第一篇:归纳型与演绎型
归纳型与演绎型 Inductive vs.Deductive
一、中国传统思维方式
中国传统思维方式注重直观经验,习惯于直觉体悟,从主体意向出发对实践经验和内心体悟加以总结、归纳,成为“圣言式”或“格言体”的模糊概念与范畴,如“道”、“气”、“理”、“心”等学说。这些多为意会、领悟的结果,缺乏明确的概念界定与严密的演绎推理,因而难以形成像西方那样完整而系统的科学体系。
如果说中国的传统思维也有演绎法,那基本上是“唯圣”、“唯书”、“唯上”的演绎法,即把圣言、经典、圣旨或主观成见作为绝对正确的演绎前提,但也缺乏形式化、公理化系统,不像西方那样注重形式逻辑。
中医的阴阳说、经络说,注重整体观念、察言观色、望闻问切、临床经验、师徒传授、辨证施治,具有很高的临床正确性,但基本上是经验的总结和归纳,缺乏严密的逻辑论证体系,不像西医那样注重生理学、解剖学,注重化验、透视等科学的验证。“神农尝百草”等故事生动地说明了中国智者重亲身体验,轻理论论证,重经验总结,轻演绎推理的致思倾向。中国智者长于算术,但疏于数学;长于“语录式”和“格言体”的“微言大义”,但短于系统而完整的理论体系;擅长于能解决实际问题的技术,缺乏能指导实践的科学理论;注重“经世致用”,忽视基础的或宏观的研究。西汉张苍、耿寿昌的数学名著《九章算术》、北魏贾思勰的农业名著《齐民要术》、北宋沈括的科技名著《梦溪笔谈》、明朝李时珍的药学名著《本草纲目》、明朝宋应星的农业、手工业技术名著《天工开物》等是中国科技名著,但都是搜集、整理、编纂、总结、归纳实用性科技的经验、体会和方法,缺乏严密的逻辑论证,没有形成完整的理论体系。
二、西方思维方式
古希腊哲学家亚里士多德开创了形式逻辑,对西方思维方式产生了长久而深远的影响。亚氏强调演绎法,把演绎看作是一种高级的、能推导出未知的思维方法。此后,演绎法不仅成为西方学者构建理论体系的一种手段,而且成了西方人比较习惯的一种思维方法。到了17世纪,以培根、洛克为代表的经验主义反对亚里士多德以来直至经院哲学的演绎法,把归纳法作为根本方法,强调观察、经验、实验、事实,再归纳出知识;而以笛卡儿、莱布尼兹为代表的理性主义又把演绎法作为根本方法,认为由归纳法得出的知识是或然的,不具有普遍性和必然性。从总体看,西方思维方式既有演绎法,也有归纳法,在各个时期以及思维的过程中均发挥了不同的作用。
近代西方经验主义与理性主义的论战表明,归纳法与演绎法各有长处和短处,必须互相补充,交替并用,辩证统一,才能获得科学的知识。一方面,归纳为演绎提供前提。演绎借助一般去认识个别,但这个一般却源于个别,是个别归纳的结果。另一方面,演绎为归纳提供观念的指导。归纳从个别推出一般,但归纳的过程必须在一般性的观念指导下有意识、有目的地进行,才能有针对性和有效性,而这个观念的指导正是由演绎提供的。没有经过演绎论证,归纳的结论也难以上升为规律性的科学理论。由于归纳与演绎互为前提,互相渗透,互相依赖,因而归纳与演绎必须互相补充,互相转化。人们以一般观念原理为指导,通过归纳,从个别到一般,当这个一般成为演绎的前提时,就必须再转化为演绎,才能使归纳的知识得到扩大与加深。恩格斯指出,“归纳和演绎,正如分析和综合一样,是必然相互联系着的。不应当牺牲一个而把另一个捧到天上去,应当把每一个都用到该用的地方,而要做到这一点,就只有注意它们的相互联系、它们的相互补充。”归纳法从无限或有限的面走向有限的点,点与点之间是并列关系,彼此相对独立,难以凑成一个体系;演绎法从有限的点走向无限的面,是点的无限繁殖,点与点之间是血缘关系、派生关系、枝叶关系。观点家族不管枝叶如何茂盛,均系于一棵大树(大前提)之下,同属一个结构之内。归纳与演绎如此相互作用,往复循环,步步加深,形成科学的理论体系。
三、总结比较与举例
西方思维方式自古以来就注重形式逻辑,擅长于演绎法;近代实验科学诞生之后,又注重归纳法。演绎与归纳相结合,使西方产生无数的理论体系,大大地促进西方科学的发展。相比之下,中国传统思维方式注重经验的、直觉的归纳,也有“唯圣式”的演绎推理,但形式逻辑不发达,较少产生科学的理论体系,而擅长于“点评式”的议论和“语录式”的言论。有的学者认为,中国人善于将一本书归纳成一句话,而西方人却善于将一句话演绎成一本书。这在一定程度上反映了中西思维方式的差异。
中国人的思维总体上是归纳型的,而英美人是演绎型思维。因此,英美人说话、写文章喜欢开门见山,直扑主题,而中国人则喜欢先有所铺垫,然后再触及要点。例如,一位中国香港谈判代表在和北美商人谈判时说:“Because most of our production is done in China now, and uh, it’s not really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1997,and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense.So I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.”[13]1中国香港谈判代表在陈述完种种原因后才说出其主题,那就是“推迟做出决定”,这是典型的顺应中国人思维方式的中国英语。
下面是一名中国营养学教授访问美国时与美国专家谈话录音:
American: How does the Nutritional Institute decide what topics to study? How do you decide what topic to do research on?
Chinese: Because, Now, Period gets change!It is different from past time!In past, In past time, we emphasize how to solve practical problems.Nutrition must know how to solve some deficiency diseases.In our country, we have some nutritional diseases, such as, X, Y, Z.But now it is important that we must do some basic research.So, we must take into account fundamental problems.We must concentrate our research to study some fundamental research.[14]393
中国营养学教授也是在陈述完原因后才说出主题。这体现出中国英语这种原因/条件等放在句首而主题句放在句尾的特点。
第二篇:完型与阅读[定稿]
完形填空和阅读理解专练(二)Name
show your teeth.The healthier your teeth are, the happier you feel.Why is that?
(1)Everyone wants to have healthy teeth.When you laugh, you will your mouth andyour teeth are important in many ways.Take care of them, and they'll help to take of your teeth by doing like these:
your teeth, not just the front ones.Spend some timeBrush your teeth a day, after getting up and before bedtime.And you brush all of your Clean between your teeth with dental floss(toothbrush is soft.Ask your parents to three minutes each time you brush.Be sure the teeth along the sides and in the a new toothbrush three months.牙线get used to).I t feels strange when you do it at first, but soon you'll your teeth healthy.You also need to care about what()Do you want to have white and healthy teeth? Please brush your teeth!fruits and vegetables and drink water instead of drinks.1.A.close B.wash C.serve D.open()2.A.thoughB.because C.if D.when
()3.A.tight B.white C.healthy D.clean()4.A.once B.twice C.three times D.four times()5.onB.inC.at D.to()6.A.first B.least C.once D.last
()7.A.every B.both C.either D.neither()8.A.helping B.making C.feeling D.doing()9.A.starts B.produces C.keeps D.suggests()10.A.a lot B.lots of C.few D.a little
(2)My tomorrow?” Donna was a shy girl and I wanted her t10-year-old Donna said, “Mom, I made a new friend at school today.Can she “Sure, honey, that sounds great.” I said, thinking come overacross the street from each other in Washington Heights, New York.We met at the age of 10, too.Like my daughter, I was shy, but Lillian drew me out.She was one of the friendliest people in school, with shiny black hair and a mile-wide smile.from each other fIn senior high school, Lillian went on a trip to Florida.This was the first time we had to be away told me that she had fallen into a river and hadnor a few days.“I’ll be back soon.” she told me.But three days later, Lillian’s sister Jersey.Whenever I thought of her, tears came into my eyes.’t come out any more.Soon, my family moved to New was so shiny and black and she shot me a big The next day Donna brought her new friend home.“Hi, Mrs.LoggiaMy daughter’s new friend was so much like Lilliansmile.“My name is.I was still puzzled(Laura.”
.” the little girl said.Her hair 迷惑came to pick her up later that afternoon.I opened the door to let her in.“Judy!” she)when Laura’s mom Lillian’s sister, from Washington Heights.” Yes, my daughter’s friend looked familiar.She was Lillian’scried.“It’s me, niece.()1.The underlined(________.划线)words in the first paragraph “to bring her out of her shell” mean
A.to help her become less shy(old as her daughter C was from Washington Heights D.had shiny black hair and a big smile, too)2.Laura looked familiar to the writer because she ___________.A.was LillianC.to help her live happilyD.to help her walk out of her house
B.to help her become smart’s nieceB.was as(A.she moved to New Jersey)3.Why did the writer lose her best friend?Because ______.(C.her best friend travelled to FloridaB.they were different from each other)4.“I knew we would be best friends forever.” D.her best friend lost her life on a trip
is a sentence from the passage and should be put at
(C.Laura a)5.We can infer(the end of ___. A.Paragraph 2B.Paragraph 3C.Paragraph 4D.Paragraph 5
推断)from the passage that____.A.Laura is outgoingB.Laura helps Donna a lot(3)Jennie sat at her window as usual, looking out upon the street, with a look of sadness on her face, nd Donna are of the same ageD.Judy moved to New Jersey because of Lillian’s death “What a long day this is going to be!”
window, he took off Then she saw a “What a nice little boy hat and bowed with a bright, pleasant smile.running down the street, swinging his schoolbag.Looking up to the so helpless.I wish I could do something for her.”George, the little boy, told his mother about thatgirl when he got back home, “She lookssmile.“Why not give her some
beautiful The next morning,smiling pleasantly, and said, “Can I come in?” Jennie told him flowers carefully as picking his wayat across the window the street.again, He she stopped saw George in front with of a her handful ofto get into the house.window, “Are they for me?” said Jennie.“How kind you are,” she continued, as George putthe
flowers on her lap.I’vereceived any flower since we moved to the town.”“Yes,” said Jennie.the old, small and empty room.lost her right leg in an accident.She Jennie used to have a happy family and live in a beautiful house in the countryside.However, she and her mother was sick walk like other people any longer.Later, her father died, move here to get work to do.so many years that their money was all gone.They sold the house, and George told his parentsgave sitting in the shop, having a lovely smile on face.A few months later, Jennie and her mother a flower shop.People could always see Jennie(()1.A.her B.his C.your D.my()3.A.and B.but C.as D.or(()2.A.house B.door C.smile D.schoolbag)4.A.rich B.lucky C.bad D.poor
(()5.A.money B.flowers C.clothes D.food()7.A.how B.who C.when D.why)9.A.neverB.usually()8.A.angrily B.easily C.sadlyD.happily()6.A.danced B.cried C.sat D.laughed C.always()10.A.looking for)11.A.shouldn’t B.needn’t C.couldn’tB.looking aroundD.sometimesD.mustn’tC.looking like()12.A.for B.in C.at D.on
D.looking after(((4)Michelle Wie, from America, is like a lot of other young girls in many ways.She is a good student,)13.A.somethingB.anything C.everything D.nothing()15.A.reachedB.leftC.closed)14.A.countryside B.town C.villageD.cityD.opened
and she is a good student, and she likes reading, drawing, and computers.However, in some other ways, she parties.She’s very busy practicing golf.is very different.She doesn’t spend
much time going out with friends or shopping or going to Michelle Wie is the best woman golfer for her age in the world.She was born in 1989.In 1999, at the age of 10, she began to win games against woman twice her age.At 13, she could hit the ball further than most of the women in the Ladies Professional Golf Association(LPGA).At 14, she showed she could hit the ball further than most men.Wie began playing golf at the age of four.When she grew older, she played about four hours a day on weekdays and seven hours a day on weekends.Another thing that helped he was that she was tall.By the time she was 13, Wie was six feet tall.She’s a joy to watch.She has the flexibility(适应性)of a dancer and also is very strong.And its clear that she loves the game.(()1.When did Michelle Wie start playing golf?(B.Shopping)2.What does she often do after school?)3.How long did she practice on weekends when she grew older?
with her familyC.Going to parties.A.Going out with her friends.A.At 4B.At 10C.At 13D.At 14D.Practicing golf.(A.3 hoursB.4 hoursC.7 hours()4.What makes her a successful golfer?A.DanceB.Practice C.Drawing D.Computers.D.8 hours
B.Michelle Wie, A Young Winner C.Women)5.Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A.Michelle Wie, A Good Student(5)Mr.Jenkins lives in a town.He works in a _1__.There are a lot of old wonderful things in it.HeGolf PlayersD.Golf Games For Women
likes his work and often goes to his office on time.One day he left his office at twelve.He went to eat_2__.As soon as he went out of the gateold friend of__3__.They hadnHis friend asked him__5__.He agreed___6__him and they went into a restaurant.There they drank a ’t seen each other for about five years,of course they were very_4___.,he met an lot.Then his friend said“No,no,”said Mr.Jenkins.,“Perhaps you“My office is only two___8__walk.I can go there
’re drunk now.Let me help you to your__7___.” ___9__.a taxi.When he got___11__”When his friend left,it was___10__for him to stand up.He was afraid to be late and stopped“To Park Street”.,the driver asked,“Where are you going,sir?”“Oh!____12__,sir,”the driver said in____13__.“It’(___15__to the driver.He shouted“OK!”Mr.Jenkins said and got___14__.He took out some money and threw s just Park Street here.”,“But don(’t drive so fast next time.”()1.A.hospital B.museum C.post office()2.A.something B.anything C.everything D.library)3.A.him B.he C.himself D.his(D.nothing)4.A.angry(()5.A.to drink B.to have C.for supper D.Eat)7.A.house B.home C.office D.factory()8.A.minute()6.A.on B.to C.for D.with B.happy C.surprise D.sorry ’s(()9.A.my)11.down B.me B.off C.myself C.in DD.mine()10.A.easy B.difficult B.minute CC.afraid.minutes D.minutesD.happy ’()13.A.surprise)15.A.them B.surprised.up()12.A.Sorry B.Thank you C.I’d like to D.Certainly B.it C.these C.a surprise D.one
D.surprising()14.A.on B.into C.in D.out
第三篇:脸 型 与 发 型
脸 型 与 发 型
脸型是决定发型的最重要的因素之一,而发型由于其可变性又可以修饰脸型。前者是发型与脸型的协调配合,后者是利用发型来弥补脸型的缺陷。其方法有:
1.衬托法。利用两侧鬓发和顶部的一部分块面,改变脸部轮廓,分散原来瘦长或宽胖头型和脸型的视觉。
2.遮盖法。利用头发来组成合适的线条或块面,以掩盖头面部某些部位的不协调及缺陷。
3.填充法。利用宽长波芊⒗刺畛湎赋ね肪保箍山柚⒈琛⒎Ⅶ蘩刺畈雇访娌康牟煌昝乐Γ蜃? 以头饰来装饰。
头型与发型
发型设计的目的之一是要利用巧妙的头发整形与安排,克服头型的缺陷,产生椭圆形头型的效果。发型设计师应仔细研究顾客的头型,然后用一张椭圆形图加在上面,哪边有扁平现象,就应该调整哪边头发的厚度以补足该区域。当然,这并不意味着所有的发型设计都应是椭圆形,美发师也可根据不同的头型设计出多种时麾的发型。头发调整头型的方法为:
1.标准型;2.窄头一平脑壳的调整;
3.平头顶的调整;4.凸脑壳、凹脑壳的调整;
5.小头的调整;6.平顶的调整。
性格与发型选择的发型要和性格协调,才能表现出和谐美。如性格内向、羞于言谈的人,选用自然翻式的发型;性格开朗,潇洒的人,则要选择长发波流式的发型,性格活泼,天真的人,选用长发童花式的发型;性格温柔,文静的人,选择曲直长发式的发型,而短发型,一般配以性格豪爽,具有男于汉气的女性。
体型与发型
发型与体型有着密切的关系,发型处理得好,对体型能起到扬长避短的作用,反之就会夸大形体缺点,破坏人的整体美。具体说各种体型发型原则为:
1.高瘦型。该种体型的人容易给人细长、单薄、头部小的感觉。要弥补这些不足,发型要求生动饱满,避免将头发梳得紧贴头皮,或将头发搞得过分蓬松,造成头重脚轻。一般来说,高瘦身材的人比较适宜于留长发、直发。应避免将头发削剪得太短薄,或高盘于头顶上。头发长至下巴与锁骨之间较理想,且要使头发显得厚实、有份量。2.矮小型。个子矮小的人给人一种小巧玲珑的感觉,在发型选择上要与此特点相适应。发型应以秀气、精致为主,避免粗犷、蓬松,否则会使头部与整个形体的比例失调,给人产生大头小身体的感觉。身材矮小者也不适宜留长发,因为长发会使头显得大,破坏人体比例的协调。烫发时应将花式、块面做得小巧、精致一些。若盘头也有身材增高的错觉。
3.高大型。该体型给人一种力量美,但对女性来说,缺少苗条、纤细的美感。为适当减弱这种高大感,发式上应以大方、简洁为好。一般以直发为好,或者是大波浪卷发。头发不要太蓬松。总的原则是简洁、明快,线条流畅。4.短胖型。短胖者显得健康,要利用这一点造成一种有生气的健康美。譬如选择运动式发型。此外应考虑弥补缺陷。短胖者一般脖子显短,因此不要留披肩长发,尽可能让头发向高度发展,显露脖于以增加身体高度感。头发应避免过于蓬松或过宽。
怎样做发型
长直发和卷发适合身材高一些的女性,这种发型深受女性喜爱,突出了女性的风度,增加了整体美感。优美的卷发又能充分展示女性特有的气质,并能遮盖脸部不足之处,也可以根据各人需要做束发、辫发、盘发,塑造出各种发型。
中长直发和卷发 头发进行有层次的修剪,显得自然而不拘束,有轻柔感,又可以弥补脸型不足。中长直发可以弥补方脸型的缺陷,将脸的两侧头发覆盖颧骨线,产生一种窄的效果。直发分层次发型设计,配以轻飘纤细发梢,给人以十分柔和洒脱的感觉,也可以根据顾客发质和脸型的不同设计各种中长发型。
短直发和卷发 这类发型很受青年女性和职业女性的青睐。短发最大的特点就是它易于梳理,即随意用手指翻拨,也能做出自然大方的发型。短发型变化繁多,既可修剪成直发型或修剪成参差不齐,不同层次发型,也可以烫发后修剪各种短式发型,这种超短修剪后的发型,颇具现代女性超前风度。但是,短发修剪更应注意发型与脸型相配。
第四篇:发 型 与 脸 型
发 型 与 脸 型
发型设计的目的都是为了人的脸蛋儿,头发与面部的距离最近,发型设计的目的都是为了人的脸蛋儿,头发与面部的距离最近,发型不 但可以直接修饰面部的不足,还会衬托脸部更加生动、更富有魅力。但可以直接修饰面部的不足,还会衬托脸部更加生动、更富有魅力。人 的脸型按轮廓形状分为七种。椭圆脸、长方形脸、方形脸、圆形脸、的脸型按轮廓形状分为七种。椭圆脸、长方形脸、方形脸、圆形脸、菱 形脸、三角形脸、三角形脸。形脸、三角形脸、倒 三角形脸。
1)椭圆脸---被认为标准脸型,只要适合发质、生活方式、体态特征、)椭圆脸 被认为标准脸型 只要适合发质、生活方式、体态特征、被认为标准脸型,气质等任何发型都适合。气质等任何发型都适合。
2)长方形脸---眉骨、颧骨及下颚骨的宽度基本一致,脸的长度明显大)长方形脸 眉骨 颧骨及下颚骨的宽度基本一致,眉骨、于宽度。因此,前额要留有发帘以适当遮盖,发型侧面向外梳理成蓬松,于宽度。因此,前额要留有发帘以适当遮盖,发型侧面向外梳理成蓬松,形成加强宽度的效果,烫发对窄长形脸较适宜,能给人丰满、形成加强宽度的效果,烫发对窄长形脸较适宜,能给人丰满、柔和的感 人丰满 觉。对于男士应避免太短的小型发式或向后梳理的太贴,那样脸形会显 对于男士应避免太短的小型发式或向后梳理的太贴,得更长。得更长。
3)圆形脸---给人以温柔、可爱的印象,整个脸部的曲线是圆形。这种)圆形脸 给人以温柔 可爱的印象,整个脸部的曲线是圆形。给人以温柔、脸型不要选择遮盖脸部太多的发型。发帘应稀疏或梳理高一些,脸型不要选择遮盖脸部太多的发型。发帘应稀疏或梳理高一些,两侧头 发适当收拢,头顶部可以蓬松,这样显得脸部拉长的感觉。发适当收拢,头顶部可以蓬松,这样显得脸部拉长的感觉。对于圆形脸 男士选择超短小型发式效果比较好,鬓角可以修剪成方形,男士选择超短小型发式效果比较好,鬓角可以修剪成方形,顶部为平面 造型的寸发。造型的寸发。
4)方形脸---方形脸前额较宽,两腮比较突出,给人以方正、刻板的感)方形脸 方形脸前额较宽 两腮比较突出,给人以方正、方形脸前额较宽,觉。女士可以选择卷发,圆润的发型能够减弱方形脸的棱角效果。宽大 女士可以选择卷发,圆润的发型能够减弱方形脸的棱角效果。的前额,采用蓬松的侧面发帘掩饰,增加面部线条造型的变化,的前额,采用蓬松的侧面发帘掩饰,增加面部线条造型的变化,展示活 发帘掩饰 泼的美
感。方形脸还可以选择长发型的直发,泼的美感。方形脸还可以选择长发型的直发,前额部分的散发帘遮盖两 个额角,发梢为参差层次,长短变化的发梢将会掩饰两腮部分,个额角,发梢为参差层次,长短变化的发梢将会掩饰两腮部分,表现效 果自然、和谐。果自然、和谐。
5)菱形脸---颧骨宽于眉骨和下颚骨 下颚线成尖行。女士发型要在前额)菱形脸 颧骨宽于眉骨和下颚骨 下颚线成尖行。颧骨宽于眉骨和下颚骨,下颚线成尖行 适当增加发帘的厚度和宽度,发型的下部呈扩张造型,整体轮廓饱满,适当增加发帘的厚度和宽度,发型的下部呈扩张造型,整体轮廓饱满,可以缓和脸型的结构。男士发型还适宜过短,两侧的轮廓圆顺、丰满,可以缓和脸型的结构。男士发型还适宜过短,两侧的轮廓圆顺、丰满,前额最好以侧分发掩饰,这种脸形不适宜于中长发型。前额最好以侧分发掩饰,这种脸形不适宜于中长发型。
6)三角形脸 下颚骨明显宽于眉骨和颧骨,缺少灵秀之感。女士发型以 三角形脸---下颚骨明显宽于眉骨和颧骨 缺少灵秀之感。三角形脸 下颚骨明显宽于眉骨和颧骨,中发型或长发型为宜。前额修剪自然垂下的发帘,发梢参差层次,中发型或长发型为宜。前额修剪自然垂下的发帘,发梢参差层次,掩饰 为宜 窄尖的额头,发型两侧至后部均修剪出参差层次,窄尖的额头,发型两侧至后部均修剪出参差层次,发梢从两侧向后逐渐 变长,变长,后部呈 V 形,两侧参差的发丝对于宽阔的腮部具有一定的修饰 效果,表现风格活泼,富有动感。男士发型上部造型饱满,两鬓偏厚,效果,表现风格活泼,富有动感。男士发型上部造型饱满,两鬓偏厚,整体轮廓的线条从腮部圆顺下去,可减缓原有脸形的效果。整体轮廓的线条从腮部圆顺下去,可减缓原有脸形的效果。
7)倒三角形脸---前额和颧骨比下颚线宽,形成明显的 V 字形下颏。这)倒三角形脸 前额和颧骨比下颚线宽 前额和颧骨比下颚线宽,字形下颏。种脸型不适宜超短发和长发型,而应选择短发或中长发型。种脸型不适宜超短发和长发型,而应选择短发或中长发型。发型上部
贴伏头型,两侧发型长至下颏处或是下颏之下,上部蓬起。贴伏头型,两侧发型长至下颏处或是下颏之下,上部蓬起。可以选择不 同风格的卷发,也可以修剪成扣边发,整体丰满,蓬松的发型下部,同风格的卷发,也可以修剪成扣边发,整体丰满,蓬松的发型下部,能 够修饰脸型的不足之处,使其显得富有活力。够修饰脸型的不足之处,使其显得富有活力。这种脸型的男士也应该适 当
当加长发型,或是进行卷发修饰,效果也很好。当加长发型,或是进行卷发修饰,效果也很好。
8)阔额头---宽阔的前额显示着人的聪慧,但是,超出比例的阔额头,)阔额头 宽阔的前额显示着人的聪慧 但是,超出比例的阔额头,宽阔的前额显示着人的聪慧,特别是对于女性,却使人感到唐突发愣的感觉,缺少含蓄感,发帘的修 特别是对于女性,却使人感到唐突发愣的感觉,缺少含蓄感,剪是最好方式。剪是最好方式。如:发帘垂直,水平直线发梢,效果文静、可爱;将发 发帘垂直,水平直线发梢,效果文静、可爱; 帘修剪为参差层次,发丝偏长,自然分散,显得随意、富于活力; 帘修剪为参差层次,发丝偏长,自然分散,显得随意、富于活力;卷曲 发帘、偏长,两侧不对称部局,效果优雅、富于魅力; 发帘、偏长,两侧不对称部局,效果优雅、富于魅力;假如将偏长的卷 曲发帘从中部分线,曲发帘从中部分线,向斜下方理顺,则显示出俏丽之感显露的额头中部 向斜下方理顺,更能表现出一种个性之美。更能表现出一种个性之美。
9)眼部过小---在五官比例中,眼睛的比例过小会显得脸孔上部空旷,)在五官比例中,在五官比例中 眼睛的比例过小会显得脸孔上部空旷,缺少神韵的表现。缺少神韵的表现。这种造型的人不适宜头发完全向后梳梳理太光的发 型。修剪发帘时是以侧发进行装饰,效果较好。如果将发帘加长,或是 修剪发帘时是以侧发进行装饰,效果较好。如果将发帘加长,布置卷曲的侧发在眼睛周围进行点缀,可以转移人们的视线,并且打破 布置卷曲的侧发在眼睛周围进行点缀,可以转移人们的视线,脸部原有造型效果,以掩饰眼部过小的缺憾。脸部原有造型效果,以掩饰眼部过小的缺憾。
10)宽眼距---眼睛之间的距离有一定的比例,过宽会使人感觉呆板,缺)宽眼距 眼睛之间的距离有一定的比例 过宽会使人感觉呆板 眼睛之间的距离有一定的比例,人感觉呆板,少活力。修剪发型时,要特意将两侧的发型向前推,少活力。修剪发型时,要特意将两侧的发型向前推,自然蓬松地靠近眼
部,头帘底部不要剪成水平线,那样会产生横宽感,更加重宽眼距的效 头帘底部不要剪成水平线,那样会产生横宽感,果。发帘梢处应修剪成参差层次,形成上实下虚的感觉,中部偏长,吸 发帘梢处应修剪成参差层次,形成上实下虚的感觉,中部偏长,引人们的视线,有居中感,发型两侧轮廓要收拢,以采用曲的发丝造型,引人们的视线,有居中感,发型两侧轮廓要收拢,以采用曲的发丝造型,效果更佳
。效果更佳。
11)窄眼距---眼距过窄,会产生小气,不开朗的感觉。设计发型时,将)窄眼距 眼距过窄 会产生小气,不开朗的感觉。设计发型时,眼距过窄,发帘修剪稀薄,或是只留几络发帘,发梢呈水平线状,两侧发型向后梳 发帘修剪稀薄,或是只留几络发帘,发梢呈水平线状,理,或是向后翻卷,发型两侧的轮廓造型丰满,表现效果舒展,富有生 或是向后翻卷,发型两侧的轮廓造型丰满,表现效果舒展,气。1)衬托法 2)遮盖法 3)分割法 4)填充法。衬托法)))填充法。根据不同的体态特征进行不同的设计方法,以达设计目的。根据不同的体态特征进行不同的设计方法,以达设计目的。
2、直线与曲线、在发型设计中,发型设计师掌握体型与脸型的轮廓是非常重要的一步。在发型设计中,发型设计师掌握体型与脸型的轮廓是非常重要的一步。体型与脸型的轮廓分为直线型、曲线型和混合型三种。体型与脸型的轮廓分为直线型、曲线型和混合型三种。如果身体与脸部 的骨骼、肩膀、五官的形状给人以硬朗的直线感则属于直线型。的骨骼、肩膀、五官的形状给人以硬朗的直线感则属于直线型。如果身 体与脸型的骨骼、体与脸型的骨骼、肩膀、肩膀、五官的形状给人以柔和的曲线感则属于曲线型。五官的形状给人以柔和的曲线感则属于曲线型。界与两者之间则属于混合型。直线型较适合直线条的发型,界与两者之间则属于混合型。直线型较适合直线条的发型,即使烫发也
只能尾部卷曲,头顶部不适和卷曲。曲线型适合弧型或卷曲的发型,只能尾部卷曲,头顶部不适和卷曲。曲线型适合弧型或卷曲的发型,太 直太硬朗的线条决不适合。混合型则适合任何线条的发型。直太硬朗的线条决不适合。混合型则适合任何线条的发型。条的发型
第五篇:作文万能型
英语写作
Part I: 如何写好开头和结尾
一 开头万能公式:
1. 开头万能公式一:名人名言。
经典句型:A proverb says, “You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言)更多经典句型:As everyone knows;No one can deny that…
2。开头万能公式二:数字统计原理:
要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。不妨试用下面的句型:According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.更多句型:A recent statistics shows that …
二 结尾万能公式:
1. 结尾万能公式一:如此结论
开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子: Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语:
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型:
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2. 结尾万能公式二:如此建议
一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型: Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.Part II: 写作的七项基本原则
一、长短句原则
在一串长句子中,穿插写一个短小精辟子可的句以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者可以段末,也揭示主题:
As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫。
建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。
二、主题句原则
奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!
To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.三、一 二 三原则
考官们看文章也必然要通过一些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)
2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)
3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)
4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)
5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)
6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)
7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)8)most important of all, moreover, finally
9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!
四、短语优先原则
写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其
一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果发现—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其
二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:
I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.I want it.可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。
五、多实少虚原则
原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如:
走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room
但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room
小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room
小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room
老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room
所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!
六、多变句式原则
1)加法(串联)
最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:
Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其它的短语可以用:
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2)转折(拐弯抹角)
我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先写点普遍情况,注意二者之间用个转折就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.更多的短语:
despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding
3)因果(so, so, so)
讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!
The snow began to fall, so we went home.更多短语:
then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that
4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)
文章中如果出现失衡的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。
举例:This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:
When to go, Why he goes away…
5)附加
其实很简单,同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.6)排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!
Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.(气势恢宏)
要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!
七、挑战极限原则
原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:
The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!
Part III: 文章主体段落三大杀手锏
一、举实例
思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,尽管举例子!
In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance.For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they film him or her.更多句型:
To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example
二、做比较方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的;
相似的比较:
in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner
相反的比较:
on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …
三、换言之没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you.That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you.In other words, I have fallen in love with you.或者上面我们举过的例子:I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it.That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.更多短语:
in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply
Part IV:英语写作要诀twenty-word formula
agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致,关系代词与先行词的一致。
ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
brief: 文章“简为贵”,要抓住要点,简明扼要。
coherence: 文理通顺,前后连贯。
development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
pision: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当,划分要清楚,避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。
key: 用适当的关键词突出主题,每段都应有主题句。
logical: 内容要符合逻辑。
message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。
relevant: 文章一定要要题。
sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。
straight: 开门见山,直来直去。
style: 文体恰切,适合内容要求。
tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
theme: 选题得当,主题突出。
PartV:强调句型:
英语中表示强调的八种方式英语中表示强调的八种方式为了强调英语句子中的某一成份,强调方式是多种多样的,现将它们归纳如下,以供参考。
1.用形容词“very”,“single”等表示强调
e.g.Red Army fought a battle on this very spot.
红军就在此地打过一仗。
Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon.
今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。
2.用反身代词表示强调
e.g.I myself will see her off at the station. 我将亲自到车站为她送行。
You can do it well yourself. 你自己能做好这件事情。
3.用助词“do”表示强调
e.g.The baby is generally healthy,but every now and then she does catch a cold.
那孩子的健康状况尚好,但就是偶尔患感冒。
Do be quiet.I told you I had a headache. 务必安静,我告诉过你,我头疼。
4.用副词“very”,“only”,“even”,“too”等表示强调
e.g.He drank it to the very last drop. 他把它喝得一干二净。
Only in this way can we wipe out the enemy troops.
只有用这样的方法我们才能消灭敌军。
He didn't answer even my letter. 他甚至连我的信都未回。
I will too go!我要去的!
5.用“...and that”,“...and those”,“not...too much”,“否定加否定”等结构表示强调e.g.They fulfilled the task,and that in a few days.
他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。
I gave her some presents,and those the day before yesterday.
前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。
I can't thank you too much.我无论怎样感谢你都不过分。
I am not unfaithful to you.我对你无比忠诚。
6.用短语“in every way”,“in no way”,“by all means”,“by no means”,“only too”,“all too”,“but too”,“in heaven”,“in the world”,“in hell”,“on earth”,“under the sun”等表示强调e.g.His behaviour was in every way perfect. 他的举止确实无可挑剔。
By all means take your son with you. 你一定要把儿子带来。
The news was only too true. 这消息确实是事实。
It was over all too soon!此事的确了结得很快!
Where in heaven were you then? 当时你到底在哪里?
Nobody under the sun would buy that car. 确实没有人会买那辆车。
7.用倒装句表示强调
e.g.Dishonest he is!他的确不诚实!
In wine is the truth. 酒后吐真言。
8.用强调句型表示强调
e.g.It was the headmaster who opened the door for me. 正是校长为我开的门。
It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment. 就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。