第一篇：重庆大学考博英语

2011年GMAT考试阅读材料5(附答案)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job.Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus.There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A)What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B)Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C)Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

(D)Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures

(E)How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities 2.The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?

(A)The overall causes of poverty

(B)Deficiencies in the training of the work force

(C)Trade relationships among producers of goods

(D)Shortages of jobs providing adequate income

(E)Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3.The author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that

(A)more people were unemployed in the 1930’s

(B)unemployment now has less severe effects

(C)social programs are more needed now

(D)there now is a greater proportion of elderly and handicapped people among those in poverty

(E)poverty has increased since the 1930’s

4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?

(A)Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B)A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C)New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D)Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.(E)The labor force should be restructured so that it corresponds to the range of job vacancies.5.The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that

(A)there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some members of the labor force

(B)unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness

(C)recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can exist and can cause hardships for inpidual workers

(D)a majority of those who are jobless at any one time to not suffer severe hardship

(E)there are fewer inpiduals who are without jobs at some time during a year than would be expected on the basis of monthly unemployment figures

6.The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by

(A)the employed poor

(B)dependent children in single-earner families

(C)workers who become disabled

(D)retired workers

(E)full-time workers who become unemployed

7.According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the

(A)recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers

(B)possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker

(C)fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor

(D)establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics

(E)prevalence, among low-wage workers and the unemployed, of members of families in which others are employed

8.The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the point that

(A)in times of high unemployment, there are some people who do not remain unemployed for long

(B)the capacity for self-support depends on receiving moderate-to-high wages

(C)those in forced idleness include, besides the unemployed, both underemployed part-time workers and those not actively seeking work

(D)at different times during the year, different people are unemployed

(E)many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents of unemployed workers

9.Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author’s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?

(A)A short-term increase in the number of those in poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the basic number of those unable to accept employment remains approximately constant.(B)For those who are in poverty as a result of joblessness, there are social programs available that provide a minimum standard of living.(C)Poverty statistics do not consistently agree with earnings statistics, when each is taken as a measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.(D)The elderly and handicapped categories include many who previously were employed in the labor market.(E)Since the labor market is global in nature, poor workers in one country are competing with poor workers in another with respect to the level of wages and the existence of jobs.参考答案：EDBC BADEA

Modern manufacturers, who need reliable sources of materials and technologically advanced components to operate profitably, face an increasingly difficult choice between owning the producers of these items(a practice known as backward integration)and buying from independent producers.Manufacturers who integrate may reap short-term rewards, but they often restrict their future capacity for innovative product development.Backward integration removes the need for some purchasing and marketing functions, centralizers overhead, and permits manufacturers to eliminate duplicated efforts in research and development.Where components are commodities(ferrous metals or petroleum, for example), backward integration almost certainly boosts profits.Nevertheless, because product innovation means adopting the most technologically advanced and cost-effective ways of making components, backward integration may entail a serious risk for a technologically active company-for example, a producer of sophisticated consumer electronics.A company that decides to make rather than buy important parts can lock itself into an outdated technology.Independent suppliers may be unwilling to share innovations with assemblers with whom they are competing.Moreover, when an assembler sets out to master the technology of producing advanced components, the resulting demands on its resources may compromise its ability to assemble these components successfully into end products.Long-term contracts with suppliers can achieve many of the same cost benefits as backward integration without compromising a company’s ability to innovate.However, moving away from backward integration is not a complete solution either.Developing innovative technologies requires independent suppliers of components to invest huge sums in research and development.The resulting low profit margins on the sale of components threaten the long-term financial stability of these firms.Because the ability of end-product assemblers to respond to market opportunities depends heavily on suppliers of components, assemblers are often forced to integrate by purchasing the suppliers of components just to keep their suppliers in business.Answers to Sample GMAT Reading Comprehension Questions 9.According to the passage, all of the following are benefits associated with backward integration EXCEPT:(A)improvement in the management of overhead expenses(B)enhancement of profit margins on sales of components(C)simplification of purchasing and marketing operations(D)reliability of a source of necessary components(E)elimination of unnecessary research efforts

10.According to passage, when an assembler buys a firm that makes some important component of the end product that the assembler produces, independent suppliers of the same component may(A)withhold technological innovations from the assembler(B)experience improved profit margins of on sales of their products(C)lower their prices to protect themselves from competition(D)suffer finanical difficluties and go out of business(E)stop developing new versions of the component 11.Which of the following best describes the way the last paragraph functions in the context of the passage?(A)The last in a series of arguments supporting the central argument of the passage is presented.(B)A viewpoint is presented which qualifies one presented earlier in the passage.(C)Evidence is presented in support of the argument developed in the preceding paragrap.(D)Questions arising from the earlier discussion are identified as points of departure for further study of the topic.(E)A specific example is presented to illustrate the main elements of argument presented in the earlier paragraphs.12.According to the passage, which of the following relationships between profits and investments in research and development holds true for producers of technologically advanced components?(A)Modest investments are required and the profit margins on component sales are lowl.(B)Modest investments are required but the profit margins on component sales are quite high.(C)Despite the huge investments that are required, the profit margins on components sales are high.(D)Because huge investments are required, the profit margins on component sales are low.(E)Long-term contractual relationships with purchasers of components ensure a high ratio of profits to investment costs.9.This question asks you to identify which one of the five answer choices is NOT mentioned in the passage as a benefit associated with backward integration.The best answer is B.The passage does not indicate how backward integration affects the profit margins on sales of components by independent suppliers.Choices A, C, and E are mentioned in the passage as a benefit of backward integration.Choice D is incorrect because the passage indicates that backward integration is a way of having a reliable source of necessary components.10.This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about independent suppliers of product components.Choice A is the best answer.The passage asserts that independent supplies making the same components as assemblers may not share technological innovations with assemblers.Choices B, C, D, and E can be eliminated because there is no indication in the passage as assemblers experience improved profit margins, lower their prices, suffer financial difficulties, or stop developing new versions of the component.11.This question asks you to choose the statement that best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage.The best answer is B.At the end of the third paragraph, the author indicates that assemblers benefit from contracting with, rather than owning, independent suppliers.In the last paragraph, however, the author indicates that contracting with independent suppliers can itself present problems.Thus the last paragraph qualifies the viewpoint presented at the end of the third paragraph.Choice A is not the correct answer because the passage makes several points about backward integration, but does not present a central argument about this topic.Choice C is not the correct answer because the final paragraph qualifies rather than supports an argument made in the third paragraph about contracting with independent suppliers.Choices D and E are incorrect because the final paragraph does not identify questions or present a specific example.12.This question asks you to identify information presented in the passage about the relationship between profits and investments for producers of technologically advanced components.The best answer is D.The passage indicates that the high investments required to develop technologically advanced components.Choice A is incorrect because the passage indicates that large, not modest, investments in research and development are required.Choices B and C are incorrect because the passage indicates that profit margins for producers of technologically advanced components are low, not high as these answer choice assert.Choice E is incorrect: although the author claims that long-term contracts with suppliers are beneficial to assemblers, the passage does not indicate that long-term contracts with purchasers lead to high profits for producers of technologically advanced components.READIN

GTEST 4

PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.Persistent bullying is one of the worst experiences a child can face.How can it be prevented? Peter Smith, Professor of Psychology at the University of Sheffield, directed the Sheffield Anti-Bullying Intervention Project, funded by the Department for Education.Here he reports on his findings.A Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbalto the physicalas well as indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups.A survey I conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent.There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant.B Bullying is clearly unpleasant, and can make the child experiencing it feel unworthy and depressed.In extreme cases it can even lead to suicide, though this is thankfully rare.Victimised pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences.C Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying.Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.‘There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainly untrue.Fortunately more schools are now saying: ‘There is not much bullying here, but when it occurs we have a clear policy for dealing with it.'

D Three factors are involved in this change.First is an awareness of the severity of the problem.Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain.For example, the Scottish Council for Research in Education produced a package of materials, Action Against Bullying, circulated to all schools in England and Wales as well as in Scotland in summer 1992, with a second pack, Supporting Schools Against Bullying, produced the following year.In Ireland, Guidelines on Countering Bullying Behaviour in Post-Primary Schools was published in 1993.Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.This comes from carefully conducted ‘before and after' evaluations of interventions in schools, monitored by a research team.In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved.The Sheffield investigation, which involved sixteen primary schools and seven secondary schools, found that most schools succeeded in reducing bullying.E Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what records will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed.The policy should be developed through consultation, over a period of timeand the consequent improvement in pupil happiness-is surely a worthwhile objective.Questions 27-30

Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections A-D from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.List of Headings

i The role of video violence

ii The failure of government policy

iii Reasons for the increased rate of bullying

iv Research into how common bullying is in British schools

v The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying

vi The effect of bullying on the children involved

vii Developments that have led to a new approach by schools Section ASection BSection CSection D

Questions 31-34

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.31 A recent survey found that in British secondary schools

A there was more bullying than had previously been the case.B there was less bullying than in primary schools.C cases of persistent bullying were very common.D indirect forms of bullying were particularly difficult to deal with.32 Children who are bullied

A are twice as likely to commit suicide as the average person.B find it more difficult to relate to adults.C are less likely to be violent in later life.D may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.33 The writer thinks that the declaration ‘There is no bullying at this school'

A is no longer true in many schools.B was not in fact made by many schools.C reflected the school's lack of concern.D reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.34 What were the findings of research carried out in Norway?

A Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.B Twenty-one schools reduced bullying as a result of an anti-bullying campaign.C Two years is the optimum length for an anti-bullying campaign.D Bullying is a less serious problem in Norway than in the UK.Questions 35-39

Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet.What steps should schools take to reduce bullying?

The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a 35.....which makes the school's attitude towards bullying quite clear.It should include detailed 36.....as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.In addition, action can be taken through the 37.....This is particularly useful in the early part of the process, as a way of raising awareness and encouraging discussion.On its own, however, it is insufficient to bring about a permanent solution.Effective work can also be done with inpidual pupils and small groups.For example, potential 38.....of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident.Or again, in dealing with group bullying, a ‘no blame' approach, which avoids confronting the offender too directly, is often effective.Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognise the difference between bullying and mere 39.......Question 40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?

A Bullying: what parents can do

B Bullying: are the media to blame?

C Bullying: the link with academic failure

D Bullying: from crisis management to prevention

Answers ivvivvii

B

D

D

A

policy

36(explicit)guidelines

37(school)curriculum

victims

playful fighting

D

第二篇：考博英语

1How compelling and thought-provoking the above image is(images are)!

多么引人注目的、容易让人产生联想的画面呀！

2What is apparently betrayed in the cartoon(s)is that …,in contrast, …

这个漫画明显表现出来的是、、、、，相反的，、、、、、3What on earth can we derive from the interesting and instructive drawing?

从这幅有趣的、有教育性意义的图画上我们究竟可以得到什么信息呢？

4It goes without saying that(there is no denying the fact that)what the painter actually aims to convey in the picture is(pictures are)profound.毫无疑问，事实上作者在这幅画中传达的目标意义深刻。

5Primarily, we can learn that such cases are far from being rare and upsetting parallels can be readily found anywhere from our neighborhood and around the world.6What’s more, there has been a growing concern nowadays over the worsening phenomenon.7It is hard to imagine what our society would be like if such pervasive trend go unchallenged.首先，我们可以发现这样的事情很常见，在我们附近，在世界范围内很容易的就能看到类似的令人不愉快的事情。其次，现在已经对这类恶化的现象给予了越来越多的关注。很难想象如果类似的影响恶劣的趋势没有得到制止我们的社会将变成什么样子。

8Additionally, to reverse the grim situation, effective and efficient measures should be entailed by all parties concerned.9The authorities, the mass media and every one are on the list.10Enhancing people’s awareness of such practices and setting up relevant rules and regulations ought to be top priority of the agenda.另外，为了扭转严峻的情况，相关政党应该采取有效的方法，职权部门、大众传媒和每一个人都包括在内。提高大家对这些措施的关注程度、制定相关规章制度应该是位于日程之首。11Considering what’s presented above, we may safely come to the conclusion that it is high time that such stories were ended or at least reduced.12I am strongly convinced that only when such things vanish or disappear, can we maintain a happy, healthy and harmonious society as we all wish.考虑到以上提到的事情，我们可以顺利的得出结论：是该结束或者减少这类事情的时候了。我坚信只有这类事情消失的时候，我们才能够维持一个我们希望所的快乐、健康、和谐的社会。

若是好的话题：

1.第5句去掉upsetting

2.第6句去掉worsening

3.第7句移到最后一段的最后一句，且改./;成It’s hard …if we fail to grasp such cases and can

not put them into practice.4.把第8句换句举例：To make the point even clearer, let’s come to example regarding an

acquaintance of mine.（为了更明显的表达这个观点，我将举一个关于我一个熟人的例子）

5.第3段 …that it is high time all parties concerned took effective and efficient measures to

practice.The authorities, the mass media, as well as each inpidual are involved.And I’m strongly convinced that we’ll ensure such practices, thus maintaining a happy, healthy, harmonious society as we all wish.（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____.On the other hand, __原因二___.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more

（2）利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)___作文题目______.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly, ___优点一______.And secondly ___优点二_____.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with, ___缺点一______.In addition, ____缺点二______.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.（3）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, _方法

（4）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: “ ___谚语_______” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（5）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease

(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.1．开头万能公式一：名人名言

原理：名人名言尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理

经典句型：A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）

更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2．开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。还是靠编

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college

students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面几个题目我们都可以这样编造：Honesty根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某大学，学生课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …

结尾万能公式：

1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型：Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

第三篇：考博英语作文格式

1.不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that作文题目.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that观点一.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place，原因

一.Furthermore, in the second place,原因二.So it goes without saying that观点一.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that观点二.In their point of view, on the one hand，原因一.On the other hand,原因二.Therefore, there is no doubt that观点二.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that观点一或二.It is not only because___, but also because ___.The more ___,the more___.2.利弊型的议论文

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)作文题目.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in题目议题.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows.Firstly,优点一.And secondly优点二.Just As a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”, 讨论议题 is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects.To begin with,缺点一.In addition,缺点二.To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of讨论议题into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time.In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the讨论议题.3.答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)作文题目.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all,途径

一.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is途径二.Above all, to solve the problem of作文题目,we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法.4.谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb:“谚语”has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means谚语的含义.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is 例子一.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb谚语.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying:谚语.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.5.图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in the table(graph/picture/pie/chart),作文题目的议题has been on rise/decrease, significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from___in___to___in___.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that___.There are at least two good reasons accounting for___.On the one hand, ___.On the other hand, ___is due to the fact that___.In addition ,___is responsible for___.Maybe there are some other reasons to show___.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that___.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.6.实用性写作（申请信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address

Dear...,I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for the position in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely yours,I.Outline Type

Model 1 问题解决型

Paragraph 1 介绍主题

With the rapid development of market-oriented economy, an increasing number of people are concerned about the problem of 问题 in our society.It has brought about a great influence on people’s work and living.Therefore, not only … but also … have to pay more attention to this phenomenon.Paragraph 2 原因分析

So far as I know, some driving factors that contribute to the above-mentioned problem can be illustrated as follows.To begin with, ….In addition,….And furthermore, ….Paragraph 3 解决办法

Based on what has been discussed so far , it follows that some effective solutions should be found to deal with the problem of ______.One the one hand, …;on the other hand, ….Only in this way can we finalize this problem successfully and effectively.(解决问题的具体方法可根据具体情况从政府、老百姓以及个人入手)

How 类

Paragraph 1 介绍(描述现象、形势、困难)

Paragraph 2 列举解决方法

Paragraph 3 总结/评论或自己选择及其理由

Model 2 积极有利型

Paragraph 1 引出话题，描述话题的重要性;

Along with the rapid development of science and technology(market-oriented economy, electric industry, higher education…)an increasing number of people come to realize that ____ is something that we cannot do without, especially in such an intensely competitive society.Paragraph 2 分析其重要性的原因或具体表现;(事物本身的价值属性 + 社会意义)

There can be no doubt that The importance of 主题 can be most clearly seen in the following aspects.To begin with, ….In addition,….And finally, ….(附加句 it is extremely difficult for us to imagine what our modern life would be like without_______.)

Paragraph 3 如何发扬光大。

As the issue is becoming more and more important, It’s clear that we can promote it in the following ways.For one thing, ….For another,…

关于事物的好处或重要性可从以下几个方面描述

1)convenience 方便;2)efficiency 效率;3)safety 安全;4)economical经济;

5)entertainment乐趣;6)health 健康;7)communication 交流;

8)character training 性格培养;9)achievement成就;10)durability 耐久性，耐用性Model 3利弊分析型

Paragraph 1介绍现象(观点一和观点二)

When it comes to 主题 , some people believe that _观点一，and it is often argued by other people that 观点二(或 the opposite is true).There is probably some truth in both statements.Paragraph 2分别描述观点一和二

Generally speaking, the advantages of ______ can be seen clearly in the following respects.To begin with, ….In addition,….And finally, ….However, just as everything has two sides , there is no exception to the above discussed issue of ______.On the one hand, …;on the other hand, ….Paragraph 3作者的观点或结论

Weighing up the pros and cons of both sides, we may reasonably reach the conclusion that the advantages of __主题carry far more weight than its disadvantages.Therefore, we should manage to make the most of its benefits and try to avoid the harmful effects of ___主题______.Model 4 A/B比较对照型

Paragraph 1 现象A和B的介绍 + 作者的选择/判断

As is well-known to all of us that recently the topic of 主题 is becoming the most popular one in our society.However, there are two different opinions concerning it.Some people believe that 现象一(A is more important than B)while others argue that 现象二(B is more important than A.).As far as I am concerned, the latter / the former seems more reasonable.Paragraph 2 描述作者的选择/判断

It’s beyond any question that A is characterized by some aspects as follows.To begin with, ….In

addition,….And finally, ….However, one has to mention some weaknesses of(主题)that may also go along.A case in point is , ….Paragraph 3 总结+照应另一观点

As shown in our previous discussion, ___A/B___ indeed bears some distinctive features and it will still play essential roles in our modern society.Of course, we should not neglect the positive effects of ___ A/B_.One typical point is that _____.II.Situation writing

1.Story/ Report Type

Paragraph 1 描述文字+得出结论

It is quite obvious / apparent to all of us that the above story describes that 讲故事(2-3句慨述.From this story, we can easily arrive at such conclusion that _结论(参考提示语).Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明

Undoubtedly, such case frequently occur in our daily life.A case in point is that _______.There is another example to illustrate this point.例子(也可根据主题分类，参考前面的models 1-4)

Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论

Based on what has been illustrated above, we should have a correct attitude towards 主题 ――(解释主题)(如one’s life consists of lots of goals.)If we … , we will necessarily benefit a lot from it.2.Graph Type

Paragraph 1 慨述图标+具体变化

As can be seen clearly from the above graph, there has been an obvious tendency with respect to ______(参考提示语)in the past ___years.According to the figures shown in the graph, the number of(private cars)…rose slightly from___ in ____to_____in _____.However, there was a sudden rapid decline in the number of(private cars)from … to…in______.Paragraph 2紧扣主题句，分析原因

Obviously, it is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above tendency.In the first place, ….In the second place, ….At last, ….Paragraph 3发表议论，提出建议或预测

Based on what has been analyzed, we can say that the drawer intends not only to tell us the fact itself, but also set us thinking about _____.By the way, we may reasonably predict that, with the further development of reform and opening-up, the number of ______ will continue to grow steadily in the forthcoming decade.3.Cartoon Type

Paragraph 1 描述漫画+得出结论

Here is a vivid and lively cartoon which depicts ______(2-3句概述, Obviously, this picture conveys us a strong message that _______

Paragraph 2 根据主题分类展开或举例说明

It is not difficult for us to come up with some possible factors that contribute to the above phenomenon if thinking carefully.To begin with, ….What’s more,….At last,…

Paragraph 3作者的结论或评论

Based on what has been discussed, I personally believe that it is high time for us to adopt some effective measures to deal with such situation.On the one hand,…;on the other hand,….Only in these ways can we _____(prevent….from…;guarantee …;protect …from…;solve this matter effectively and successfully)

III, 考生造句标准和原则必须符合下列句型原则

1.基本句型(详见笔记---五大基本句型)

2.扩展句型(详见笔记---三种扩展方式)

3.特殊句型(详见笔记---十大特殊句型)

英语写作句型训练示范

1.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

2.It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

3.There are several reasons for this problem.One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads.Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.关于这个问题，有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车过多而公交车不够。

4.Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance.In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

5.From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngsters' behavior.从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

6.People differ in their attitudes towards failure.Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do.Others, however, lose heart and give in.人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

7.Let's take cars for example.They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded.Furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents.The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

8.As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers, and the progress of the society is based on harmony.众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益, 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

9.It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。那些违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

10.There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired and that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.Nothing is more important than to receive education.The more books we read, the more learned we become..毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意, 我们的生活品质也已经每况愈下。没有比接受教育更重要的事。我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

第四篇：考博英语复试

导师眼中的学生：能提出与专业有关的建设性问题；

1.So first, please make a self-introduction

Professors **,Good morning, the first thing I would like to say is thank you.I’ve been looking forward to this interview for a long time.My name is Dan Yanfang from Hanchuan, Hubei Province.I got a Bachelor’s degree for rhythmic gymnastics and Master’s degree for sports humanities.Now I’m teaching sports humanities and figure exercises in a university in Hunan Province.I am married and have a lovely daughter.You may agree with me that once you become a parent, you will be responsible to set yourself as a good example, so I am trying my best to be a qualified role model.As you can see, I am easygoing.I have a lot of friends, and I am pretty good at dealing with personal relations.Besides, I am ambitious and diligent.When I work in the university, I could not help thinking about pursuing a doctor’s degree.For I think knowledge is indispensable spiritual food.A person who is easily content with the present will quickly lag behind, so I make up my mind to take the doctor’s entrance exam.I know it is not easy to pass it, but I believe when there is a will, there is a way.I am never afraid of challenges, what I fear is staying still and never going forward.When I was at graduate school, I have done a great job.I have hosted some academic projects at university, provincial and national levels, published several papers in provincial and national core journals and got some prizes as well.But since I am more interested in rhythmic gymnastics, I decide to change back and continue studying rhythmic gymnastics.These two majors are closely linked to each other, so I am confident that I can adapt to the change.As for my doctor-plan, I will first strengthen theoretic study and achieve a more systematic view of its essence and spirit.Secondly, I will proceed to do academic research, and assist professors of sport popularization, either theoretically or practically.2.Well, could you tell me why you choose this major?(Why do you change your major?)

As to this question, I have mentioned that I’ve learned rhythmic gymnastics and sports humanities.Personally speaking, the former one is more interesting and fascinating.Besides, these two majors are closely related to each other.What I learned on master’s degree should be put to practice, so as to show the practical value of physical education.Furthermore, rhythmic gymnastics can reflect the beauty of life.As a PE practitioner, I will spare no effort to make a contribution to the development of this sport.3.Why do you choose our school?

To tell you the truth, I am a native citizen.All my friends are here.I really miss my parents.What’s more, Wuhan is universally known for its education.Among all the universities, WIPE is the best at physical education.I am deeply impressed by distinguished professors, such as **, and advanced facilities.Also your campus is amazing in terms of learning atmosphere and natural scenery.It will be so great if I can study here.4.What do you think of rhythmic gymnastics?

Generally speaking, rhythmic gymnastics is a sport interpreting the beauty of life.It should be fully developed, but in reality, it is not so.It is now facing with some problems, for example, lack of professional team and qualified human resources, insufficient fund and limited sources, low competitiveness and so on.In my opinion, we can handle these problems by attaching equal importance to popularize and improve the sport, further expanding marker demand, and sticking to sustainable development.5.How do you plan your doctorate study?

As I have mentioned that rhythmic gymnastics is of some problems.Therefore, I will first strengthen theoretic study in order to achieve a systematic understanding of its essence and spirit.Secondly, I will proceed to do academic research, and assist professors of sport popularization, either theoretically or practically.Thirdly, I will focus on **(自己的创新点)

6.What kind of academic achievements have you got at graduate school?

I have hosted 3 academic projects at university and provincial levels, and taken part in another 3 at national level.4 papers have been published in provincial and national core journals as first author.3 of them got the first, second, and third prizes respectively.7.Please make a self-evaluation.(English proficiency/character/scientific research ability)You may see that I am a woman, a mother, a teacher and above all, a student.As a woman, I am considerate and meticulous.As a mother, I am tender and kind.As a teacher, I am analytical, rigorous and composed in front of difficulties.As a student, I am humble, adaptive and have a strong sense of comprehension.The curiosity about rhythmic gymnastics is a constant motivation that can push me forward.I am not afraid of meeting challenge.Of course, I still have some weaknesses.My understanding of both rhythmic gymnastics and sports

humanities may be limited and need improvement.I might not live up to your standard, but I would do my best in academic and practical study so as to contribute to the development of rhythmic gymnastics.8.Except rhythmic gymnastics, what else do you like?

Except rhythmic gymnastics, I am fond of playing table tennis.It is a good way of relaxation and it is helpful to your physical and mental health.9.What do you think of your English?

I have finished New Concept English 3 and 4 when I was at school and at work, so I am good at reading and writing.But as you can see it, due to lack of practice, I am poor at listening and speaking like most of Chinese students.10.Since you mentioned your job in Hunan, could you tell us more about it?

I teach rhythmic gymnastics and figure exercises in the university, including a brief introduction to PE, aerobics and so on.After class, I often do research work with my workmates.Sometimes I will read and write some papers.Some of them got published.I really have a good time with my colleagues.Campus lift is really wonderful.

第五篇：考博英语作文整理

考博英语写作模板、绝招 开头万能公式：

1． 开头万能公式一：名人名言

有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！

原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型：

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.”（适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：

As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2． 开头万能公式二：数字统计

原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。Youth

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。更多句型：

A recent statistics shows that … 结尾万能公式：

1． 结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子： Obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2． 结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官

本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？ 更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.写作的“七项基本原则”：

一、长 短 句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！

强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、主 题 句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一 二 三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗）2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗）3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗）4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗）

5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally

9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！

四、短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考

试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其

一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其

二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous，humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！

六、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联）

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角）批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding 3）因果（so, so, so）

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重）有些人

脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away… 5）附加（多此一举）

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他；或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom

or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。6）排比（排山倒海句）

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏）要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！

七、挑战极限原则 既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！文章主体段落三大杀手锏：

一、举实例

思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子！

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colour

s, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.更多句型：

To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

二、做比较

方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的； 世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点（through

comparison）和不同点（through contrast）。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较：

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较：

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …，三、换言之

没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。

实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you！I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语：

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

考博英语作文是每所研究生院博士研究生考试英语科目中必有的考试项目，考博英语作文中需要主旨句及总结句能清楚的传达自己的观点.1.Any government, which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽略这一点将付出巨大的代价

2.Nowadays 当前

3.at the mere mention of 一提到

4.In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效地措施

5.It is disputable that 无可争辩

6.Although this view is widely held, this is little evidence that...7.In fact, we have to admit the face that… 事实上，我们不得不承认…这个事实

8.We should spare no effort to the …我们应该不遗余力地

9.This is a matter of life and death-a matter no country can afford to ignore.这是一个关系国家生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视

10.This view is now being questioned by more and more people.这一观点受到越来越多的质疑

11.Despite many obvious advantages of …,it is not without its problem.12.Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.许多专家指出这是现代社会发展的必然结果，无法避免

13.Keep a favorable position in… 保持优势

14.As for me, I'm firmly convinced that 就我而言，我坚定地认为

15.In the first place首先

16.But is it really case?

17.Negative impact 负面影响

18.Sth have worsened sth …使…恶化

19.It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to 建议政府应该努力…

20.In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphasize on… 总之，我们应该理智考虑这一问题，重视…

21.Need sth more than ever 比任何时候需要

22.Sth have gone bad to worse 每况愈下

23.So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它

24.There is no one but longs to 人们都希望

25.Around the corner 迫在眉睫

26.We should bring home to people the value of doing sth 我们应该让人们知道…的价值

27.As a popular saying goes,“ everything has two sides”.28.Modernization program 现代化建设

29.Be linked to …与…有关

30.Quite a few 相当多

31.No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评

考博英语作文万能模板

（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.（2）答题性议论文

Currently, there is a widespread concern over(the issue that)__作文题目_______.It is really an important concern to every one of us.As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem.As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem.First of all, __途径一______.In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____.Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various ways.But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____.（3）谚语警句性议论文

It is well know to us that the proverb: ” ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study.It means ____谚语的含义_______.The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows.(also theoretically)

A case in point is ___例子一______.Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____.With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____.The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.（4）图表作文的框架

As is shown/indicated/illustrated

by

the

figure/percentage

in

the table(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease(goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily

rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____.From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________.There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______.On the one hand, ________.On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________.In addition, ________ is responsible for _______.Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________.But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing.As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______.I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded.（5）实用性写作（申请信)

Your address

Month, Date, year

Receiver's address Dear...，I am extremely pleased to hear from you./ to see your advertisement for theposition in....And I would like to write a letter to tell you that.../ I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are advertising..../ I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have listed.On the one hand,....On the other hand,....I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and reference.I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an interview.I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest convenience.Best regards for your health and success.Sincerely

yours，X X X

范文：(黄色背景色部分可作为模板句)

Is University Expansion a Good Thing

As we all know, from 1999, the numbers of enrollment of university students have increased significantly.Many people joined in an open discussion held by this phenomenon.Some people hold that university expansion is a good thing.In their opinion, more and more young people get into campus by university expansion.That is of great benefit to them.Furthermore, population quality of our country have advanced.Other people, on the contrary, advocate that the university expansion is beneficial.With the increase of the number of the undergraduate, not only the education quality is coming down but also finding jobs is difficult.In my opinion, with the two opposite opinions discussed above, it is clear that neither of them is not reasonable.The miraculous economic take off caused this remarkable phenomenon, so the university expansion is necessary.To control the education quality of university, first, we should appeal to our authorities to make more strict education laws, furthermore, we should enhance the awareness of the people both the university teachers and the higher education managers.