第一篇：美国外交名词解释问答

罗斯福推论

罗斯福推论是20世纪初美国第26任总统西奥多·罗斯福对美国第五任总统詹姆斯·门罗宣布的门罗主义的最为重要的一次引申，它的核心是美国可以更具自己的逻辑任意武装干涉拉丁美洲，以实现“美洲是美国人的美洲”的独霸西半球的野心。以“罗斯福推论”为基础的拉美政策知道美国第三十二人总统富兰克林·罗斯福推行针对美洲的“睦邻政策”才宣告结束，时间跨度长达三十年，美国这一时期对拉美国家的外交政策深深打上了“罗斯福推论”的烙印。

大棒政策

美国第二十六届总统西奥多·罗斯福提出和实行的以武力威胁和战争讹诈的外交政策。1903年，他提出了臭名昭著的“大棒政策”即：美国必须在手中握有一根结实的大棒。他说，如果美利坚民族说得温和一些，同事却建立一支训练的海军，则门罗主义可以做更多的事。美国的大棒政策和塔夫脱提出的“金元外交”政策使得拉丁美洲各国在不同程度上成为了美国的附庸国。

金元外交

美国总统塔夫脱提出的美国用经济扩张手段来控制拉美等地区的经济，使各国日益依附于美国外交政策。他宣称美国对外政策的特点就是用美元代替枪弹，利用经济渗透和施加压力，这就是“金元外交”的要义。美国的大棒政策和金元外交的结果就是使拉丁美会走各国不同程度上变成了美国的附庸国。

美西战争

1898~1899年美国为夺取西班牙殖民地而发动的一场重新瓜分西班牙殖民地的帝国主义战争。这是美国垄断资产阶级为了扩大商品销售市场、夺取廉价原料和新的投资场所而发动的一场帝国主义战争。1898年美国以缅因号爆炸沉没为借口对西班牙宣战。1898年12月签订了《巴黎条约》，美国获得了大量西班牙的殖民地，还以202_万取得了菲律宾的宗主权，西班牙承认古巴独立。

通过美西战争，美国加强了它在加勒比海和太平洋远东地区的军事和政治地位，为进一步扩大队拉丁美洲和中国的侵略创造了有利的条件。美国加入了争霸世界的行列。

思考与讨论题

1.孤立主义产生的背景、实质及其在美国历史上的表现。

答： 背景：建国初期的美国面临安定社会发展生产巩固和包围新生国家政权的迫切任务，在无力进行扩张的情况下，它不愿意捐入欧洲事务以免因承担义务而受牵累。另外美国东西分别有大西洋和太平洋两道屏障，南北有威胁较小的加拿大和墨西哥，地缘政治因素为美国孤立主义政策提供了客观条件。另外美国的国民性也是重要的背景原因，捐入欧洲事务将违背美国人的理想，甚至可能危及美国的民主制度，只有避免欧洲权力政治和战争。

实质：中立和不结盟，要求美国避免在军事和政治上卷进欧洲的事务中，保证美国的行动自由。避免承担政治、军事义务的孤立主义，目的就是为了实现利益的最大化，从而为美国的扩张主义、霸权主义服务。

历史上的表现： 如1793年英法战争爆发中，美国联邦政府宁愿以撕毁与法国的签约为代价，也要保持在欧洲战事中的中立。一战后威尔逊提倡建立的国联在美国国会遭到否决；二战初期美国奉行孤立主义外交原则，颁布了防止捐入法西斯战争的《中立法》，孤立主义达到高潮。

2.从门罗主义分析美国如何处理与周边国家的关系。

1.发动战争扩展美国领土和势力范围，1846年美墨战争美国获得今天的亚利桑那、新墨西哥、加利福尼亚等州的大片领土。同英国达成协议，取得俄勒冈、华盛顿、爱达荷等地区。使得古巴成为了美国的保护国。

2.加强对拉美国家的资本的渗透，1913年美国控制了拉美各国对外贸易的百分之二十八，在墨西哥、古巴等国的投资大大超过了英国。

3.比较美国的扩张主义与英法的殖民主义。

1.美国的扩张主义有着所谓美国例外论的美国人的使命感的支撑，他们坚信美国特殊，美国的民主制度最好，美国有拯救他国的义务。

2.美国的扩张主义不仅伴随着对海外的商业扩张，与英法的殖民主义不同，美国扩张还在大陆上进行空间上的扩张，通过购买发动战争等多种手段获得大量领土，大大拓展了美国的疆域。

4.列举美国历史上的历次战争。

答：美国独立战争，第二次英美战争，美国内战，美墨战争，美西战争，一战，二战，朝鲜战争，越南战争，海湾战争，阿富汗战争，伊拉克战争。

5.评价美国的早期外交政策。

1.信托暂时结盟，巩固新生政权。建国初期面临强大的英国殖民者，除了团结北美大陆人民、坚持持久作战外，还必须在外交上争取一切可能的国际援助和最大限度地孤立英国。美国利用英法之间的矛盾，联法抗英，将同盟的欧洲国家卷入了反英战争，大大地帮助了美国争取独立的斗争。

2.摆脱结盟，坚持独立自主的外交方针。华盛顿总统发表了著名的告别演说，美国在外交上摆脱了结盟的苦境，获得了在立国之初，摆脱结盟坚持独立自主外交方针的辉煌胜利。

3.美国开始了早期的扩张活动。美国在北美地区获得了大量的领土，提出了门罗主义，加强了对拉美地区的扩张，另外在太平洋地区控制夏威夷，与日本中国签订不平等条约，发动了美西战争，占领了关岛和菲律宾，打开了向亚洲扩张的通道。

第二篇：美国文学名词解释

1.AmericanTranscendentalism:①transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “ the recognition in man of the capability of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.②transcendentalists stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Inpidual and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the idea that the inpidual is pine and, therefore, self-reliant.New England transcendentalism is the product of a combination of Native American Puritanism and European romanticism.③some prominent representatives include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau.2.Free verse

free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying attention to conversational rules of meter.Free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.3.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a pision of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature.Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature.It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century.Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism.And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised.4.American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough.It usually implies a successful and satisfying life.It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S.Bill of Rights.5.Imagism: the 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America.In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.Imagists placed primary reliance on the use of precise, sharp images as a means of poetic expression and stressed precision in the choice of words, freedom in the choice of subject matter and form, and

the use of colloquial language.Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse, using such devices as assonance and alliteration rather than formal metrical schemes to give structure to their poetry..The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism.Its prime mover was Ezra Pound.6.American romanticism

①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature.The strong tendency to eulogize the inpidual and common man was typical of this period.Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American.Works concentrate on unique

characteristics of the American land.④New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.

第三篇：美国文学名词解释

1.Naturalism:American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.3.Realism: Realism emphasizes on a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.4.Romanticism: romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of inpidualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.Transcendentalism:They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and stressed the importance of the inpidual.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.6.Imagism意象主义: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.7.Local Colorism: fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features – including characters, dialects, customs, history, and landscape – of a particular region.8.Lost Generation: It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles.It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semi poverty.It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.9.Beat Generation: It was a group of American post-World War IIwho came to prominence in the 1950s.They rejected conventional social and moral values;expressed their alienation in their works from conventional “square” society by adopting a life style which featured sex, drugs, jazz and the freedom of the open road.10.Symbolism: Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.It’s one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.11.Modernism：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly, Modernism began in the late 19th century and regarded the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.12.A Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of inpidualism.

第四篇：美国文学史名词解释

It were flourishing from the beginning of 17th to the middle period of 18th.They stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement from God‟s grace.They went to America to prove that they were God‟s chosen people who would enjoy God‟s blessings on earth and in Heaven.Finally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.Both doctrinaire and an opportunist.Its Influence on literary were as follows:（影响）(1)American Literature is based on a myth------the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(2)The American Puritan‟s metaphorical made of perception----symbolism.The representatives were Edwards(The Freedom of the Will), Franklin(On the Art of Self-improvement), Crevecoeur(Letters from an American Farmer).代表作家及代表作：Captain John SmithTrue Relation of Virginia(1608)

Anne Bradstreet“To My Dear and Loving Husband”

Benjamin Franklin:The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinRomanticism was a complex artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.Elements of Romanticism

1.Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2.Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.不要这么多，我就删掉了3、4、5条。。

Romantic Attitude

1.Appeals to imagination;use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”

2.Stress on emotion rather than reason;optimism, geniality.3.Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Characteristics of Romanticism:

a.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.(subjectivity)

b.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.c.They emphasized inpidualism, placing the inpidual against the group, against authority.d.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.e.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel ,gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.Representatives:

• New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant;Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;

• Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington Irving“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon”

• 浪漫主义的影响： The romantic exaltation of the inpidual suited the nation‟s revolutionary heritage and its

frontier egalitarianism.As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War.Its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson who published „Nature‟ in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America and presented„The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere.‟ and romantic idealism on Puritan soil as well as Thoreau.Emerson‟s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism”.As a philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.It exalted feeling over reason, inpidual expression over the restraints of law and custom.Yet transcendentalism was a powerful expression of the intellectual mood of the age.What is Transcendentalism?

In the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts(main ideas)

1, „transcend ere‟: to rise above, to pass beyond the limits

2, Believe people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.3, It placed spirit first and matter second

4, It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God.5, It emphasized the significance of the inpidual

6, Religion was an emotional communication between an inpidual soul and the universal „oversoul‟.Major writers and Literary Works

Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803----1882)Self-Reliance

Henry David Thoreau(1817----1862)Walden

超验主义的影响：it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.The natural implication that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This in turn added to the1

tradition of literary symbolism in American literature.the ideas it represented have remained a strong influence on great American writers from the days of Hawthorne and Whitman to the present.——latter half of the nineteenth century

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Major Features:

1）Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or mother-of-fact manner.2）Open ending(means real life is complex and cannot be fully understood)

3）Focuses on the lives of the common people

4）Emphasize objectivity

Representatives:

Howells, Henry James

代表作：William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas Lapham

Henry James“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”

现实主义影响：Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism。

thlocal colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19(1860s—1870s).Local Color Fiction:

Local colorism as a trend became dominant in American literature in the late 1860s and early 1870.The frontier humorists who had been popular with their “tall tales” before the Civil War paved the way for local color fiction.Basic Features

Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished form the outside world.Local color fiction describes the exotic and the picturesque.It describes things that are not common in other regions.Local color fiction also attempts to show things as they as they are.Local color fiction glorifies the past.(nostalgic about the past)

Local color fiction stresses the influence of setting on character.Masters：

Mark Twain（笔名）

Samuel Langhorne Clemens

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

6.American naturalism

American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, and like realism, it had come from Europe.Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.Background:

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe.In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features:

Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment

The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives:

The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane,Crane‟s is the first American naturalism work.Norris‟s McTeague is the manifesto of American naturalism.Dreiser‟s is the work in which naturalism attained maturity.These writers‟ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank threatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers.Influence:

Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.This combination of grim reality and desire for improvements is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.A poetic movement of England and the U.S.that flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.“poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”

Major features:

---it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.---with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian

---In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction

---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.---it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.---Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:

Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda Doolittle

The form of free verse(Ezra Loomis Pound)

影响：.its influence

1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as possible.This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse.There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself.That is art of the poem.The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clustersFree verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century.Poetry that is based on the irregular rhythmic cadence(韵律)of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images, and syntactical(依照句法的)patterns rather than the conventional use of meter（音步）.Rhyme may or may not be present in it, but when it is , it is used with great freedom.Their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhymes of nature period.Walt Whitman„s leaves of grass is perhaps the most notable example.thIt has since been used Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliot and other major American poets of the 20 century.Walt Whiteman‟s Leaves of Grass is, perhaps , the most notable example.9.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s.The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises.It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these inpiduals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.10.The Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.That is an inpidualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place.These people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, and most of them encounter death many times.The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.Ernest Hemingway‟s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing.If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II.Particularly in North America.With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline.Perhapsthe most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald‟s The Great Gatsby.Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of inpidualism.Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

第五篇：电工考试问答和名词解释

●电流对人体的影响因素有哪些?

1.电流大小的影响2电流持续时间的影响3电流途径的影响4电流种类的影响5个体待征的影响 ●如何进行口对口(鼻)人工呼吸?

1.通畅气道(1)触电伤员呼吸停止,重要的是始终确保气道通畅(2)通畅气道可采用仰头抬颌法2.口对口(鼻)人工呼吸(1)在保持伤员气道通畅的同时,救护人员用放在伤员额上的手的手指捏住伤员鼻翼,在不漏气的情况下,先连续大口吹气两次,每次1-1.5s(2)除开始时大口吹气两次外,正常口对口(鼻)呼吸的吹气量不需要过大,以免引起胃膨胀(3)触电伤员如牙关紧闭,可口对鼻呼吸 ●如何进行胸外按压?

(1)正确的按压位置是保证胸外按压的重要前提(2)正确的按压姿势是达到胸外按压效果的基本保证(3)操作频率:a胸外按压要以均匀速度进行,每分钟80次左右,每次按压和放松的时间相等,胸外按压与口对口(鼻)人工呼吸同时进行,其节奏为:单人抢救时,每按压15次后吹气2次(15:2），反复进行；双人抢救时，每按压5次后由另一人吹气1次（5:1），反复进行。

●在电气设备上工作，保证安全的组织措施有:(1)工作票制度(2)工作许可制度(3)工作监护制度(4)工作间断,转移和终结制度.●安全用具日常检查的项目有哪些?

使用安全用具前应检查表面是否清洁,有无裂纹,钻印,划痕,毛刺,孔洞,断裂等外伤.●一般防护用具包括临时接地线,隔离板,遮拦,各种安全工作牌,安全腰带等.●在全部停电或部分停电的电气设备上工作,保证安全的技术措施有哪些?

在全部停电或部分停电的电气设备上工作,必须完成停电,验电,装设接地线,悬挂标示牌和装设遮拦后,方能开始工作.上述安全措施由值班员实施,无值班人员的电器设备,由断开电源人执行,并应有监护人在场.●什么是漏电保护器?

利用电气线路或电气设备发生单相接地短路故障时会产生剩余电流,从而利用这种剩余电流来切断故障线路或设备电源的保护电器即所谓漏电保护器.●保护接地即把在故障情况下可能出现危险的对地电压导电部分同大地紧密连接起来的接地.●重复接地的作用:(1)减轻PEN线或PE线意外或接触不良时接零设备上电击的危险性(2)减轻PEN线断线时负载中性点漂移(3)进一步降低故障持续时间内意外带电设备的对地电压(4)缩短漏电故障持续时间(5)改善架空线路的防雷性能.●什么是保护接零?

设备金属外壳与保护零线连接的方式称为保护接零.当某一相线直接连接设备金属外壳时,即形成单相短路,短路电流促使线路上的短路保护装置迅速动作,在规定时间内将故障设备断开电源消除电击危险.●什么是工作接地?

在TN-C系统和TN-C-S系统中,为了电路或设备达到运行要求的接地,该接地称为工作接地或配电系统接地.●引起电气设备过热的原因有哪些?

电气设备过热主要是由电流产生的热量造成的,引起电气设备过热的不正常运行大体包括以下几种情况:1.短路2.过载3接触不良4.铁芯过热5.散热不良

●架空线路的防雷措施有哪些?

1.设避雷针2.提高线路本身的绝缘水平3.用三角形顶线作保护线4.装设自动重合闸装置或自重合熔断器5.装设避雷器和保护间隙.●清除静电危害的措施大致有:接地泄漏法,中和法,工艺控制法.●高压断路器作用是什么?

高压断路器又叫高压开关,用在高压装置中通断负荷电流,并在严重过载和短路时自动跳闸,切断过载电流和短路电流.因此,高压断路器具有相当完善的灭弧结构和足够的断流能力,以适应其工作要求.●高压熔断器的维修包括以下项目:1.检查瓷体有无裂纹,污垢等2.检查各部零件是否正常，有列松动和脱落现象3检查是否牢固,位置是否便于操作4.检查裸露带电部分和各部安全距离是否足够5.检查接触部分是否良好,有无松动,烧伤等现象6.熔断器熔断后,应检查消弧管,有烧伤者应更换..●电气防爆技术措施有哪些?

1.消除或减少爆炸性混合物2.隔离和间距3.消除引燃源4.爆炸危险环境接地5.电气灭火.●防止变压器着火的措施是什么？

(1)加强变压器的运行管理尽量控制上层油温不超过85°C,定期对变压器的电气性能进行检查和试验,定期做油的简化试验(2)小容量变压器高低压侧应有熔断器等过电流保护环节,大容量的变压器,应按规定装设气体保护和差动保护(3)变压器室应为一级耐火建筑(4)经常检查变压器负荷,负荷不得超过规定(5)由架空线引入的变压器,应装设避雷器,雷雨季节前应对防雷装置进行检查(6)设专职维护制度,经常保持变压器运行环境的清洁.●变压器并联运行的条件是什么?

(1)并联变压器的联结组必须相同(2)并联变压器的额定变压比应当相等,并联变压比的偏差不得超过0.5%(3)并联变压器的阻抗电压最好相等;阻抗电压相差不易超过10%(4)并联变压器的容量之比一般不应超过3:1

●电流互感器安装接线应注意的问题?

(1)二次回路接线应采用截面积不小于2.5m㎡的绝缘铜线(2)其外壳和二次回路的上点应良好接地(3)对于接在线路中的没有使用的电流互感器,应将其二次线圈短路并接地(4)为避免电流互感器二次开路的危险,二次回路中不得装熔断器(5)电流互感器二次回路中的总阻抗不得超过其额定值(6)电流互感器的极性和相序必须正确.●倒闸操作停电操作要求?

(1)明确工作票或调度指令的要求,核对将要停电的设备,认真填写操作票.(2)按操作票的顺序在模拟盘上预演,或与系统接线图核对.(3)根据操作要求,穿戴好防护用具(4)按照操作票的要求在监护人的监护下,由负荷侧向电源侧逐级拉闸操作,严禁带负荷拉刀闸.(5)停电后验电时,应用合格有效的验电器,按规定在停电的线路或设备上进验电操作.●倒闸操作送电操作要求?

(1)明确工作票或调度指令的要求,核对将要送电的设备,认真填写操作票.(2)按操作票的顺序在模拟盘上预演,或与系统接线图核对.(3)根据操作需要,穿戴好防护用具.(4)按照操作票的要求在监护人的监护下,拆除临时遮拦,临时接地线及标示牌等设施,由电源侧向负荷侧逐级进行合闸送电操作,严禁带地线合闸.●电力电容器故障类型?

1渗漏油2.外壳膨胀3.温度过高4套管闪络放电5.异常声响7熔丝熔断.●铜导体与铝导体直接连接容易起火主要原因? 1)铝导体表面的氧化膜加大接触电阻,延长短路保护装置的动作时间.2)铜和铝的热胀系数不同,易使连接处松驰,增大接触电阻.3)铜和铝的化学性能不同,将发生电解使接触状态恶化.4)当温度超过75°C且持续时间较长时,聚氯乙烯绝缘将产生氯化氢气体,它对铝有腐蚀作用,增大接触电阻.●交流接触器常见故障有哪些?

(1)铁芯吸不上或吸力不足.(2)铁芯不放开或释放过慢.(3)线圈过热或烧损.(4)电磁铁噪音过大.(5)触头熔焊.●笼式异步电动机降压启动的方法?

1)星形------三角形(Y-△)降压起动2)自耦变压器降压起动3)延边三角形降压起动.●插座安装要求是什么?

1不同电压的插座应有明显的共别,不能互用.2凡为携带式或移动式的插座,单相应用三眼插座,三相应用四眼插座,其接地孔应与接地线或零线接牢.3明装插座距地面不应低于1.8m,暗装插座距地面不应低于30cm,儿童活动场所的插座应用安全插座,或高度不低于1.8m.●照明电路造成短路的原因大致有几种?

1)用电器具接线不好,以至接头碰在一起.2)灯座或开关进水,螺口灯头内部松动或灯座顶芯歪斜,造成内部短路.3)导线绝缘外皮损坏或老化损坏,并在零线和相线的绝缘处碰线.●万用表测量直流电压不明电路正负极怎么办? 将万用表的转换开关切换到直流电压最大量程档,将一支表笔接至被测电路的任意一极上,然后将另一支表笔在线路另一极轻轻一碰,随即离开,同时观察表针摆动方向,若表针正向偏转,则红表笔所接为正极,黑表笔所接为负极;反之黑表笔所接为正极,红表笔所接为负极.13混合照明:是一般照明与局部照明共同组成的照明.1交流电：指大小和方向都随时间作周期性变化的电动势。

2单相触电：当人体直接碰触带电设备其中的一个相时,电流通过人体流入大地，这种触电现象称为单相触电.3电压降:电阻有电流通过时,两端必有电压,这个电压习惯上叫做电压降.4电伤:是电流的热效应,化学效应,机械效应等效应对人体造成的伤害.5跨步电压触电:人在有电位分布的区域内行走时前后两脚间(一般按0.8m计算)电位差达到危险电压而造成触电,称为跨步电压触电

6电击:是电流对人体内部组织造成的伤害.7变压器额定电流:依据额定容量除以该绕组的额定电压及相应的相系数,而算出的流经绕组的电流.8变压器阻抗电压:当变压器二次绕组短接,一次绕组通过额定电流时,所施加的电压与额定电压的百分比.9变压器温升:变压器指定部位的温度和变压器周围温度之差.10交流接触器的额定电流:是指主触头在额定电压,额定工作制和操作频率下所允许通过的工作电流值

11交流接触器的额定电压:是指主触头的额定工作电压和辅助触头及吸引线圈的额定电压.12事故照明:是由于电气事故而使工作照明熄灭后,为了继续工作或疏散人员而设置的照明.