下载文档第一篇：2016年职称英语复习要点
2016年职称英语复习要点
一、语法词汇
addict: v.使沉溺于(addict oneself to(= be addicted to)沉溺于，热中于)
in addition/加上, 又, 另外;in addition to/加上, 除...外;
additional adj.附加的, 另外的;补充的
address n.收信(件)人的住址 v.对...讲演或发表演说;(address a meeting 向大会致辞)
adequate adj.足够的,恰当的,胜任的(be adequate for..胜任…)(adequate – enough –sufficient足够的)
adjust v.调整;调节;使适应(adjust oneself to sth./ 使自己适应..)
admire v.赞美;赞赏;(admire sb.for sth./因…而钦佩某人)
admit v.让...进入, 使获得(某种地位或特权), 承认(事实、错误等)(admit sb.into the university/获准入大学;admit sb.to hospital/把某人收治入院);
adopt v.采用, 采纳(adopt –take采用)
adult n.成年人(adult –grown-up成年人)
advance v./n.提高(物价等), 增加(数量、价钱等), 提前, 加速, 拨快(时针)(in advance/ 预先)(advance-increase增加(数量、价钱等))
advantage n.优势, 长处, 利益, 便利(take advantage of/ 利用，欺骗)(advantageacccept), 呈(态度, 姿态, 位置)(assume new duties/ 承担新的职务;assume office/就职;assume responsibility/负责, 承担责任);
assure v.保证(assume-ensure)，使安心，让…放心(assure sb.of/that…/向某人保证…)
astonish v.使吃惊(astonish – surprise –shock)(be astonished at sth./对…感到惊讶);
astronaut n.宇航员
at prep.[位置，场所，地点，时间]在…时，在…中，在…方面，向，(表示速度，价格等)以(arrive at…/到达…;at my uncle's/在我叔父家;at the foot[top] of the mountain / 在山脚下[顶上];at the meeting/在会议上;at ten o'clock/ 在十点钟;at(the age of)forty/在 40 岁的时候;at the beginning of the month/ 在月初;at Christmas/在圣诞节;aim at…/对准..;throw …at …/朝…扔…;be pleased at…/对…感到高兴;be surprised [frightened] at …/听到…而吃惊;at one's request/应某人的请求;at the rate/speed of …/以每小时..速度);
athlete: n.运动员
Atlantic adj.大西洋的;大西洋沿岸的(the Atlantic Ocean /大西洋);
atmosphere n.大气, 空气, 气氛;
attack n./v.进攻, 疾病)侵袭，发作(a heart attack /心脏病发作);
attach v.贴上，系上，缚上(attach… to … 把…贴/系在…上面)
attempt n.(常与at, on, to连用)努力, 尝试v.(常与to连用)企图, 尝试(attempt to do sth./make an attempt to do sth./试图做…);
attend v.注意, 出席(at), 参加, 上(学, 教堂)(attend school /上学;attend a lecture /听讲课;attend(at)a wedding /出席婚礼;be attended by/ 由...陪同;由...照料);
attention n.注意, 关心, 关注, 注意力(pay attention to../注意..);
attitude n.态度, 看法, 意见(attitude to/towards…/对…的态度, take [assumed] an attitude of 取…态度);
attract vt.吸引(attract –appeal to), 诱惑(attract one‟s attention/引起某人注意);
attractive adj.有吸引力的(attractive – appealing), 漂亮的(attractive – beautiful – pretty);
attribute vt.把...归因于(to)..., n.属性, 特质, 标志(attribute..to../ 把...归因于);
audience n.听众, 观众, 读者(a large audience/很多观众);
August n.八月(略作Aug);
aunt n.伯母, 婶母, 舅母, 阿姨;
Australia n.澳大利亚，澳洲:
author n.作家, 著者(best author畅销书作者;joint author/合著者);
authority n.权威, 权力, 权势, [pl.]当局, 负责人;
automatic adj.自动的,机械的;
automobile n.汽车，小汽车;
autumn n.秋, 秋季(美国普通称fall)(in autumn/在秋天;in(the)late autumn/在晚[深]秋);
available adj.可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的;
average n.平均,平均水平,平均数 adj.通常的,平均的(above the average/在一般水平以上, 中上;below the average/在一般水平以下;on the [an] average/平均);
avoid v.避免;回避;(avoid –escape避免)
aware adj.[用作表语]知道的;意识到的(be aware of/知道, 意识到;be aware that.../发觉, 注意到);(conscious – aware意识到的)
away adv.离开, 远离(Go away!/走开!;keep away from../与..保持距离;run away/逃掉;take sth.away/拿走;right away/立刻, 马上;far away/在远处);awful adj.可怕的, 极坏的(awful –terrible可怕的)
二、完形填空
Where Have All Our Visitors Gone?
Sixty years ago, a man named Kenneth Arnold saw something that people are still __1__ today-something that changed popular culture for ever.Flying his plane over mountains in the US state of Washington, he saw a line of strange objects, either crescent-shaped or disc-like, flying __2__ the motion of a saucer skimming on water.The media soon picked up on the story-the Flying Saucers were here1!Was the earth being __3__ by creatures from another planet? Soon，so many sightings were made that the US military began to __4__.It called these strange objects UFOs-Unidentified Flying Objects, and that is how they are __5__ today.Military investigations found no evidence of visitors from outer space.But that did not stop the true __6__.The military were __7__ up, they said.Or __8__ it was because the travelers from space were of such superior intelligence that they could hide from the most sophisticated military analysts.People have always seen strange lights in the sky.In the past these were explained in__9__ ways.In a world where religion was less influential and science fiction was popular, signs from god were replaced by visitors from other __10__.The date of the first UFO signings was also significant.In 1947, World War II had just ended and the __11__ war was just beginning.Humanity seemed locked in endless conflicts.Like generations before them, people looked __12__ the skies for help.But instead of seeking God, they looked for help from super-intelligent aliens with __13__ technology.Belief in UFOs became the first religion of science.However, even people who believe in UFOs are not quite sure why they visit the earth.The universe is a big place and it is __14__ to assume that there is life somewhere out there.It is possible that aliens have worked out how to travel through space.Yet some people report that they have been taken by aliens and have had experiments __15__ on them.Why would anyone travel across half the universe to conduct medical experiments on people living in small towns in the United States?
词汇：
crescent n.月牙，月牙形物 saucer n.碟
skim v.飞速掠过 alien n.外星人
练习：
1.A)looking B)seeing C)seeking D)feeling
2.A)below B)underneath C)with D)under
3.A)ruled B)bombarded C)captured D)visited
4.A)investigate B)attack C)shoot D)confront
5.A)named B)called C)known D)dubbed
6.A)believers B)thinkers C)followers D)liars
7.A)hiding B)covering C)cheating D)tricking
8.A)definitely B)undoubtedly C)necessarily D)maybe
9.A)awkward B)crude C)religious D)foolish
10.A)planets B)continents C)countries.D)regions
11.A)cool B)star C)nuclear D)cold
12.A)above B)to C)at D)up
13.A)traditional B)backward C)classical D)advanced
14.A)unthinkable B)impossible C)reasonable D)insensible
15.A)performed B)carried C)brought D)taken 完型填空答题思路：
1.分析文章标题，了解文章主题，确认文章主题词;
2.对比被选项，推测答案可能出自的范围;
3.关注空格两端结构，借助空格所在的局部搭配结构及搭配语意判断答案;答案与解析：
1.分析文章主题：
Where(在哪里，什么地方)Have All Our Visitors(来宾，访问者)Gone?
文章主题词：visitors, go(去，变成，到达)
2.直接解题：
1.A)looking(看, 看起来，调查，神情，外表)B)seeing(看见, 了解, 领会)
C)seeking(寻找, 探索)D)feeling(摸, 感觉，感觉，激情)
Sixty years ago(以前), a man named(命名)Kenneth Arnold saw something that people are still(仍然，更，静止的)__1__ today –something(某物/某事)that changed(改变)popular culture(大众文化)for ever(永远).1.B see和look这两个词词义相关，因此首先重点关注。空格前面出现了动词saw(see的过去时态)，因此 B是答案的可能性较大(提示1：上下文的用词特点(上下文常常通过使用同一词汇/近义词/词汇/反义词形成上下文意义的衔接))。look是不及物动词，而see 既可用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词。空格处的动词是及物动词，引导定语从句的连接词充当从句中谓语动词的宾语，因此B是答案。
考点：考察近义词的辨析
2.A)below(在...下面)B)underneath(在...下面)
C)with(有，用，以，由于，赞成)D)under(在...之下，在...领导下，少于)
Flying(驾驶飞机，飞行，乘飞机)his plane(飞机)over mountains(山，山脉)in the US state of Washington(华盛顿州), he saw a line of(一队，一行)strange(奇怪的，陌生的)objects(物体), either crescent(新月)-shaped or(或者...或者...)disc-like(像盘子形状的), flying __2__ the motion(运动)of a saucer(碟子)skimming on(轻轻掠过)water
2.C 四个词都是介词。其中below、underneath和under是方位介词，这三个介词互为近义词，因此彼此排除掉(提示2：备选项中出现的近义词词组通常是干扰项)，因此答案只能是with(with是方式介词)。With所在的句子结构说“...以碟子飞速掠过水面的移动方式飞着”。
考点：常见介词的基本用法。
3.A)ruled(规则，统治，规定，统治)B)bombarded(炮轰，轰击)C)captured(捕获，夺取)D)visited(拜访，访问)
The media(媒体)soon picked up on(详细描述)the story(故事)-the Flying Saucers(飞碟)were here!Was the earth(地球)being __3__ by creatures(生物)from another planet(行星)?
3.D 选项D是文章主题词(visitors)的家族词汇，因此D可能是答案(提示3：文章主题词/文章主题词的近义词/文章主题词的家族词汇可能是答案)。第三段的第一句话(Military(军事的)investigations(调查)found(发现)no evidence(证据)of visitors(客人)from outer space(外层空间).)说“军事调查并没有发现能证明从外层空间来了客人的证据”，由此判断空格处用visited上下文意义呼应。
考点：文章主题词/上下文意义衔接词
4.A)investigate(调查，研究)B)attack(攻击，(疾病突然)发作)
C)shoot(射击，拍摄)D)confront(使面对)
Soon(很快，不久)，so(如此，因此)many sightings(目睹事件，视力)were made that the US military(军事的)began(开始)to __4__.4.A 空格处需要出现不及物动词，因此首先排除D(及物动词)。该句说“不久由于出现了这么多的目击事件，以至于美国军方开始...”, 根据该句句意判断A(调查)出现在空格中最恰当。
考点：常见动词的辨析/上下文意义衔接词
5.A)named(命名, 任命，名字)B)called(呼吁，命名，打电话)
C)known(知道，了解，分辨，知名的)D)dubbed(配音，授予称号，鼓声)
It called these strange(奇怪的，陌生的)objects(物体，反对)UFOs(不明飞行物)-Unidentified Flying Objects, and that is how(怎样，多么)they are __5__ today.5.C name和call是近义词，都可以表示“命名”，因此在“命名”这个词义上彼此排除掉，name虽然还有“任命，提名”这样的词义，但这样的词义放入空格中意义不通(空格所在的句子结构说“那就是现在它们(不明飞行物)怎样被...的”)，因此A和B都不是答案。剩下的选项中选项C(了解)放入空格中意义通顺(那就是不明飞行物怎样被人们知道的)，因此答案为C。
考点：常见动词的辨析
6.A)believers(信徒)B)thinkers(思想家)
C)followers(追随者)D)liars(说谎者)
7.A)hiding(隐藏, 隐瞒)B)covering(覆盖, 包括, 盖子, 封面)
C)cheating(欺骗)D)tricking(欺骗，诡计，诀窍)
Military investigations(调查)found no evidence(证据)of visitors from outer space(外层空间).But that did not stop(停止，阻止，车站)the true(真正的，忠实的，真实的)__6__.The military(军事的)were __7__ up, they said.6.A 空格所在的句子说“但是那(军事调查没有发现有外空来访者的证据)不能阻止真正的...”由此可以看出，最合适的词是believers。
考点：词义相关词的辨析/上下文之间的意义关系(转折)
7.B 只有cover可以跟up搭配。因此选择covering。Cover up是固定搭配，其含义为“掩盖”。
考点：固定搭配结构(动词短语)
补充相似短语结构：
go up上升, 增长
stand up站起来
set up 设立, 竖立, 创(纪录)
take up 拿起, 开始从事, 占据
put up举起, 抬起, 推举
use up用完, 耗尽
drink up 喝光
8.A)definitely(明确地，肯定地)B)undoubtedly(毫无疑问地)
C)necessarily(必要地，必定地)D)maybe(可能)
Or(或者，否则，即)__8__ it was because(因为)the travelers(旅行者)from space(太空)were of such superior(出众的，较高的)intelligence(智力)that they could hide from(躲避，避开)the most sophisticated(高度发展的，老练的)military analysts(分析家).8.D 备选项中A，B和C词义接近：都可以表示“肯定地”，因此彼此排除掉，答案只能为D。其实空格所在句子的第一个词是or(或者)，表示两种情况都有可能，因此只有用maybe在语义上才是一致的。
考点：常见副词的辨析。
9.A)awkward(笨拙的)B)crude(天然的，未加工的)
C)religious(宗教上的)D)foolish(愚蠢的)
People have always seen strange lights(灯，发光体, 光)in the sky(在天空中).In the past(在过去)these were explained(解释)in__9__ ways.9.C 根据空格所在的局部结构“were explained in...ways/以...的方式被解释”判断B(天然的，未加工的)出现在空格中不合适。借助接下来的句子“In a world(世界)where religion(宗教)was less(较少地)influential(有影响力的)…”(在一个宗教的影响不如以前……的世界里)，判断合适的选项是religious。
考点：上下文意义衔接词
10.A)planets(行星)B)continents(大陆，陆地)
C)countries(国家，乡村)D)regions(区域，领域)
In a world(世界)where religion(宗教)was less influential(有影响力的)and science fiction(科幻小说)was popular(流行的，受欢迎的), signs(标记，记号，迹象，示意)from god(上帝)were replaced by(被...替代)visitors from other __10__.10.A 本文的主题是讲不明飞行物，也就是讲来自外星球的人，因此合适的选择是planets。
考点：文章主题。
11.A)cool(凉爽的，冷漠的，使冷，使镇定)B)star(恒星，明星)C)nuclear(核子的，原子核的，中心的)D)cold(寒冷，感冒，寒冷的，不热情的)
The date(日期，日子，约会)of the first(第一的，首先)UFO signings(迹象)was also(也，同样地)significant(有意义的，重大的).In 1947, World War II(第2次世界大战)had just ended(结束)and the __11__ war was just beginning.11.D 正确地回答这道题需要有一点世界知识。第二次世界大战结束后冷战开始，因此选择cold是正确的。核战争(nuclear war)如果会发生的话，文明早就消失了。cold war是冷战。
考点：固定搭配结构(名词性的短语结构)
12.A)above(在...上方，在上面，上面的)B)to(向，往，到...为止，比，到(程度，范围))
C)at(在，在...方面)D)up(向上，到(较高的地方)，向上，沿着)
Humanity(人类，仁慈)seemed locked in(被封闭在)endless(无穷无尽的)conflicts(斗争，冲突).Like generations(一代人，产生)before them, people looked __12__ the skies for(为了)help(帮助).12.B look to是依赖。Look to...for...是指“为了...而指望...”。因此to是合适的选择。相关的句子说的是：跟先辈们一样，人们乞求老天来帮助他们。look at是“看”，Look up是“往上看，查寻 ”。look up是一个干扰项，look up在表示“往上看”时是不及物动词性的短语结构。
look up 往上看
I am wondering(对...感到吃惊，想知道)why they are looking up.我想知道为什么他们都向上看。
Look up 表示“查询”时，是及物动词性的短语结构：
When you do not understand(理解)a word, you can look it up in this dictionary(字典).当你不懂一个单词时，可以查这本词典。
考点：固定搭配结构(动词性的短语结构)
13.A)traditional(传统的，惯例的)B)backward(向后(地)的，相反(地)的，落后(地)的)
C)classical(古典的)D)advanced(高级的，先进的)
But instead of(不是...)seeking(寻求)God(上帝), they looked for(寻找)help from super-intelligent(有超常智慧的)aliens(外国人，外星人，外国的，不同的)with __13__ technology(技术).Belief in(相信...的存在)UFOs became(变成，成为)the first(首要的，第一的)religion(宗教，信仰)of science.13.D 空格所在的局部结构说“aliens with...technology/有着...技术的外星人”，由此判断D(先进的)是答案。
考点：常见形容词的辨析(通过派生法而形成的形容词)职称英语教材
14.A)unthinkable(不能想象的，不可思议的)B)impossible(不可能的)
C)reasonable(合理的)D)insensible(无知觉的，难以察觉的)
However(然而), even(甚至，平均的，使平等)people who believe in(相信)UFOs are not quite sure(对...确信的，必定地)why they visit(访问，参观)the earth.The universe(宇宙)is a big(大的，重要的)place(地方)and it is __14__ to assume(假定，设想)that there is(有)life(生命)somewhere(在某处)out there(在那边).14.C 与空格所在的句子并列的句子说：宇宙是一个很大的地方。从这句话可以推出，我们有理由假设在那儿有生命的存在。因此，选reasonable是对的。
考点：it句型
15.A)performed(做，表演，完成任务)B)carried(携带)
C)brought(带来)D)taken(拿走,占领, 获得, 接受)
It is possible(可能的)that aliens have worked out(设计出，计算出，可以解决)how to travel(旅行)through(穿过)space.Yet some people report(报告)that they have been taken by(被带走)aliens and have had experiments(实验，做实验)__15__ on them.15.A 根据空格所在的局部结构“have had experiments...on them/使实验在他们身上被...”判断A(做)是答案。
考点：非谓语动词结构/常见动词的辨析
Why would anyone(任何人)travel across(越过)half(一半的，一半，部分地)the universe(宇宙)to conduct(做，管理)medical(医学的)experiments on people living(生活，活的，起作用的)in small(小的)towns(城镇)in the United States(美国)?
三、补全短文
A Heroic Woman
The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero,Ashley Smith,with the Federal Bureau of investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind.__(46)___.She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12,when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side.“I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid,”she said in a TV interview last week.The man was Brian Nichols,33.He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse(法院)on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent.__(47)___.Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life.“I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn‟t have a mummy,”she said.In order to calm the man down, she read to him from“The Purpose-Driven Life”,a best-selling religious book.He asked her to repeat a paragraph“about what you thought your purpose in life was-what talents were you given.”___(48)___.“I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust,” Smith said.Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her.“He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother,”she said.“And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people.”___(49)___.She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage(报道)of the police hunt for him.“I cannot believe that‟s me,”Nichols told the woman.Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do.She said,“I think you should turn yourself in.If you don‟t, lots more people are going to get hurt.”
Eventually, he let her go.___(50)___.A US$60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols‟ capture.Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible(有资格的)for that money.A The local police were searching for him.B Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter.C Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols.D She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave.E And the two of them discussed this topic.F Then she called the police.答案与解析：
1.分析文章标题：a heroic(英勇的)woman
2.分析被选项，注意被选项中的篇章词汇：
A The local(当地的)police(警方)were searching for(搜查)him.B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿).C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.D She even(甚至)cooked breakfast(早餐)for the man before(在...之前)he allowed(允许)her to leave(离开).E And the two of them discussed(讨论)this topic(话题，主题).F Then she called the police(警方).提示1：
被选项中的篇章词汇必须要在空格前文中有呼应的内容(篇章)，这样被选项才可能是空格处的答案;
提示2：
被选项中只要有两处或两处以上的词语及结构与空格前后语句中的词语与结构形成呼应(同一个单词的反复再现，家族词汇的呼应，近义词/反义词之间的呼应，主题相关词的呼应)，则该被选项很可能就是答案;
3.直接解题：
A The local(当地的)police(警方)were searching for(搜查)him.B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿).C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.D She even(甚至)cooked breakfast(早餐)for the man before(在...之前)he allowed(允许)her to leave(离开).E And the two of them discussed(讨论)this topic(话题，主题).F Then she called the police(警方).(B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿)).(C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.)
The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind.___(46)___.She was moving into her apartment(公寓)in Atlanta(亚特兰大), Georgia(乔治亚州)early on the morning of March 12,when a man followed(跟随，理解)her to her door and put a gun to her side(旁边，侧面，一方).“I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid,”she said in a TV interview last week.The man was Brian Nichols,33.He was suspected of(被怀疑)killing(杀死)three people at an Atlanta(亚特兰大)courthouse(法院)on March 11 and later(随后，稍后)of killing a federal agent(联邦警察).___(47)___.46.B.C中的Nichols在前文中没有呼应的内容(姓名的全名)，因此判断C不正确，B是答案。
47.A.A中的him与空格前句中的he呼应，而空格前句中的courthouse与A中的the police是主题相关词，因此A很可能是答案。
B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿).C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.D She even(甚至)cooked breakfast(早餐)for the man before(在...之前)he allowed(允许)her to leave(离开).E And the two of them discussed this topic(话题，主题).F Then she called the police(警方).Nichols tied Smith up with tape, but released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life.“I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn‟t have a mummy,”she said.In order to calm the man down, she read to him from“The Purpose-Driven Life”,a best-selling religious book.He asked her to repeat(重复)a paragraph(段落)“about what you thought your purpose(目的)in life(人生)was-what talents(才华)were you given(给).” ___(48)___.48.E.空格前句中的he, her正好于选项E中的the two of them(他们两个)呼应，空格前句中的paragraph与E中的topic构成主题相关词。
B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿).C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.D She even(甚至)cooked breakfast(早餐)for the man before(在...之前)he allowed(允许)her to leave(离开).F Then she called the police(警方).“I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust,” Smith said.Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her.“He said he thought I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother,”she said.“And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people.” __(49)___.She said Nichols was surprised(感到惊讶的)when she made him breakfast(早餐)and that the two of them watched(看，监视，看守)television(电视)coverage(报道)of the police hunt for(搜寻)him.“I cannot believe that‟s me,”Nichols told the woman.Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do.She said,“I think you should turn yourself in.If you don‟t, lots more people are going to get hurt.”
49.D.D 中的she与空格后句中的she呼应，D中的breakfast 与空格后句中的breakfast呼应。
B Smith is a 26-year-old single(单身的)mother with a daughter(女儿).C Smith tried very hard(努力地)to kill(杀死)Nichols.F Then she called the police(警方).Eventually(最后), he let her go.__(50)___.A US $60,000 reward(奖金)had been posted(宣布)for Nichols‟ capture(捕获).Authorities(权威人士，权威机构)said they did not yet(还)know if Smith would be eligible(有资格的)for that money.50.F.空格前句与F在句意上自然衔接。
提示：
如果被选项中出现了标志事件发展顺序的副词(如：then, and, eventually, finally, in the end)，则该选项成为答案的可能性较大。
四、概括大意与完成句子
How did English Become a Global Language
1.The rise of English is a remarkable tale as Professor David Crystal reminds us in his attractive，short book “English has a Global language.”
2.It is certainly quite a theme.When Julius Caesar landed in Britain more than 2，000 years ago，English did not exist.Five hundred years later，English，virtually incomprehensible to modern ears，was probably spoken by about as few people as currently speak Cherokee，the language of a small North American Indian tribe-and with little influence.About 1，000 years later，at the end of the 16th century，and after the Norman Conquest，the Reformation and the arrival of commercial printing technology，English was the native speech of between 5 million and 7 million people.And yet now look at it.As the second millennium approaches，English is more widely scattered，more widely spoken and written than any other language has never been.In the title of the book，it has become a truly global language.According to David Crystal，about 2.09 billion people，well over one-third of the world s population are routinely exposed to it.3.As he rightly points out，what is impressive about this staggering figure is： “not so much the grand total but the speed with which expansion has taken place since the 1950 s.In 1950，the case for English as a world language would have been no more than plausible.Fifty years on and the case is virtually won.”
4.So what happened?
5.Someone once said that a language is a dialect with an army and a navy.In other words，when the British navy set out to conquer the world，is set out an “army” of English speakers.As the British empire spread throughout the world，English became the basis of law，commerce and education.The British empire was succeed by another(the American)，which shared virtually the same linguistic heritage.American English，which has become the rocket-fuel of the English language，has magically found its way into areas undreamed of 40，let alone 400 years ago.The most valuable part of Crystal s study is the section devoted to a speedy analysis of the cultural basis of this global reach，notably the influence of broadcasting，press，advertising，popular music and film.He is also up-to-date and informative in his identification of the World-Wide-Web as a powerful reinforcer of American cultural and linguistic dominance.7.One of his most interesting passages concerns the role played by the League of Nations，and later the Untied Nations，in spreading English as an international language in the aftermath of the two world wars.8.What does the future hold? To this question，Crystal proposes the recognition of a new form of English-WSSE(world standard Spoken English)-which almost by definition rules out the possibility that English would fragment into mutually unintelligible language as Latin once did.“English，in some shape or form，will find itself in the service of the world community forever，” Crystal writes.1.Paragraph 2____
2.Paragraph 3____
3.Paragraph 5____
4.Paragraph 6____
A The figure of English
B The speed of the spread of English
C The role played by culture and the net
D The role played by military expansion
E The role played by education
F The 2，000 years of English
5.The kind of English spoken 1，500 years ago was so different from the English we speak today____.6.What impresses people most is not the interesting number of speakers of English found all over the world，____ the language has spread in the past half century or so.7.The two international organizations founded after the two world wars made their contributions____.8.Crystal expresses the belief that in the future ____ will not happen to English.A because of their similarity
B that we would not be able to understand it at all
C to the popularization of English as a world language
D the trend to become a global language
E what once happened to Latin
F but the speed with which Keys： FBDCB FCE
五、阅读判断
Will Hillary Be the Next American President?
Back in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently predicted: “In the next 50 years, we shall see a woman president, perhaps sooner than you think.”
Today, not too far off Nixon‟s deadline, America is looking at that possibility.Over the weekend, Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced her run for 2008 presidency.US polls indicate that Americans feel comfortable with a female president.A New York Times survey found nearly all Americans saying they would vote for president if she were qualified.However, accepting the theoretical notion of a female leader is quite different from voting an actual woman.In fact, there is still widespread distrust of a woman in the top position.This is partly due to the biased thinking that women are weak on national security, though they might be strong on education and health care.This damages their prospects as a presidential contender.“There‟s still an inherent nervousness on the part of voters putting a woman in as the ultimate decision-maker.Control of the army and border security are sorts of traditionally male jobs,”commented Amy Walter,an American campaign analyst.“That‟s where I think voters consciously or unconsciously have difficulties with women candidates.”
Women have held the top job in other major Western countries.In 1979, Britain elected Margaret Thatcher prime minister.Last year, Germany made Angela Merkel its first female chancellor.In the US, no woman has succeeded in being nominated as a presidential candidate.One woman did make the attempt: Elizabeth Dole.In 1999,she tried to get the Republican Party nomination.But Dole could only raise $ 5 million for her bid-compared with the $ 56 million George W.Bush raised.So Barriers lie ahead for Hillary if she wants to make history by becoming the first female US president.With the Iraqi war underway, she‟ll find it even harder.“I don‟t feel that our society is ready for a woman president.The enemy we face does not respect females the same way we have come to see them as equals.If we were not in this war,I would support a woman president,”said Chris Dildy, a computer engineering student.1.Up to the present, no woman has been elected president in the US.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2.Bill Clinton will strongly support Hillary to run for the 2008 presidency.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3.American people will elect a woman president of the United States in 2008.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4.One of Hillary‟s campaign promises is to reform the nation‟s health care system.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.Germans elected a woman chancellor last year.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6.Hillary has already raised a large anount of campaign fund.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7.Chris Dildy will vote for Hillary.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned 答案与解析：
1.分析文章标题：Will Hillary(希拉里)Be the Next(下一个的)American President(总统)?
2.直接解题：
1.Up to the present(至今), no woman has been elected(曾经被选为)president(总统)in the US.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
1.A.问题句说“迄今为止在美国没有一个女人曾经被选举为总统”。关注文章开头部分的句子，利用问题句中的细节信息词women(女人)和up to the present作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句：(第1段)Back(向后地)in 1969, US President Richard Nixon confidently(充满自信地)predicted(预言): “In the next(下一个)50 years, we shall see(看见)a woman president(总统), perhaps(可能)sooner than you think.”该句说“1969年，美国总统Richard Nixon 很有信心地预测： „在下一个50年里, 我们将会看见一个女总统，这或许比你想象的更快些‟”。根据该句内容可以推断出在1969年以前美国没有出现过女总统，而人们期望从1969年到2019年期间美国会出现女总统。但根据该句内容无法判断出从1969年到2019年期间美国是否出现了女总统，因此接着关注答案相关句周边的句子。文章接下来的句子(第2段)说“Today,not too far(太远)off(离开，距离)Nixon‟s deadline(最终期限), America is looking at(正在关注)that possibility(可能性).”该句说“今天距离Nixon总统给出的最终期限已经不远了，美国人现在正关注这可能性”。相邻语句句意相关，显然，定冠词结构“the possibility”指答案相关句中提到的“可能出现美国女总统”。从该句中可以推断出“从1969年到现在为止，美国还没有出现女总统”。因此问题句提供了正确信息。
考点：指示代词结构指代的内容(that possibility)+ 推断能力
2.Bill Clinton will strongly(强有力地，坚固地)support(支持)Hillary to run for(竞选)the 2008 presidency(任期，总统职位).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
2.C.问题句说“Bill Clinton将强力支持Hillary参加2008年总统选举”。该题为细节题。利用问题句中的特征词Bill Clinton和2008 presidency 作为答案线索，在文章中查找到答案相关句：(第2段第2句)Over(在...期间)the weekend(周末), Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife(妻子)of former(以前的)president Bill Clinton, announced(宣布)her run for(竞选)2008 presidency.该句只是提到Hillary是Bill Clinton的妻子，而文章的其部分没有再提到Bill Clinton，由此判断问题句的信息在文章中没有被提到。
考点：细节信息的查找和确认
3.American(美国的)people will elect(选举，选择)a woman president of the United States in 2008.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
3.B.问题句说“美国人民在2008年将选一位女总统”。该题为细节题。利用问题句中的特征信息2008作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句：(第2段第2句)Over the weekend, Hillary Rodham Clinton, wife of former president Bill Clinton, announced(宣布)her run for(竞选)2008 presidency.该句只是提到Hillary宣布她要竞选2008年的总统职位。显然该句内容与问题句内容不相关，因此接着关注答案相关句周边的句子。文章接下来的句子(第4段)说：However(然而), accepting(接受，认可)the theoretical(理论的)notion(概念，观念)of a female(女性的)leader(领导者)is quite(十分，完全)different from(与...不同)voting(投票选举)an actual(实际的，真正的)woman.In fact(实事上), there is(有)still(仍然)widespread(普遍的)distrust(不信任)of a woman in the top(顶部的;最高的)position(职位，位置).该句说“接受女总统这个概念不等同于同意投票选举出一位女总统。事实上，人们仍然普遍不相信女人能胜任领袖的职位”。由此可见问题句提供的信息错误。
考点：推断能力。
4.One of(...之一)Hillary‟s campaign(竞选运动)promises(承诺)is to reform(改革)the nation‟s health care system(医疗保健制度).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
4.C.问题句说“Hillary的一个竞选承诺是改革国家的医疗制度。”该题为细节题。利用问题句中的细节信息health care system(医疗保健制度)作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句(第5段第1句)：This is partly(部分地)due to(因为)the biased(偏见的)thinking(思想)that women are weak(软弱的，虚弱的)on national security(国家安全), though(尽管)they might be strong(强大的)on education(教育)and health care(医疗保健).该句只是说“女人做教育和医疗方面的工作有优势”，但没有说Hillary的一个竞选承诺式改革国家的医疗制度，因此问题句的信息在文章中没有被提到。
考点：细节信息的查找和确认
5.Germans(德国人)elected(选择)a woman chancellor(总理，大臣)last year(去年).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
5.A.问题句说“德国去年选了一个女总理”，利用问题句中的特征词Germans和细节信息词woman chancellor作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句：Last years, Germany made(使成为)Angela Merkel its first female chancellor.该句说“去年，德国选举了Angela Merkel为德国第一位女总理”，因此问题句提供了正确信息。
考点：多义词词义的确认。
6.Hillary has already raised(已经募集了)a large amount of(大量的)campaign fund(资金).A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
6.C.问题句说“Hillary 已经筹集到了一大笔竞选款”，利用问题句中的细节信息campaign fund(竞选款)作为答案线索，结果发现该词以及与改词词义相近的词语均没有在文章中出现，因此判断问题句的信息在文章中没有被提到。
考点：细节信息的查找和确认
7.Chris Dildy will vote for(投票支持)Hillary.A.Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned
7.B.问题句说“Chris Dildy 要投Hillary的票”。利用问题句中的特征词Chris Dildy作为答案线索，在文章中找到答案相关句(文章最后一句)：“If we were not in this war, I would support(支持)a woman president”, said Chris Dildy, a computer(计算机)engineering(工程)student.该句说“如果我们没有在打这场战争，我会支持选一位女总统”，虚拟语气表示与事实相反，或事先可能性较小的假设。因此这句话得实际语义是“我们现在卷入了一场战争之中，因此我是不会支持女总统的”。由此可见问题句的说法不正确。
考点: 虚拟语气。
六、阅读理解
阅读下面的短文。每篇短文的后面有五个问题，每个问题有四个备选答案。请根据短文的内容选择最佳答案。每个试题计3分,共计15分
The Only Way Is Up
Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline.It is full of great buildings，pointing like fingers to heaven.It is true that some cities don‟t permit buildings to go above a certain height.But these are cities concerned with the past.The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.When people gather together in cities，they create a demand for land.Since cities are places where money is made，that demand can be met.And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground.That means building upwards.The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century.But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor.They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs.People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work，or home.Elisha Otis，a US inventor，was the man who brought us the lift-or elevator，as he preferred to call it.However，most of the technology is very old.Lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids.What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake，which stops the lift falling ifthe cords that hold it up are broken.It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention1.In fact，he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds，giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now.Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring.Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating.The reason is simple.Scientists have always studied animals in zoos.The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts2.“It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space3 we carry around with us-and you just can‟t choose to move away，”says workplace psychologist，Gary Fitzgibbon.Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions，he says.Some people are scared of them.Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss.Some stand close to the door.Others hide in the comers.Most people try and shrink into the background.But some behave in a way that makes others notice them.There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.Don‟t worry about them.They fire probably from a university.词汇：
skyline/5skaIlaIn/n.空中轮廓线 pulley/5pulI/n.滑轮fairground/5feE^raJnd/n.集市场地 bubble/5bQbl/n.幻想、妄想
tension/5tenFEn/n.紧张
练习：
1.“...these are cities concerned with the past”in the first paragraph refer to cities that
A)are worried about their past.B)have a glorious past to be proud of.C)want to maintain their traditional image.D)are very interested in their own history.2.The difficulty in constructing tall buildings in the 19th century lies in
A)the shortage of money.B)the lack ora device to carry people upward.C)backward technology.D)mountains taking up land space.3.When Otis came up with the idea of a lift，A)he sold it to the architects and builders immediately.B)the Egyptians used it to build the Pyramids.C)it was accepted favorably by the public.D)most people had doubt about its safety.4.Which of the tbllowing best describes the experience of going in a lift now?
A)Fascinating.B)Uninteresting.C)Frightening.D)Exciting.5.Psychologists find the lift a good place where they can study human behaviour because
A)here humans behave the way animals do.B)people in a lift are all scared.C)here some people take notes.D)in a lift the bubble of personal space breaks.答案与题解：
1.C be concemed with是“关心、关注”的意思，顾可排除B和D两个选项，根据前面一句话，these cities是指那些不允许建筑物超出一定高度的城市，即不愿意改变固有形象的城市。
2.B 本题答案的依据在第三段。文中说早在19世纪建造高楼的技术已经存在，限制楼高的因素只有一个，那就是人们下班回家后不想像爬山那样去爬楼梯，说明当时还没有找到把人往高处送的办法。
3.D 答案在第四段，Otis发明的刹车使人们对这个新玩意儿增加了信心，他在游乐场里让大家试乘了几年才把这个想法出售给建筑师和营造商。
4.B 现在电梯已经十分普通，没有人会觉得乘电梯是件好玩的事。
5.D 电梯的空间狭小，相对拥挤，人们想要享有私人空间的要求在这里成了幻想，就如同关在动物园的笼子里的动物一般，这为心理学家提供了一个研究在这种情况下人的行为的难得的机会。
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第二篇：英语复习要点
英语复习要点
一.单词短语句型（目标表短语很重要，熟读）
二.作文:看课件范文,熟读
三.语法知识点:复习1-8复习题,综合版报纸,目标表选择题上的题,尤其是自己做错的题
四.听力:多听,考前最少练一篇.五.阅读：把问题在文章中找到一样的句子，问题找不到，就看选项给的答案哪个在文中有出现。
六.做综合复习题:能力训练,综合训练.报纸.
第三篇：英语教学法复习要点
英语教学法复习要点
1.Structural view on language：The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system(phonology);the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations(morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication(syntax).Each language has a finite number of such structural items.To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language.When this structural view of language was combined with the stimulus-response principles of behavioristic psychology, the audiolingual approach to language learning emerged.2.Interactional view on language：The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.Therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and
vocabulary of the language but as importantly they need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative contexts.3.Communicative competence：The goal of CLT is to develop students'
communicative competence, which includes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations.There are five main components of communicative competence: linguistic
competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, fluency
4.Task in English language teaching：Task-based Language Teaching is a further development of Communicative Language Teaching.It shares the same beliefs，as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life.However, it has stressed the importance to combine form-focused teaching with communicative-focused teaching.5.Overall language ability：
• Learning:cognitive;self management;communication;resourcing
• Language learning: listening;speaking;reading;writing
• Language: phonetics;grammar;vocabulary;functions;topics
• Cultural: knowledge;understanding;awareness
• Affect: international;perspectives;patriotism;confidence;motivation
6.Components of a lesson plan：background information;teaching aims;language contents and skills;stages and procedures;teaching aids;end of lesson summary;optional activities and assignments;after-lesson reflection.7.The role of the teacher：controller, assessor, organizer, prompter, participant, resource-provider, facilitators, guides, researchers
8.Errors and mistakes：a mistake has nothing to do with the language competence, but a result from a temporary breakdown.When a mistake is challenged or given enough attention, it can be self-corrected.An error has direct relation with the learners' language competence.Errors do not result from carelessness nor hesitation, but lack of knowledge in the target language.Language errors cannot be self-corrected no matter how much attention is given.9.The goal of teaching pronunciation：Consistency: the pronunciation should be smooth and natural;Intelligibility: the pronunciation should be understandable to the listeners;Communicative efficiency: the pronunciation should help convey the meaning that is intended by the speaker.10.Principles for teaching speaking：balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practices;contextualising practice;personalising practice;building up confidence;maximising meaningful interactions;helping students develop speaking strategies;making the best use of classroom learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students.11.Mechanical practice：involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy.By doing mechanical practice, the students pay repeated attention to a key element in a structure.Substitution and transformation drills are most frequently used in mechanical practice.12.Meaningful practice：in meaningful practice, the focus is on the production, comprehension or exchange of meaning though the students 'keep an eye on' the way newly learned structures are used in to process.Meaningful practice usually comes after mechanical practice.13.The deductive method：relies on reasoning, analyzing and comparing.Frist, the teacher writes an example on the board or draws attention to an example in the textbook.Then the teacher explains the underlying rules regarding the forms and positions of certain structural terms.Sometimes, comparisons are made between the native language and the target language or between the newly presented structure and previously learned structure.Finally, the students practice applying the rule to produce sentences with given prompts.14.Guided discovery method：The guided discovery method is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly.There are two key theoretical issues related to this method: the role of explicit knowledge in language learning and the value of discovery as a general method of learning.15.Knowing a word：Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation and stress;its
spelling and grammatical properties;its meaning;how and when to use it to express the intended meaning.16.Vocabulary consolidation activities：labelling;spot the difference;describe and draw;play a game;use word series;word bingo;word association;find synonyms and antonyms;categories;using word net-work
17.Connotative meaning of a word：A connotative meaning of a word refers to 'the attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the influence of these on the listener or reader's interpretation of the word.These would include words that may express a positive or negative attitude or subtle feelings towards something.18.Denotative meaning of a word：Denotative meaning of a word of a lexical item refers to those words that we use to label things as regards real objects, such as a name or a sigh, etc.in the physical world.This is usually the primary meaning of a word and may seem relatively easy to learn.19.Vocabulary learning strategies：review regularly, guess meaning from context, organize vocabulary effectively, use a dictionary, manage strategy use
20.Top-down model of listening：In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasized.21.Bottom-up model of listening：In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions.In other word, 'we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning'.Listeners construct meaning of what they hear based on the sound they hear.This process of listening expects the listener to have a very effective short-term memory as they have to make sense of every sound in order to figure out the meaning of words, phrases and structures.If there are unfamiliar sounds, listeners will find it very hard to keep up with the speaker.22.Sight vocabulary：Words that one is able to recognise immediately are often referred to as sight vocabulary.In other words, your sight vocabulary will be those words that you can recognise with both sounds and meanings without special effort from your brain.23.Interactive model for teaching reading：
24.The transition device：The way to transfer information from one form to another is called a transition device.Some transition devices that are often used in teaching
reading are: pictures, drawings, maps, tables, tree diagrams, cyclic diagrams, pie charts, bar charts, flowcharts, chronological sequence, subtitles and notes.Most of the transition devices listed above make use of visual aids so that information in text form is visualized.The purpose of transition device:
•Focus attention on the main meaning of the text;
•Be able to simplify sophisticated input so that it becomes the basis for output;•Allow students to perform tasks while they are reading;
•Highlight the main structural organization of a text/part of a text, and show how the structure relates to meaning;
•Involve all the students in clearly defined reading tasks;
•Precede one step at a time;
•When a TD is completed, use it as a basis for further oral and/or written language practice.25.A communicative approach to writing：It acknowledges that mechanical writing activities do not by themselves motivate students.To motivate students, it is necessary to engage them in some act of communication.This means either writing for a specific recipient, or engaging in an act of creative writing where their work is intended to be read by other people, in other words, an intended audience.In short, students can be motivated by authentic writing tasks that have some communicative elements.26.The process approach to writing：creating a motivation to write, brainstorming, mapping, freewriting, outlining, drafting, editing, revising, proofreading, conferencing
第四篇：成人高考大专英语复习要点
成人高考（高中起点升专科）英语复习要点
2010年成人高考专科（高中起点升专科）英语复习范围以2011版《全国各类成人高等学校招生统一考试教材（英语）》、《全国各类成人高等学校招生统一考试复习全真模拟试卷》为主，要认真学懂、学会这两本资料中的重点知识，最好能买一本成人高考（高中起点升专科）的词汇书，背诵、记忆一些单词，这样将会有效地提高英语成绩。具体复习要点如下：
一、知识点
一、第一单元语音 P1－P8
二、第二单元语法
（一）词法
1.P10－P131.2（可数名词与不可数名词）1.3（名词的数）1.4（名词的所有格）
2.P14－P172.1（不定冠词的用法）2.2（定冠词的用法）2.3（零冠词）
3.P22－P273.4（不定代词）
4.P35－P385.2（形容词比较级和最高级的构成）5.3（形容词比较级的用法）
5.4（形容词最高级的用法）
5.P40－P426.2（副词比较级和最高级的构成）6.3（副词比较级的用法）（副词最高级的用法）
6.P46Cmust 和 have to 的用法
7.P47－P48V.常用的短语动词
8.P49－P677.2（动词的时态）
9.P68－P727.3（被动语态）
10.P73－P767.4（虚拟语气）
11.P76－P927.5（非谓语动词）
（二）句法
1.P104－P1091.2（简单句、并列句和复合句）2.1（简单句的结构）2.2（陈述句）
2.P114－P115III（反义疑问句）IV（选择疑问句）
3.P121－P1304.1（主语从句）4.3（宾语从句）4.4（同位语从句）4.5（定语从
句）
4.P139－P1436.（倒装语序）7.（主谓一致）
二、专项练习
1.P144－P1661.语音2.词汇与语法 3.完形填空4.阅读理解 5.书面表达要求：必须深入理解各部分的解题指导所讲述解题方法，做好相应的配套练习，要
能够背诵书面表达的几个作文的英文答案的关键句型（就是文章的开头、每段的开头、文章的结尾），尤其是里面的应用文格式必须熟记。
2.P167－P190 是书上所有练习的答案
3.P191－P193 不规则动词的三种形式要求必须牢记
三、强化练习
1.P202－P218 所提供的样题和2009年成人高考考试的真题必须认真做
2.保证每周做一套《全国各类成人高等学校招生统一考试复习全真模拟试卷》的8套模拟试卷
第五篇：中考英语复习要点
中考英语复习要点
时间：2010-10-11 作者： 来源：
（一）听力技能
1、目标
听力测试是评价学生从有声材料中获取信息的能力。其评价目标为通过有关熟悉话题的对话或独白（短文），根据语调和重音，理解说话者的意图，并从中提取信息。
2、命题原则
听力材料口语化，增加信息输入量，试题以特殊问句方式给出，各选项一般为三个，问题印在试卷上。
（二）知识运用
知识运用部分又分为两节：“语法和词汇”和“完形填空”。
1、语法和词汇
语法和词汇，即单项填空，主要考查考生的语法知识和运用语法知识的能力，以及对词语和词语搭配、习惯用语等的正确理解能力。这部分试题覆盖面广，淡化了语法，突出了语言的实用性，试题重点突出，强调动词用法能力的考查。从设计的角度看，这部分考查的重点不是语法结构和词汇记忆，而是把语法和词汇知识的测试放在适当的情景中，强调了语言知识的实际应用和交际功能。所以这里单纯考查语法和词汇知识的题数很少，大多数题目考查考生在特定语境中理解和运用语法、词汇等基础知识的能力。单项选择题的命题技术
A、要科学、合理地设计考点。
B、试题设计要具有严密的科学性和严谨性。
C、除测试特殊语法现象外，每个选项放到题干里去时必须合乎语法。D、选项长度要适当、均衡。E、要保证试题的答案没有争议。F、题干越简洁越好。
G、要考查学生根据情景（上下文）的判断推理能力
2、完型填空
“完型填空”试题的命制，基本上遵循“突出语篇，强调应用，注重实际”的设计思路。试题特点鲜明-----“考查考生在阅读理解的基础上对词汇知识的掌握情况”，即要求考生通读短文，掌握文章大意，综合运用所学的词汇、语法等知识，从试题所提供的词汇、短语中判断出是短文意思通顺、结构完整的词汇或短语。因此，完型填空题需要考生不仅具备扎实的语言基础知识功底，而且要有很强的语篇分析和理解能力。在语篇中考查语言知识的灵活运用能力，是中考英语试卷中最具挑战性的项目，它有效地引领英语教学要重视语言运用能力的培养。正如新课程标准提出的“基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生综合语言运用能力。”还提出：“词汇教学更注重对词汇所承载的深层含义的理解，也更注重表达的灵活性和恰当性。词汇教学更重视语篇的支持，重视文化的影响，语法教学不能只局限在语法的范畴内，必须与逻辑思维联系起来，与说话人的意识联系起来，与篇章语境联系起来，与题材、体裁联系起来，与词汇的用法联系起来，与文化联系起来。”“语法教学，应从语言运用的角度出发，把语言的形式、意义和用法有机地结合起来。要引导学生在语境中了解和掌握语法的表意功能。”完型填空题的考查导向明显地体现了新一轮课程改革的精神，对英语教学和复习备考提出了新的挑战，我们应该研究和尝试新的教学策略，思考如何在语言知识课上“教师讲得少，学生想得多”。完型填空题考查趋势明显地由局部理解向整体理解转移：试题考查点减少了单句层次的试题，明显增加了语篇理解的试题；设问角度突出考查对整、对上下文乃至全篇的理解。
1、考查点设置的三个层面
首先，“点”的层面。答题时只需考虑设空所在的句子的意思便可得出答案，属于较易试题。科学的完型填空短文在空白设计时须易中难兼顾，大到整份试卷，具体到一篇短文的空白设计，应当考虑到效度、信度、难度和区分度。这就决定了15个空白的难易度不能一刀切，让低水平的考生不沮丧，中等考生正常发挥，高水平的学生脱颖而出，这是选拔性考试的命题原则。
其次，“线”的层面。答题时需要弄清楚前后几个句子甚至上下一两段段意才能找出答案，属于中等难度试题。例如：
最后，“面”的层面。考查考生对文章内容进行逻辑分析，推理判断能力。在做”点”、“先、线”的基础上才能做好面的题。答题时必须通观全文，从整体角度考虑才能判断出最佳答案，属于较难试题。
概括起来讲，完型填空题项灵活、全面地考查了学生对某一词汇、短语、句子、段落在阅读的基础上理解，进而考查他们对全篇文章的掌握和理解情况。
2、完型填空试题设空与选项的特点
选材时代感强、思想健康，首句不设空，在布空方面以实词为主，动词、名词为核心，形容词副词铺垫，充分体现了语言知识运用的特征。试题一般做到如下方面：
1）素材难度控制方面适合初中毕业生水平；
2）原则上长度界定在150－200个词左右，即小题数的10倍这一较为理想的文长； 3）15小题覆盖面尽可能大；
4）回避正确选项在文章其他地方出现，没有无原则送分现象； 5）三个干扰项只对正确答案起干扰作用，它们之间互不干扰； 6）做到答案的唯一性;7）布空均衡;8）考查目的明确,立足语篇理解.3、建议
首先,明确试题考查要求,提高复习备考的针对性和实效性.根据完型填空题的考查特点,我们可以把该试题的考查要求概括为16个字：“信息常识,上下呼应,搭配遣词,逻辑贯通”,其考查核心可以说是考查考生的复写能力。在此技能基础上进而逐步形成书面表达时的行文逻辑、遣词造句能力的提高。因此，考生必须运用写文章的常识，解答完型填空试题：要使文章结构严谨，必须要上下文互相呼应。必须把握住“文中无闲句，句中无闲字”这一原则。每选一个选项都要考虑到选项所在的句子与上下问有无必然的联系，切不可由于错选而使选项所在的句子成为与上下文毫无联系的闲句。词汇方面注意根据语境进行遣词造句能力的提高，对文章理解应能做到上下融会贯通，因为这是完型填空的考查重点之一。文章中若有上文的因为，下文必有所以；上文若有其然，下文必有其所以然。阅读短文需要考生从字里行间中仔细揣摩，在复写的过程中只有同原文作者的写作意图相吻合，才能摸索出因为与所以，或其所然与其所以然之间的脉络。所以要时时注意突出一个“思”字，例如可以加大无词填空训练-----提高语篇意识、探究意识。
其次，通过语言实践，夯实语言基础知识。词汇知识的训练突出一个“用”字，在使用中熟练掌握常用词汇。尤其要加大对一词多义、易混词汇的练习和运用，通过复习提高灵活运用词汇的能力。第三，朗诵、欣赏佳作佳篇，增强语感。完型填空试题的短文难度低于阅读理解试题的短文，并且短文原汁原味，内容贴近生活，读来郎朗上口。如果能细细咀嚼，我们不仅能从中欣赏和感悟到优美的语言，而且也能习得地道的英语。
（三）阅读理解 语言是交流思想的工具，而阅读是获得较综合、复杂、深刻信息的重要途径。阅读理解更体现了中考着重考查学生实际运用语言的能力，特别是阅读能力的倾向。阅读理解是语言学习的基础，比如对听力选项的理解、单项选择题干的分析、改错题项整段文章的把握，都需要借助阅读能力来完成。
1、阅读理解能力测试要点
阅读理解部分着重考查考生对有关日常生活话题文章的理解能力，通常内容包括几个重要的阅读微技能：领悟文章的主旨；理解文章的具体细节；根据上下文推测生词词义；作出简单的判断和推理；理解文章的脉络结构；揣测作者的意图和态度等。阅读理解测试的目的是考查学生通过阅读获取信息的能力。
2、阅读理解选材
文章语言地道、内容清楚、结构紧凑。短文使用的词汇符合初中毕业生的认知程度，文章长短适宜，绝大部分考生能在规定的时间内完成阅读、理解、作答。
体裁多样化，包括议论文、记叙文、说明文、应用文、表格、广告等。
题材丰富，涉及科普、社会、文化、政治、经济、人物介绍等。材料真实贴近生活、贴近现实。语言生动规范，描写具体，推理严谨。
文章后设问形式两种：一种是采用问答或填空形式，被选答案是四个，其中只有一个是最合适的；另一种是根据短文内容，回答问题。
关于语言文章的使用，具有以下几个特点：
首先，遵循《大纲》或《课程标准》的规定，所用词汇绝大部分是中考词汇表所规定的单词，初三年级要求学会使用1200-1300个的单词和200-300个习惯用语或固定搭配；五级要求学会使用1500-1600个的单词和200-300个习惯用语或固定搭配；
其次，各卷都有少量词汇表外的生词出现，但它们基本可以从上下文的语境中猜出大概意义。有的不知其意，也不影响对全文的理解。
再次，有的所谓生词是利用构词法演变而成的，实际上是旧词。这类次有逐年增多的趋势。最后，文章使用的句式，基本上是常用的句型，其复杂程度和初中现行教材基本一致。
3、启示
如何提高学生的阅读理解能力
提高阅读能力的办法是指导学生不断地阅读。要注意把精读和泛读结合起来，日日坚持，持之以恒，肯定会有所作为。
所谓精读，就是仔细地一句一句，甚至一个词一个词地读。弄清每一句的意思和结构，理解每一句的用法。必要时，要查词典，要请教别人，要反复看，甚至彻底弄明白为止。将较难的英文译成中文，是检验是否真正理解的一个好办法。男局的判断标准不完全取决于生词的多与少，较长的句子，虽然没有生词，但是学生们未能理解到位。原因在于精读不精，泛读量少，没有对长句子引起足够的重视。
对于泛读，好多人不太重视。其实泛读对增强语感、增加语言使用经验，好处极大。不会泛读的人，其实不叫会阅读。所谓泛读，就是泛泛一读，尽量不查辞典，不分析结构，也不必字字必看。大概地读，能明白文章基本意思即可。这种阅读把主要注意力集中在故事内容上，它会对语言的学习产生意想不到的好处。泛读的东西很多，如书店中的各种简易读物、双语报、英语学习辅导报等。只要你想看，你会找到无尽的资源。如学生买不起，可以一人买一本，然后汇集在班上，这样学生可以交换阅读。
（四）写的技能 书面表达
英语试卷考查被试者的两种功能，语言输入功能和语言输出功能。听与读是知识的输入功能，说和写是知识的输出功能。听、读已在试卷中占有很大的权重。目前，说，即口试还无法进行大规模的操作，写-----书面表达的检测作用就凸显出来了。书面表达一直作为中考英语学科试卷的主观测试题之一，主要基于英语作文这种测试题型能达到考查学生的英语语言综合运用能力的大部分要求。它通过限时的简单写作来考查学生是否能够运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流，学生的写作水平能否达到中学英语教学大纲和课程标准所规定的写作要求。1）书面表达的特点
紧扣教学大纲或课程标准对考生书面表达的要求；以有指导的写作为主，便于考生在短时间内构思成文；突出试题的交际性，考查学生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力；增强试题的使用性，所选话题贴近学生学习生活，为学生所熟悉；易于表达，学生有话可写并且能够写；要求考生能够发表自己的观点和感想，留给学生足够的写作空间。2）开放题的命题技术
A、所提供的信息要清楚、准确，要保证所有的学生都能理解。
B、书面表达要考查的是学生的语言表达能力。少纠缠错误，注重表达的意义和流畅性。3）命题原则
A、测试任务的设定要适合学生的实际水平。如初级水平的学生可要求写短信、填表格等，高级水平的学生可要求写报告等。
B、提供交际情景。此类情景有三个因素：写作目的、假定的作者和假定的读者。
C、强调试题的真实性。真实性指题目设计是否与现实生活中的语言运用相似。真实性是语言试题质量优劣的重要标志，与考试的效度紧密相关。真实性较强的语言试题一般效度也高，反之亦然。例如，要求一个中国学生用英语给不懂英语的父母写信就缺乏真实性。中考英语书面表达题对真实性有明确要求，试题的情景和要求“必须符合实际”。这里所说的真实性是指考生将来有可能身临类似的英语运用环境。
D、控制答题内容。书面表达题不是自由作文，考生不能自主决定内容和自由发挥。书面表达题通常用图画、图表或文字提供内容，考生答题时必须结合交际情景决定短文的主旨大意和主要细节；脱离了题目要求的基本内容，语言写得再好也不可能得高分。4）应对策略
A、立足课内，从说开始
初中英语的书面表达其实就是口头表达，即把要说的话用笔写下来。课堂是大部分学生练习说英语的主阵地，因此，立足课内，抓住每一个机会，尽可能开口多说英语是根本。B、延伸课外，背、写、评跟上 开启“词句百宝箱”
把有代表性的文章记忆背诵，加强语感；把平时阅读中看到的一些经典的词句、名言、格言“储存”起来，时常诵读。作文时能活学活用，是书面表达锦上添花。定格“生活小镜头”
养成写日记的好习惯，把生活中看到的、听到的、想到的记录下来，也许就是以后书面表达时的很好的素材。
多管齐下，评价互动
学生自主评价、学生互评、教师再评相结合，形成开放式的评价体系，在反思、交流和老师的指导中体验到写作的乐趣
