第一篇：英语翻译集锦--比较全

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开学第一课

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第二篇：交通工程专业英语翻译(全)[模版]

Unit

1The Evolution of Transport交通工具的演化

The evolution of transport has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the earth’s history．Transport’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling food supplies and building materials．But with the formation of tribes，then peoples，and finally nations，the societal and economic functions of transport became more and more complex.At first there was mobility required for inpiduals，clans，households，and animals to protect them against，and to escape from，the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions，and in the search for the best places to settle．As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity，transport was increasingly needed to open up regions for development，to provide access to natural resources，to promote intercommunal trade，and to mobilize territorial defense．When the first nations came into being，transport played a major role in establishing national integrity．

交通工具的演变紧密相连的人类在整个地球的历史发展。运输署早期功能是满足基本需要搬运粮食供应和建材等领域。但随着部落，然后人民，和最后国家形成，运输的社会和经济功能变得越来越复杂。在第一次有流动性所需的个人、宗族、家庭和动物保护他们免遭，和逃避危险自然灾害和部落的侵略行为，并在寻找最好的地方定居。部落群体形成和逐步确立其地理特征，运输日益需要开放地区的发展，以提供对天然资源，促进族裔间的贸易，并调动本土防卫的访问。当第一次的联合国应运而生时，运输发挥了重要的作用，建立民族气节

After basic societal needs had generally been attended to，local communities could increasingly devote their efforts to enhancing their economic，cultural，and technological development through trade links with other peoples and regions．Again，transport provided the mobility required for such intertribal, international，and finally intercontinental cultural exchange and trade．During all of this gradual development toward an organized human society，represented today through the international family of nations，transport as physical process of moving people and goods，thus promoting such development，continuously underwent technological and organizational changes．Such changes were induced by several factors and circumstances．In fact，today’s transport in its various forms and organizational arrangements remains highly subject to changes in response to societal requirements and preferences．

基本社会需求大体上已照顾到后，当地社区可能会越来越多地致力于加强贸易联系通过与其他民族和地区经济、文化和科技发展共同。再次，运输提供所需的这种部落之间、国际和洲际最后的文化交流和贸易的流动。在所有有组织的人类社会，今天代表国际大家庭，交通工具的移动人员和货物，物理过程，从而促进这种发展，通过向此逐步发展的过程中不断发生了技术和组织的变化。这种变化是几个因素及环境所致。事实上，今天的各种形式和组织安排运输仍高度受回应社会需求和偏好的变化。

Clearly，the first and foremost criterion to be satisfied by transport was efficiency．For centuries，and particularly during the takeoff stages of local economics，society required reliable，fast，and low cost transport．The search for appropriate technologies was relatively unconstrained．There were times in human history when the demand for reliable and fast transport was especially pronounced，and quick solutions were required for national self-defense.During such periods of local and international conflict, human ingenuity devised new transport technologies which often proved to be the decisive element for survival, and sometimes victory.Subsequently refined and developed, such new technologies made it possible to better meet increasing transport demand, thus improving both economic progress and human welfare.显然符合运输的首要准则是效率。几百年来，特别是在本地经济的起飞阶段期间，社会需要快速、可靠、和低成本的运输。寻找合适的技术是相对无约束。倍时，在人类历史上尤为突出的可靠、快速的运输需求，并快速解决方案所需的国家自卫。在这样的地方和国际冲突的时期人类智慧制定新运输技术往往证明的生存空间，有时胜利的决定性因素。随后改进和发展，这种新技术使能够更好地满足日益增加的交通需求，从而提高经济进步和人类福祉。

The need for better strategic mobility induced efforts to improve sea and land transport.This resulted in bigger and faster ships and more reliable and sturdy land vehicles.Eventually, self-propulsion was introduced, exemplified by steamboats, the railways, and then the automobile.Research and development in the transport field finally became an organized undertaking with specific goals and objectives.As the result of the consequent concentration of talent and expertise, more and more sophisticated transport technologies evolved, such as the aircraft and, most recently, rocket propulsion.需要更好的战略机动致努力提高海洋和陆地运输。这导致更大、更快的船舶和更可靠和坚固的陆地车辆。最终，自航引入，蒸汽机船、铁路和汽车的例子。在运输领域研发终于成为组织的承诺与特定的目标。作为随后浓度的人才及专业知识的结果，更多先进的传输技术如飞机和，最近，火箭推进发展。

The gradual evolution of increasingly sophisticated means of transport is manifested by today' s transport systems, which include air, surface, and water transport.Special industry needs have led to the development of transport modes that have rather limited applications, such as pipelines, cables, and belts.Within current societal needs and preferences, as well as the economic requirements of cost effectiveness, the various existing transport modes generally fulfill rather specific functions.今天的表现是逐渐演化的日益复杂的交通工具 ' s 运输系统，其中包括空中、地面、和海上运输。而是有限的应用程序如管道、电缆和带的交通工具的发展导致特殊行业的需要。当前社会的需要和喜好，以及成本效益的经济上的要求，在现有的各种运输模式普遍达到而是特定的功能。

Although transport's potential to meet effectively numerous societal mobility needs improved continuously, it became evident that such effectiveness had its price.A number of transport technologies implied high energy consumption and required substantial capital inputs in production and operation.As a result, several transport modes became expensive to the user.This caused equity problems because charges required to cover operating costs were not affordable by all population groups, thus limiting their mobility and welfare.Many governments chose to subsidize transport, but quickly realized that the budget implications often caused serious distortions in their national economies.虽然运输的潜力以满足有效众多社会流动性需要不断改善，很明显这种有效性了它的价格。运输技术的一些暗示能耗高，所需大量资金投入生产和经营。因此，几个交通工具变得昂贵给用户。这造成了股权问题，因为业务费用所需的费用不是负担得起的所有人口群体，从而限制了他们的流动性和福利。许多国家的政府补贴交通工具，选择了，但很快意识到，所涉预算问题经常在自己国家的经济造成严重扭曲。

Pollution caused by various transport modes gradually became another serious problem as world transport in most countries and the need to cope with rising volumes of commodity flows and person travel.In several regions of the world having high population and industry concentrations, such detrimental impacts on the environment have reached high levels.These effects of such damage yet are to be fully explored.逐渐引起各种交通工具的污染成了另一个严重的问题，作为世界交通在大多数国家和应付日益增加的商品流动和人旅行的需要。过高的人口和产业的浓度在世界一些地区，这种对环境的不利影响已达到高水平。这种损害的这些影响还很充分探讨。

Finally, problems caused by dwindling world energy resources, particularly petroleum, have increasingly impeded transport services and operations.Most existing transport modes are critically dependent on petroleum derivatives for proper functioning.With unabated growth of demand for transport and a progressively limited supply of energy, the costs of providing transport have increased steadily.In particular, the disproportion of petroleum requirements and petroleum supply has caused serious inflationary problems to arise in many countries.Especially hard hit are countries with a partial or total dependence on an external petroleum supply, which have experienced growing deficits in their current accounts.最后，特别是石油、世界能源资源日益减少，所引起的问题越来越多地阻碍了交通服务和操作。大多数现有交通工具都依赖石油衍生品的正常运作。对交通的需求有增无减，逐步有限的能源供应提供运输的费用稳步增加。特别是石油需求和石油供应的非均衡性，引起严重的通胀问题在许多国家中出现。打击尤其是部分或全部依赖外部的石油供应，经历了它们的经常账户赤字不断增长的国家。

The transport sector' s increasing inability to satisfy demand efficiently and equitably is a problem with which all nations have to cope in trying to advance economic and social progress.Energy-supply constraints, high capital and operating costs, often with excessive foreign-exchange components, and the seriousness of transport-related environmental pollution account in large part for this problem.But transport is and will continue to be an essential requirement for world development and human welfare.There is no other choice but to look for alternatives to present transport systems or to modify the technical and operational characteristics of related modes so that energy consumption and costs wil1 be reduced and environmental impacts can be kept at a minimum.Obviously, the development of transport demand will have to be controlled.运输部门越来越无法满足需求，有效和公平地是，所有国家都必须应付在试图推动经济发展和社会进步的一个问题。能源供应约束、较高的资本和经营成本，往往与过度外汇组件和运输有关环境污染帐户在很大程度上对这一问题的严重性。但运输是并将继续是世界的发展和人类福利的基本要求。有没有别的选择，但寻找替代目前的运输系统，或修改相关模式的技术和业务特点，使能源消耗及成本失败会减少和环境的影响可以保持在最低限度。很明显，发展的运输需求将不得不加以控制。

Unit2

当在美国的方案最初是由移动202_构思超过10年前，我有四个主要功能区：先进的交通管理系统，先进的旅客informatior系统，商用车辆运营和先进的车辆控制系统。自那时以来的十年中，大多数的一般社会的关注一直集中在自动取款机和自动航站情报，AVCS定义已经扩大了与安全的另外AVCSS容纳安全预警系统没有实际的控制系统。

在许多方面有一个倾向，承担USDOT的形状和资源分配方案反映或者甚至其所有活动的范围确定在美国这个假设，特别是误导AVCSS的情况下，其中大部分活动发生在车辆的生产和供应业和最先进的思想比美国DOT，而内发生的状态点。该行业在研究和开发AVCSS产品AVCSS涵盖范围很广的用户服务和技术。这些通常是根据美国国家ITS体系结构（防撞纵向，横向防撞，视力增强，安全准备，预碰撞约束的部署和车辆自动操作）中包含的类别定义。然而，这并不甚至捕获，从不同范围内个人用户服务的合作和自动化水平出现的可能性的广度。的投资远远超过了由??政府投资。

警告系统能提供可闻，可见或触觉（触摸）线索，以提醒驾驶员潜在的不安全的条件下，驱动程序后，需要采取纠正措施，以避免危险。前向碰撞预警几年来一直在卡车上，主要是从伊顿-Vorad，卡车车道偏离警告系统已Iteris和SistWare宣布。短程警告OT停车危害也已为乘用车提供了好几年。

控制辅助系统提供控制自动驾驶功能的一部分，以协助纾缓工作量（例如，自适应巡航控制）的驱动程序，以提高安全性（例如，避免碰撞制动）。自适应巡航控制系统最近已成为在美国S（上TEW高档轿车奔驰S级，雷克萨斯i515人。(~)。一辆巴士,25ft少(750万)长,由内燃机、容量超过十五人。(~)。交通车辆总线:超过25ft(独立)长,通常被柴油发动机。(_4)。公共汽车:运输汽车手推车推动电力线路从头顶。

(~表达公共汽车:交通公共汽车(柴油或电)和一个永久附semitrailer内部循环,乘客。(~)。巴士或轻轨交通工具(轻轨):一个电推进轨道车辆运行在火车上单独地或者共享或semiexclusive让行。~(~轨道车:一个电动汽车通常在推动的独家right-of列车——我道。我(~)。通勤火车:一个标准的铁路客车和高密度阀座。这是可能的 推进(用电或柴油发动机)或设计以机车牵引。

(四)。轻轨交通(轻轨)指铁路服务至少部分共享或semiexelusive right-of1974), fatality rates show a long-term decline.The 3-year period 19761974, and imposition of the 55 mph speed limit, are seen to have had very temporary and limited effects on the generally upward trend of vehicle-miles driven and number of deaths.The trend in the death rate may or may not have stabilized at a rate below 3.5 per 100 million vehicle-miles or may be increasing again.由1925年的数据经过较长的一段时间，一般可以更清楚的看到长期趋势。1973年-1974年的燃料短缺，以及实行55英里每小时的限速，被认为对车辆里程数的总体上升趋势和死亡人数有非常短暂和有限的影响。死亡率趋势可能已经稳定在低于3.5起每1亿英里行驶里程，也可能没有，也可能会再增加。

Cause and Problem Areas 原因和问题领域

Collisions between motor vehicles are seen to be the largest single category of traffic fatalities.‘Non-collision’ accidents(many of which involve collision with a fixed object)are second.机动车之间的碰撞被认为是造成死亡的最大的单一类别交通事故。“无碰撞”事故（其中许多涉及与固定物体碰撞）居第二位。

Identifiable problem areas in highway traffic safety include:(1)Pedestrian-vehicle conflicts(2)Vehicle-vehicle conflicts(3)Interactions of differently sized vehicles(4)Inadequate or impaired driving ability(5)Railroad-highway grade crossings(6)Inadequate communication with the driver(signs, markings, signals), and between drivers(7)Deterioration of physical plant(reduced maintenance on highways and bridges)(8)Roadside safety hazards 公路交通安全中可识别问题领域包括：（1）人车碰撞（2）车车碰撞

（3）不同大小车辆相互碰撞（4）驾驶能力不足或受损（5）铁路与公路地面岔口

（6）与司机沟通不足（标志，标记，信号），以及司机之间沟通不足（7）物质设备的恶化（公路和桥梁的维护减少）（8）路边的安全隐患

About 18% of the motor-vehicle-related deaths are pedestrian deaths(about 8000 in 1978).Intersection accidents account for the major proportion of urban accidents.与机动车辆有关的死亡人数的约18%是行人死亡（1978年为约8000）。交叉口事故占了城市事故的大部分。

The trend toward smaller automobiles and larger trucks has created a major problem on the highways, a problem that is aggravated by increases in motorcycle use;on many roads, bicycles and mopeds are added to the problem.小型汽车和大型卡车之间发生事故的趋势已经成为了公路上的一个主要问题，一个由摩托车使用而加剧的问题;在许多道路，自行车和轻便摩托车被补充到这个问题中。

A majority of accidents are still attributed to ‘human error’, or driver impairment through the use of alcohol or other drugs, even though it is clear that only minor advances can be expected in controlling this problem.At the same time, improvements in vehicle design and control, and highway design and control measures, have not been exhausted.大多数事故的原因仍然是“人为错误”，或司机因为酒精或其他药物的使用造成意识模糊，即使这很明显，但控制这一问题的进展很小。与此同时，汽车设计和控制，以及公路设计和控制措施方面的改进尚未做到尽头。

The railroad-highway grade crossing problem is one that should be clearly understood by transportation engineers and treated as an illogical intersection of two vastly different modes.Although it is economically impractical to eliminate all grade crossings within a brief time period, grade separation is the only positive engineering solution available and should be scheduled over a reasonable period, Other treatments for rail-highway grade crossings are interim solutions at best.铁路-公路地面交叉口是一个应该被交通工程师清楚地了解，并被以两个截然不同的模式不符合逻辑的交叉对待的问题。虽然在经济上短暂时间内消除所有地面过路口是不切实际的，立交是唯一积极合理的工程解决方案，并应在一段合理的时间内落实，铁路-公路地面交叉口问题的其它解决方案最好作为临时解决方案。

Poorly designed, placed, and maintained signs, poorly timed signals, and poorly maintained or nonexistent markings still abound in many areas of the country.It was stated in 1979 that bridges in the united states ‘are collapsing at the rate of one a day’.And by 1979, 12 years after the U.S.House of Representatives' Subcommittee on Federal aid Highways hearings pointed out the roads if le-hazards or ‘booby-traps’ problem on high speed roads, deaths attributable to this kind of single-vehicle accident were again approaching 17,000 per year.设计、放置、标志维护不当，时机不当的信号，维护不力或不存在的标记，在该国许多地区仍然比比皆是。有人说在1979年，在美国桥“是以每天一个速度塌陷”。而到了1979年，12年后，美国众议院小组委员会听证联邦援助公路的道路指出，如果乐危害或'诱杀装置对高速道路的问题，这个死亡人数的单一种是车辆事故再次接近每年1.7万。

Unit 19 Driver Behavior and Accidents行为与交通事故

Some types of improper driving as related to accidents can be the results of either willful or inadvertent errors.Unfortunately, it is not easy to discover which type of behavior has caused an accident.部分交通事故的发生可能是由于司机故意或者疏忽造成的，但是不幸的是，要明确到底是哪种情况引发了交通事故却并不容易。

An October 1970 report by the U.S.Department of Transportation deals with this difficult problem and concludes: “the negligence law usually treats 'driver error' ?both avoidable and unreasonable, and imposes liability pursuant to an objective standard to which all drivers are held.But a review of the available research indicates that a significant gap exists between the standard of behavior required by the negligence law and the average behavior normally exhibited by most drivers.” 根据1970年10月份美国运输部的一份报告，过失罪通常将司机的错误归为能避免的且非理性的错误中,并且依照所有司机都遵循的标准将法律责任强加进来。但是对这个探究的一篇评论指出，在过失罪所必需的行为标准与大部分司机所表现的一般行为之间存在明显的差别。

The report also says: “You will note that the standard of care required is that exercised by a person of reasonable and ordinary prudence, rather than that exercised by a person of extreme caution or exceptional skill.While exceptional skill is to be admired and encouraged, the law dose not demand ?it as a general standard of conduct.” ? 报告还说，注意的标准是一个人只要理智并且达到普通的审慎标准就行了，而不用非常小心且具有超高的驾驶技术。尽管娴熟的驾驶技术是法律提倡的，但是法律并不将此作为衡量的普遍标准。

Many programs of driver improvement seem to be based on an assumption of willful misbehavior and therefore concentrate on the multiple violator and accident repeater.However, studies by Campbell show that there 13 little evidence to support this position.Most accidents involve drivers with good records who have not had any previous serious crashes.In other words, the old concept of the ' accident-prone' driver is not supported by the facts.? 很多提高驾驶技术的课程一般都以司机的错误是有意的为假设，因此将重点放在多次违规和事故的重复上面。但是坎贝尔的研究表明没有足够的证据支持这个假设，很多驾驶记录优良的司机也会出事故。或者说原来的易出事故的司机的假设是不成立的。

Each year traffic accidents seem to be distributed among the states m about the same proportion per millions of vehicle-miles driven.Raw numbers of fatal crashes occur more frequently during the summer and fall when there is more travel.These facts all seem to point to the conclusion that the more driving we do, the more the chance of an accident occurring increases, the more do occur.This would seem to argue for the major role of change in the distribution of fatal crashes.Undoubtedly, chance factors are acting, but each accident was caused and therefore could have been prevented.?每年交通事故的分布基本集中在特定的州并且比例相对固定，致命的事故通常发生在旅游旺季夏天和秋天。以上事实都证明了司机开车越多，发生事故的概率就越大，事故次数也就相应增多。这似乎说明改变在致命事故中发挥的作用，但是毋庸置疑的是，机遇因素也同时在发挥作用，但是每件交通事故也可以因此避免。

Since the majority of motor vehicle accidents occur in daylight on dry roads with sound vehicles, the causes seem to be with the drivers and the ways in which they interact with the roadway.The more that is understood about drivers, the more likely are traffic control and remedial efforts to be successful.Burg deal with this question and presents the following conclusions: ??? 因为大多数机动车事故发生在白天干燥的路面上，且一般都是好车，所以原因或许是司机本身和路面的问题。对司机的了解越深，交通控制和补救措施越成功。伯格研究了这个问题，并且得出了如下结论：

（1）Biographical descriptors: A justification exists for differential licensing for both young and old drivers, and implementation of such a program is feasible.Not feasible, however, is differential licensing on the basis of such factors as marital status, education, or ?annual mileage, although research results would suggest such a move.（1）传记体叙述: 分别为年轻司机和老司机发不同的驾驶执照是公正合理的，实施这样一个方案是可行的。然而，颁发不同驾照建立在诸如婚姻状况、教育程度或者年行驶路程等因素的基础上却是不合理的，尽管报告里建议这样做。

(2)Chronic medical conditions: There is sufficient evidence relating certain serve medical conditions to accidents to suggest that short-term licensing of such inpiduals might prove beneficial.However, final action of this sort should not be taken without confirmation of present findings through a carefully controlled study（2）长期医学状况：大量证据表明，将确定的医疗条件服务与因持短期驾照的个人造成的事故相联系被证明或许有益处。然而，在没有认真可控的研究证实现有发现的确定性之前，这个说法走不到最后一步。

(3)Hearing: Present evidence suggests that the deaf driver may be at a disadvantage, and that special training programs and/or special aids might be of benefit;however, additional research again is needed before action is warranted.（3）听力: 现有证据表明失聪司机会出现不利状况，特殊训练方案或者特殊救助或者会有益处。然而，在行动有足够保证之前仍然需要额外的研究。

(4)Loss of limb;There is no evidence to justify taking any action in this area.（4）肢体残疾;没有证据证实在这一领域采取了行动。

(5)Vision: Research results indicate that vision is indeed related to driving.However, the magnitude of the relationship appears to lie small, and the question of practical significance arises;however, it is interesting to note that Shinar found that “nighttime accident involvement is related to poor visual acuity under nighttime levels of illumination, but unrelated to visual acuity under high(daytime)levels of illumination.”（5）视力:研究结果表明视力确实和驾驶关系密切。然而，两者关系的密切程度出现缩小的形势，而且实践的重要性问题逐步扩大。然而，注意到Shinar的这一发现挺有趣：夜间车祸与低于夜间照明水平的低视觉敏锐度有关，但是与低于高（白天）照明水平的视觉敏锐度无关。

?Burg states: "How much improvement in the traffic accident picture can be effected by more effective vision screening? By the same token, of what value are present licensing techniques such as written examination and driver tests? These are questions that have no clear-cut answers, for definitive research has yet to be done, and other factors, such as 'face validity' and 'tradition ”serve to confound the issue.伯格总结说：“如果视觉甄别更有效能在多大程度上降低交通事故呢？同样地，现行的笔试和路考驾驶技术的测试又有多大价值呢？有的问题并没有明确的答案，还需要研究来证明，另一方面，其他因素，例如表面有效性和传统可以帮助解释这个问题。”

Drivers can become involved in accidents even as innocent victims and yet be included in some records.Because of legal implications, many such records do not distinguish the 'at fault’ driver from those not at fault, which makes research in group behavior very difficult.Therefore, care must be exercised when examining studies of driving accident records to know what criteria were used.司机有时候即使作为无罪的受害者也会卷入事故中或者被记录在案。因为法律涉及，许多记录并不区分有过错的司机与无过错的司机，这使群体行为研究变得非常困难。因此，必须谨慎关注驾驶事故研究，以了解使用的什么准则。

第20单元 单向交通

尽管大多数街道和公路的设计用于通过双向交通，增加交通流率的同时也增加了车辆和行人与车辆之间的冲突，由此产生的交通拥挤及事故往往使人们考虑到用单向交通。主要的活动中心，如中心商务区的城市拥有一大批高交通，密集的交叉口、因为考虑到交通信号时间和提高街道的通行能力单行道经常被采用。发展中的新的活动中心如购物中心、运动场馆、工业园等，单向交通方式经常被用于改造原始街及其他交通计划。

单向街道一般运行在以下三种道路情况之一： ①街道上的交通在所有时间都保持一个方向移动。

②单向车道通常是单向的，但在某些时候可能调整以提供其它方向上的使用，即主要的流动方向相反的方向。

③一条街道通常情况下进行交通繁忙的双程行车，但在某一方向流量较重时，通常运用单向交通。单向交通通常被设在交通流较大的方向上，例如在早高峰时单向交通设在某一个方向上。在晚高峰时设在相反的方向上，其他时段相同用双向交通运作。

利与弊

单向交通通常用于减少交通挤塞，增加街道网络的能力。同样单向交通也会影响安全和毗邻的土地的使用。

(1)对性能的影响

在城市双向街道上交通冲突和交叉口延误是导致的交通挤塞及旅行时间减少的一个主要原因。单向交通中反向交通并不会影响左转弯的进行。此外，特殊的道路宽度是完全会被使用的解决方案。利用单向交通的方案，可增加高达50%的道路通行能力。

实施单向交通后提高了道路通行能力,也同时实现了双向交通不能允许的临时或全天的路边停车。更加有效的信号配时还可以增加街道的通行能力能力。

(2)对安全的影响 在交通信号控制的单向交通的主要路口行人和车辆安全通过性与在其他交叉的街道和车道通过时存在差距。此外，驾驶员和单向交通中的行人仅仅需要注意单方向行进的交通。

许多研究表明双向交通改单向交通因为驾驶技术造成的意外事故减少 10 %至 50%。在某些情况下，更减少了特定类型的意外。驾驶员为了找到空隙停车或为了转向进入适当车道而采取的不适当的交织会增加路段上的轻微交通冲突数。然而，单向和双向操作之间的过渡地区经常会发生危险，需要特别的交通控制方案。

(3)对交通流的影响

使用单向交通的主要原因是，改善交通运作，减少交通挤塞。改善运行条件、行驶速度和安全程度，当然这取决于以往的运行情况。一般情况下，旅行时间可以缩短10% 至 50%，交通事故率减少 10% 到 40%并轻微的增加整个交通系统的运作能力。一些改善交通运行的方法应该被采用与以下的消极方面取得平衡：

①驾驶必须旅行额外远才能到达目的地。这浪费时间和燃料。

②在单向交通中，特别是如果网络几何是不规则的并且没有特别明确标记和信号标志的道路上外来车辆可能容易弄混。

③如果道路被强制的由单向改为双向，长途运输业可能会因此受到不利的影响。在一条狭长道路上的旅行，可以走到最近的公共汽车站，步行前往并采用公共交通的人数会增加。

④紧急通行的车辆，如消防车，可能需要采取更为迂回的路线到达其目的地。但是通过，紧急车辆将进入单向系统之前的信号控制，即实行人工干预对单向交通上的车辆放行以使紧急车辆快速进入下一个十字交叉口，这样会在某种程度上减轻紧急车辆在道路上浪费的时间。

(4)对区域经济条件的影响

改进的交通运行，提高的安全性通常会对相邻的土地使用者和公众产生广泛的经济利益。然而，规划单向交通系统时，特别是涉及到商业街道时，商家可能会认为实施单向交通后将会影响到他们的正常营业，因而交通工程师们应该预计到他们会反对实施单向交通。

但在美国各地的研究一般而言会反对对此类造成影响的索赔。此外，一旦实施了单向交通系统之后，许多原来反对实施单向交通的商家却成了忠实的拥护者。单向交通很少会再次更改回双向交通，除非主要新公路设施建设使单向道路系统不必要继续运行。

虽然很多地方经济和环境因为一个接一个的地区改为单向交通模式而受到影响，密歇根州公路部门的深入研究却揭示了一些有趣的结果。

① 大多数住在单向交通道路周边的居民都对单向模式表示不满意，就是在此类地区存在着最大的交通不满。

②在调查区域内的居民，从感觉上或者态度上抵触情绪的减轻至少是因为其中有些人的居住地远离单向交通区域。

③长期定居的居民认为单向交通的转换会造成财产损失，而且从环境角度来看，会造成地区环境满意度下降。不过，市场分析结果显示最大的住宅物业价值增加出现在低的交通量转换的最大程度环境不满的街道上。

④ 没有迹象显示单向街道对商业活动的负面经济影响。生意失败的次数自单向转换后大幅减少。

第21单元交通管理

目标

交通管理起源于这样一种需要，那就是在预算有限的情况下，以最少的新建工程项目，最大限度的提高现有道路网的通行能力。这种方法，经常被看作为快速修复、必需的创新解决方式和新的技术发展。许多技术设计对传统高速公路工程和设计构思以及有损交叉口设计采纳均有影响。引导行人穿越道的控制标志，不仅是改善在拥挤道路上的安全而是要通过不让行人支配穿越地点来改善道路的交通容量。

最近（交通管理的）重点已从简单的通行能力改善转移到减少事故、限制需求、公共交通优先、环境改善和保障步行者及自行车骑行者的安全、自由通行等方面。

需求管理

有一种这样态度上的重大转变：就是不再支持高速公路在容量上不受限制的成长。这种在城镇和都市的潜在毁灭和对乡间的环境损害使其不被大多数人们接受。交通管理使其在很大程度上极大化公路网的容量，然而需求量和拥挤仍在继续的增加。

公路主管当局认为他们无法授权提供资金给大量的新建造。很显然，在可预见的将来，资源将不能提供私人的无限制的车辆交通量增长。单独的交通工程是不能够提供充足的高速路容量的即使是限制很多新的构造。

一种需求管理的方法已经受到相当多的兴趣并且研究的是拥堵的管理。这是车辆被收取额外费用作为他们使用拥挤的道路空间的地方。新技术以智能卡的形式需要确保系统车辆监别是可实行、公平的。调停外部或者非局部的车辆措施也是不可或缺的。影像分析已经达到了能被用作可以完成这个目的的水平。

工程检测

交通工程师有一系列能被应用于目标的巨大措施。这些目标包括：容量增强；事故校正；环境保护和增强；服务的修护和提供出入口；提供援助给行人和骑脚踏车的；协助公交车或电车道驾驶人；提供伤残人士的设施；管理路内和路外的停车。

大多数交通容量问题都在道路交叉口发生。市区的道路交叉口，不仅是行人和自行车活动的重要的中心点，而且也通常是公共交通立交桥的所在地。由于各种相互矛盾的需求，这并不令人感到惊讶，市区交通事故的三分之二发生在道路交叉口。给一个特殊的地点选择一个合适的交叉口设计方案可能很困难。一些设计，像是绕道的，虽然能显著地减少车对车事故的严重性，但是却增加了骑自行车的危险性。在一些行人及全循环设施和公交优先措施的交通信号情况下可能还降低了整体的交通处理能力。

细致的道路空间的分配来分离交通流到专用车道能减少混乱而且限制事故。专用车道可能含特别的车辆道，像是回头车道和公共汽车优先车道和左转或右转车道。

禁止转弯和单行道的实施能减少潜在的冲突和事故发生。这些措施能被用于履行受保护的行人或者循环叉道以及简单交叉口的布置。当单行道方案被考虑时，须严格谨慎以使得单行道的方案可以让驾驶者能够自由的不受对向其他的交通工具的影响以加快行驶速度。

道路点的封闭常被用来简单化交叉口和高速公路布置以及除去转冲突。这种连续的人行道也能改善徒步者的安全以及提供公共汽车停车站的空间，周转率，人行道，和硬软式风景设计。

从常规交通中封闭一大段路可以形成步行商业街。这种方案可能很难设计和改进，因为公共汽车，急救部门车辆，驻存/所有人和服务车辆的设施都必须被考虑。

车道狭窄可以用来限制容量，或者车辆速度，而且减少停车和行人穿越道距离。

所有成功的交通工程方案的关键是视觉的诱导由道路的视觉诱导提供给一个有优先权的使用者清晰地道路指示。

交叉口类型

有许多不同的详细划分的交叉口类型，但是它们可以分为五种基础类型：不受控制的非优先次序交叉口；优先次序交叉口；圆环型；交通标志；立体交叉。

路标

过高的对道路系统的重要的路标作评价是不可能的。在一些事例中，道路标线只强调公路的设备布置和引导道路使用者到安全的行驶路线。在许多情况下，方案的成功全部依赖于道路标线所发出的视觉的信息。

交通标志

交通标志区分为四个类目；警告标志；禁止标志；方向指示标志；其他指示标志。

警告标志提供一些危险因素的信息，像是联系络点、方向的改变，车道宽度，倾斜、低洼，曲面桥，道路施工等等给道路使用者。

禁令标志提供一些必须遵守的信息，例如停车、让路、禁止转弯、强制转弯、禁入、单行线、车种限制、车重和车宽限制、停留及装载限制以及速度限制等。

方向的指示标志提供关于工作路线的确定和重要地点的吸引，像是铁路车站，航空站等等的信息。其他指路标志提供关于人行道和其他停车方案，传统位置点，调查报告测点等等信息。交通标志时常连同道路标线安装在一起。

Unit 23 Parking 停车位 Parking is a commodity that is subject to the basic laws of economics.Thus, for example, if a parking policy is developed which results in a reduction in the number of long-stay parking spaces in a town centre, then a new equihbnum point will he established which will result in a higher pnce to the consumer for parking;this higher price, in turn, will make it less attractive to make the journey-lo-work trip to the town centre by car.Thus parking policy affects how people will travel and good parking management and control can lead to some or all of the following: higher car occupancies, decreasing person-trips, faster travel times and less travel delays, greater public transport usage, decreasing congestion, and reduced air and noise pollution.Traffic and parking: some associated effects

停车是一种基于经济学的基本规律商品。因此，例如，如果停车措施政策发达，结果会导致长住在市中心的泊车位的数目减少，然后新的平衡点确立，并将导致消费者花更多的钱去停车； 这更高的价格反过来将使乘车去市中心工作失去吸引力。因此停车政策影响到人们如何出行，好的停车管理和控制能带来下列一些活着全部效果：提高车辆占有率，减少出行时间和延误，增加市区公共交通使用率，减少堵塞和降低空气和噪声污染。

交通和停车：相关的影响(1)Aesthetics An environmental 'disamenity' which receives little attention is the aesthetic deterioration often associated with the parking of vehicles.（1）美学

通常与车辆停泊相关而且很少收到注意是审美的恶化。

(2)Business, accessibility and parking Cconmercial interests consider that they are directly affected by the parking situation and, even in this day, many merchants and business people in city centres tend to regard packed kerbs a necessary visual evidence of trade prosperity.（2）业务、辅助功能和泊车位

商业团体考虑他们直接受停车的情况的影响，并在即使在这一天，许多商家和城市中心区的商界人士倾向于把利用这种可见的具有贸易繁荣性质的路缘。

Accidents 事故

Although vehicles parked at, or manoeuvring into or out of, kerb parking spaces can be an important cause of accidents, the number of studies which have been carried out in order to produce an understandable and accurate description of the role of parking in accident occurrence is relatively few.虽然车辆停车，或操纵进入或离开，路边停车已是一个事故的重要原因，被做过研究停车在交通事故中可以理解的准确的调查的数量是相对较少的。

Surveys 调查

Parking surveys are carried out in order to obtain the information necessary to provide an assessment of the parking problem in the area(s)being studied.The objective of any suchstudy is to determine facts which will provide the logical point of departure in relation to indicating parking needs.Commons to all types of parking studies, whatever their scale, are parking supply and parking usage surveys.停车调查时为了收集对研究区域的停车问题惊醒评估时所必须的信息。任何此类研究的目标是确定这些将提供适用于指示的停车需求的逻辑起点的事实。所有类型的停车研究，无论其规模，都是停车位供应和停车使用情况的调查。

(l)Parking supply survey Parking supply surveys are concerned with obtaining detailed irrformation regarding those on-and off-street features which influence the provision of parking space, the existing situation with regard to parking space, and how it is controlled.A typical survey would require an inventory of the on-street accommodation, and of all off-street car parks and parking garages serving the traffic area heing studied.Whether the survey area involves the central area of a town(which may be broadly define as the area in which all streets have business frontage), or a suburban shopping area, or a hospital or university, it should also include the surrounding fringe area where vehicles are parked by persons with destinations within the survey area.(1)停车位供应调查

停车供应调查时着重于获得那些影响提供停车空间的道路的详细信息。停车空间的现状以及如何去控制。一个典型的调查要求获得道路的容量.远离道路的停车场以及服务于被调查地区汽修厂详细清单。无论调查区域是否包括市中心区（通常可能会被定义为所有商业街都具有商业前沿的地区），或者一个郊区购物地域，或者医院或者大学，它应当包括被调查区域内人们用来停车的边缘地区。

(2)Parking usage survey The parking phenomenon is very much based on the law of supply and demand, whereby supply is the total number of spaces available within a designated area, and demand is the desire to park based solely on the location of the trip destination.However, unlike the true supply and demand situation, there ts a third variable-usage-associated with parking which reflects the desire to park close to the desti-nation, but within the limitations imposed by the available supply, as well as the desire to park reasonable cost.In other words, demand is a constant, reflecting the desire to park at the trip destination, whereas usage is a variable that depends upon the conditions at the terminal area and upon the characteristics of the trip as well as of the trip-maker.(2)停车场使用情况调查

停车现象很大程度基于供应和需求的规定，即供应是一个指定的区域内可用的空间总数及需求是一种在旅行目的地停车的渴望。然而，与真正的供应和需求情况不同，与停车相关的第三种情况即反映渴望去停在目的地周围地区而收到可获得供应的限制以及一种渴望合理的停车消耗。换句话说，需求是一个常量，反映渴望停在旅行目的地，而适用情况是一个变量，它依赖于目的地条件和旅行的性质以及要旅行的人。

If the parking supply is in excess of the parking demand, then the true demand can he determined by means of a parking concentration survey-usually carried out in conjunction with q parking duration survey.If the parking supply is less than the demand, then an indication of the demand may be obtained by means of a direct-interview parking survey;however, the true demand, which might include' suppressed' vehicles not able or willing to find parking within the survey area, can only be properly estimated from comprehensive land use/transport surveys of the nature noted previously in this text.如果停车位供应过剩，真正的需求量取决于停车浓度调查和停车时间调查。如果停车位供应是小于需求，然后相对值的需求可能通过直接停车调查获得；但是，真正的需求，其中可能包括被禁止的不能或不愿意在统计调查区域找停车的地方车辆，只能够从综合土地使用及以前文本指出的交通调查的性质来正确估计。

Concentration survey 停车占有率调查

The purpose, of a concentration survey is to determine not only where vehicles do park, but also the actual number parked at any given instant at all locations(on-and off-street)within the survey area.The street phase of the survey is usually carried out by piding the survey area into * beats' , each short e-nough to be toured on foot or by car within a pi^eterrnined time interval, biformation regarding the numbers of vehicles parked(legally and illegally)at each street and alleyway location is then noted on prepared forms or spoken into a tape recorder for transcribing at the end of the day.Each beat normally forms a closed circuit so that no time is lost by the observer(s)in returning to the starting point for successive inspecti6ns.停车占有率调查的目的，不仅要确定在哪里停车还要确定在任何给定的时刻调查范围内所有地点的实际泊位数目(对内和路旁）。调查的街道阶段通常把它分成几个辖区，每个辖区要能够在步行范围内或乘车能在预订时间内到达。关于停靠在街道和胡同里车辆(合法和非法)数目的信息在每一天工作后，要用表格或者口述录音的方式记录下来。每个辖区通常形成闭合区域以至于最后通过与起点核对没有遗漏的地方。

Duration survey 连续调查

The primary purpose of a duration survey is to determine the lengths of time that vehicles are stored within the survey area.In so doing, data normally collected during a concentration survey can also be collected(in essentially the same way, in the case of the on-street survey)during the.duration survey.持续时间调查的主要目的是确定车辆停留在在调查范围内的时间长度。这样做，通常浓度调查过程中收集的数据也可以在持续时间调查过程中收集(方式基本上相同，在对街道调查的情况下）。

Parker interview survey 停车访问调查

This, the most expensive;—and comprehensive^

—of the parking surveys, normally involves interviewing motorists at their places of parking and questioning them regarding the origins of the trips just completed, the primary destinations whilst parked, and the purposes of the trip.Particulars regarding parking duration and concentration may also be gathered during this survey and, if required, information may obtained regarding the number, sex and age of each vehicle's occupants.这，最费时— 最全面— 的停车调查，通常包括在停车地点访问驾驶者和提问他们关于刚完成的形程起源地，停车的主要目的地和旅行的目的。关于停车持续时间和停车占有率的资料也可以在这次调查的过程中收集，如果需要，可获取车辆拥有者的数量.性别和年龄的信息。

第三篇：英语翻译

Business Advertisements

商务广告

翻译技巧 1.直译法

 Big thrills.Small bills.大刺激，小消费

2.意译法（取原文内容而舍弃形式，容许创造但原文信息应该保存） Behind that healthy smile, there’s a Crest kid.健康笑容来自佳洁士

3.创译法（摒弃原文翻译，进行重新创造，表层意义少有相似之处，但具备更高的意境，更强的感染力） A great way to fly.飞跃万里，超越一切。（新加坡航空）4.增补法（对原文关键词词义进行挖掘、引申、扩充） Crest Whitens Whites.佳洁士牙膏使牙齿白上加白。 Everything you heard is true.真材料，真感受，真服务。5.浓缩法（针对原文不够精炼、信息过剩的文本使用）

 Wherever you are.Whatever you do.The Allianz Group is always on your side.安联集团，永远站在你身边。6.四字法（中文习惯，言简意赅、寓意深长）

 We lead.Others copy.我们领先，他人效仿。（理光复印机） Prepare to want one.众望所归，翘首以待（现代汽车）

7.不译法（广告口号原文短小精悍时，难以译出同样惟妙惟肖的对应句时采用，效果：出奇制胜） NEC Multimedia welcomes you home.(Slogan:)just imagine这里变成你家。（NEC Multimedia）

 Open your eyes to the world(Slogan:)The world’s news leader.CNN 国际新闻网让您放眼看世界（口号：）The world’s news leader.Practice：

情系中国结，联通四海心  Unicom connects Chinese. Your emotions in a Chinese knot, connecting you to the whole world. Chinese Knot, linking you and me.

Small deposit, Big return.小额存款，巨额收益。（银行）

 The choice is yours.The honor is ours.任君选择，深感荣幸。（汽车） Focus on life.瞄准生活。（奥林巴斯）

 That’s my way.踏上个性之路。（莱尔斯丹女鞋）

 Come to New York and See the world.If you are looking for the place that has everything, there’s only one place to visit, and that’s New York.It’s a whole world in a city.来纽约，看世界。如果你想寻找包罗万象之地，只有一处可以造访—那就是纽约：一座城市，一个世界。

广告公司

跟踪服务

Advertising agency

follow-up service Vending machine

slice of life

自动售货机 实景真人 特写

生活片段

special effect

特技

Live action

展台

feature articles

booths

GPS

Full showing

GPS 全面登场 GPS—Global Positioning System Grandchildren-raising fees

Child’s slave Empty-nest family

Sponsorship fee Tuition and incidental fees

Tutoring center Baby-sitter

SECTION 1

 书面商务广告的结构

Headline

表现广告主题的短文或短句

Body text

广告主体，对标题做出详细解释与说明

Slogan

一则广告中最醒目、最引人注目的部分

SECTION 2

Ⅱ．体会下列广告的翻译，并说出它们分别是哪些企业的广告用语。（1）

Making a big world smaller.把世界变小了。（德国汉沙航空公司）（2）

Diet cares more than the doctor.药补不如食补。（食品广告）（3）

Compact and Impact.体积虽小，颇具功效。（旅行箱的广告）（4）

Let the rainbow in the sky，Send his twin brother to you ——

To keep your spirit high.天上彩虹，人间长虹。

（“长虹”电视机的广告）

（5）

Maxam erases years from your skin.岁月的小细纹不知不觉游走了。（“美加净”的广告）Ⅲ．你能翻译出下列常见的广告语吗？

（1）

Make yourself heard.理解就是沟通（爱立信）（2）

Start ahead.成功之路，从头开始（飘柔）（3）

Connecting people.科技以人为本（诺基亚）（4）

Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好（飞利浦）

（5）

Good to the last drop． 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽（麦斯威尔咖啡）

（6）

Poetry in motion, dancing close to me． 动态的诗，向我舞近（丰田汽车）（7）

Ask for more.渴望无限（百事流行鞋）

（8）

The choice of a new generation.新一代的选择（百事可乐）（9）

要买房，到建行。

Wanna a house of your own? Buy one with our loan.（10）没有最好，只有更好。

Good better best, never let it rest.Ⅳ．请判断以下广告语运用的修辞方法并体会其翻译。

（1）

EBEL, the architects of time.EBEL手表，时间的设计师。（拟人）

（2）

Wherever it hurts, we’ll heal it.不管它哪里疼痛，我们都会使它愈合。（夸张）（3）

Make Time For Time.阅读《时代》能为您赢得时间。（双关）（4）

Live well, Snack well.美好生活，离不开香脆的饼干。（排比）

（5）

M & M’s melt in your mouth, not in your hands.只溶在口，不溶在手。（押韵）（6）

Making a big world smaller.我们把世界变小了。（夸张）

SECTION 3 I.广告的语言特点

与其他文体相比，英语广告文体的语言在词汇、句法结构和修辞方式等方面都有许多独特之处。

（一）词汇特征

在文字使用上，广告用语简洁、生动、形象，富有感情色彩和感染力。有时，为了突出产品的新、奇、特的个性特征，广告的设计者往往借助于文字的功能和魅力来吸引顾客，例如故意使用错别字、杜撰新词或者错乱搭配等方式来增强广告的魅力，以引起顾客的关注。E.g.TWOGETHER: the ultimate all inclusive one price sunkissed holiday.（供夫妻旅游度假的广告）

（二）句法特征

句式简单、多用祈使句、疑问句、常用主动语态与一般现在时、多用并列结构、省略句

广告语言在句子类型上普遍采用陈述句，有时为了加深读者的印象，使读者在心理上兴奋起来也采用一些疑问句和祈使句。

例如：Everything you’ve heard is true.He who hesitates is lost.So make your own taste test.What can you do at a ski resort in summer? 在句子结构上，广告语言多采用简单结构的句子，有时甚至出现无动词的句子，注重口语化。例如： Is microwave cooking fast?

You bet!

I love it!

Beef: real food for real people.有时广告英语中还使用简短、有力的口号式祈使句，能有效地提高其说服力和感染力。例如： Let’s make things better.让我们做得更好。

Take time to indulge.尽情享受。Make yourself heard.理解就是沟通。

（三）修辞特征

在广告语中，为了增强广告的吸引力，使广告更富有感染性和煽动性，常常会使用拟人、比喻、双关等修辞手法。例如：

Sometimes beauty is more than skin deep.外表美，内在更优。（比喻）A Dream Price.A Dream Opportunity.理想的价格。理想的机会。（排比）Flowers by Interflora speak from the heart.因特花店花说心里话。（拟人）

A Deal with Us Means a Good Deal to You.跟我们做的买卖，肯定是笔好买卖。（双关）Tide’s in, Dirt’s out.汰渍放进去，污垢洗出来。（对比）All roads lead to Holiday Inn.条条大路通向假日酒店。（仿拟All roads lead to Rome）Feel good, fast food.快餐食品，可口温馨。（押尾韵）Crest whitens whites.佳洁士牙膏使牙齿白上加白。（押头韵）

For 25 years, we’ve been flying to only one destination—EXCELLENCE.最佳服务——25年不变的追求。（夸张）Smooth trip, smooth arrival.平稳旅行，平稳到达。（反复）

If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, don’t listen...they’re probably trying to trick you into longevity.(American Cancer Society)如果有人一直叫你戒烟，不要理他……他们大概是想骗你活得久一点。（美国抗癌协会）（反语） 广告翻译要注重顾客心理接受程度和广告的功能效应，还要兼顾广告的简洁性和通俗性，充分发挥目的语的语言优势，采取灵活的翻译方式。

一、要充分从顾客的角度考虑

广告的翻译不应只是文字上的表面吻合，而应是信息和语言内涵上的吻合，同时还要充分考虑顾客的心理适应性，灵活运用汉语语言的优势，使译文读者能收到和原文读者同样的反映效果。例如：If you drive, don’t drink;If you drink, don’t drive.翻译为“严禁酒后驾车。”，就要比“如果你要开车就不要喝酒，如果你喝了酒就不要开车。”效果要好，因为汉语读者习惯于这种强制性表达。

再如：Thieves love crowds;watch your wallet, bag, and camera.汉语习惯于从留意可疑人员方面入手来提醒顾客注意扒手，因此可翻译为：“谨防扒手！”，而不能照字面意思来翻译

二、要注意行文简洁、流畅

由于广告受到时间、空间和顾客的心理接受程度等诸多因素的制约，往往要求行文简洁、流畅。翻译时也应满足此特点的要求。

例如：Finest food, most attractive surroundings, and friendly disposition.有人翻译为：最好的食物，最吸引人的环境，友好的接待。但这显得不够简洁，从一定程度上也损害了广告的效果。我们可以改译为：风味独特，环境幽雅，服务周到。

再如：The unique spirit of Canada.品加拿大酒，体会加拿大人的精神。

How does your garden grow? 我们帮你绿化家园。

三、要注重广告的功能效应

翻译时，要结合广告的目的物及其动机目的，有条件地发挥创造性，不拘泥于原文的形式，大胆地突破，充分发挥汉语的语言优势，利用汉语的谐音、押韵和节奏感等特点来翻译广告语。

例如：Think once.Think twice.Think bike.翻译为：左想想，右想想，还是自行车最理想。

A mars a day helps you work, rest and play.一天加一码，工作休闲更潇洒。

It’s the taste.雀巢咖啡，是你期望的味道。

Pepsi-cola hits the spot, Twelve full ounces, that’s a lot, Twice as much for a nickel, too, Pepsi-cola is the drink for you.百事可乐将较真，质保优来量保份，如实经常饮此品，身强体壮病无根。译文解析

 Somewhere in the world—in dense jungle, or basking desert, or polar wasteland —an explorer could even now be navigating by dead reckoning.For this task, an absolutely reliable time-piece is essential.在这个世界的某个地方—— 在热带丛林中，在酷热难挨的沙漠里，抑或在极地的荒原上，一位探险家可能正借助仪器测定方位。这时，绝对可靠的计时器可是生命攸关的啊！ Ever since its introduction in 1926, the Rolex Oyster has been the choice of explorers and adventures.The virtual indestructibility of the Oyster case and utter reliability of the movement it contains have ensured that countless oysters have accompanied their wearers into history books.自从劳力士1926年问世以来，一直颇受探险家和勘探人员的青睐。它坚固耐用，计时准确，曾帮多少人走上了成功之路。

 Yet the Rolex Oysters that have voyaged to the ends of the earth and depths of ocean are in every respect the same watches that you will find in any official Rolex jeweler.而这些曾走遍天涯海角、曾上天入地的劳力士，正是您在任何劳力士表行中所常常见到的那一种。 Every single Rolex Oyster that leaves Geneva is capable of accompanying its owner wherever he or she cares to venture.日内瓦出产的任何一块劳力士表，都将成为主人的忠实伴侣。 Where in the world will you be taking yours?

您将戴着您的劳力士在何方创建辉煌呢？

SECTION 7

Ⅰ．以下是广告中常出现的词语，请把它们翻译成汉语。

（1）solicit your kind patronage 惠承关顾

（2）full 12 months unconditional service guarantee 保修一年（3）novel design

设计新颖

（4）top quality & cheap price

物美价廉（5）buy on wholesale

批发价

（6）retail price

零售价（7）best seller

畅销货

（8）buy on cash

现金购买

（9）meeting delivery date

准时交货

（10）up to standard

符合标准（11）bargain offer

降价优惠

（12）installment

分期付款（13）buy on credit

赊购

（14）prompt delivery

交货迅速 Ⅱ．下面是我们所熟知的商品的广告词，请你根据对应的翻译填出适当的词语（1）

Swatch（斯沃奇手表）——天长地久。Time is what you make of it.（2）

Ericsson（爱立信手机）——倾听自我/理解就是沟通。Make yourself heard

.（3）

Nike（耐克运动鞋）——只管去做。Just do it.（4）

De Bierrs（戴比尔斯钻石）——钻石恒久远，一颗永留传。A diamond lasts forever.（5）

Coca-cola（可口可乐）——饮可口可乐，万事如意。Things go better with Coca-Cola.（6）

Nokia（诺基亚手机）——科技以人为本。Connecting people.（7）

Philips（飞利浦电器）——让我们做得更好。Let’s make things better

.（8）

RADAR（雷达牌驱虫剂）——蚊子杀杀杀。

Mosquito bye bye bye.（9）

Kodak（柯达相纸/胶卷）——就在柯达一刻。

A Kodak moment..（10）Pepsi-cola（百事可乐）——渴望无极限。Ask for more..Ⅲ．翻译下列广告词。

（1）

Obey your thirst.服从你的渴望

（2）

Start ahead.成功之路，从头开始（3）

A modern car for a modern driver.现代人开现代车

（4）

Communication unlimited.沟通无极限（5）

Feel the new space.感受新境界

（6）

A modern classic.现代的经典（7）

To play refreshed.清凉一刻

（8）

Quality breeds success.质量造就成功（9）

Buick—your key to a better life and a better world.别克—— 通往美好生活的秘诀。（10）Feel like a million for $970,000 less.It cost less than breakfast at the White House.少付了97万美元，却得到百万的享受，它比白宫的早餐还便宜。(Benz)（11）Five feet nine inches in his socks.Ten feet tall in his shoes.光脚身高五英尺九英寸，穿上锐步，身高十英尺。（Reebok）

（12）With our new E-ticket, all you have to bring is yourself.选用我们的E号飞机票，阁下不需携带任何东西，只要带着自己。（British Airways）

Ⅳ．试将下列广告词英汉搭配起来。

A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.（1）

听得越多，学得越多。There is Kentucky, the good flavor of life.（2）

新一代的选择。

Time always follows me.（3）

有了肯德基，生活好滋味。We can’t forget ahead by sticking to existing roads.（4）

时间因我存在。Intelligence everywhere.（5）

智慧演绎，无处不在。The more you listen, the more you learn.（6）

开拓进取，来源于勇气创新。Double Star takes you afar.（7）

动态的诗，向我舞近。

The choice of new generation.（8）

一天一颗巧克力，工作、休闲和娱乐。Sincerity is forever.（9）

真诚到永远。

Poetry in motion, dancing close to me.（10）穿上“双星”鞋，潇洒走世界。Ⅴ．请指出下列广告词所用的修辞方法。

（1）

Featherwate.Light as a feather.Simile（2）

Opportunity knocks!

Personification（3）

Fun.Friendly.Free.Parallel（4）

Big thrills, small bills.Contrast（5）

Life is a sport, drink it up.Metaphor（6）

Wearing is believing.Parody（7）

Go well, use shell.Rhythming（8）days without 7-up make one weak.Pun（9）

Life is harsh, your Tequila shouldn’t be.Contrast（10）You will be the talk of the town in dresses made by FUTURE FASIONS.So if you can’t stand being in the spotlight don’t buy FUTURE FASIONS.Irony Ⅵ．根据所学的翻译方法翻译下列句子。

（1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievement.中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。（分译法）

（2）We feel sorry we cannot supply you with the products you requested since we stopped that business last year.很抱歉，我们不能提供你所需要的产品。从去年起我们停止了这项业务。（分译法）（3）The technological design of the bed cushion is advanced with novel structure, beautiful shape and various patterns.They are comfortable and convenient to carry.这种床垫工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式多样，舒适大方，携带 方便。（合译法）

（4）My tight schedule of business duties will not permit me to visit your company as planned.由于业务繁忙，我难以按原计划访问贵公司。（分译法）

（5）A containership named“Tian Guang” was launched in September at Hugenberg shipyard in Germany.A German Government loan was used to build the vessel for Tianhai Group, Tianjin, China.利用德国政府贷款为天津天海集团建造的集装箱船“天光号”于9月在 德国胡根贝格船厂下水。（合译法）Ⅶ．根据所学的翻译技巧试译下列广告（1）On Sale Must Clear Shoe Sale Now On Extra Huge Reduction Everything must go!KHANDALLAH FOOTWEAR 14 Ganges Rd Khandallah(Opp Town Hall)Ph: 479-3336 Saturday 9-1 p.m.（2）In order to meet readers’ increasing demand for the latest information in the fast-growing electronics and telecommunications industries, China Daily has formally launched publication of its IT(Information Technology)page.Published every Sunday on Page 6 of Business Weekly in broadsheet format, the IT page will keep you abreast of the latest developments in the IT industry.（3）

Commercial Manager For our joint venture in North-East Asia.To take up this challenging role we require the following:

· Solid experience in a commercial senior management position in a China-joint venture · Ability to work in a multi-cultural environment · Recognized degree in accounting and finance · Excellent spoken and written English · Willing to learn Chinese（4）

BUY BRITAIN WE CAN SEND IT BACK HOME IN 48 HOURS JOAN COLLINS SAVED $4000 BY USING US!Collection, packing, insurance, delivery worldwide Envelops to elephants, our “Travelight” service will help.Call our baggage service centre’s now!All major cards accepted.（5）

Wanted 15 to 20 native speaking English teachers and 15 to 20 Chinese teachers of English to work at the Beijing New Oriental Language Village on a full-time and permanent basis.Must have a university education.ESL teaching experience an asset.Those with an outgoing personality are preferred.The Village will immerse students into English;students and teachers will speak and write only in English during a month of living together.Fair salary.Accommodation and food provided.SECTION 8

1． A penny soul never comes to two pence.志小之人不能成大事。

2.Advertising may be described as the science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from it.广告可被视为一种长久蒙蔽人类智慧以期从中赚钱的技巧。3.Gain at the expense of reputation should be called loss.—Syrus 失荣而获，虽获犹失。——赛勒斯

Business Letters 商务信函

SECTION 1

 英语商务信函的构成一般可分为：

（一）基本部分，包括：（a）信头(Letter Head)

（b）日期(Date)

（c）封内地址(Inside Address)（d）称呼(Salutation or Greeting)

（e）信的正文(Body of the Letter)

（f）结束礼词(Complimentary Close)

（g）签名(Signature)

（二）其他部分，包括：（a）附件(Enclosure)，简写Enc．

（b）附言(Postscript)，简写P.S．

（c）经办人姓名(Attention Line)

（d）事由(Subject or Heading)

（e）查号或参考编号(Reference No.)

（f）抄送(Carbon Copy Notation)，简写C.C.SECTION 2

I.一封完整的英文商务信函应该包括下列哪些内容？A B C D E F G H I J K L M N

A.letter head

B.date

C.inside name and address

D.salutation

E.subject F.complimentary close

G.signature

H.attention line

I.enclosure

J.postscript

K.carbon copy

L.references

M.mailing notation

N.body Ⅱ．试把上题中的答案译成汉语并填入下表

Ⅲ．商务信函在语言上应该有哪些特点？请从下面试着作出选择。A B C D A． 收函人为中心（Reader’s Point of View）

B． 应该礼貌

（Courtesy）

C． 直接简练

（Directness & Conciseness）

D． 准确清楚

（Precision & Clarity）Ⅳ． 试翻译下列词语。

（1）

export list

出口商品名录

（2）

commodities fair 商品交易会（3）

non-firm offer 虚盘

（4）

force majeure 不可抗力（5）

documentary L/C 跟单信用证

（6）

port of shipment

装运港

（7）

bill of exchange 汇票

（8）

trial order 试购订单（9）

bid 递价

（10）insurance policy 保单

Ⅴ.商务信函的翻译有人概括为ABCD四字诀，你能写出这四个字母分别代表哪个单词吗？ A Accuracy（准确）

SECTION 3

商业信函翻译实例分析 5 May 202_

Mr.K.L.Lee Tiger Manufacturing, Eastern Industrial Zone, Guangzhou China

Dear Mr.Lee, Thank you for your letter of 15 April regarding payment terms.We agree to your proposal, the terms of which are as follows.（1）Payment will be made by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with draft at sight instead of direct payment at sight.（2）The price quoted to us is with no discount.The above payment terms have been approved by our Managing Director and will be acted on accordingly.The order is being prepared and will reach you in the next ten days.I would like to take this opportunity to inform you that our representative, Mr.John Green, will attend the forthcoming Canton Fair.He will be writing to you shortly.We sincerely hope that future discussions between our companies will lead to further mutually beneficial business.Yours sincerely, Denis Thorpe Manager 尊敬的李先生：

4月15日有关付款条件的来函已经收悉。

本公司同意贵公司如下建议：（1）以见票即付的保兑不可撤销信用证付款，而非见票直接付款。（2）贵公司的报盘不会有折扣。以上建议获本公司总经理批准，今后将如述执行。现正拟订有关订单，十日内将送达贵公司。另外，本公司代表约翰·格林先生将参加即将举行的广州交易会，并会于不日以书面与贵公司联络。诚望今后两公司间的会谈能促进双方的业务发展。

分析：比较原文和译文，我们可以看出，在格式上译文做了很大的调整，因为信封上已经存在收信人的地址，翻译时按照汉语的习惯将其省略了，另外，将日期调整到信函的最后。B Brevity（简洁）C Clarity（清晰）

D Difference（差异）SECTION 6

（1）询盘(inquiry)：是指交易的一方欲买卖某项商品，向交易的另一方询问买卖该项商品的各项交易条件的一种表示。

（2）发盘(offer)：是指交易的一方欲买卖某项商品，向交易的另一方提出买卖该项商品的各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些交易条件达成交易、订立合同的一种肯定的表示。

（3）还盘(counter-offer)：是指交易一方接到交易另一方的发盘后，对发盘内容不完全同意而提出修改或变更其内容的表示。

（4）受盘(acceptance)：是指买卖双方任何一方同意对方的发盘或还盘，并愿按此条件与对方达成交易并订立合同的一种表示。

（5）保兑的、不可撤销信用证（confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit）指有信用证开证行以外的银行对信用证进行保兑。保兑行对信用证保兑后，与开证行负有同样的付款责任，对受益人来说有双重的银行保证，更为可靠。保兑信用证必须是不可撤销的。

（6）即期汇票（draft at sight)：指明确规定见票即付的汇票。

SECTION 7

Ⅰ． 根据英语完成句子的翻译。

（1）We shall give prompt and best attention to any inquiries and provide adequate information as well.任何询盘我们都会迅速而完善地处理，并提供足够的信息。

（2）We are e-mailing you our wishes to establish business relations with you in order to offer opportunities to develop the business between us.今向你方发电子邮件以表示我们愿意和你方建立业务关系以便提供机会发展双方贸易的愿望。（3）We shall thank you very much if you inform us soon of your price for the goods including both FOB London and CIF Guangzhou quotes.请速告知这些货物的伦敦离岸价和广州保险、运费加成本。我们将非常感谢。

（4）In compliance with your request, we are now making you the following offer, subject to your reply reaching us within ten days.按照你方要求，我方现作如下发盘，以你方的回复十日内到有效

（5）In the usual practice we would like to be paid by irrevocable L/C drawn at sight.我们通常要求的付款方式为即期不可撤销信用证。

Ⅱ． 翻译下列语句。

（1）We should be obliged if you would let us have some names and addresses of likely importers of good standing from your customers, together with brief credit reports on them.如蒙告知你们客户中你们认为可靠的进口商号的名称和地址，并附来他们的资信简报，将十分感谢。

（3）It is our long-term wish to establish business relations with you.与贵方建立贸易关系是我们多年来的愿望。（2）Would you please let us have the particulars of your products?请告贵方产品的规格细目。

（4）If you are interested in setting up trade relations with us in this line, let us know your specific requirements/demands.如贵公司有意与我方建立该商品的业务往来，请告知具体要求。（5）We would like to know what you can offer in this line as well as your terms of sales.我们想了解一下贵方在这方面的供货能力和销售条件。

（6）We are pleased to send you here with our Proforma Invoice No.12 in triplicate as requested.兹寄上我方形式发票第12号，按贵方要求一式三份。（7）The above inquiry was forwarded to you on January the fifteenth, but we have not received your quotation yet.Your early offer will be highly appreciated.上述询价已于一月十五日发往你方，但迄今未见你方发盘。望早日发盘为感。

（8）As requested, we are sending you our quotation sheet in triplicate and wish you to place your order with us as soon as possible.应贵方之请求，今寄上我方报价单一式三份，并望能尽快收到贵方订单。

（9）Your order is receiving our immediate attention and you can depend on us to effect delivery well within your time limit.贵方定订正在及时的处理中，请相信我们将在贵方时限内发送此货。

（10）Owing to your delay in delivery, we are no longer in the position to accept your goods.We hereby cancel our order.由于你方没能如期交货，我们不能再接受你方货物，特此取消订单。

Ⅲ． 翻译下列信件的摘录。

（1）We would refer you to our captioned enquiry sent to you on the 22nd of June, which we trust must have long been in your possession, as up to date, we do not appear to have received any offer from you.We are at a loss to know whether the required commodity is suppliable now.We shall appreciate hearing from you at an early date.我们6月22日寄去询价信，你们想必早已收到，但迄今未见你们回函报盘。不知所要货物是否可供，速复为盼。（2）We were pleased to know from your letter of 24th October of your interest in our products and enclose the catalogue and pricelist asked for.Also enclosed you will find details of our conditions of sale and terms of payment.奉读10月24日来函，欣悉你们对我们的产品有兴趣。兹附上你们所索要 的商品目录和价目表，并附上我们的售货条件和付款方式。

（3）Considering this damage was due to the rough handling by the steamship company, we claimed on them for recovery of the loss;but an investigation made by the surveyor has revealed the fact that the damage is attributable to improper packing.For further particulars, we refer you to the surveyor’s report enclosed.考虑到这些损坏应归咎于轮船公司野蛮搬运所致。我们曾向他们提出了索赔；但调查员作出的调查结果表明，损坏是由于包装不当所致。有关详情，请看所附的调查员报告。Ⅳ． 翻译下列信函。19 January, 202_

Ms.Sally McBride Manager Outback Wool Ltd., 44 Bridge Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Dear Ms.McBride, We refer to our purchase contract No.954.Under the terms of the contract, delivery is scheduled for June 202_.We would now like to bring delivery forward to March 202_.We realize that the change of delivery date will probably inconvenience you and we offer our sincere apologies.We know that you will understand that we would not ask for earlier delivery if we did not have compelling reasons for doing so.In view of our longstanding, cordial commercial relationship, we would be very grateful if you would make a special effort to comply with our request.We look forward to your early reply.Yours sincerely，Eric Evans

Manager

尊敬的麦克布瑞德女士：

有关第954号采购合同，条款列明交货日期为202_年6月。现欲提前于202_年3至4月交货。本公司对于提早装运该货所引致的不便，深表歉意。然而，实因有急切需要，才作此要求，还望贵公司能加以谅察。本着贵我双方长期良好的商业联系，相信贵公司定会尽力帮忙。如蒙帮助，将不胜感激。速复为盼。

Ⅴ．正确运用状语从句的翻译方法翻译下列句子。

（1）When tables and other materials are included, they should be conveniently placed, so that a student can consult them without turning over too many pages.当书中列有表格或其他参考资料时, 应当将这些内容编排在适当的位置, 以便使学生在查阅时, 不必翻太多的书页。

（2）We work hard at English because we know that a foreign language is very important to the success in our future jobs.我们努力学习英语，因为我们知道外语对于我们将来取得事业的成功十分重要。（3）As it was raining hard, they stayed home.雨下得很大，他们只好呆在家里。

（4）The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么我们对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素必须是一致的。

（5）Unless you propose something definite together with larger improvement on your price, we are not inclined to place a large order.除非你方提供具体建议，并较大幅度地降低价格，否则，我们是不会大批订货的。

（6）If you work hard, you are bound to succeed.只要你努力就会成功。

（7）The teacher spoke slowly and in simple English so that the students could understand her.老师讲得慢，用的英语简单，以便学生们能听得懂。

SECTION 8

1.A little learning is a dangerous thing.——Alexander Pope, British poet学问浅薄，如履薄冰。2.Never too old to learn.——Thomas Middleton, British writer活到老学到老。

Business Contracts

商务合同

SECTION 2

Ⅱ．尝试把下列词语译成汉语。

（1）

minute of talks 会议纪要

（2）

memorandum 备忘录

（3）

validity clauses of contracts 合同生效条款

（4）

definition and whereas（5）

assignment and guaranty of contracts 合同转让与担保条款（6）

rescission and termination of contracts合同的解除与终止条款

（7）

default and escape 违约与免责条款（8）

arbitration and jurisdiction（9）

international conventions and practice 国际惯例（10）international business contracts 国际贸易合同

仲裁与法律条款

定义及鉴于条款 Ⅲ．试翻译下列句子。

（1）Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500(SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).聘方须每月付给受聘方500 美元整。

（2）This credit expires till January 1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.本证在北京议付，有效期至 1 月 1 日。（3）This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列商品并签订本合同。

（4）This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。

（5）The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products whereto this trade name is more appropriate are made in China.下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品，其品牌以此为合适。

SECTION 3

（三）合同句式的翻译

英语商务合同中，有些句式是几乎每一份合同都要用到的，这些句式的翻译也往往是约定俗成的。翻译者若善于积累，学会套用，将会收到事半功倍的效果。常见的句式结构如：

（1）The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, both texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成，一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份，两种文字具有同等效力。

（2）This contract is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties on Dec.9, 202_.After signing the contract, both parties shall apply to their respective Government Authorities for ratification.The date of ratification last obtained shall be taken as the effective date of the contract.Both parties shall exert their utmost efforts to obtain the ratification within 60 days and shall advise the other party by telex and thereafter send a registered letter for confirmation.本合同由双方代表于202_年12月9日签订。合同签订后，由各方分别向本国政府当局申请批准，以最后一方的批准日期为本合同的生效日期，双方应力争在60天内获得批准，用电传通知对方，并用挂号信件确认。（3）The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract, on the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void.本合同有效期从合同生效之日起共10年，有效期满后，本合同自动失效。

（4）The outstanding claims and liabilities existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influenced by the expiration of this contract.The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor.本合同期限届满时，双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。（5）Any clause, covenant or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to, or in connection with, goods arising from negligence, fault or failure in duties and obligations provided in this article or lessening such liability otherwise than provided in these rules shall be null and void and no effect.运输契约中任何条款、约定或协议，凡解除承运人或船舶由于疏忽、过失或未履行本条款规定的责任和义务，而引起货物或关于货物的丢失或损害责任的，或在本公约外减轻这种责任的，都应作废或无效。

另外，一些英语商务合同中常用短语的汉译也比较固定，翻译时可套用。例如：

hereinafter referred to as 以下称

whereas 鉴于

in witness whereof 兹证明 for and on behalf of 代表

by virtue of 因为

prior to 在……之前 as regards/concerning/relating to 关于

cease to do 停止做

in effect 事实上 miscellaneous 其他事项

SECTION 7

1.After arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall apply to China Commodity Inspection Bureau(hereinafter referred to as CCIB)for a further inspection as to the specifications and quantity/weight of the goods.货到目的港后，买方将申请中国检验局（以下简称商检局）对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验。

2.The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit.凡在制造或装船运输过程中，因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时，卖方不负责任。

3.Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “Shipment” used in stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expression “loading on board”, “dispatch” and “taking in charge”.除信用证另有规定外，用于规定最早及/或最迟装运期的“装运”一词应理解为包括“装船”、“发运”和“接受监管”。

4.On the transfer date New Company shall transfer to B, free from any lien or encumbrance created by New Company and without the payment of any compensation, all its right, title to and interest in the infrastructure project, unless otherwise specified in the Agreement or any supplementary agreement.在转让期，新公司应将对基础设施的权利转让给B公司，新公司不应滞留，也不能要求补偿，除非协议或补充协议中另有规定。

5.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at import port.买方须于本合同签字并生效后三十天内通过进口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销的信用证支付全部货款30000美元。

6.A party may suspend the performance of his obligation if, after the conclusion of the contract, it becomes apparent that the other party will not perform a substantial part of his obligations as a result of:(a)a serious deficiency in his ability to perform or in his creditworthiness;or(b)his conduct in preparing to perform or in performing the contract.如果订立合同后另一方当事人由于下列原因不履行其大部分重要义务，一方当事人可以中止履行义务：(a)他履行义务的能力或他的信用有严重缺陷 ；(b)他在准备履行合同或正在履行合同中的行为。

7.With respect to those territories to which this Convention is not extended at the time of signature, ratification or accession, each State concerned shall consider the possibility of taking the necessary steps in order to extend the application of this Convention to such territories, subject, where necessary for constitutional reasons, to the consent of the Governments of such territories.关于签署、批准或者参加本公约的时候，本公约所没有扩展到的地区，各有关国家应当考虑采取的步骤的可能性，以便本公约的使用范围能够扩展到这些地区。但是，如果根据宪法有必要取得当地政府同意时，应照办。8.All disputes, controversies, or differences which may arise between the parties, out of or in relation to or in connection with this agreement, or for the breach thereof shall be settled through amicable consultation.If three occasions of consultation fail to settle, Agreements on Mutual Encouragement and Protection of Investment between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the UK shall apply.在执行本协议中产生的涉及违约的所有分歧，应经过友好协商加以解决，如经三次以上协商解决无效，应按照《中华人民共和国政府和英国政府关于相互鼓励和保护投资协定》进行处理。

9.Where, under the contract, the engineer is required to exercise his direction by:

（1）Giving his decision, opinion or consent, or

（2）Expressing his satisfaction or approval, or

（3）Determining value, or

（4）Otherwise taking action which may affect the rights and obligations of the employer or the contractor, he shall exercise such discretion impartially within the terms of the contract.凡按商务合同规定，要求工程师根据自己的判断做出决定的，工程师自行:（1）作出决定，表示意见或同意，或（2）表示满意或批准，或（3）确定价值，或

（4）采取可能影响雇主或承包商权利和义务的行为时，应当在商务合同条款规定的范围内，作出公正的处理。10.Force Majeure(“Excepted Risks”)shall mean an occurrence beyond the control and without the fault or negligence of the party affected including, but not limited to war, hostilities(whether war to be declared or not), invasion, act of foreign enemies, rebellion, revolution, insurrection or military usurped power, civil war, strikes, riots, commotion or disorder, earthquakes, or any similar operation of forces of nature as are not within the control of the party affected and which, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, the said party is unable to prevent or provide against.不可抗力（除风险外）是指当事人不能控制和没有过错或过失的偶然事件，包括但不仅仅限于战争、战争行为（无论是否宣战）、侵略、外敌的行动、叛乱、革命、暴动或军事篡权行为、内战、罢工、**、骚乱或混乱、地震或类似的自然力量引起的事件。这些事件是当事人不能控制、或虽通过适当努力亦无法防止或反对的。

SECTION 8

1．Economy the poor man’s mints;extravagance the rich man’s pitfall.—Martin Tupper, American economist 节约是穷人的造币厂，浪费是富人的陷阱。——美国经济学家，塔珀M.2．Actions speak louder than words.行动比语言更响亮。

3．Knowledge is a treasure, but practice the key to it.—Thomas Fuller, British churchman 知识是一座宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。——英国教士，富勒T.口译

The reading of vulgar fractions

1/2 one half

1/4 one quarter

1/5 one-fifth

1/3 one-third 3/4 three-fourths

5/9 five-ninths

2/6 two-sixths

9/10 nine-tenths 3/1000 three-thousandths

26/95 twenty six over ninety-five

79/53 seventy-nine over fifty-three 九又四分之一 nine and a quarter

五又三分之二 five and two-thirds 0.7

point seven, zero/naught seven

0.683

zero six eight three

0.005%

zero/naught point o o five percent

8.035

eight point o three five 0.58亿

fifty-eight million

568.3万

five million six hundred eighty three thousand 25.856万

two hundred fifty eight thousand five hundred sixty 1088

ten eighty eight

1860

eighteen sixty 1508

fifteen o eight 或 fifteen hundred and eight 或 fifteen and five

Recover from the jet lag

倒时差

Thoughtful Arrangement

周到的安排 Hospitality

热情好客

Souvenir

纪念品 Accommodations

食宿

Claim baggage

提取行李 Proceed through the customs

进行海关检查

Itinerary

活动安排 Farewell speech

告别辞

Adjust to the time difference

适应时差

为……设宴洗尘

to hold a banquet in honor of„.向……告别

to bid farewell to „.不远万里来到……

Come all the way to„.您先请

After you!

久仰大名I have long been looking forward to meeting you.欢迎辞

a welcoming address

赞美 to pay tribute to „.回顾过去 Looking back;展望未来 Looking ahead

慢走Take care!

销售代表

sales representative

外贸部

International Business Department 取行李

claim luggage

停车场

parking lot 直达航班

non-stop flight

明天，会有时差反应

The jet lag will catch up with me tomorrow.这样一来

in that case

倒一下时差

recover from jet lag 广东饮食

the Cantonese gourmet

锦绣中华

Splendid China

Take this opportunity

借此机会

Cherish

珍惜

Signing ceremony签字仪式

Witness 见证

Extend sincere thanks to….向……表示忠心感谢 Appreciate 欣赏

Last but not least最后

Enhance促进 At his earliest convenience 在他方便的时候

Workshop研讨会

司仪 Master of Ceremonies

嘉宾 distinguished guests

值此……之际 on the occasion of … 友好使者 an envoy of friendship

良好祝愿 best wishes

衷心感谢 sincere thanks 热情好客

hospitality

应……的邀请 at the(gracious)invitation of „ 代表 on behalf of...无以伦比的 incomparable

中国投资贸易洽谈会

China International Fair for Investment and Trade 政治稳定

political stability

经济发展

economic progress 社会和睦，social harmony

西部大开发

development of western regions 远见卓识的farsighted

抓住历史机遇seize the historical opportunity

第四篇：英语翻译

第一单元

1.当今中国社会非常缺少蓝领工人。（shortage）

In today's Chinese society is very shortage of blue collar workers.2.本市蓝领工人月平均工资在3000元左右。（average）Average monthly salary of blue collar workers is 3000 yuan or so.3.杰克是以一位富有经验的机械工，当机器出现故障时能保持冷静。（break down）

Jack is an experienced mechanic who can keep calm when the machine is break down.4.学徒往往是在工作中学习的。（on the job）

An apprentice often learns on the job.5.许多机械操作如今靠计算机程序来实现。（program）Now computer programs can realize many mechanical operations.6.那个水管工的年收入在十万以上。（annual）

Annual income of the plumber is above one hundred thousand.7.这家社区学院在过去的五年中一直在扩大规模。（expand）The community college has been expanding in size over the past five years.8.安装这台机器需要多人协作。（install）

Installing the machine requires a lot of people to work together.第二单元

1.那个地方的人对保护环境没有给予足够关注。（inadequate）People in that place don’t show enough in adequate for environmental protection.2.政府要求关闭那家工厂以确保这一旅游胜地不受污染。（make sure that）

The government caller for demand closing of the factory to make sure that the tourist destination was free of pollution.3.他们尽可能避免发出噪音，真的很体贴人。（considerate）It is considerate of they to try to avoid making noise, really considerate.4.小明想到一个处理废水的好办法。（hit on）XiaoMing hits on a sollution to dispose the waste water.5.该工厂努力将污染控制在最低的限度内。（at a minimum）The factory tries to limit pollution at a minimum.6.使用高科技产品对环境会产生某些意想不到的副作用。（side effect）

The use of high-tech products will cause unexpected side effects for the environment.7.这个城市的卫生环境增添了他的吸引力。（add to）The city's health environment has added to his appeal.8.我们倾力于在街道的两边种植一些花和树。（be inclined to）We are inclinedto planting some flowers and trees on both sides of the street。

第三单元

1.这家小店供应的饮料有茶、可乐、雪碧、矿泉水，等等。（and so on）

This shop supplies to drink tea, cola, Sprite, mineral water, and so on.2.就西式快餐而言，我最喜欢汉堡。（when it comes to）When it comes to western-style fast food,my favourite is hamburger.3.顾客在点菜时就该明白无误地告诉服务员自己需要什么。（loud and clear）

Customers should be loud and clear about what they need when they order.4.那家饭馆十分重视菜肴的质量。（place emphasis on）That restaurant especially places emphasis on the quality of dishes.5.本店的特色菜就是香酥鸭。（special）This specialty is fried duck.6.我儿子不喜欢吃辣的食物。（be unused to）My son doesn't unused to eat spicy food.7.学生对于这种类型的饭菜很感兴趣。（type）Students are very interested in this type of food.8.这道菜看上去像一盆花。（look like）The dish looks like.第四单元

1.网上购物对我来说是一种新的体验。（online）Shopping online is a new experience for me.2.最低消费达到200者可以获得优惠卷。（minimum）Minimum consumption reached 200 can get preferential volume.3.这款品牌的手机很受年轻人的欢迎。（brand）

This brand of mobile phone is very popular with young people.4.我终于说服我爸给我买了一台中等大小的笔记本电脑。（medium）

I finally managed to persuade my father to buy me a medium sized notebook.5.购买冰箱者可以享受免费送货。（delivery）To buy a refrigerator can enjoy free delivery 6.付账时我忘了索要收据。（receipt）I forgot to ask for a receipt when paying the bill.7.那家超市有很多商品在打折销售。（on sale）The supermarket has a lot of goods on sale.8.我去超市买东西总共花去150元。（total）

I went to the supermarket to buy things for a total of 150 yuan.第五单元

1.手机的发明为我们提供了各种方便。（convenience）The invention of the mobile phone provides us with all kinds of convenience.2.人们现在已经意识到使用手机也有一些弊端。（aware）People have been awared that using cell has some disadvertage.3.有关张东的电话号码，你可以查询他所在学校的网页。（refer）

Referring to ZhangDong’s phone number ,you can look.4.拒绝使用现代通讯技术的人会在竞争中落伍。（fall behind）People who refuse to use modern communication technologies can fall behind in competing.5.互联网对社会管理部门带来了很多挑战。（challenge）The Internet has brought a lot of challenges to the social management department.6.本市的因特网用户比去年增加了一倍。（double）The city's Internet users have doubled over last year.7.我们不能指望因特网告诉我们一切。（rely on）We can't depend on the Internet to tell us everything.8.除了打电话外，我们还可以使用电子邮件保持联系。（apart from）

Apart from calling,we can also use E-mail to keep in touch.第六单元

1.年轻人在与他们的父母之间在用钱问题的看法上经常存在某种差距。（gap）

There is always a gap between the young people and their parents in the money problem.2.对于年长者来说，年轻人是否尊重他们这一点很重要。（mean）

As for older people ,they much mean wether yong people respect them or not.3.对于许多年长者来说，健康是首要考虑。（concern）As for older people,health is a first concern.4.有些父母对孩子缺乏足够的信心。（confidence）Some parents lack enough confidence in their children.5.他担心自己的选择会遭到父母的反对。（fear）He was fearthat his choice would be opposed by his parents.6.代沟形成的主要原因是父母与孩子缺乏足够的沟通。（major）The major reason of generation gap’s formation is why parents and children lack enough communication.7.两代人在许多重要问题上优先考虑的问题不一样。（perority）

The two generation is not the same as a priority on many important issues.8.年轻人在与父母发生意见分歧的时候要注意使用一些策略。（strategy）

Young people should pay attention to the use of some strategies when they disagree with their parents.

第五篇：英语翻译

中国以创造各种方式、方法来方便人类的生活而广为人知，在中国古代的发明中，四大发明不仅为中国的发展，还为世界经济和文化的发展，作出了巨大贡献。中国古代四大发明分别是造纸术、印刷术、火药（gun powder）和指南针（compass）。中国古代四大发明为世界经济和人类文化作出了重大的贡献，而且这也是中国作为世界文明大国的重要象征。

China is well known for its introduction of ways and means to help ease life of mankind.Among inventions of Ancient China, four emerged as great contribution to the development and changes not only to the countries,but also to the world's economy and culture.The four great inventions of ancient China were paper making, commercial printing, gunpowder, and the compass.China's four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions to the world's economy and the culture of mankind.They were also important symbols of China role as a great world civilization.中国人喜欢在一起吃饭，这个传统可以追溯到很久之前。这反应出中国人喜欢团圆、不愿分离的观念——圆桌、圆盘、圆碗都象征着团圆和美满。盘子通常放在桌子的中央，这样坐在桌子面前的所有人都可以吃得到。一锅热汤尤其可以增加和谐、团圆的气氛。朋友们也喜欢在一起吃饭、生活。最近一位美国汉学家（sinologist）的著作认为，中国人的集体观念（collective tradition）就是从一同吃饭发展而来的。

Chinese like to eat together, which is a tradition that can be traced back a long time ago.It reflects the Chinese notion of reunion versus pision—round tables, round dishes, and round bowls all symbolize reunion and perfection.Dishes are usually placed at the center of the table so that everyone around the table can share them.A hot pot, in particular, adds to the atmosphere of harmony and reunion.Friends also like to eat and live together.A recent book by an American sinologist held that the Chinese collective tradition developed out of practice of eating together.《三国演义》由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说。小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始一直到公元280年领土统一时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms written by LuoGuanzhong in 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era.Staring in AD168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280.It is acclaimed as one of Four Great Novels of China literature, with a grand total of 800 000 words, 1 191 characters, 120 chapter.