私人助理 sales rep 销售代表

Correspondence 通信,一致,multinational company 跨国公司 CFO(chief financialofficer)is responsible for the company’s accounts, and controls money coming in and going out.J&C is a training consultancy for personal and professional development in the workplace.be in progress 在进行中 Project 项目,工程 Garden 花园 Update 更新

Construction contract 建筑合同 apart from 除了····之外

Minor 次要的,较小的 minority 少数 major 主要的,重要的 majority多数

Proceed 进行,前进 proceeding 进程,进行,诉讼 management team 管理团队 take shape 成形

financial report 财务报告 Temp 临时工 help out 帮助

CEO chief executive officer 首席执行官 CFO chief financial officer 财务总监 give a presentation of 做····展示 Launch 发射

Photocopy 影印,复印件 Branch 分支

marketproject manager 市场项目经理 Subcontractor 转包商

period of transition 过渡时期,转变时期 permanent job 永久的工作,长期工作

temporary employment agency 临时工招募机构 try out 尝试

take maternity leave 休产假 Option 选择

career field 职业生涯 existing skills 生存技能 supervisor 主管

temporary job 临时工

ask for a pay rise 要求涨工资 meet one’s target 达到某人目标 sack 解雇=fire/lay off/dismiss administration work 行政工作 Brazil 巴西

Lisbon 里斯本(葡萄牙城市)Belem 贝伦(巴西港口城市)

Valencia 巴伦西亚(西班牙港口城市)Montpellier 蒙特利埃(法国南部城市)panorama 全景、全景画

Fortaleza 福塔雷萨(巴西东北部港口城市)ahead of schedule 提前于预定计划

Unite 3 company performance

Biography 传记 autobiography 自传 fast food restaurant 快餐厅

Transform 转换,改变

transfer 转移,转让transmit 传输,传播 transaction 交易,业务 global business 全球业务 original 最初的,原始的 Franchise 连锁经营,特权 Feature 特征

French fries 薯条 Softdrink 软饮料 Milkshake 奶昔

Purchase 购买 chase 追逐,追赶 Multimixer 通用混合器

exclusive distributor 独家经销 Open 开门

Expand 扩展,使变大

Corporation 公司=company Cosmetic 化妆品 Inspire 激发,灵感

Philosophy 哲学 philosopher 哲学家 Revolutionary 革命者,革命的,创新的 raw material 原材料 Supplier 供应商

Ethical 伦理的,道德的 travel agency 旅行社 Contract 合同,感染

take delivery of 快递,运送

过渡,转变 transition Merge 融入,混合 Fleet 舰队,船队

budget airline 廉价航空 go public 上市

business partner 商业伙伴

Enterpreneurial 创业的,企业性质的 enterpreneur 企业家 Freelancer 自由职业者

Non-profit organization 非盈利组织 Sole trader个体经营者

Limited company 有限责任公司

Public limited company 上市的股份有限公司 Celebrity 名人 elite 精英 美国的快餐业: Fast 快 Fresh 新鲜 Fried 油炸

Fantasy 美味(想像,幻想)Fordism 福特主义(即流水线模式)Franchising 连锁经营

Unite 4 international business

import/export 进口/出口 Competitor 竞争者 Wholesaler 批发商 Warehouse 仓库

audio product 音频产品 Ban 禁令,禁止=prohibit fashion industry crisis commissioner 委员 spokeswoman 女发言人 huge losses 巨大损失 resign 辞职 Garment 服装

clothing blockade 服装封锁 in favour of 支持、赞成 disastrous 损失惨重的 import control 进口限制 import quotas 进口配额 compromise 妥协、折中

stock exchange 证券交易所、证券交易 appeal to sb.吸引某人

Available 可得到的,可利用的 dossier 档案、卷宗 flat 没电的,电用完了的 Embarrassing尴尬的

in-house magazine 内部杂志

Participant 参加者 contestant 参赛选手,竞争者 Stressful 有压力的

Moderator 主持人,仲裁人,调解人 press the mute button 按下静音键 reflect on 有损声誉、招来非议 teleconference 远程电话会议 producer 生产商 wholesaler 批发商 customer 顾客 retailer 零售商 warehouse 仓库 consumer 消费者 competitor 竞争者 customs 海关 port 港口 clothing 服装

Manufacturer 制造商 distributor 分销商

Freight forwarder 货运代理 freight collect 运费到付 freight prepaid 运费预付 freight 承运人,货船 Container 集装箱

Merchandising product 促销产品

Special promotion 特项推销 promotion 提升,提拔 Prompt提示=tip 小费,提示 Extension number 分机号码 常用的课堂工具

Projector 投影仪 Laptop 笔记本电脑 Screen 屏幕 Loudspeaker 扩音器 Microphone 麦克风 DVD player DVD影碟机 Recorder 录影机 Platform 讲台

Whiteboard 白板 blackboard 黑板

Unite 5 career choices

stock broker 股票经纪人,证券经纪人 London Stock Exchange 伦敦证券交易所 bank account 银行存款 bankrupt 破产了的

a modest life 朴实无华的生活 accommodation 住处,膳宿 source of income 收入来源 Olive 橄榄

farm produce 农产品 business contact 生意场的熟人/关系 deal in 经营

make enquiries 询问 record shop 音像店

human resource 人力资源 HR manager 人事经理

photography exhibition 摄影展 accountancy job 会计工作 Passion 激情

competitive 竞争的

give up sth.all together 放弃所有 professional photographer 职业摄影师 portrait 肖像、人像

studio 照相室、画室、工作室、演播室、摄影场 state-run enterprise 国营企业

primary school 小学/ junior high school 中学/ senior high school 高中 dilapidated 破烂不堪的

College Entrance Examination 高考 academic record 学习成绩 fifth grade 五年级 civil servan 公务员 routine work 常规工作 bossy 专横的,爱指挥别人的 design office 设计室 book cover 书的封面

printer 印刷商;印刷工;打印机 quotation 报价

in full colour 用彩色

in black and white 用黑白色

a full progress report 详细的进展报告 refer to 参考,查阅,查看 book fair 书展

coincidence 巧合,巧事

consolidate one’s strong position 巩固某人的强势地位 removal company 搬运公司 stationery 文具,信纸

keep sb.up-to-date 使某人信息灵通

utility 公用事业;公用事业设备;公用事业公司 bank loan 银行贷款 paperwork 日常文书工作 loan application 贷款申请 additive 添加剂

flavour 味道、滋味、香味 café 小餐馆、饮食摊、咖啡馆 snack bar 小吃店、快餐柜 outlet 商店、市场、销路 take on 雇用

meet demand 满足需求 health club 健身俱乐部 be in business 做生意 Eastern European 东欧 Western Europe 西欧 Book fair 书展 Science 科学

Unite 6 business travel

passport 护照 Pilot 飞行员 take off 起飞

business/economy class 商务舱/经济舱 first class 一等舱 check in 办理登机手续

air traffic controller 空中交通管理员 baggage handler 行李员 boarding pass 登机牌

flight attendant 空姐;空乘人员 identity card 身份证

return ticket 往返票、回程票 single ticket 单程票 Overbook 预订超额 buffet 自助餐

cause chaos 引起混乱 Lounge 候机室

pay an excess charge 额外付费

consumer help section 消费者服务栏目 in-flight 在飞行中,在机上的

airline representative 航空公司代表 confirmation email 确认信,确认函 ask sb.for a refund 要求退款 charge sb.向某人收费

follow-up letter 追踪信件、后续信件 Fraud 诈骗、欺骗

credit card fraud 信用卡诈骗 Frankfurt 法兰克福 amenity 便利设施

direct-dial telephone 直播电话 Jacuzzi [ʤӕ’kuzi] 水流按摩浴缸 room service(旅馆等处送餐到客人房间)客房用餐服务 air-conditioning 空调设备 Internet connection 网络连接 hair dryer 电吹风

conference equipment 会议设备 fitness room 健身房

laundry service 干洗服务 luxury 豪华

master suite主套房 junior suite 普通套房

contemporary cuisine [kwi’zi:n]现代烹饪 wine list 酒类一览表

nine-hotel golf course 九洞高尔夫球场 concierge 接待员、管理员 broadband access 宽带接口

complimentary newspaper 免费报纸 Provisional 临时的,暂定的 quote vt.报价

chambermaid 客房女服务员 porter 行李员

laptop 笔记本电脑 express 特快列车 dispute 纷争、纠纷

travel agent 旅行代办人 pert to转移、转向 酒店套房类型

imperial [ɪm'pɪərɪəl] suite 皇室套房 presidential suite 总统套房

suite deluxe [də'lʌks] 高级套房 mini suite 小型套房 honeymoon suite 蜜月套房 penthouse 楼顶套房 酒店员工的工作岗位

receptionist 接线生、前台文员

porter 门房;服务员;行李搬运工;守门人 purchasing manager 采购经理 Purchasing clerk 采购员 banquet chef 宴会大厨

manager of audio/visual services 音响部经理 A/V specialist 音响师 auditor 账目审计员

food & beverage director 餐饮部经理 Front desk clerk 大堂工作人员

director of sales & marketing 市场销售部经理 rooms pision manager 客房部经理 Housekeeping supervisor 房管部主管 maintenance mechanic 维修技工 Maintenance chief 维修部主管 laundryman/woman 洗衣工

第五篇:unit2 单词和课文翻译

Unit2共 78 个单词

Marco Polo['pəuləu]马可·波罗 latitude['lætitju:d]n.纬度 voyage['vɔiidʒ]n.航海;航行

mercy['mə:si]n.仁慈;宽恕;怜悯

at the mercy of[æt ðə ˈmɜ:sɪ ɒv]受……支配 encyclopedia[en,saikləu'pi:djə]n.百科全书 alongside[ə'lɔŋsaid]prep.靠着;沿着 adv.在旁边,沿着边

exploration[ɪk'splɔ:reiʃn]n.探险;探测 minimum['mɪnɪməm]adj.最小的;最低的 celestial[si'lestjəl]adj.天上的 pole[pəul]n.地极;柱;杆 equator[i'kweitə]n.赤道

horizon[hə'raizən]n.地平线;视野 overhead['əʊvəhed]adj.在头上的 seaweed['si:wi:d]n.海草;海藻

nowhere['nəʊhweə]adv.离岸的;海面上的 outward['autwəd]adj.外面的;向外的 tide[taid]n.潮;潮汐;潮流;趋势 secure[si'kjuə ]adj.安全的;可靠的

knot[nɒt]n.结 vt.打结 log[lɔg]n.原木;木材;航行日志 nautical['nɔ:tikəl]adj.海上的;航海的 nautical mile['nɔ:tikəl mail]海里 magnetic[mæɡˈnetɪk]adj.磁的;有磁性的 bearing circle['bεəriŋ 'sə:kl]方位圆 random['rændəm]adj.任意的;随便的 astrolabe['æstrəleib ]n.古代的天体观测仪;星盘 awkward['ɔ:kwəd]adj.难使用的;笨拙的 reference['refrəns]n.参考

quadrant['kwɔdrənt]n.象限;四分仪 precise[pri'sais]adj.精确的;准确的 simplify['simplifai]vt单一化;简单化

portable['pɔ:təbl]adj.轻便的;手提的;便携的 shortcoming['ʃɔ:tkʌmɪŋ]n.缺点;短处 sextant['sekstənt]n.六分仪 update[ʌp'deit]vt.更新

tendency['tendənsi]n.趋向;倾向

reliable[ri'laiəbl]adj.可靠的;可信赖的 Samuel['sæmjuəl]塞缪尔 swoop[swu:p]vi.突降;猛扑 parcel['pɑ:səl]n.小包;包裹

peck[pek]vt.&vi.啄食 cliff[klɪf]n.悬崖;峭壁

expedition[,ekspi'diʃən]n.远征;探险(队)compulsory[kəm'pʌlsəri]adj.必须做的;必修的 reform[ri'fɔ:m]n.改革;革新 survival[sə'vaivəl]n.生存;幸存 Captain Bligh['kæptin blai]布莱船长

Tahiti[tɑ:'hi:ti]n.塔希提岛(位于南太平洋)incident['insidənt]n.事件;事变 departure[di'pɑ:tʃə]n.出发;离开

crew[kru:]n.(轮船、飞机等上的)工作人员,(工作)队

deposit[di'pɔzit]vt.放;(把钱)存入银行 dilemma[di'lemə]n.进退两难的局面 drawback['drɔ:bæk]n.缺点;障碍 dusk[dʌsk]n.薄暮;黄昏

routine[ru:'ti:n]n.常规;日常事务 reckon['rekən ]Vt.计算;估计 reckoning['rekəniŋ]n.计算;估计 starvation[stɑ:'veiʃən]n.挨饿;饿死 psychology[sai'kɔlədʒi]n.心理学

psychologically[,psaikə'lɔdʒikəli]adv.心理上地;心理学地

tension['tenʃən]n.紧张;不安;张力 gradual['grædjuəl]adj.逐渐的;逐步的 gradually['grædjuəli]adv.逐渐地;逐步地 foresee[fɔ:'si:]vt.预见;预知 thirst[θɜ:st]n.渴;口渴

Timor['ti:mɔ:]帝汶岛(位于东南亚)set loose[set lu:s]出发;开始 tear[tɪə;teə]vt扯破;撕破 hardship['hɑ:dʃip]n.困苦;艰难 jaw[dʒɔ:]n.颚;颌;下巴

jaws of death[dʒɔ:z ɔv deθ]鬼门关;死神 Greenland['ɡri:nlənd]格陵兰(位于北美洲东北部,世界第一大岛)

Shetland Islands['ʃetlənd 'ailənds]设得兰群岛(位于英国苏格兰北部)

the Faroe Islands[ði feərəu 'ailənds]法罗群岛(位于丹麦北大西洋)

roar[rɔ:(r)]Vt&Vi.咆哮;轰鸣

background['bækgraund]n.背景;后台

选修九Unit2 Sailing the oceans海洋航行

We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship's position on a map.我们很可能感到奇怪,在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前,海员是如何对海洋进行探索的。The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids.17世纪以前的航海纪录显示,即使没有现代航海技术的帮助,他们也没有任凭海洋摆布。So how did they navigate so well? Read these pages from an encyclopedia.那么,他们是怎样航行得如此之好的呢?读读百科全书这几页上的记载吧。Page 1: 第一页:

Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline借助大自然使船只沿海岸线行驶 This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk.这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式,所冒的风险也最小。Using celestial bodies利用天体 ●North Star北极星

At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in the sky, but at the equator it is along the horizon.在北极,北极星是在天上的最高位置;而在赤道上,北极星却在地平线上。So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions.因此,熟练的航海探险家就能够利用北极星来确定他们自己的位置。●Sun太阳

On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by.They can use the height of the sun to work out their latitude.在晴朗的日子里,特别是夏天,船员可以利用正午在头顶上的太阳来导航,他们可以用太阳的高度来计算出他们的纬度。●Clouds云层

Sea captains observed the clouds over islands.There is a special cloud formation which indicates there is land close by.海上的船长观测岛上的云层。有一种特殊的云彩的形状表明附近有陆地。

Using wildlife利用野生动植物 ●Seaweed海藻

Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colour and smell how long it had been them.海员常常看到海里的海藻,并能根据它的颜色和气味判断这种海藻在那儿有多久了。If it was fresh and smelled strongly, then the ship was close to land.如果它颜色新鲜而且气味浓烈,那说明船只就离陆地很近了。●Birds鸟

Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen.在看不见陆地的时候,可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路。In the evening nesting birds return to land and their nests.在夜晚的时候,筑巢而居的鸟就要返回陆地鸟窝。So seamen could follow the birds to land even if they were offshore and in the open sea.因此,即使在远离海岸的大洋上,海员们也可以跟随这些鸟到达陆地。Using the weather利用天气 ●Fog雾

Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers.正如雾气汇聚在溪流或江河上一样,雾气也能汇聚在海洋上。Seamen used it to help identify the position of a stream or river when they were close to land.当靠近陆地时,海员们可以用雾气来帮助确定溪流或江河的位置。●Winds风 Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing.They could accelerate the speed, but they could also be dangerous聪明的海员常常利用风向来导航。风向可以使船只加快速度,也可以造成危险。.So the Vikings would observe the winds before and during their outward or return journeys.于是,北欧的海盗们在出海或返航时都要观察风向。Using the sea利用大海

Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their destination.技术娴熟的海员可以利用大海的某些潮汐或浪潮把船送往他们的目的地。These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new lands.这些技术帮助海员探测大海和发现新大陆。They increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used instruments.当他们使用这些手段的时候就增加了在新的海域导航的能力。Page 2: 第二页

Using navigational instruments to help利用航海工具 Finding longitude找出经度

There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem.直到17世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后,人们才有了测量经度的可靠方法。Nobody knew that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed and time.以前没有人知道地球每小时向东转动约15度,然而海员们确实知道用速度和时间来计算经度的近似标准的方法。An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship.早期测量速度的方法是沿着船边拉一根打结的绳子,把这根绳子系在一根圆木上,然后把它抛入海里。The rope was tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea.As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman's hands.The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour.当船只在水中前进时,这些绳结从海员的手中通过,这时海员就记下绳结的数目。在一定时间内计算出有多少个结, 就可以算出船只每小时航行多少海里的速度。Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables.The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.In this way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle of the ocean.后来,当12世纪海员们开始使用指南针的时候,他们就可以用复杂的数学表来计算出经度了。指南针有一个特殊的磁针,始终指着北极。因此人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向。这样,即使在大海中船只也可以直线航行。

Finding latitude找出纬度 ●The Bearing Circle方位圆

It was the first instrument to measure the sun's position.A seaman would measure the sun's shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday.Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.这是最早用来测量太阳位置的工具。海员可以测量太阳的影子,并把它同太阳在正午时的高度作比较,这样就可以知道自己是在正确的航道上或是在随意行驶。●The Astrolabe星盘

The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected.星盘、象限仪和六分仪相互都有联系。They are developments of one another.它们是在彼此的基础上发展而成的。The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky.最早的是星盘,它是一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具,它可以用来表明船只同太阳和布满天空的各种星星之间的相关位置。This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at sea.这样,海员们就可得知当地的时间,以及他们在海上的纬度。However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.但是,它不容易使用,因为其参照点之一就是行驶中的船只本身。●The Quadrant象限仪

This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe.这是一种比较精确而且比较简单的星盘。It measured how high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe.它利用星盘的1/4圆周而不是整个圆来测量星星在在水平线上的高度。It was easier to handle because it was more portable.它比较容易操作,因为它比较轻便。Its shortcoming was that it still used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference.缺点仍就是使用移动的船只作为一个固定的参照点。As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any reading.因为船只在海浪中起伏不定,所以很难测出精确的读数。●The sextant六分仪

The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes.六分仪是星盘和象限仪的改进版,它减少了出差错的可能性。It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments.在这些早期的航海仪器中,它被证明是最精确和最为可靠的一种,It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outside the ship using two mirrors.它的工作方式是用两块镜子来测量船外两个固状物体之间的角度,This made the calculations more precise and easier to do.这就使得计数更加精确,而且更加容易操作。

Zheng He:He led a large fleet to explore Southeast Asia, India and the Middle East in the Ming Dynasty.Altogether he made 7 voyages in the 15th century.He travelled more than 50,000 km and visited 30 countries new to China and developed many trade links.He is considered one of the earliest naval explorers in Chinese history.Marco Polo:He is the most famous westerner to travel the Silk Road and the only person to provide information about China to the outside world.In 1271 he set out to reach the Mongol Empire and then China.In 1295, he arrived back in Europe.Three years later he was imprisoned by the Genoese.While in prison, he told the story of his travels to a fellow prisoner who wrote his adventures down.When his book was published it became a best-seller.James Cook:James Cook was the greatest Britain navigator.Cook joined in the Royal Navy in 1755.In 1768 he was promoted and sent to the Pacific where he surveyed Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia.On his famous second expedition(1772-1775)he explored Antarctica.In 1776 he undertook his third and final voyage in which he explored the West Coast of North America and tried to locate a passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.On this voyage he discovered the Hawaiian Islands, and sailed up the coast of North America through the Bering Straits to the Arctic Ocean.On his return he was killed by Hawaiian islanders.He is regarded as one of the world’s greatest explores and navigators.

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