第一篇：英美文学复习大纲

英国文学（详细版）

（一）英国早、中期文学：

（1）英国的建立

（2）神话传说和《贝奥武夫》等（3）封建主义时期

（4）英国歌谣和《罗宾汉》

（5）英诗之父：乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》

（二）英国的文艺复兴

（1）转型中的英国社会（2）莫尔和他的《乌托邦》

（3）英国文学的炽盛时期：A：诗歌 B：戏剧

（三）英国资产阶级革命

（1）英国资产阶级和王政复辟（2）革命诗人密尔顿：《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》等。（3）班扬和他的讽喻作品《天路历程》（4）玄学派诗人和骑士派诗人

（5）散文作家洛勃特“巴顿，托马斯”布朗恩和吉罗米“忒列（6）复辟时期的文学创作：戏剧和德莱顿

（四）十八世纪英国文学（1）启蒙运动和古典主义（2）艾迪森、斯迪尔和蒲柏（3）斯威夫特和《格列佛游记》（4）笛福和小说的兴起

（5）理查森和他的《帕米拉》（6）小说之父菲尔丁

（7）文学家斯莫利特和斯坦恩

（8）十八世纪的戏剧和剧作家谢立丹（9）约翰生博士及其文学地位

（10）哥尔斯密斯和他的代表作《韦克菲尔德的牧士》（11）吉朋和《罗马帝国兴衰史》（12）感伤主义及前浪漫主义（13）诗人兼版画家布莱克（14）农民诗人彭斯

（五）英国的浪漫主义

（1）浪漫主义思潮（2）湖畔派诗人

（3）浪漫主义诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈（4）散文作家兰姆”哈慈利特和李“享特（5）司各特和他的历史小说

（六）批判现实主义（1）批判现实主义的兴起

（2）犹更斯，萨克雷和女性小说家（3）批判现实主义作品特色

（七）十九世纪中晚期的散文作家和诗人

（1）卡莱尔，罗斯金等

（2）丁尼生，布朗宁夫妇，罗塞蒂和斯温伯恩（3）世纪末的文学动向。A：自然主义 B：新浪漫主义 C：唯美主义

（八）二十世纪英国文学

（1）社会和历史条件（2）早期小说

（3）诗人、小说家哈代

（4）福斯特世家和哥尔斯密斯

（5）爱尔兰戏剧运动和剧作家萧伯纳（6）现代主义诗歌

（7）心理分析和D”H“劳伦斯（8）意识流和乔伊斯、沃尔夫（9）工人阶级小说

（10）马克思主义文学评论

英国文学（精简版）

1.盎格鲁·撒克逊时代的民族史诗和贝奥武甫。 2.中世纪诗歌和浪漫传奇

杰弗瑞·乔叟；英格兰、苏格兰民歌和罗宾汉之歌。 3.文艺复兴时代：

克利斯托夫.马洛；艾德蒙.斯宾塞；伟大的戏剧家莎士比亚； 4.资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时代： 诗人约翰·弥尔顿和小说家约翰·班扬。 5.十八世纪：

现实主义小说家笛福、斯威夫特、菲尔丁、前期浪漫主义诗人罗伯特·彭斯、威廉·布菜克。6.十九世纪早期：

浪漫主义诗人华滋华斯、拜伦、雪菜。 7.十九世纪中期：

批判现实主义小说家狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特三姐妹。 8.十九世纪末期： 小说家托马斯·哈代。

9.二十世纪主要代表性作家与现代主义： 萧伯纳、托·斯·艾略特、乔伊斯、英国文学史上从莎士比亚起至当代22位作家以及美国文学史上从富兰克林起至当代15位作家的作品。在体裁上包括诗歌、戏剧、散文和小说，在时代上较侧重于近代。其中包括William Shakespeare、Jonathan Swift、William Wordsworth、Jane Austen、Percy Bysshe Shelley、John Keats、Charles Dickens、Thomas Hardy、Oscar Wilde、George Bernard Shaw、John Boynton Priestley;Nathaniel Hawthorne、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow、Edgar Allan Poe、Walt Whitman、Emily Dickinson、Mark Twain、Theodore Dreiser、Jack London、Robert Frost、Eugene O’Neill、Ernest Hemingway和Arthur Miller 等重要作家的代表作或节选。

ENGLISH LITERATURE

1.William Shakespeare … Sonnet 18 / The Merchant of Venice(Act IV, Scene1)2.Henry Fielding………… Joseph Andrews(Chapter 12)3.Robert Burns…………… A Red, Red Rose / Three Satirical Epigrams 4.William Blake………… London / I Heard an Angel Singing 5.William Wordsworth … The Solitary Reaper / Composed upon Westminster Bridge 6.Jane Austen ………… Pride and Prejudice(excerpt)

7.Percy Bysshe Shelley …Song to the Men of England / Ode to the West Wind 8.John Keats ………… On the Grasshopper and Cricket / To Autumn 9.Charles Dickens ………… David Copperfield(excerpt)10.William Makepeace Thackeray ……… Vanity Fair(Chapter 6)11.Emily Bronte …………………………… Wuthering Heights(Chapter 15)12.Tomas Hardy ……………… Tess of the D’Urbervilles(Chapters 13, 55 & 56)13.Oscar Wilde ………………The Importance of Being Earnest(excerpt from Act I)14.George Bernard Shaw …… Pygmalion 15.Thomas Stearns Eliot …… Morning at the Window / Aunt Helen / Cousin Nancy

AMERICAN LITERATURE 1．Benjamin Franklin ……………… Autobiography 2.Ralph Waldo Emerson …………..The American Scholar 3.Nathaniel Hawthorne …………… The Minister’s Black Veil 4.Edgar Allan Poe ………………… Annabel Lee / To Helen 5.Walt Whitman …………………… Selections from Leaves of Grass 6.Emily Dickinson ………………… Selected Poems 7.Mark Twain ……………………… The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 8.Theodore Dreiser ……………… An American Tragedy

9.Robert Frost …………………… The Pasture / Mending Wall / The Road Not Taken 10.Eugene O’Neill ……………… The Hairy Ape 11.Ernest Hemingway …………… A Farewell to Arms 12.Arthur Miller ………………… Death of a Salesman

美国文学的历史距今不过二百来年，和欧洲任何一个国家的文学史相比，它是历时最短而发展最快的。从本杰明”富兰克林到一次世界大战前的美国作家，为美国文学赢得了一定的荣誉。但真正为美国文学赢得世界荣誉的则是一战后崛起的一些作家，因此，本课程讲授的重点是一次世界大战到二次世界大战期间的美国作家。二次世界大战后的美国文坛，流派众多，且一些作家仍在创作之中。因此，对二次世界大战后的作家的讲授只是简介。

1、殖民时代的美国作家 Benjamin Franklin

美国文学 生平介绍、作品的流畅、清晰、言简意赅的文风，受18世纪英国作家的影响。作品中清教思想的反映及对后世美国文学的影响。

2、浪漫主义文学时期的美国作家 1）Washington Irving 生平介绍、对美国文学的突出贡献、对欧洲民间故事的移殖，使之成为美国文学的传统，作品的风格。2）James Cooper 生平简介、美国战争历史小说、海洋冒险小说以及边疆小说的开拓者、对小说艺术形式的贡献。3）Edgar Allan Poe 生平及创作简介，对法国象征诗人；对现、当代美国南方文学、对后世侦探作家的影响，文学理论以及对王尔德“为艺术而艺术”等唯美主义作家的影响。4）Walt Whitman 《草叶集》中歌颂自由、民主、平等、人的创造力以及对美国人民的赞颂和对现代科学技术的赞扬。对美国诗歌的独特贡献以及对威廉斯、庞德、垮掉一代作家等的影响。《草叶集》的创新及艺术风格。5）Ralph Emerson 超验主义哲学思想的核心。爱默生超验主义思想在文学中的反映及对梭罗、惠特曼、弗罗斯特的影响。６）Henry David Thoreau 对超验主义者运动的贡献及其作品的影响。７）Emily Dickinson 作品的主题、对现代诗人的影响尤其对意象派的影响、作品的艺术内容。８）Nathaniel Hawthorne 介绍加尔文教、清教思想对霍桑的思想及其作品的影响、《红字》一书的艺术手法以及霍桑对人类心灵的探讨。

３、现实主义作家 １）Mrs.Stowe 介绍废奴文学、《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的社会意义以及黑人在美国社会所受不幸遭遇等。２）Mark Twain 介绍马克“吐温的生活经历在其文学作品中的反映，其作品的社会意义，对美国社会各种腐败现象的揭露，马克”吐温代表作的艺术手法。马克“吐温的口语化语言对现、当代美国作品的影响。马克吐温被誉为“美国文学之父”。３）0.Henry 欧”享利小说的社会意义。其短篇小说的艺术风格，既“欧“享利式”的小说艺术。４）W.Dean Howells 豪威尔斯对现实主义小说的理论贡献。其作品的艺术风格。5）Henry James 詹姆斯对美国小说的贡献：小说叙事角度的转换、对人物内心世界的探索，注重作品的哲学意义和心理意义等。詹姆斯对文艺理论的贡献等。

4、美国自然主义作家

1）Stephen Crane，Frank Norris 对自然主义文学的理论贡献以及他们的自然主义小说。2)Jack London 杰克”伦敦的自传体式小说，作品的意义。3）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞的自传体小说。分析代表作《嘉莉妹妹》和《美国的悲剧》。

5、二十世纪二十年代的美国作家 1）一战后的美国文学背景及文学倾向。

简介一战对美国作家的影响。他们对传统道德的摒弃和对传统文学形式的摈弃，他们的创作和为美国文学赢得的世界荣誉。2）Ernest Hemingway 介绍海明威的生活在其文学作品中的反映。海明威的艺术风格、小说的主题思想——“硬汉子”以及“重压下的优雅风度”简介。阐述历久不息的海明威热及其对美国文学的杰出贡献。3)F“Scott Fitzgerald 介绍“二十年代的代言人”菲茨杰拉德。分析其代表作《了不起的盖茨比》的艺术成就和社会意义。4）Imagism”Ezra Pound 介绍意象主义产生的时代背景、意象主义的发展及其消亡、各个时期的发展情况、意象主义的核心思想及对英美现、当代诗的影响。

介绍庞德对意象主义运动的巨大贡献、庞德汉诗英译的成就及其对中国古典诗歌和中国文化的不懈追求，重点讲授其代表作《In a Station of the Metro》(《地铁车站》)。5）Sherwood Anderson 介绍安德森对同时代作家的影响。重点介绍其代表作《Winesbury, Ohio》的艺 术成就、语言特色以及安德森在二十世纪20年代美国文坛上的独特地位。6）Robert Frost 介绍弗罗斯特简洁朴素的语言下蕴含的深䆳哲理。介绍弗罗斯特在传统之路上的诗歌成就、简洁语言、艺术风格以及历久不息的弗罗斯特热的原因。7）W“Carlos”Williams 介绍威廉斯的诗学理论。其诗作的语言风格和清新、质朴的语言。介绍其代表作《红色手推车》。8）T“S”Eliot 其艺术手法，对美国诗歌产生的巨大影响等。9）William Faulkner 福克纳通过对美国南方四个大家族的描述，呈现出的一幅复杂的南方社会的生活图画，表现了二百年来美国南方社会的变迁。分析代表作《愤怒与喧嚣》的社会意义、艺术手法、艺术成就等。10）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯的小说艺术成就。其代表作《大街》和《巴比特》对美国中产阶级生活的细腻描述等。11）E“E”Cummings 肯明斯诗歌的独创性，诗作的意义。

6、三十年代的美国文学 1）30年代的文学背景

30年代的文学背景，进步作家介绍。30年代作家与20年代作家的区别等。2）Dos Passos 帕索斯《美国》三部曲的社会意义、文学成就。3）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克的思想倾向介绍以及代表作《愤怒的葡萄》的社会意义和艺术成就。4)逃亡者——重农派——新批评

介绍崛起20于年代、以兰色姆为代表的逃亡者到30年代转向文学批评，即新批评的过程。重点介绍Ransom, Tate, Warren, Brooks 的文学批评及其偏颇。5)O’ Neill

奥尼尔的戏剧成就及美国戏剧简介。分析奥尼尔代表作一至二部。

7、二战后的美国文学

1）介绍二战后美国的社会背景，“麦卡锡时代”，冷战、对朝鲜等发动的一系列侵略战争的后果和影响。二战后作家与一战后作家的不同之处。

2）简介二战后美国诗坛上崛起的“垮掉一代”诗人、“自由派诗人”、“黑山派诗人”、“芝加哥派诗人”等。

3）介绍犹太小说家、黑人小说家、妇女小说家、南方作家等。

第二篇：英美文学复习经验

英美文学这门科目庞大之极，堪称英本自考之最。自己一个人看那么厚的一本书，不用说能不能看下来，能记住多少实在不好说！

我在复习的时候，总结了一些规律，与大家分享，望对你有用，帮你顺利通过！1.题型分析：

一般来讲，肯定是这种类型：a.单项选择题（40道，40分）b.引文简析（无非就是问问作者是谁，出自哪个作品，主题意象什么的，4道，16分）c.简答题（4道，24分）d.论述题（无非就是分析加读后感，20分）

经验：你应该可以看出来了，重点当然是单选了，分数大，又好得分，实在不行还可以蒙。建议尽可能把书看一遍，但不要看作者生平，那肯定不会考。有个印象就可以了，不用去背，如果你汉语文学功底好，可以省去不少时间。2.比例分析

据本人统计，历年来英美文学的国考试卷中英国文学占52%，美国文学占48%.（2003年4月例外，其中英国部分58%）其中，可以看出

单选题：前22题肯定为英国部分，其余为美国部分。

大题部分：基本上是一人一半，各占50% 经验：书上共652页，英国411页，美国241页。英国作家共38位，美国15位。其中，美国部分中，诗歌作品也比较少，比较好确认。结论：死学美国，顺带英国。

提醒大家注意的是，单选从第23题开始就是美国部分了，这一点可以做为你答题时转换思维的分水岭！3.内容分析

历年命题的趋势逐渐由课文内容向选读作品转移，选读的比重越来越大。

经验：课文内容作到大体了解，但要特别重视作家艺术特色。选读部分加大力度，多注意书上的注释及选文大意和某些细节，尽量作到能用英语复述。实在不行，也至少作到能用汉语复述。4.真题解析及预测

自学考试的一大特点就是重复率高，所以历年试题是必惫的复习材料，不可缺少。有人说：“一套真题等于3套模拟题！”这话绝对没错。所以要花大力气在上面。记得我考那回就有一道10分大题和前一年的一模一样。

注：马克吐温的《哈克贝里费恩历险记》的分析在2000~2002年中，连续考了三次。

经验：注意历年真题，尤其是去年的。去年的10分大题大致如下：

a.《傲慢与偏见》中的三种婚姻 b.《白鲸》选文作品复述几分析象征意义。

问：“死看美国？顺带英国？那怎么整？”

建议对策：

一。美国部分内容较少，我没记错的话，应该是15位作家，13首诗，1幕剧The Hairy Ape，1篇散文Nature，9个小说节选。1.先说小说。至少每一个节选你都要知道大意，和表达的主题（包括象征，隐喻，etc）。也就是说，选文你可以不看，但选文前的斜体介绍不能不看，那里集中着考点。记住的越多越好。

2.再说诗歌。美国部分的诗歌除了“easy”想不出别的来形容，原因是其口语风格。你所要做的，就是记住名字，然后把简介（就是诗歌前面的斜体内容）和书上的注释部分背下来。我敢说你诗歌部分（也就是第二题）基本OK了。3.至于散文和戏剧，不用花大力气，两者的方法同小说部分。另：Nature你要注意新英格兰超验主义，和“The Transparent eyeball”。千万别去读《毛猿》，太乱，不易读懂。

4.关于如何对待课文内容，千万别看作者生平，肯定不考。建议略过生平，采取两遍的方法：第一遍先用笔画，画出你认为可能出题的地方，第二遍只看你画的地方，记住关键词。

还有，参照书后的大纲，大纲上提到的作品有限，如果时间紧，就只记住大纲提到的作品便可省去不少时间。

二。英国部分的方法同美国，但见于其内容太多，所以可以适用时间充裕的人。此处不再敖述。

就我对从1999~2003年国考题的分析看，大纲每一章后都有一个终结，包括一般了解，了解，掌握，应用等。最后一道20分的大题一般都是大纲的应用部分的内容，应给予高度重视。English American Literature

Old English 450-1066

Medieval English 1066the father of English poetry

first time to use ‘heroic couplet’？

The Renaissancethe essence of the Renaissance，the dignity of human being the importance of the present life

Edmund SpenserUniversity Wits，the pioneer of English drama

Blank verse，hyperbole夸张

the human passion for knowledge，power and happiness

pastoral life

William ShakespeareHamlet，Othello，King Lear Macbeth

eternal or immortal beauty

to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio，to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty，wit and loyalty，to expose the insatiable greed and brutality hesitate between fact and fiction，language and action，too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

To be，or not to befully reveal the inner conflict of the characters

Francis Baconstudies serve for delight，for ornament，and for ability.Studies perfect nature，and are perfected by experience.Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studiesto weigh and consider.How studies exert influence over human characterbreak away from love poetry，a seemingly unfocused persity of experiences and attitudes，and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits，syllogism 三段论

the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere

whatever you are，you can not escape from death.When you are living，you are always in the shadow of death.Death only lasts a moment，our life after death is eternal.The more pleasure the death gives people，not only the pleasure of the rest the sleep，because ‘whom the gods love die young’。Though death is usually considered powerful，it actually provides a rest for a man‘s body and a birth for his soul.John Milton

the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty.In heaven，Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.Neoclassicisma progressive intellectual movement，reason（rationality），equality science

Gothic novelthe first writer study of the lower-class people，praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒坚韧

Jonathan SwiftLilliput，Brobdingnag，Flying Island Houyhnhnm

Henry Fieldingfirst combine an English dictionary，last neoclassicist enlightener

Richard Brinsley Sheridanemotion over reason，spontaneous emotion，a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit，poetry should be free from all rules，imagination，nature，commonplace

The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‘s

William Blake-engraver雕刻家

from a happy and innocence world from children‘s eye

from a world of misery，poverty，disease，war and repression with a melancholy 忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood，paradoxes，a pairing of opposites

William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth，Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ‘man speaking to men’，and poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings，which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity‘。

the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights.In the poem on the beauty of nature，the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙 and poet‘s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London，silent，bright，glittering，smokeless mildly.It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔诚for nature.thanks to poet‘s rich imagination，the mass of associations，this commonplace happening becomes a striking event，the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion.The poem also shows the poet‘s passionate love of nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridgethe demonic（supernatural）the conversational

The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces，，the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暂of human passion，‘Heard melodies are sweet，but those unheard are sweeter’，‘Beauty is truth，truth beauty’

Jane Austen

The Victorian Period

Darwin‘s and shook the traditional faith，everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主义 was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

Charles DickensCharlotte，Emily AnneEmily，a rather reserved and simple girl，was very much a child of nature.Alfred Tennysonthe most original poet，who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

his masterpiece

this dramatic monologue is the duke‘s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage，the duke is a self-conceited，cruel and tyrannical man

George Eliot：As a woman of exceptional 特有的intelligence and life experience，she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

a sharp contrast is set between the cold，lifeless，dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor

Thomas Hardyfather of the American short stories，the American Goldsmith

Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

First novel

contains German folk tales，Ralph Waldo Emersonme，my nation（society），Free verse，Envelope structure，Catalogue（Listing）

A new ideal，a new world，a new life-style

how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments

a scene of the American Civil War，all the movements described in this picture are frozen.Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas，spontaneous expression of his original ideas

Herman Melvillethe Gilded Age，the poor poorer and the rich richer，people‘s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

Local colorism，social Darwinism，bestiality，beyond man‘s control

Mark Twaininternational theme，psychological realistStream of consciousness，interior monologue，free association

the narrator is an American expatriate，named Winterbourne.Daisy is the most innocent girl.The clash is between two different cultures.Emily Dickinson

Based on her own experiences，her sorrows and joys

express Dickinson‘s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.description of a moment of death

Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it，like a horse.personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt

Theodore Dreiser，’who shall cast the first stone？‘

The modern perioda leading spokesman of the ‘Imagist Movement’

Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light.To capture the emotions，Pound uses the image of petals on wet，black boughs.agreement with Whitman‘s free verse

Robert Lee Frostfounder of the American drama，won the Pulitzer Prize four times

F.Scott Fitzgeraldawarded the Nobel Prize

Iceberg style，Code hero，the lost generation，grace under pressure

from birth and death coexist

William Faulkner-awarded a Nobel Prize

South，imprisonment in the past

Stream of consciousness，multiple points of view

Yoknapatawpha Country

Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the

old way of life.Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

第三篇：英美文学

Analysis of Robinson Crusoe

2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, inpidualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s

failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only

indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full

understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a

remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and

never lose hope.

第四篇：英美文学

《英美文学》复习方法

一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。

二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；

三、第一轮复习顺序：

1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学

2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品

3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。

4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；

5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。

四、第二轮复习顺序

1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；

2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；

五、考前突击复习

1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。

2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。

*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；

千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。

〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；

一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；

二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方

三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题

四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；

五、整理真题，再次复习错题；

*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。

祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩！

第五篇：英美文学

术语解释：

Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:

1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI

1591The First part of King Henry VI

1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors

1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew

1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet

1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream

***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V

1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It

1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will

In the second period:

1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well

160416051606Antony and Cleopatra

1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens

1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre

In the third period:

1609Cymbeline, King of Britain

1610The Winter’s Tale

1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII

7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)

John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1

out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。

Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain

parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on

surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express

Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。

Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between

mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。

And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。

But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。

Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。

So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。

全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。

二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美

Sonnet 29

When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；

Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地

From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。

赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab

cdcd efef gg。

To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》

-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特

Whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；

Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？

总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are

going?

Vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；

As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。

总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to

bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？

Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？

• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?

There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。

• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。

总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；

And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。

• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will

end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；

Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。

• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。

赏析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.