第一篇:中考冲刺之单选题—数词、形容词和副词、介词
中考冲刺之单选集训
三:数词
1.I study in Yu Cai Middle School.There are two________students in our school.A.thousandB.thousandsC.thousand of
2.The_________letter in the word “develop” is “v”.A.secondB.thirdC.fifth
3.In the picture, the ______ one from the left is Huanhuan.A.firstB.thirdC.fifth
四:形容词和副词
1.—The coat is too expensive.—Look, here's another one.It's_________and nicer.A.dearerB.cheaperC.older
2.–How often do you watch TV? 06
--Maybe ______.You know, we're students in Grade 3, so we don't have much time.A.in the eveningB.for twenty minutesC.once a week
3.Doctorsoftensuggest, “_________vegetables and_______meat can help you keep fit.”
A.More,lessB.Few;muchC.Fewer;more
4.—What do you think Tara is like?
—Sheusedtobequiet,butshe quite_________now.A.cleverB.seriousC.Outgoing
5.We_________play sports in the school on week¬days, you know, we don't have enough time.A.oftenB.usuallyC.hardly ever
6.I have been working so hard these days for the big exam, I feel ___.I'm afraid I can't pass it.A.relaxedB.stressed outC.comfortable
7.—What do you think of the Chinese food?
—Very_________.I like it so much.A.deliciousB.awfulC.funny
8.I was very ______ to see what happened that day.I couldn’t believe it at all.A.relaxedB.surprisedC.tired
9.—Mum, I got the best grade in the English test today.—Well done, son.I’m very ________ of you.A.proudB.tiredC.afraid
10.—Do you know Jimmy?
—Sure.He is one of my best friends.I know him very ________.A.littleB.wellC.alone
11.The world is becoming smaller and smaller because the Internet gets us ________.A.closerB.biggerC.farther
12.–Sometimes walking is even ______ than driving during the busy traffic time.--Are you kidding?
A.slowerB.fasterC.harder
13.---I really like your backpack, is it______?
---I don't know how much it is.It's my brother's.A.expensiveB.heavyC.useful
五:介词
1.There are two classes_________ Saturday afternoon.We can not have a rest this weekend.A.atB.onC.in
2.Good news!We are going _____ a school trip to Guangzhou next week.A.atB.withC.On
3.—What's the matter_________you?
— Have pains in the eyes.A.forB.withC.on
4.I've been collecting old coins_________ten years ago.A.forB.aboutC.since
5.Lily used to learn English ______ watching American movies.She thought it really helped.A.byB.toC.of
6.Many kinds of animals are ________.We must do something to save them.A.on holiday B.in dangerC.on show
7.I used to be afraid of dark so I went to sleep with the light______.A.onB.offC.out
8.---Jenny, will you still be here this afternoon?
---Yeah, I think I'll stay _____five.Then I'm leaving for dinner.A.atB.sinceC.until
第二篇:形容词和副词,介词,连词
中考复习四 形容词和副词
考试要求:
形容词和副词的中考要求是:形容词改为副词(根据句子的需要);形容词和副词的比较级和最高级;某些特殊变化的形容词和副词的比较级(little-less-least等);形容词的同级比较(as/ so...as...的用法);形容词比较级的叠加句型(如:The more you study,the better you will get)。
知识总结:
1.形容词的知识点:
形容词是用来形容和修饰名词的一类词。大多数形容词具有比较级,形容词的位置一般在其修饰的名词前面。形容词在句子中一般可以作定语、表语和宾语补足语等。
例如:
I want to buy a green sweater.我想买一件绿色的毛衣。(定语)
Our headmaster is ill again.我们的校长又生病了。(表语)
My dog’s death made me very sad.(宾语补足语)
形容词的种类一般有:
(1)简单的形容词有:good 好的,green 绿色的,long 长的,bright 明亮的(2)带有前缀a-的形容词:例如:afraid 害怕的,alike 相同的,asleep 睡觉的
(3)由动词的分词构成的形容词:interesting 有兴趣的,exciting 令人兴奋的;tired 疲劳的
spoiled 宠坏的。
(4)复合形容词:数词+名词+形容词,如:five-year-old 五岁的;
名词+现在分词,如:heart-breaking 令人伤心的;
形容词+现在分词,如:good-looking 英俊的。
2.副词的知识点:
副词经常用来作状语,修饰动词或者形容词,副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
例如:
Your mother spoke to us politely.你妈妈非常有礼貌地给我们说话。
Luckily, we met our English teacher at the gate of the school.幸运的是,我们在校门口遇到了我们英语老师。
副词还可以作表语、宾语补足语和定语等,副词作定语常需放在所修饰词的后面。例如:
Life here is busy and interesting.这里的生活繁忙而有趣。
3.形容词和副词的比较等级:
形容词和副词一般有三个等级,即原级、比较级和最高级。一般来说,表示两者同等或不同等程度时用原级,通常用“as + 形容词/ 副词原级 + as...”或“not as(so)+ 形容词/ 副词原级 + as...”的结构。
例如:
My brother is as tall as I.我弟弟和我一样高。
I will run as fast as I can.我尽可能跑(和我能跑的速度一样快)。
The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that in Wuhan.北京没有武汉热。
表示两者的比较时用比较级,通常用“形容词/ 副词比较级+than”的结构。
例如:
I am much better than I was yesterday.我比昨天好多了。
Math is less interesting than English.数学不如英语有兴趣。
表示一定范围内两者以上的比较时,用最高级,通常用“the + 形容词/ 副词最高级(+名词)+ of(in)...”的结构,只是副词最高级前可省去定冠词the。
例如:
This is the busiest day of the week.这是我本周最繁忙的一天。
My sister sings best in my family.我妹妹是我们家唱歌最好的。
4.形容词和副词的比较级变化规则:
规则变化:
(1)单音节词直接在其后面加-er/-est。例如:tall-taller-tallest hard-harder-hardest(2)以字母e结尾的单音节词在其后面直接加-r/-st。例如:brave-braver-bravest。(3)以一个辅音字母结尾闭音节单音节词,双写这个辅音字母再加-er/-est。
例如:big-bigger-biggest;hot-hotter-hottest。
(4)以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词,先把y改为i,再加-er/-est。
例如:happy-happier-happiest。
(5)其他双音节词和多音节的词,在前面加more和most。例如:
interesting-more interesting-most interesting;
carefully-more carefully-most carefully 不规则变化:
good/well-better-best bad/ill-worse-worst
many/much-more-most little-less-least
far-farther-farthest
badly-worse-worst
5.形容词和副词的比较级的其他用法:
(1)在同级比较的结构as/ so+原级+as...的前面可用just,almost,nearly和half等表示程度。
例如:He doesn’t study half so hard as you.他学习努力的程度不如你的一半。
(2)两者相比表示倍数的时候用twice(...times)as+原级+as结构。
例如:His mistakes are twice as many as yours in the homework.他家庭作业的错误是你的二倍。
(3)比较级前面可以用many,much,far,a little,a bit,a lot等词修饰表示程度。
例如:The sun is much bigger than the earth.太阳比地球大多了。
We will come back a little later.我们会稍迟一点回来。
(4)比较级的前面可以用any和no来修饰。
例如:We were too tired to walk any farther.我们太疲劳了不能再走很远了。
He was no longer a child.他不再是一个小孩子。
(5)两个形容词和副词的比较级可以叠加表示“越来越”的意思。
其结构可以是:比较级+and+比较级,而多音节词可以用more and more+比较级结构。
例如:The days are getting longer and longer.天正变得越来越长了。
Your sister becomes more and more beautiful.你的妹妹变得越来越漂亮了。
(6)如果表示“越„„,就越„„”可以用“the+比较级„„,the+比较级„„”的结构。
例如:The harder you works, the more you will get.你越努力学习,你得到的就越多。
(7)当比较的双方属于同一范围内时候,用other或者else排除自己,因为自己不能和自己比较。
例如:Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.上海比中国其他的城市大。
如果比较的双方不属于同一范围内时候,则不存在和自己比较的情况,所以可以不用other或者
else。
例如:Shanghai is bigger than any city in Heilongjiang.上海比黑龙江的任何城市都大。
易错点点拨:
1.比较级的形式误用。
(1)Your room is more and more dirty.You had better clean it.〔解析〕本句子是考查形容词的比较级叠加的用法。形容词dirty是以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,它的比较级的叠加不能用more and more+形容词,应该用dirtier and dirtier,所以把more and more dirty改为dirtier and dirtier。
(2)Our school is becoming more beautiful and more beautiful.〔解析〕本句子是考查形容词的比较级叠加的用法。形容词beautiful是多音节的形容词, 所以它的比较级的叠加用more and more+形容词的结构。所以去掉第一个beautiful。
2.比较级的修饰词用法混淆。
My English is very better than yours.〔解析〕本句子是考查形容词比较级前的修饰词的用法。形容词的比较级前面可以用many,much,far,a little,a bit,a lot等词修饰表示程度。但不能用very,所以把very改为much。
3.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法相混淆。
I think the car is fastest of all the three.〔解析〕本句子是考查形容词的最高级的用法,形容词的最高级前面用定冠词the,副词的最高级前可以不用定冠词the。所以fastest前加the。
4.比较的对象不一致。
The weather in Beijing is worse than Shanghai.〔解析〕本句子是考查形容词的比较级用法,两者相比的对象必须一致,北京的天气必须和上海的天气相比。所以把Shanghai改为that in Shanghai,用that代替上文提到的weather,以避免重复。
5.形容词和副词用法混淆。
My English teacher always talks friendly with us.我们英语老师总是友好地和我们交谈。
〔解析〕本句子是考查副词修饰动词的用法,但是friendly是形容词。应把friendly改为in a friendly way。
中考复习三
介词和连词
介词
考查要求:
主要体现在单项选择和完形填空中,涉及的题目多,考查的范围广,主要考查介词的基 本意义,意义相近的介词辨析、固定搭配等。
知识总结:
1.介词的概念
介词是一种虚词,一般用在名词、代词等的前面,用来表示其后面的名词或者相当于名词的词或短语和其他句子成分的关系,在句子中不能单独作句子成分,需和它后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词或者相当于名词的词或短语叫介词宾语。可以作介词宾语的词通常有:
1)名词、代词或从句。
He lives near the school.他居住在学校附近。
Our teacher was very angry with him.我们的老师非常生他的气。
2)动名词。
They have a good idea for solving this problem.他们有一个解决这个问题的好方法。
3)动词不定式(仅限于介词but,except)。
I want nothing except to sleep.除了睡觉,我什么也不想做。
2.介词的种类
1)根据结构分类
简单介词:即由一个词构成的单一介词。例如:for,at,in,on,of,to等。
复合介词:即由两个词组合在一起的介词,也称合成介词。例如:
without inside outside into within
短语介词:即由短语构成的介词。例如:because of,according to,thanks to等。
2)根据意义分类
表示地点的介词:at,behind,beside,around,near,on,by,in front of,across等。
表示时间的介词:about,at,after,before,by,during,in,over,past,since,until等。
表示原因的介词:for,with,from等。
表示手段和方式的介词:by,in,with等。
表示“除去”的介词:but,except,besides等。
表示其他含义的介词:about(关于,大约), on(关于), without(没有), off(从„„离开),instead of(代替), with(和)等。
3.介词短语的功能
介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语可以在句子中作下列成分: 1)作表语:
She looks like an actress.她看上去像演员。
What’s the book about? 这本书是讲什么的? 2)作宾语补足语:
A cold kept him in bed for a week.感冒使他卧床一周。
I found my mother on the bus.我发现我妈妈在公交车上。
3)作状语:
I will wait for you until tomorrow.我等你到明天。
The teacher came into the classroom with a smile on her face.那位老师面带笑容进了教室。4)作定语:
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
4.中考经常考查的几组介词的用法
1)时间介词at/ in/ on:
表示具体的时间点(几点钟)和在周末前面用介词at。
I usually get up at six in the morning.我通常在早上六点起床。
I wasn’t here at that time.那时我没在这里。
注意:
at dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时 at night 在夜间 at weekends / the weekend 在周末
表示在特定的日子、某月某日、星期几、节日等时间的前面,或者某一天的早上、下午、晚上的前面用介词on。
We can play football on Sunday.我们可以在星期天踢足球。
They came to my house on a cold winter morning.他们在一个寒冷的早晨来到了我家。表示较长的一段时间段的名词或短语前经常用in,如在早上、下午、晚上;在某月某年等。
I was born in May.我出生在五月。
They came here in 1998.他们在1998年来这里的。
What are you going to do in the winter holiday? 寒假你打算做什么?
注意:
表示上午、下午或晚上的名词前一般用介词in,但是具体到某一天的上午、下午或晚上用介词on。in the morning 在上午 on Monday morning 在星期一的上午
2)时间介词for,since
for 和since引导时间状语都有延续之意。for +时间段表示“(延续).......之久”。since +时间点表示从过去某时延续到现在的一段时间。
They have lived in China for ten years.他们在北京住了十年了。
She has worked here since last year.从去年起她就在这里工作。
3)时间介词in,after
in+时间段表示从现在算起一段时间以后,一般用于将来时;after+时间段表示从过去算起一段时间后,一般用于过去时。另外after后也可以接具体时间用于将来时。
He’ll be back in three hours.他三小时后回来。
He came back after three hours.三小时后,他回来了。
He’ll be back after 3 o’clock.他三点后会回来。
4)方位介词at,in,on,to
表示在某一点的位置或者具体的位置用at。
We will have a picnic at the foot of mountain.我们在山脚下举行野餐。
表示在某一个范围之内的方位用介词in。
Shandong lies in the east of China.山东省在中国的东部。(山东省在中国范围之内)
表示在某一个范围之外的方位用介词to。
Japan lies to the east of China.日本在中国的东部。(日本在中国范围之外)
表示两者相互接触,强调在同一条线或者同一个平面上用介词on。
Shandong lies on the north of Jiangsu.山东省在江苏省的北部。(两省接壤)
5)地点介词in/on / under/ above / over/ below
表示一个物体在另一个物体的上面用介词on。
There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。(书在课桌表面上)
表示一个物体在另一个物体的里面用介词in。
There are some dumplings in the bowl.碗里有一些水饺。(水饺在碗里面)
表示一个物体在另一个物体的下方(一般为正下方)用介词under。
There is a ball under the chair.椅子下面有一个球。(球在椅子的下面)
below意思是“在„„之下”,所指范围较宽,不一定在某物的正下方。
From the plane, we could see the whole town below us.从飞机上我们可以看到下面城镇的全貌。
表示一个物体在另一个物体的上方,并非由“垂直之上”的含义,用介词above, 其反义词为below。
His room is above ours.他的房间在我们的上面。
表示一个物体在另一个物体的正上方用介词over,有时有“覆盖;越过”之意。
His room is over ours.他的房间就是我们头上的那间。
There is a big bridge over the river.河上有一座大桥。(桥在河的上面)
6)方位介词between,among
between是表示在两者之间;among表示在三者或者三者以上之间。
It’s a secret between you and I.这是我和你之间的秘密。
There is a village among the trees.在树林里面有一个小村庄。
7)表示工具、手段、材料的in,by,with
in可以和表示某种语言的名词连用表示“用某种语言”。
Can you answer my question in English?你能用英语回答我的问题吗?
in也可以表示用某种工具或者材料的意思。
Don’t write in pencil.Please write in ink.不要用铅笔写,请用钢笔写。
by指使用的方法和手段,by和表示交通工具的名词连用时,中间不用冠词。
My father often goes to work by bus.我爸爸经常乘坐公共汽车去上班。
He made a living by selling newspapers.他靠卖报为生。
with表示“借助于某种具体的工具或身体部位”。例如:
We write with our hands.我们用手写字。
I cut the cake with a knife.我用刀子切开了蛋糕。
8)方位介词across,through,past
表示从某一个物体的表面横过、穿过用介词across。
They swam across the river.他们游过了河。
从某一个物体的里面或者一定范围内穿过、横过用介词through。
The boys go through the forest quickly.这些男孩子快速地穿过树林。
从旁边经过用past。
They drove past a big supermarket.他们开车经过一家大超市。
9)except,besides
except表示“除„„之外(其他的都)”其后的宾语是被排除在整体之外的。besides表示“除„„之外(其他的也)”,其后的宾语是被包括在整体之内的。
All the students took part in the sports meeting except Tom.除了汤姆以外,其他的同学都参加了运动会。(汤姆没有参加)
We need three more boys besides Tom.除了汤姆以外,我们还需要三个男同学。(我们也需要汤姆)
易错点点拨:
介词容易出错的地方在于上述一些介词的用法的混淆及在一些固定搭配中的误用。
1)I usually play football with my friends in Sunday afternoon.〔解析〕本题是考查介词的用法,表示在早上、下午、晚上用介词in,但表示在具体的某一天的早上、下午、晚上用介词on。所以把in改为on。
2)Guang Dong is in the south of Beijing.〔解析〕表示方位的介词用in/on/to,在范围之内用in,而广东不在北京的范围之内,所以把in改为to。
3)I was born at July 1st, 1997.〔解析〕表示在某日或者某日的早上、下午、晚上用介词on,本句子的1997年7月1日是表示具体的一天,所以用介词on。需把at改为on。
4)—How do you go to work?—I often go to work by my father’s car.〔解析〕表示乘坐某种交通工具,用介词by+表示交通工具的名词,中间不用冠词,但是如果这个名词前有其他的修饰词,则不能用by。此题应该把by改为in。
5)We are asked to explain the work with English.〔解析〕表示使用某种语言用介词in,从本句子的意思理解是用介词in 和English连用表示“使用英语解释”的意思。因此把with改成in。
6)They have learned a lot of subjects except English and Chinese.〔解析〕表示除了之外可以用两个介词except和besides,except是不包括的意思,从整体中排除except的后面的人或者物体;beside表示除了之外是包括的意思,表示在原来的基础上再加上besides后面的人或者物体。所以此题中把except改为besides。
7)It is very clever for your brother to do the work like this.〔解析〕在句型It is+形容词+of/for +somebody +to do something中,用of还是用for取决于形容词,如果形容词是描述人物性格特征,后面的人与形容词有主语和表语的关系,用介词of;如果形容词不是描述人物性格特征,后面的人与形容词没有主语和表语的关系,用介词for。所以把for改为of。再如:
It’s important for you to come on time.8)At the end, we came to the top of the mountain.〔解析〕此题考查介词的固定搭配。at the end of „表示在„„末,此句中应该用in the end表示“最后”,所以应该把at改成in。
连词
考查要求:
通过连词来考查对句子的整体理解是近几年高考的热点,如两个分句的逻辑关系、结合连词考查的状语从句、连词的具体意义等。经常考查的重点连词有and,but,or,while,however及引导从句的连词if和whether;before和after等。
知识总结:
1.连词的概念
连词是连接单词、短语、从句或者句子的一种虚词,在句子中不能单独作句子的成分,一般不重读。连词基本可以分为: 1)简单连词:
如:or,and,but,if,because
2)关联连词:
如:both,and,not only„but also„
3)短语连词:
如:as if,as long as,in order to,so that
2.连词的用法
A.并列连词
1)表示平行或者对等关系,常用的有and,so,not only„but also„(不仅„„而且„„),both„and„(两者都„„),neither„nor„(既不„„也不„...)等。
Not only does he love the teachers, but also the teachers love him.他爱老师,老师也爱他。
2)表示转折关系,常用的有but,yet(然而),while(然而)等。
I am poor,but I am very happy.我很贫穷,但是我很愉快。
3)表示选择关系,常用的有or,either„or„(或者„„或者„„),not „but „(不 是„„而是„„)等。:
You may go with us,or you may stay at home.你或者和我们一起去,或者呆在家里。
4)表示因果关系,常用的有:for(因为),so(因此)等,此时for不能放在句首。
He must sleep, for his room is dark.他一定睡了,因为房间是暗的。
B.从属连词
1)引导时间状语从句,常用的有:before,after,when,while,until,since,as soon as等。
I will come to tell you as soon as it comes out.结果一出来我就来告诉你。
2)引导原因状语从句,常用的有:because(因为),as(因为),since(既然)
Because it was too late, we took a taxi.因为天晚了,我们打了一辆出租车。
3)引导结果状语从句,常用的有:so„ that(如此„„以致于),such„that(如此„„以致于),so that(结果„„)等。
She was so careless that she forgot to write her name on the paper.她那么粗心,都忘记在卷子上写名字。
4)引导条件状语从句,常用的有:if,unless(除非),as long as(只要)等。
We will come here if it is fine tomorrow.如果明天天气好的话我们就来这里。
5)引导让步状语从句,常用的有:though,although,even if(即使),however(无论怎样)等。
We were still working though it was very late.尽管很晚了我们仍然在工作。
6)引导比较状语从句,常用的有:as,than,so/ as„as,more than。
This book is more interesting than that one.这本书比那本更有兴趣。
7)引导地点状语从句,常用的有:where,wherever等。
Please stay where you are.请呆在你现在的地方。
8)引导名词性从句(如宾语从句),常用的有:that,if,whether,who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how。
Can you tell me when they got there? 你能告诉我他们是什么时候到那里的吗?
I think that he’ll be back soon.我认为他们不久就会回来。
3.连词使用时的几个注意事项:
1)not only„ but also„, neither„ nor „, either „ or„, not „ but„接主语时,谓语动词按就近原则处理。
Not only you but also he has to leave.不只是你,他也得离开。
Either you or I am wrong.不是你错,就是我错。
Not money but workers are what we need.我们需要的不是钱,而是工人。
2)祈使句,+and/ or +简单句,前面的祈使句表示条件,后面的简单句表示结果,or意思为“否则”。
Hurry up, and we’ll catch the bus.快点,我们就能赶上车。
Hurry up, or we’ll be late.快点,否则我们会晚的。
3)英语中连词because和so一般不能同时在一个句子使用,同样连词although和but也不能同时在一个句子中用。这一点和汉语完全不同。
Though he is young, he can help his mother a lot.虽然他很小,但是能给他妈妈帮很多忙。(无but)
It was too hot in the room, so he took off his coat.因为房间里很热,所以他脱掉了外套。(无because)
易错点点拨:
1.Because he was ill, so my father didn’t come to my party.〔解析〕从句子的意思理解上下句是因果关系,英语中因为“because”和所以“so”一般不连用,所以去掉so。
2.Both you and he has to go there on foot.〔解析〕表示并列关系的连词both„and连接主语时,谓语动词应该用复数,所以把has改为have。
3.I am ill, and I still go to school.〔解析〕从前后两个句子的意思理解是转折关系,所以用连词but表示转折。表示“尽管我病了,我仍然去上学”。所以把and改为but。
4.—Which do you like better, tea and coffee? —I like tea better than coffee.〔解析〕从问句的前半句Which do you like better可以判断后面用连词or表示选择关系。所以把and改为or。
5.My brother likes swimming better to studying.〔解析〕从句子的意思理解是用连词than引导表示比较的状语从句。所以把to改为than。但是prefer„ to„,是固定搭配,表示“和„„相比,更喜欢„„”。
6.We want to know as your father will come to our party tomorrow.〔解析〕从句子的意思理解可以看出“We want to know”后面是宾语从句,而as不能引导宾语从句,应该用连词if/whether表示“是否”或when表示“什么时候”来引导的宾语从句。所以把as改为if/whether/when。
第三篇:中考冲刺英语课题专练--形容词、副词
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
【形容词】
Spring is coming.The trees are green, and the flowers are beautiful.多么美的季节啊!我们要去郊游, 去感受、去描绘我们周围美好的事物。形容词会帮你忙。可是形容词怎么使用起来老出错呀?不是放错了位置,搞错了级别,就是在使用多个形容词作定语时排错了顺序。当然了,形容词使用时需要遵循一些规则的。想知道吗?接着往下看。
a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作
定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律:冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。
There is something wrong with my bike。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮,为什么wrong放在something的后面呢?原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的,但当形容词所修饰的词为something,anything,nothing,everything等以-thing为字尾的词语时,形容词要后置。
形容词级别问题:
a.Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。(我们的教室是他们的两倍。)这种表示倍数的句子用 …times +形容词比较级+than … 这样的格式。你记住了吗?
b.I'm three years older than you.(我比你大三岁。)表示“大三岁,”“高二厘米”等时用“表示数量词的词+比较级”。
c.“越来越……”用“比较级+and +比较级”来表示。如:The earth is getting warmer and warmer。(地球变得越来越暖和。)
d.“越……就越……”用“the +比较级…,the+比较级…”来表示。如: The busier he is,the happier he feels。(他越忙,越觉得高兴。)
最高级用法的用法就很简单了,提醒你一点,最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的:
alone 和lonely:I feel lonely, because I am alone at home.你独自一人在家用
“alone” 表示“单独的”、“独自一人的”,它表示一个客观事实,在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞,用“lonely”,表示主观上感到 “孤独”“寂寞”,指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪,可作定语和表语。
older和elder: Jack is older than me, he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用“older”,表示“年纪大的,年老的”,常用做表语;他是我的长兄用“elder”,表示“年老的,年长的”,用做定语,只用于比较两个人的长幼,只能作表语。
接下来又到了我们趁热打铁的时间了,你准备好了吗?
练习:
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
1.Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other
B.two little other
C.two other little
D.little other two
2.Which is the _______country, Japan or Australia?
A.more developed
B.more developing
C.most developed
D.most developing
3.- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
- It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last
4.The books are not ________ to be published.A.enough intersting
B.interesting enough
C.so interesting
D.too interesting
5.What's your _______sports?
A.the most favorite
B.most favorite
C.favorite
D.the favorite
6.There's ________ with the recorder
A.anything wrong
B.wrong anything
C.something wrong
D.wrong something
7.His sister is _______than he.A.younger five years
B.five years younger
C.five year younge
D.five younger years
8.-We should speak English in and after class.-Yes, _____, ________.A.more , better
B.the more, the bette
C.much, better
D.the often, the better
9.The old man lives alone, he feels ________.A.alone
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
B.lonely
C.lone
D.alonely
10.I think bananas are ________of all the fruits.A.delicious
B.much delicious
C.more delicious
D.the most delicious
实战:
1.-What's this in English?
- It's ______apple.A.a
B.an
C.the
D.不填
2.I was born ________February 18, 1981.A.on
B.in
C.at
D.of
3.There isn't ______water in the glass.A.some
B.lots
C.many
D.any
4.- “________do you watch TV?”
- “ Twice a week.”
A.How long
B.How far
C.How often
D.How many
5.I have two pencils, one is long, _______is short.A.another
B.other
C.the other
D.others
6.They are poor, _______they are always happy.A.and
B.but
C.or
D.so
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
7._______beautiful the flowers are!
A.How
B.What
C.How a
D.What a
8.-“Do you ________English?”
- “Only a little.”
A.tell
B.speak
C.say
D.talk
9.There are about _________students in our grade.A.two hundreds and twenty-five
B.two hundreds and twenty five
C.two hundred and twenty-five
D.two hundred twenty-five
10.His name is Robert Thomas Brown.The students call him ________.A.Mr Robert
B.Mr Thomas
C.Mr Thomas Brown
D.Mr Brown
11.Your books are here, where are _________?
A.my
B.mine
C.I
D.me
12.She will write to me sa soom as she _______in Paris.A.will arrive
B.arrive
C.arriving
D arrives
13.- “It's a fine day, ______?”
- “Yes, let's go out for a walk.”
A.is it
B.it is
C.isn't it
D.it isn't
14.Could you tell us________?
A.when will the meeting start
B.when the meeting will start
C.the meeting will start when
D.then meeting when will start
15.- “My bike is broken, can you mend it?”
- “Sorry, ______.”
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
A.I can't
B.I won't
C.I can
D.I don't
【副词】
学完了形容词,副词讲解起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词,如形容词quick 加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly , lovely 虽然以 ly 结尾,但实则是形容词,She is friendly to me(她对我很友好。)可千万不要误认为是副词哟!
副词可修饰动词、形容词和副词,这些用法相信大家已经掌握。那我们挑选一下易混、易用错的来详细讲解一下。
already 和 yet :
Where is Tom? He hasn't come yet.But Jack is already here.这句话中又是 already,又有yet,是怎么回事吗?原来already和yet意思虽然相同,但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用 already,一般放于句中,用于肯定句和疑问句。含有already的肯定句,变为否定句时,要将already 变为yet,且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生,位于句尾,一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
还迷糊吗?再迷糊,只好再看一看上面的例句喽。
hard 和 hardly:
hard,hardly 两者虽然只有-ly之差,意义却大不相同。hard表示“辛苦,使劲,努力,”如:He
works very hard.(他学习非常努力。)而hardly为否定副词,表示“几乎不”。如:The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it.(这箱子是那么沉,他几乎搬不动。)
ago 和 before:
ago 不能单独使用,应与three days(months , weeks)等连用, 而且和动词的过去时连用。如: I met my neighbour an hour ago.Before 之前有“一段时间”时,指“距这段时间以前”,和过去完成时连用。如:He said he had finished the work two days before.(他说他两天前已完成了工作。)如果before单独使用,是泛指“以前”,常常和完成时连用。如:I have seen the film before.(我以前没看过这部电影。)
farther 和 further:
far 有两种比较级,farther,further.在英语中两者都可指距离。如: He runs farther than she does.(他比她跑得远。)在美语中,farther 表示距离,further表示进一步。如: I have nothing further to say.(我没什么要说的了。)
至于副词的比较级和最高级问题,参照形容词的就OK了。
试试趁热打铁如何?
练习:
1.The teacher was very angry and decided to send ______school, so he wasn't a student any longer.A.away him from
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
B.him away from the
C.away him out of
D.him away from
2._______, he didn't fail in the English exam.A.Luck
B.Lucky
C.Luckily
D.Luckly
3.-Are you feeling ____?
-Yes,I'm fine now.A.any well
B.any better
C.quite good
D.quite better
4.The more we looked at the picture, _________.A.the less we liked it
B.we like it less
C.better we like it
D.it looked better
5.After the new machine was introduced,the factory produced ___ shoes in 1988 as the year before.A.as twice many
B.as many twice
C.twice as many
D.twice many as
6.Our English needs to be______improved.A.farther
B.farthest
C.further
D.far
7.What a pity!Lucy ran _______ more slowly than Lily.A.a few
B.much
C.a little
D.little
8.He is running _______now.A.more slowly and more slowly
B.slowlier and slowlier
C.more and more slowly
D.slowly and slowly
9.Last night my father went back _________later than before.A.quite
B.very
C.even
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
D.much more
10.The sick man was too thin to go any _______.A.far
B.farther
C.further
D.farthest
实战:
1.The answer is nice and soft.Shall I ______the shopkeeper if I can try it on?
A.ask
B.answer
C.speak
D.tell
2.Tickets, please.May I ______your ticket please, madam?
A.show
B.watch
C.find
D.see
3.It's not good to ______when you are waiting for a bus.A.stand in line
B.get on well
C.jump the queue
D.wait for your turn
4.It's hard to count the monkeys, they're running and jumping__________.A.at times
B.all the time
C.more or less
D.right away
5.I'm sorry, we've _______the shoes in your size.A.paid for
B.put on
C.sold out
D.put away
6.Weihua's pen was________, so she needed a new one.A.broken
B.long
C.cheap
D.here
7.You can often buy things from their shop _______home.A.of the way
B.by the way
C.another way of
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
D.on your way
8.The teacher in the school library is very________.You must return your library book on time!
A.kind
B.lonely
C.strict
D.polite
9.Thanks to man-make satellite, the world itself is becoming a much smaller_____.A.space
B.place
C.room
D.universe
10.I like the sweater, but it ________too much.A.uses
B.takes
C.costs
D.spends
11.Father Christmas lands on top of _______house and climbs down the chimney into the fire-place.A.each
B.all
C.either
D.both
12.The ice is very thin.It's _______dangerous _____walk on it.A.so, that
B.as, as
C.from, to
D.too, to
13.One day his mother was ill.She ______a doctor.A.sent for
B.sent away
C.sent up
D.fell behind
14.He _______the radio and listened to the music.A.opened
B.turned on
C.turned off
D.closed
15.The doctor _______Mrs Brown very carefully and then said: “ There's nothing much wrong with you.”
A.watched
B.operated
C.looked over
D.looked after
中考冲刺英语课题专练---形容词副词
第四篇:副词和形容词
演讲稿 工作总结 调研报告 讲话稿 事迹材料 心得体会 策划方案
副词和形容词
形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为: 地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
一、形容词和副词的基本用法 【翻译句子】
(1)这是一座美丽的公园。
It's a beautiful park.(2)这个动物园既生动又有趣。The zoo is both moving and interesting.(3)谁把窗开着的?
Who left the window open? 【结论1】形容词在句中一般作定语(修饰名词)、表语、补语。【完成例句】
(4)你是完全对的。
You are completely right.(5)他昨晚很晚才睡觉。
He went to bed late last night.(6)幸运的是,我没有被撞倒。
Luckily, I was not knocked down.精心收集
精心编辑
精致阅读
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演讲稿 工作总结 调研报告 讲话稿 事迹材料 心得体会 策划方案
【结论2】副词在句中主要作状语,用来修饰形容词、副词、动词和句子。【疑难】
He finally came back, safe and sound.【疑难剖析】形容词若作状语,表示主语所处的状态。
二、形容词的位置 【完成例句】
(7)今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。There is nothing new in today's newspaper.(8)人民,只有人民,才是创造历史的动力。
The people, and the people alone, are the motive force in the making of world history.(9)你还知道别的什么? What else do you know?(10)你认识那个肩上扛一袋米的人吗?
Do you know the man carrying a bag full of rice on his back? 【结论】单个形容词作前置定语,但在下列情况作后置定语:
形容词修饰不定代词时;当表语形容词alone, awake, alive, asleep, alike等作定语时;else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语;形容词构成短语时作后置定语。3.多个形容词排序: 【完成例句】
精心收集
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(11)大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。
There is a big round conference table in the hall.(12)她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。
She lost a small shiny black leather handbag.(13)我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。
I wanted a blue German sports car.【结论】常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄与新老,颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。即:限定词(冠词、代词、数词等)+ 描绘性形容词(beautiful、interesting…)+大小、长短、高低形容词+形状、年龄、新旧形容词+颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词+用途、类别形容词+ 中心名词。可以简单地记为:“县官行令宴国才。”
三、副词的用法 1.副词的种类
时间副词 now, today, recently, late, soon, yet等。频率副词 often, always, usually, seldom, frequently等。
地点、方向副词 away, abroad, anywhere, downstairs, home, here, there等。
方式副词 clearly, carefully, alone, high, quickly等。
程度副词 almost, a little, much, very, rather, quite, fairly, deeply等。疑问连接副词 when, where, why, how等。
否定副词 not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never等。
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其他副词 even, also, only, too, perhaps等。2.副词的位置 【完成例句】
(14)这本书是很有趣的。This book is quite interesting.(15)这男孩已够大,可以上学了。
【结论1】 The boy is old enough to go to school.副词修饰形容词和副词时,应放在被修饰的词之前,但enough, nearby必须置于其后。【完成例句】
(16)他总是乐于助人。
He is always ready to help others.(17)我永远也忘不了那天。
I will never forget that day.【结论2】频率副词(always, often, usually, never, seldom, hardly, sometimes等)要放在实义动词之前,be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。【完成例句】
(18)幸运的是,他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。
Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men.(19)对她来说,她的继母对她很慈善。
Happily for her, her stepmother was kind to her.【结论3】修饰全句的副词多置于句首,作评注性状语。
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【疑难1】
分清常用同义与近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别。He planted this tree three years ago.Have you seen the movie before?
He is good at singing, but doesn't feel well today.【疑难剖析1】 ago、before: ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”;before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用 ago。
good、well:与good不同的是,well作形容词,只能在系动词后作表语,表示“身体状况好”,也作副词修饰动词。
real、true:形容词,表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的,在句中常作定语;true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合,在句中作表语或定语。【疑难2】词性辨析 He was very friendly.He jumped high in the game and we all thought highly of him.The thunder was very frightening, so the little girl was very frightened.【疑难剖析2】
(1)下列单词以“-ly”结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely等。
(2)表原义(无“-ly”)和引申义(有“-ly”)的副词:close近,closely 仔细地; late晚,lately最近;deep深,表示空间深度,deeply
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时常表示感情上的深度,深深地;wide表示空间宽度,widely广泛地;free免费,freely 无限制地。
有无“-ly”意义大不相同的副词:dead完全,绝对;be dead asleep;deadly非常;be deadly tired。
pretty相当,be pretty certain that…,pretty good;prettily漂亮地,be prettily dressed;most 最,mostly主要地;绝大多数。
(3)注意某些分词转化而来的形容词。表示情感类的过去分词表示心理状态,而现在分词则表示性质,令人……
这类词常见的有: exciting令人激动的 excited感到激动的 delighting令人高兴的 delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的 disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的 encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的 pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人费解的 puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的
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satisfied感到满意的 surprising令人惊异的 surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的 worried感到担心的
四、比较句型
1.原级句型:A与B 相同 / 不同:as…as…,the same as, such…as…,not as(so)…as… 【翻译句子】
(20)我几乎和你年龄一样大。
I am almost as old as you.【结论1】as…as 之间一定要用形容词或副词原形。“as…as”可用almost, quite, just, about, nearly, twice, by no means(根本)修饰,置于“as…as”之前。【翻译句子】
(21)约翰不像杰克那样聪明。John is not as / so clever as Jack.【结论2】so用以替代第一个as时,只能用于否定句。【完成例句】
(22)鲍伯和玛丽读了一样多的书。Bob has read as many books as Mary.(23)这瓶子里的水和那瓶子里的水一样多。
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There is as much water in this bottle as in that bottle.【结论3】as much+不可数名词+as,而as many+可数名词复数+as。
【完成例句】
(24)德语和英语一样也是一门难的语言。German is as difficult a language as English.(25)面包是和米饭一样重要的食物。Bread is as important food as rice.【结论4】as+adj.+不定冠词+可数名词单数+as;as+adj.+不可数名词+as。
2.比较级+than的句型 【完成例句】
(26)她唱得比别人好得多。
She sings far / much better than the others.【结论1】比较级前可用much, far, a lot, a little, a bit, rather, even, still, a great deal等表示程度,但比较级前不能再用more。【完成例句】
(27)他比班里其他同学学习刻苦。
He studies harder than any other student in his class.【结论2】表示不同程度比较时,句子主语不能包括在比较对象的范围之内。他本身也是学生,不能用any students来表示比较对象的范围。
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【完成例句】
(28)汤姆的自行车比吉姆的贵。
Tom's bike is more expensive than Jim's(=Jim's bike).(29)北京的天气比上海冷。(that指代天气)The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai.【结论3】比较的对象要一致,一般说来同等的两个事物才能比较。【翻译句子】(30)两人中他高一点。Heis the taller of the two.【结论4】比较级范围是由of 引出两者之间的比较,比较级前要用定冠词。【完成例句】
(31)父母之爱,是世间最伟大的爱。
There is no greater love than that given by parents in the world.【结论5】比较级用于否定句中表示最高级的意思。3.最高级句型(只用于三者或以上的比较)【完成例句】
(32)它们是世界上最大的动物。
They're the biggest animals in the world.【结论1】形容词最高级要加the。【完成例句】
(33)He is a brightest student.精心收集
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他是一个非常聪明的学生。
【结论2】如不表示比较,也没有表示比较范围的状语,最高级前用a 时,作“十分”、“非常”解。【翻译句子】
(34)他是班里第二高的男生。He is the second tallest boy in our class.【结论3】最高级可用by far, easily, nearly, by no means,序数词等修饰,置于最高级之前。
4.倍数表达法的句式 【例句观察】
(1)我们的新房子是旧房子的3倍大。
Our new house was three times as large as the old one.=Our new house was twice larger than the old one.=Our new house was three times the size of the old one.(2)202_年的汽车产量是202_年的产量的6倍。The output of cars in 202_ is 6 times that of 202_.=The output of cars in 202_ is 6 times what it was in 202_.【结论4】倍数表达法主要有以下5种:(1)…倍数+as+原级+as…(2)…倍数+比较级+than…
(3)…倍数+the size / length / weight / height of…(4)…倍数+that of…
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(5)…倍数+what…
【特别提醒】表示倍数的词始终在前面。
5.一些固定习惯用语与句型。
【句型1】 “the+比较级…,the+比较级…”结构,意为“越……,越……”。
The higher the temperature(is),the greater is the pressure(=the greater the pressure is).
温度越高,压力就越大。
【句型2】 “比较级+and+比较级”结构,意为“越来越……”,表示程度逐渐增长。
Our life is getting better and better.我们的生活越来越好。【句型3】常见的比喻结构有:
as free as a bird, as hungry as a wolf, as strong as a horse, as clever as a fox, as busy as a bee…
【句型4】 as long as 只要,有……之久; as far as 到……地点,就……而言;as high as 高达……程度; as well as 既……又; as good as 几乎
【句型5】
A is to B what C is to D.A和B 的关系就像C和D的关系。Air is to man what water is to fish.精心收集
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空气和人类的关系就像水和鱼的关系。【疑难1】
That little girl is more tired than hungry.那个小女孩是累了而不是饿了(与其说那小女孩饿了,还不如说她累了)。【疑难剖析】
1)more…than…是……而不是……,与其说是……不如说是…… 2)no more than = only 只不过(言其少)not more than= at most不多于,至少(指事实)no more…than…和……一样不…… not more…than…不比……更……
no less than = as much as和……一样多…… no fewer than = as many as和……一样多
【疑难2】
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.【疑难剖析2】can't be too+adj.= can't be +adj.+ enough 无论……都不为过
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第五篇:冠词、名词。代词、形容词、副词、介词的知识点
冠词
不定冠词的用法及语法说明 1.用 a 还是用an:
一般说来,在辅音或半元音开头的词前用a, 而在元音开头的词前用an。注意:
有些以元音字母开头的单词,由于第一个音不是元音而是辅音,其前仍用a而不用an:
a one-eyed man 一个独眼人
a European country 一个欧洲国家
2.单数可数名词若泛指,其前需加 a,an, 不要从汉语习惯出发,漏掉此不定冠词:
He is a famous film star.他是著名影星。
3.专有名词转化为普通名词,其前可用 a(an),表示某某人或某某人的一部作品、艺术品等:
a Mr Smith 一位名叫史密斯先生的人
4.物质名词转化为普通名词,其前可以使用 a(an),有时表示相应产品或种类,有时表示数量关系: a good wine 一种好酒
5.在序数词之前使用a(an),可以表示数量或序数的增加: Soon I saw a second plane.不久我又看到了一架飞机。6.与形容词的最高级连用,表示“非常”、“很”等:
This is a almost interesting story.这是一个非常有趣的故事。
7.用于修饰名词的定语前,表示某种状态。此时的不定冠词含有类似 a kind of 的意思:
climate 气候→a mild climate 温和的气候
have breakfast 吃早餐→have a quick breakfast吃快餐
8.不定冠词a(an)与数词 one 都可表示“一”,但是两者有差别: 不定冠词 a(an)表示“类别”概念,而数词 one 表示“数量”概念
9.两个单数可数名词连用表示一个整体时,只用一个冠词: He is a teacher and poet.他既是老师又是诗人。
10.与副词 quite / rather 连用时,a(an)一般要后置,但若其后的名词前有形容词修饰,则 a(an)放在 quite rather 之前或之后均可以:
He is rather a fool.他是个大傻瓜。
It is quite a good book.那是本很好的书。It is a quite good book.那是本很好的书。
11.当 too, so, as, how 等词之后接有“形容词+单数可数名词”时,不定冠词 a(an)应放在形容词和单数可数名词之间 It is too difficult a book for us beginners.She is as good a cook as her mother.12.不定冠词可用来表示“类属”,这是其基本用法,它表明的是某一类属中的每一个人和东西都能说明该类属的整体情况。此时也可用定冠词或名词复数形式来表示。
正:A horse is a useful animal.正:Horses are useful animals. 定冠词的主要用法归纳
1.表示特指:特指某(些)人或某(些)物(包括用于上文提到过的人或物之前,以及说话双方都知道的人或物)。如:
We have a cat and two dogs.The cat is black and the dogs are white.2.表示独一无二:用在世界上“独一无二”的事物的名词前。如: The earth goes round the sun.3.用于最高级前:即用于形容词或副词的最高级前。Who picked the most apples? Of the four of us, I sang the worst.4.用于序数词或方位词之前。He was the first man to think of it.Italy is in the south of Europe.5.用于乐器名词前:表示相应乐器的演奏。如: Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute.。
6.表示人体部位:用于某些介词短语中指身体的某个部位。如: He patted me on the back.。
7.用于表示一家人:用于在姓氏的复数形式之前表示一家人或夫妇二人。如: The Smiths live in the apartment above ours.8.用于江河湖海等前:用于江河湖海、山脉群岛、海湾海峡等地理名词前。如: The Yellow River flows into the Yellow Sea.9.用于某些含有普通名词的专有名词前:用于某些国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等含有普通名词与其他词构成的专有名词。如: We visited the Great Wall yesterday.定冠词的五种特指&类别用法 一,定冠词的五种特指
(1)特指前面已提到的人或物:
Look!A car has stopped there.The car is beautiful.(2)特指说话双方都知道或能体会到的人或物: Why not ask the teacher? Pass me the dictionary, please.(3)用于带后置定语的名词前,表示特定的人或物: I like the magazine on the desk.The supper her mother cooked was delicious.。
(4)用于比较级前,特指两个被比较对象中的一个: Of the two brothers, the younger is more interesting.(5)用于加强特指含义,意为“正好是”、“刚好是”等(此时的定冠词需重读)This is the word to be used here.。二,定冠词的类别用法
(1).与单数可数名词连用表类别。
The cobra is dangerous.眼镜蛇是危险的。
定冠词和不定冠词与单数可数名词连用都可表示“类别”,有时可互换(此时用复数形式也是可能的):
A horse is a useful animal./ The horse is a useful animal./ Horses are useful animals.【注】不定冠词表示类别时往往强调的是个体,主要起泛指作用,具有类似any的含义,如说A tiger can be dangerous(老虎是危险的),其意是指任何一只老虎都是危险的。但是,若要表示某个类属的整体,即概括某个类属的所有成员,则不能用不定冠词,而用定冠词,如以下两例中的定冠词就不能换成不定冠词(但可用复数): The tiger is [Tigers are] in danger of becoming extinct.The motor car has [Motor cars have] become very popular.。
另一方面,尽管可以用定冠词加单数可数名词来表示某一类人或物,但在很多情况下这种用法会让人造成误解或含义不清。如说Atiger can be dangerous(老虎是危险的),其意是清楚的,若说成The tiger can be dangerous,则可能有歧义,即可理解为“老虎是危险的”或“这只老虎是危险的”。
概括地说,当要泛指某类人或物中的任何一个时,通常用不定冠词,若不产生歧义或误解,也可用定冠词;但是,当要概括某个类属的整体时,则只能用定冠词,不能用不定冠词。
(2).与某些形容词连用表示类别 ① 与表示特征、特性、品质等方面的形容词连用: He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.Those of us who are sighted don’t understand the problems of the blind.【注】这类用法往往具有复数意义:
The rich are not always happier than the poor.The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.但若表抽象概念,则表单数意义:
The beautiful is not always the same as the good.② 与某些过去分词转化来的形容词连用: Times are hard for the unemployed.Many of the wounded died on their way to hospital.③ 与某些表国籍的形容词连用:
The French are famous for their cooking.法国人以善烹调著称。④与某些形容词连用表示抽象概念
One must learn to take the bad with the good.人必须学会好坏都能承受。【注】:“the+形容词”的语法特征 ①复数性:“the+形容词”表示一类具有某种特征或特性的人时,通常表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语要用复数。如:
The injured were carried away on stretchers.用担架把受伤的人抬走了。
The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。②单数性:“the+形容词”若表示抽象概念,则表示单数意义,用作主语时,谓语要用单数如:
The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true.③单复性:有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义,也表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。如:the good 指“好人”时表复数意
义,指“善”时表单数意义;the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义,指多名被告时表复数意义。比较:
The accused was acquitted of the charge.被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the charge.被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)④习惯性:有的表达带有一定的习惯性,如“病人”习惯说成 the sick,而不说 the ill;这类结构习惯上不用于-’s 所有格形式,若语义需要,可考虑用 of 所有格。如: 正:He is interested in the problems of the poor.他对穷人的问题感兴趣。 零冠词的用法: 1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this? 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.名词
名词
名词的种类:
专有名词 普通名词 国名.地名.人名,团体.机构名称可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 名词的数:
一、规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves,加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes,不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,二、不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)表示“某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches
将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants 名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1.’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys, women’s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s Japan and America’s problems, 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法:
1 表示时间 today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday ○2 表示自然现象 the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches ○3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s ○industry 表示工作群体 the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory
○5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples ○6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life’s time, the play’s plot ○7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)○ 5
3.of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 代词:
一、代词可以分为以下七大类: 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
二、不定代词用法注意点: 1.one, some与any: 1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3)some 和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2.each和every: each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary./ Each(of us)has a dictionary./ We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./ Every one of us has strong and weak points.3.none和no:
no等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties.4.other和another:
1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个,复数为the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I don’t like this shirt, please show me another(one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5.all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English./ Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./ Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us is a teacher.形容词和副词
I.形容词:
1.形容词的位置:
1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2)复合形容词的构成: 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II.副词
副词的分类: 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 关系副词 when, where, why III.形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1.同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如:I am not so good a player as you are.2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如:The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:I have never spent a more worrying day.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
介词
I.介词分类: 简单介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 合成介词 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like, unlike, near, next, opposite II.常用介词区别: 表示时间的in, on, at at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 表示时间的in, after in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的in, on, to in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 表示“关于”的about, on about指涉及到,on指专门论述 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 表示“用”的in, with with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 as与like的区别 as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似in与into区别 in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置