第一篇：美国和英国警察的警衔-中英文对照

美国警察的警衔

美国因为是联邦制国家，各州法律不同，所以警察没有全国统一的警衔，各州各行其是，大都把职务和警衔等融为一体。纽约市的警察有十个等级，包括：总局长、分局长、助理分局长、副分局长、督察、助理督察、警长、副警长、警官、巡警。洛杉矶市的警衔有九级：局长、副局长、分局长、上尉、组长、巡官、刑警、巡佐、警员。

纽约警察局(NYPD)警衔：

Officer = 警员

Detective = 警探

Sergeant = 警司

Lieutenant = 警督

Captain = 警监

Deputy Inspector = 副高级警监

Inspector = 高级警监

Deputy Chief = 副总警监

Assistant Chief = 助理总警监

Bureau Chief = 处总警监

Chief of Department = 局总警监

NYPD的中低各衔别还分具体档次, 这点与LAPD警衔是一样的.但与LAPD不同的是, NYPD最高首长并非局总警监, 而是Police Commissioner=警察专员.警察专员之下还有若干Deputy Policer Commissioner=副警察专员(包括一名First Deputy Police Commissioner=第一副警察专员).警察专员与副警专员均为文职, 所以并不算警衔.而作为NYPD警衔最高的局总警监, 行政地位要低于警察专员和副警察专员.洛杉机警察局(LAPD)警衔

Police Officer = 警员

Police Detective = 警探

Police Sergeant = 警司

Police Lieutenant = 警督

Police Captain = 警监

Police Commander = 警长

Police Deputy Chief = 副总警监

Chief of Police = 总警监

说明: 从警官到警监, 各级内还有不同档次.比如, 警官分为1/2/3级, 刚服役新警衔别为1级警官, 依此类推.总警监只有一名, 既LAPD局长, 是LAPD最高首长.佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔

Trooper = 警员

Corporal = 警士

Sergeant = 警司

Lieutenant = 警督

Captain = 警监

Major = 警长

Lieutenant Colonel = 副总警监

Colonel = 总警监

佛蒙特州警是美国典型的州级警察, 行政上隶属于该州公安厅领导.除了警员分为2级与1级两档外, 其他衔别没有档次.总警监只有一名, 担任佛蒙特州警主任.佛蒙特州警(VTSP)警衔

马里兰州警察厅(MDSP)警衔图表

TROOPER = 警员(无警章)

TROOPER FIRST CLASS = 一级警员

CORPORAL = 警士

SERGEANT = 警司

DETECTIVE SERGEANT = 调查警司

FIRST SERGEANT = 一级警司

SERGEANT MAJOR = 警司长

LIEUTENANT = 警督

CAPTAIN = 警监

MAJOR = 警长

LIEUTENANT COLONEL = 副总警监

SUPERINTENDENT = 总警监

马里兰州警衔中, 警员分为2档, 警司分为4档.总警监只有一名, 即州警察厅长.波士顿警察局(BPD)警衔

Officer = 警员

Detective = 警探

Sergeant/Sergeant Detective = 警司/调查警司

Lieutenant/Lieutenent Detective = 警督/调查警督

Captain/Captain Detective = 警监/调查警监

Deputy Superientendent = 副总警监

Superintendent = 总警监

Superintendent In Chief = 首席总警监

Commissioner = 专员

专员是文职, 作为BPD局长, 全体警察均向其负责.马里科帕县执法官公署(MCSO)警衔

Deputy Sheriff /Detention Officer = 副执法官/拘留官

Sergeant = 执法警司

Lieutenant = 执法警督

Captain = 执法警监

Deputy Chief = 副总执法警监

Chief Deupty = 首席副执法官

Sheriff = 执法官

说明: 以上是美国典型的县级警察.在美国,绝大多数州(state), 州以下最大的行政区域为县(county).县府(county seat)则多为实行自制的城(镇).上例中的马里科帕县的县府风凰城, 是亚利桑纳州最大城市.风凰城警察局与马里科帕县执法官公署互不隶属, 前者在城市区内执法, 后者则在县内其他区域执法.美国县级警察另一特点是高度独立性.县执法官(county sheriff)是选举产生的官员, 其公署并不对县长或县议会负责, 而是直接接受县内居民监督.相对而言, 美国主要城市警察局局长是由市长或市议会委任, 要接受委任者的直接领导.县执法官公署与城市警察局在组织上另一大区别在于前者除了执法职能外, 还有狱政功能.美国监狱系统分为联邦, 州, 县三级.所以县执法官公署内部通常分为两个分部: 警察, 监狱.但在警衔上则是统一的.国家海洋大气局军团(NOAA Corps)军衔, 分为9级, 全部为军官

Vice Admiral = 中将

Rear Admiral = 少将

Rear Admiral(lower half)= 低级少将, 相当于准将

Captain = 上校

Commander = 中校

Lieutenant Commander = 少校

Lieutenant = 上尉

Lieutenant(junior grade)= 中尉

Ensign = 少尉

NOAA是美国商务部下属机构, 应工作需要拥有自己的船队飞机, 管理体制模仿美国海军舰队, 故有类似海军组织和军衔.大多数情况下, NOAA军团团长领少将衔, 中将极少见.補充：美國聯邦政府對7個組織授予軍銜, 這些組織人事結構軍事化, 並有自己的制服, 故英文稱為U.S.Uniformed Services.其中5個組織即美軍5軍種, 共同組成美國武裝部隊(U.S.Armed Forces).另外2組織: 美國海洋大氣局軍團(NOAA Corps)和美國公共衛生局軍團(PHSCC).PHSCC以美國衛生長(U.S.Surgeon General)為首, 領中將銜.注意, 這裡的美國衛生長是衛生與人類服務部(HHS)下的官員, 並非三軍軍醫長, 雖然英文名字都叫Surgeon General)

英国警察的警衔(由低至高):

警员Constable、高级警员Senior Constable、警长Sergeant、警署警长Station Sergeant、见习督察Probationary Inspector of Police、督察Inspector of Police、高级督察Senior Inspector of Police、总督察Chief Inspector of Police、警司Superintendent of Police、高级警司Senior Superintendent of Police、总警司Chief Superintendent of Police、助理警务处长Assistant Commissioner、高级助理警务处长Senior Assistant Commissioner、警务处副处长Deputy Commissioner、警务处处长Commissioner of Police。

第二篇：美国、英国中英文简介

美国简介：

The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic, situated primarily in North America.It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories with differing degrees of affiliation.It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S.of A., America, the States, or(poetically)Columbia.美利坚合众国是一个宪法联邦共和国，主要位于北美。它拥有50个州和一个联邦区,它同样可以称作the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the U.S.of A., America, the States, or(poetically)Columbia。

Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.Because of its influence, the U.S.is considered a superpower and, particularly after the Cold War, a hyperpower by some.自从20世纪中叶，即二战结束后开始，美国已主宰全球经济、政治、军事、科学、科技及文化领域。尤其在冷战过后，正因它的诸多影响，美国被公认为超级强国。

The country celebrates its founding date as July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence that rejected British authority in favor of self-determination.在1776年7月4日，当代表13个英国殖民地的第二届全国会议采纳了独立宣言之时，标志着英国的统治宣告结束，而自主统治即将崛起。

The structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1789, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution.The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state “entered the Union” to become part of the United States.1789年见证了美国政府结构的转变，以美国宪法替代了联邦契约。这一天，50个州采用了这份宪法，并普遍认为这一天是各个州联合在一起，成为了美利坚合众国中的一份子。

U.S.A.'S NATIONAL EMBLEM:美国国徽

The Bald Eagle was officially declared the National Emblem of the United States by the Second Continental Congress in 1782.It was selected by the U.S.A.'s founding fathers because it is a species unique to North America.Ben Franklin wanted the wild turkey to be the national bird,because he thought the eagle was of bad moral character.The Bald Eagle has since become the living symbol of the U.S.A.'s freedoms,spirit and pursuit of excellence.Its image and symbolism have played a significant role in American art,folklore,music and architecture.国徽是一个国家的主要象征之一.只有特定的国家重要文件才能盖上国徽大印,正式生效.美国国徽的图案是：外围为两个同心圆,内有一只美国秃鹰雄踞中央,双翼展开,右爪握一束橄榄枝,左爪握13支利箭,尖嘴中叼着一条飘带,上书“合众为一”.秃鹰的胸前是一枚盾形纹章,纹章上部是蓝色横纹,下部是红白相间的竖纹,象征美国国旗.秃鹰的上方是蓝色天空中13颗星,四周光芒万道,环绕着云朵组成的图案.国徽上的图案均有其象征意义.美国秃鹰象征着至高无上的统治权；橄榄枝和箭象征决定和平与战争的权力；秃鹰上方的群星图案象征着拥有主权的新生共和国.美国国徽上的中心图象就是美国秃鹰,它的正式名称是白头海雕,是美国的国鸟.今天,美国秃鹰已成了美国的象征,它不仅出现在国徽上,也出现在美国其他旗帜及硬币上.秃鹰是产于美国及加拿大的一种巨鹰.外貌美丽,性情凶猛,有“百鸟之王”之称.其实秃鹰头部有丰满的羽毛,并非光秃.秃鹰幼时全身披黑色羽毛,长成后头颈部羽毛变白色,老时尾部也相继变白.秃鹰虽是美国的象征,但在美国大部分地区却已濒临绝种.近年来经竭力抢救,才稳步恢复繁殖.估计1970年美国本土48州只有秃鹰约1000只,现已达5000只左右,而且数量还在增长.另外两个州中的阿拉斯加州的秃鹰一直较多,约有3万只；夏威夷州则根本没有秃鹰.目前,国徽保存在美国国会中.美国宪法对于国徽在何时使用、用在何种文件上均有明确的规定。

英国简介： Britain, the whole is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in ancient Britain is known as the “day not fall” empire is England, Scotland, wales and Northern Ireland the United Kingdom.It is a capitalist country in Western Europe.英国，全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，在古代英国又被叫做“日不落”帝国是有英格兰苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰所组成的联合王国。它是一个西欧的资本主义国家。

THE British national anthem is “GOD SAVE THE Queen”, which is THE translation of Chinese GOD SAVE THE Queen.And that diamonds are the country by, white heart red rose is a symbol of the country.英国的国歌是“GOD SAVE THE Queen”，中文翻译过来就是天佑女王。并且，钻石是这个国家的国石，白心红玫瑰是这个国家的象征。

In London, the capital of the UK takes a seat.The city of London a and economy, politics and culture in one place.Here, you can appreciate the wide of the Thames, Big Ben's majesty.英国的首都落座在伦敦。伦敦市一个及经济、政治和文化于一身的地方。在这里，你可以领略泰晤士河的宽阔，大本钟的威严。

Britain also has a long history, from the earliest civilizations to Roman times, and then through the medieval period, the industrial revolution, the colonial expansion, and the world war ii, has been in the present day.英国也具有悠久的历史，从最早期的文明到罗马时期，接着经历了中古时期、工业革命、殖民扩张和世界大战，一直到了当代。

The UK is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.In this country, the king is the head of state, however, the real power in the cabinet, actually.Parliament is the highest judicial and regulatory institutions, by the king, under the house of lords and the house of Commons.英国实行的是议会制的君主立宪制。在这个国家，国王是国家的元首，但是，实权实际上在内阁。一回事最高的司法和立法机构，由国王，上议院和下下议院组成。On the economic front, the UK is the world's one of the important economic and trade and the global financial center.He is still the world's sixth-largest economy system, is the world fastest growing economy and one of the highest living standards.Among them, the household is its export of Rolls-Royce.在经济方面，英国是全球的一个重要的经济贸易、经济强国及其全球金融中心。他还是世界第六大经济体系，也是全球经济发展最快和生活水平最高的国家之一。其中，家喻户晓的就是它出口的劳斯莱斯。

British culture is also very rich.First,the education popularity is very high, it also promoted the development of the British education.Britain's education and academic research level is currently in the world's leading position.The world-famous education have a holy land at the university of Cambridge and Oxford University.英国的文化也非常丰富。在英国，教育的普及程度非常之高这也促进了英国教育业的发展，英国的教育和学术研究水平目前处于世界领先的地位。举世闻名的教育圣地有剑桥大学和牛晶大学。

Except, of course, education, the British sports is also very rich.One of the most famous ball sport is football, rugby and cricket.Among them, the cricket is also known as "the movement of a gentleman, it is by 11 people alternating attacks by both teams and Fielding a team sport.And, the British are sports stars, David Beckham is the most typical representative.当然除了教育，英国的体育也是非常丰富。其中最有名的球类运动是足球、橄榄球和板球。其中，板球又被称为“绅士的运动”，它是是由两队各11人交替攻击和守备的一项团体运动。并且，英国也不乏体育明星，大卫贝克汉姆就是最典型的代表。

In Britain, there are a variety of delicious.If you are in the UK, you can enjoy a hearty breakfast.The British for breakfast is very exquisite!Restaurant supply in Britain there are many different kinds of food, fruit juice, fruit, eggs, meat, wheat rice porridge, bread, jam and coffee, etc.In the popular afternoon TEA(HIGH TEA)was given from the UK, its a famous Victoria type.在英国，有各式各样的美味。如果你在英国，那么你可以享受丰盛的早餐。英国人对早餐非常讲究！英国餐馆中所供应的餐点种类繁多，有果汁、水果、蛋类、肉类、麦粥类、面包、果酱及咖啡等。时下所流行的下午茶（HIGH TEA）也是传来自于英国，其较知名的有维多莉亚式VICTORIAN STYLE）

More is also very suitable for living, Britain's climate is temperate maritime climate throughout the year.In Britain, is humid warm all year round.Especially suitable for living.更多的是，英国也非常适合居住，英国的气候是温带海洋性气候在。在英国，全年都是湿润温暖，特别适合居住。

All in all, Britain is a European country full of cultural atmosphere.If you want to learn native English and European culture, English is definitely a good choice 总之，英国是一个充满人文气息的欧洲国家。如果你想领略本土英语和欧洲文化，英国绝对是个不错的选择。

第三篇：美国简历中英文对照

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板（中英文）

Nonimmigrant Visa Resume Template

Name:

Date and country of birth:

Gender:

Name and date of birth of spouse:(if applicable)

Names and dates of birth of children:(if applicable)

Address and Contact information:

Education

List here all universities and higher education institutions you have attended, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of university

Dates of study

Degree level

Degree major and minors

Area of research

Title of thesis

Work experience

List here all paid and voluntary work you have performed and positions held, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of company, organization or institutions

Job titles

Dates of jobs

Detailed area of responsibility, research interests, project descriptions and applications of research

Expertise in special software, machinery op equipment

Awards and patents

Have you received/won any awards related to your research or work at university or at work? Please list these.Do you hold any patents? List name, patent number and year registered.List of publications

List here all your publications you have published in China and overseas.Include the title of the published article, the date it was published and the name of the magazine, newspaper, book, etc it was published in.Other outside interests/experience List here any clubs you belong to, any memberships you hold, your interests and hobbies

Other skills

For example computer skills, languages you speak, driver's license or other permits, etc

Travel

Have you ever traveled overseas? List countries, purpose and dates of travel

Statement of Intent

For students and exchange scholars:

Proposed Study

Give a brief but detailed description of proposed area of study, including research methods and applications of the research

State supervisor's/professor's name and his/her area of expertise

State institution and department where this research is to be done

For business-related travel:

Proposed schedule

State names of contacts in the US, including the name of the company, their job title and area of expertise/business

Include an itinerary of travel detailing dates, cities to be visited, companies and people to be visited in each city

Detailed content, site and length of any training to be attended as well as applications of this training

Details of conferences, meetings, exhibitions with dates, contact info and purpose of attending

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板（中文）

非移民签证简历模板

姓名：

出生日期和国家：

性别：

名称及配偶出生日期：（如适用）

姓名和孩子的出生日期：（如适用）

地址及联系方式：

教育经历

（列举你参加过的学校学习的情况，按照时间的倒叙记录，内容应包括以下：）

大学名称

在校时间

学位

专业

研究领域

论文题目

工作经验

你参加过的工作或者志愿工作，你的表现和所担任的职位，首先是最新的。你应包括下列资料：

公司名称，组织或机构

职称

工作的日期

详细领域的责任，研究方向，项目说明和研究中的应用

在特殊软件技术，机械设备运

奖和专利

你收到/获得有关你的研究奖励或在大学工作或在工作？请列出这些。

你是否拥有任何专利？列表名称，专利号和73030。

出版物列表

在此列出所有你在中国及海外出版的出版物。

包括标题，发表文章，这是出版的杂志，报纸，书籍等，将其命名为日发表英寸

其他外部利益/经验，任何俱乐部名单这里属于你，你持有的任何成员，你的兴趣和爱好

其他技能

例如电脑技能，语言你说，驾驶执照或其他许可证等

旅行

你有没有出国旅游？名单的国家，目的和旅行日期

学习意向声明

学生和交流学者：

拟议的研究

给出了建议的领域的研究，包括研究方法和研究中的应用简短但详细描述

国家主管的/教授的名字和他/她的专长领域

国家机构和部门在这项研究提出的解决办法

对于商务或旅游签证申请者：

拟议时间表

国名在美国的接触，包括公司名称，他们的职位和专业领域/业务

包括详细的行程日期，要访问的城市，企业和市民，在每个城市访问

详细的内容，网站和任何培训的长度将出席的，以及这种培训申请

详细的会议，会议的日期，联系信息和参加展览的目的

第四篇：美国宪法中英文对照..

Constitution of the United States

美国宪法中英文版

导言

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言

我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

Section 1House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative.Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned.Enumeration.Vacancies to be filled.Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1.The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

2.Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV，前面语句已由宪法修正案XIV替代).The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调查，应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行，并于其后每十年举行一次，其调查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人，但每州至少应有众议员一人，在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、马萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。

3.When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.任何一州的众议员有缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。4.The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers;and shall have the sole power of impeachment.众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员，只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

Section 3Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed.One session in each year.1.The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof;but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序，但国会得随时以法律制定或变更此种规定，惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。

2.The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX，宪法修正案对此有修改)unless they by law appoint a different day.国会应至少每年集会一次，开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一，除非他们通过法律来指定另一个日期。

Section 5Compensation, Privileges, Disqualification in certain cases.1.The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.参议员与众议员得因其服务而获报酬，报酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合众国国库支付。两院议员除犯叛国罪、重罪以及扰乱治安罪外，在出席各该院会议及往返各该院途中，有不受逮捕之特权，两院议员在议院内所发表之演说及辩论，在其它场合不受质询。2.No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have increased during such time;and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.参议员或众议员不得在其当选任期内担任合众国政府任何新添设的职位，或在其任期内支取因新职位而增添的俸禄，在合众国政府供职的人，不得在其任职期间担任国会议员。Section 7Powers of Congress The Congress shall have the power

1.To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States;but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States: 国会有权规定并征收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税，用以偿付国债并为合众国的共同防御和全民福利提供经费，但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税，在合众国内应划一征收

2.To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 以合众国的信用举债

3.To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states,and with the Indian tribes: 管理与外国的、州与州间的，以及对印第安部落的贸易

4.To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: 制定在合众国内一致适用的归化条例，和有关破产的一致适用的法律

5.To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: 铸造货币，调议其价值，并确定外币价值，以及制定度量衡的标准

6.To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States: 制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例 7.To establish post-offices and post-roads: 设立邮政局及建设驿路

8.To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries: 为促进科学和实用技艺的进步，对作家和发明家的著作和发明，在一定期限内给予专利权的保障

9.To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: 设置最高法院以下的各级法院

10.To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations: 界定并惩罚海盗罪、在公海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行

11.To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: 宣战，对民用船舶颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动的特许证，制定在陆地和海面虏获战利品的规则

12.To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 募集和维持陆军，但每次拨充该项费用的款项，其有效期不得超过两年 13.To provide and maintain a navy: 配备和保持海军

14.To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: 制定管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例

15.To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions: 制定召集民兵的条例，以便执行联邦法律，镇压叛乱和击退侵略

16.To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress: 规定民兵的组织、装备和训练，以及民兵为合众国服务时的管理办法，但各州保留其军官任命权，和依照国会规定的条例训练其民兵的权力

17.To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district(not exceeding ten miles square)as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: And, 对于由某州让与而由国会承受，用以充当合众国政府所在地的地区(不超过10平方英里)，握有对其一切事务的全部立法权，对于经州议会同意，向州政府购得，用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同样的权力并且

18.To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.为了行使上述各项权力，以及行使本宪法赋予合众国政府或其各部门或其官员的种种权力，制定一切必要的和适当的法律

Section 9States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.1.No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;grant letters of marque and reprisal;coin money;emit bills of credit;make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联，不得对民用船舶颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证，不得铸造货币，不得发行纸币，不得指定金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币，不得通过任何剥夺公民权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律，也不得颁发任何贵族头衔。

2.No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws;and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.未经国会同意，各州不得对进口货物或出口货物征收任何税款，但为了执行该州的检查法律而有绝对的必要时，不在此限，任何州对于进出囗货物所征的税，其净收益应归合众国国库使用，所有这一类的检查法律，国会对之有修正和监督之权。

3.No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.未经国会同意，各州不得征收船舶吨位税，不得在和平时期保持军队和军舰，不得和另外一州或国缔结任何协定或契约，除非实际遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容缓的危急情形时，不得从事战争。Article II Section 1-President: his term of office.Electors of President;number and how appointed.Electors to vote on same day.Qualification of President.On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc.President's compensation.His oath of office.1.The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。总统任期四年，总统和具有同样任期的副总统，应照下列手续选举

2.Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves.And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for each;which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President;and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President.But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote;a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President.But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.(The clause in italics was superceded by Amendment XII)每州应依照该州州议会所规定之手续，指定选举人若干名，其人数应与该州在国会之参议员及众议员之总数相等，但参讥员、众议员及任何在合众国政府担任有责任及有俸禄之职务的人，均不得被指定为选举人。各选举人应于其本身所属的州内集会，每人投票选举二人，其中至少应有一人不属本州居民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单，注明每人所得票数，他们还应签名作证明，并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地交与参议院议长。参议院议长应于参众两院全体议员之前，开拆所有来件，然后计算票数。得票最多者，如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数，即当选为总统，如同时不止一人得票过半数，旦又得同等票数，则众议院应立即投票表决，选毕其中一人为总统，如无人得票过半数，则众议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但依此法选举总统时，应以州为单位，每州之代表共有一票，如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定人数，当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中，于总统选出后，其获得选举人所投票数最多者，即为副总统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时，则应由参议院投票表决，选学其中一人为副总统。（宪法修正案XII已经替代本条款）

3.The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;which day shall be the same throughout the United States.国会得决定各州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票的日子，投票日期全国一律。

4.No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.只有出生时为合众国公民，或在本宪法实施时已为合众国公民者，可被选为总统，凡年龄未满三十五岁，或居住合众国境内未满十四年者，不得被选为总统。.In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.(This clause has been modified by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV)如遇总统被免职，或因死亡、辞职或丧失能力而不能执行其权力及职务时，总统职权应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定，在总统及副总统均被免职，或死亡、辞职或丧失能力时，由何人代理总统职务，该人应即遵此视事，至总统能力恢复，或新总统被选出时为止（宪法修正案XX和XXV对本条款作了修改）。

6.The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.总统得因其服务而在规定的时间内接受俸禄，在其任期之内，俸金数额不得增加或减低，他亦不得在此任期内，自合众国政府和任何州政府接受其它报酬

7.Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 在他就职之前，他应宣誓或誓愿如下:

“I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 「我郑重宣誓(或 矢言)我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职务，并尽我最大的能力，维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。

Section 2President shall communicate to Congress.He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc.Shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers.He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;he may receive ambassadors, and other public ministers;he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况，并向国会提出他认为必要和适当的措施，供其考虑，在特殊情况下，他得召集两院或其中一院开会，并得于两院对于休会时间意见不一致时，命令两院休会到他认为适当的时期为止，他应接见大使和公使，他应注意使法律切实执行，并任命所有合众国的军官。

4Judicial power;to what cases it extends.Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate.Trial by Jury, etc.Trial, where 1.The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority;to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;to controversies between two or more states, between a state and Citizens of another state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign states, Citizens or subjects.(This section modified by Amendment XI)司法权适用的范围，应包括在本宪法、合众国法律、和合众国已订的及将订的条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件，一切有关大使、公使及领事的案件，一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件，合众国为当事一方的诉讼;州与州之间的诉讼，州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼，一州公民与另一州公民之间的诉讼，同州公民之间为不同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼，以及一州或其公民与外国政府、公民或其属民之间的诉讼。

2.In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction.In all the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.在一切有关大使、公使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初审理权。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有关于法律和事实的受理上诉权，但由国会规定为例外及另有处理条例者，不在此限。

3.The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.对一切罪行的审判，除了弹劫案以外，均应由陪审团裁定，并且该审判应在罪案发生的州内举行，但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点学行。

Section 3Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc.of every other State.Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state.And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.各州对其它各州的公共法案、记录、和司法程序，应给予完全的信赖和尊重。国会得制定一般法律，用以规定这种法案、记录、和司法程序如何证明以及具有何等效力。Section 2Admission of new States.Power of Congress over territory and other property.1.New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union;but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.国会得准许新州加入联邦，如无有关各州之州议会及国会之同意，不得于任何州之管辖区域内建立新州，亦不得合并两州或数州、或数州之一部分而成立新州。

2.The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.国会有权处置合众国之属地及其它产业，并制定有关这些属地及产业的一切必要的法规和章则，本宪法中任何条文，不得作有损于合众国或任何一州之权利的解释。Section 4-Republican form of government guaranteed.Each State to be protected.The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion;and on application of the legislature, or of the executive(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.合众国保证联邦中的每一州皆为共和政体，保障它们不受外来的侵略，并且根据各州州议会或行政部门(当州议会不能召集时)的请求，平定其内部的**。Article V

Constitution: how amended;proviso.The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which，in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时，国会应提出对本宪法的修正案，或者，当现有诸州三分之二的州议会提出请求时，国会应召集修宪大会，以上两种修正案，如经诸州四分之三的州议会或四分之三的州修宪大会批准时，即成为本宪法之一部分而发生全部效力，至于采用那一种批准方式，则由国会议决，但一八零八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影响本宪法第一条第九款之第一、第四两项，任何一州，没有它的同意，不得被剥夺它在参议院中的平等投票权。Article VI

Certain debts, ect.declared valid, Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States, Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken.No religious test.1.All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.合众国政府于本宪法被批准之前所积欠之债务及所签订之条约，于本宪法通过后，具有和在邦联政府时同等的效力。

2.This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.本宪法及依本宪法所制定之合众国法律;以及合众国已经缔结及将要缔结的一切条约，皆为全国之最高法律，每个州的法官都应受其约束，任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时，均不得有违这一规定。

3.The senators and representatives before-mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution;but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.前述之参议员及众议员，各州州议会议员，合众国政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官员，均应宣誓或誓愿拥护本宪法，但合众国政府之任何职位或公职，皆不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。Article VII What ratification shall establish constitution.The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.第七条

本宪法经过九个州的制宪大会批准后，即在批准本宪法的各州之间开始生效。

第五篇：美国主要城市中英文名称对照

美国主要城市中英文名称对照 202_-10-18 15:39

城市英文名 城市中文名 地区代码Alaska 阿拉斯加 907

Albany(NY)奥尔巴尼 518Annapolis 安纳波利斯 410Atlanta(GA)亚特兰大 404

Augusta(ME)奥古斯塔（缅因）207Austin(TX)奥斯汀 512

Baton Rouge 巴吞鲁日 504Bismarck 俾斯麦 701

Boise 博伊西 208

Boston 波士顿 617

Carson City 卡森城 702

Charleston(WV)查尔斯顿 304Cheyenne 夏延 307

Chicago 芝加哥 312

Cincinati 辛辛那提 513

Cleveland(OH)克利夫兰 440Columbia(SC)哥伦比亚 803Columbus(OH)哥伦布 740Concord(NH)康科德 603

Dallas 达拉斯 214

Denver 丹佛 303

Des Moines 得梅因 515

Detroit 底特律 313

Dover(DE)多佛 302

Frankfort(KY)法兰克福 502Harri聪明人urg 哈里斯堡 717Hartford(AL)哈特福德 334Hawaii 夏威夷 808

Helena(MT)海伦娜 406

Houston 休斯敦 713

Indianapolis 印第安纳波利斯 317Jackson(MS)杰克逊 228

Jefferson City(MO)杰斐逊城 573Kansas City(KS)堪萨斯城 913Lansing(MI)兰辛 517

Lincoln(NE)林肯 402

Little Rock 小石城 501

Los Angeles 洛杉矶 213

Madison(WI)麦迪逊 608

Memphis 孟菲斯 901

Miami(FL)迈阿密 305

Minneapolis 明尼阿波利斯 612

Montgomery(AL)蒙哥马利 334

Montpelier(VT)蒙彼利埃 802

Morristown(NJ)莫利斯顿 973

Nashville 纳什维尔 615

New Orleans 新奥尔良 504

New York 纽约 212

Oklahoma City 俄克拉何马城 405

Olympia 奥林匹亚 360

Philadelphia(PA)费城 215

Phoenix 菲尼克斯 602

Portland(OR)波特兰 503

Providence(RI)普罗维登斯 401

Raleigh 罗利 919

Richmond(VA)里士满 804

Sacramento 萨克拉门托 916

Salem(OR)塞勒姆 503

Salt Lake City 盐湖城 801

San Francisco 旧金山 415

Santa Fe(NM)圣菲 505

Seattle 西雅图 206

Springfield(IL)斯普林菲尔德 217

St Louis 圣路易斯 314

St Paul 圣保罗 612

Tallahassee 塔拉哈西 904

Topeka 托皮卡 913

Trenton(NJ)特伦顿 609

Washington D.C.华盛顿 202

～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～ 美国州名(州名缩写)首府名

亚拉巴马Alabama--AL蒙哥马利Montgomery

阿拉斯加Alaska--AK朱诺Juneau

亚利桑那Arizona--AZ菲尼克斯Phoenix

阿肯色Arkansas--AR小石城Little rock

加利福尼亚California--CA 萨克拉门托Sacramento

科罗拉多Colorado--CO丹佛Denver

康涅狄格Connecticut--CT哈特福德Hartford

特拉华Delaware--DE多佛Dover

佛罗里达Florida--FL塔拉哈西Tallahassee

佐治亚Georgia--GA亚特兰大Atlanta

夏威夷Hawaii--HI檀香山Honolulu

爱达荷Idaho--ID博伊西Boise

伊利诺伊Illinois--IL斯普林菲尔德Springfield印第安纳Indiana--IN印第安纳波利斯Indianapolis艾奥瓦Iowa--IA得梅因Des Moines

堪萨斯Kansas--KS托皮卡Topeka

肯塔基Kentucky--KY 法兰克福Frankfort

路易斯安那Louisiana--LA巴吞鲁日Baton Rouge缅因Maine--ME奥古斯塔Augusta马里兰Maryland--MD安纳波利斯Annapolis马萨诸塞Massachusetts--MA波士顿Boston密歇根Michigan--MI兰辛Lansing

明尼苏达Minnesota--MN圣保罗St.Paul密西西比Mississippi--MS杰克逊Jackson密苏里Missouri--MO杰斐逊城Jefferson City 蒙大拿Montana--MT海伦娜Helena内布拉斯加Nebraska--NE林肯Lincoln内华达Nevada--NV卡森城Carson City新罕布什尔New hampshire--NH 康科德Concord新泽西New jersey--NJ特伦顿Trenton

新墨西哥New mexico--NM圣菲Santa Fe

纽约New york--NY奥尔巴尼Albany

北卡罗来纳North carolina--NC纳罗利Raleigh北达科他North dakota--ND俾斯麦Bismarck俄亥俄Ohio--OH哥伦布Columbus

俄克拉何马Oklahoma--OK俄克拉何马城Oklahoma City俄勒冈Oregon--OR塞勒姆Salem

宾夕法尼亚Pennsylvania--PA哈里斯堡Harri聪明人urg罗得岛Rhode island--RL普罗维登斯Providence南卡罗来纳South carolina--SC哥伦比亚Columbia南达科他South dakota--SD皮尔Pierre

田纳西Tennessee--TN纳什维尔Nashville得克萨斯Texas--TX奥斯汀Austin

犹他Utah--UT盐湖城Salt Lake City

佛蒙特Vermont--VT蒙彼利埃Montpelier弗吉尼亚Virginia--VA里士满Richmond

华盛顿Washington--WA奥林匹亚Olympia西弗吉尼亚West virginia--WV 查尔斯顿Charleston威斯康星Wisconsin--WI麦迪逊Madison怀俄明Wyoming--WY夏延Cheyenne