第一篇：压题2011高考历史热点_胡锦涛访美

With the development of information technology, it is getting increasingly mature, and gradually infiltrated into all kinds of industries.Network information-seeking is an important way for people to search information.However, as there is a mass of information on internet。

2011高考历史热点：胡锦涛访美

【背景资料】

美国总统奥巴马于2011年1月19日在白宫南草坪举行隆重仪式，欢迎国家主席胡锦涛对美国进行国事访问。胡锦涛在欢迎仪式上致辞时指出，当今世界正处在大发展大变革大调整时期，求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。让我们抓住机遇、携手前行，共同加强中美伙伴合作，同世界各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。国家主席胡锦涛1月19日在白宫同美国总统奥巴马举行会谈。两国元首一致同意，致力于共同努力建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系。两国元首全面规划了发展今后一个时期中美关系的重点方向和深化双方合作重点领域，达成重要共识，取得丰富成果。

胡锦涛就积极推动积极合作全面的中美关系继续向前发展提出5点建议： 态，开始走向正常化；1978年12月，中美双方发表《关于建立外交关系的联合公报》；1979年1月1日，卡特任总统时，中美两国建立外交关系，实现了中美两国关系的正常化。③中美关系正常化的意义：中美两国关系逐步缓和，是中国外交实现重大突破的关键。④中美关系的突破对世界及中国有何影响？有利于世界局势的缓和及世界的和平与发展；提高了中国的国际地位；打开了中国50年代以来的外交困境，中美关系正常化后有50多个国家与我国建立了外交关系；中美关系解冻直接促进了中日关系正常化。（4）新时期的外交政策与成就：

①以联合国为中心的多边外交（与中美关系有关的部分）：2000年9月，江泽民出席在美国纽约举行的联合国千年首脑会议；在中国倡议下，联合国安理会五个常任理事国的首脑举行了首次历史性会晤，标志着中国在国际事务中发挥着独特的建设性作用。②推进新型区域合作（与中美关系有关的部分）：1993年11月，江泽民在美国西雅图出度亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议（这次会议是自1989年11月APEC成立以来举行的最高级别的会议）；2001年10月，中国 大学都知道的原因，两国人民之间的来往中断了二十多年。现在，经过中美双方的努力，友好往来的大门终于打开了。”周恩来所说的“大家都知道的原因”应该是 A．美国实施冷战政策 B．美国深陷越南战争 C．中苏关系逐渐恶化 D．美苏冲突日益加剧

8．1970年10月1日，毛泽东邀请他在延安时期的老朋友、美国作家埃德加•斯诺登上天安门城楼参加国庆典礼。同年12月18日，毛泽东在中南海再次会见斯诺。毛泽东说：“如果尼克松愿意来，我愿意和他谈。”这表明

A.中国释放出改善中美关系的愿望 B.对恢复联合国合法席位有赖美国支持 C.处理中美关系的关键在中国 D.中国领导人对中美关系的灵活态度 9．美国总统尼克松曾说过，“没有中华人民共和国及其7.5亿人民的参加，是不可能有稳定和持久的和平的。正因为如此，我在好几个方面采取主动行动，为两国之间的比较正常的关系敞开门户。”1971年尼克松采取的促使两国政府直接接触的“主动行动”是 A．基辛格秘密访华

B．尼克松访华并签订《中美联合公报》 C．美国乒乓球队访华

D．恢复中国在联合国的合法席位 10．（32分）阅读材料，回答下列问题。

材料一 美国的白皮书，选择在司徒雷登已离开南京，快到华盛顿，但是尚未到达的日子——八月五日发表，是可以理解的。因为他是美国侵略政策彻底失败的象征。

美国出钱出枪，蒋介石出人，替美国打仗杀中国人，借以变中国为美国殖民地的战争，组成了美国帝国主义在 4．A

第二篇：2011高考历史热点：胡锦涛访美

胡锦涛访美

【背景资料】

美国总统奥巴马于2011年1月19日在白宫南草坪举行隆重仪式，欢迎国家主席胡锦涛对美国进行国事访问。胡锦涛在欢迎仪式上致辞时指出，当今世界正处在大发展大变革大调整时期，求和平、谋发展、促合作已经成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。让我们抓住机遇、携手前行，共同加强中美伙伴合作，同世界各国一道推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。国家主席胡锦涛1月19日在白宫同美国总统奥巴马举行会谈。两国元首一致同意，致力于共同努力建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系。两国元首全面规划了发展今后一个时期中美关系的重点方向和深化双方合作重点领域，达成重要共识，取得丰富成果。

胡锦涛就积极推动积极合作全面的中美关系继续向前发展提出5点建议：第一，发展求同存异、平等互信的政治关系。第二，深化全面合作、互利双赢的经济关系。第三，开展共同应对挑战的全球伙伴合作。第四，推进人民广泛参与的中美友好事业。第五，建立深入沟通、坦诚对话的高层交往模式。

【知识链接】

关键词：历史上的中美关系（仅限高中课本）一．大纲版（旧人教版）1．中国近代史

美两国关系开始走向正常化。

（3）社会主义建设新时期：1979年卡特任美国总统时中美正式建立外交关系；20世纪80年代以来，美中关系时好时坏。好转是因两国有许多共同利益，恶化是因美国仍未放弃霸权主义和强权政治。中美关系的核心、敏感问题是台湾问题。中美三个公报是指：1972年2月28日，上海联合公报；1978年12月16日，中美建交公报；1982年8月17日，“八一七”联合公报。这三个公报确认的原则是“一个中国”原则。

3．世界近现代史：

（1）一战期间：1917年一战第三阶段中、美加入协约国方面作战。（2）一战以后：华盛顿会议上通过的《九国公约》，表面上“尊重中国的主权和领土完整”，实质上“又使中国回复到几个帝国主义国家共同支配的局面。”

（3）二战期间：在亚太战区，中国从陆上，美国从海上，配合打击日本法西斯。1943年中美英发表《开罗宣言》；1945年中美英联合发表《波茨坦公告》，促令日本无条件投降。二．新课程版（人民版）1．中国近代史

（1）鸦片战争：《望厦条约》（1844年）、《天津条约》（1858年）。（2）八国联军侵华战争：美国参与了八国联军侵华战争，战后签订了《辛丑条约》。

（3）辛亥革命：1894年，孙中山在檀香山建立中国第一个资产阶级民

球”）；1971年7月，美国总统安全事务助理基辛格秘密访问中国，同周恩来总理会谈；1972年2月，尼克松总统访华，双方在上海签订《中美联合公报》。《中美联合公报》的发表，标志着中美之间结束了二十多年的敌对状态，开始走向正常化；1978年12月，中美双方发表《关于建立外交关系的联合公报》；1979年1月1日，卡特任总统时，中美两国建立外交关系，实现了中美两国关系的正常化。

③中美关系正常化的意义：中美两国关系逐步缓和，是中国外交实现重大突破的关键。

④中美关系的突破对世界及中国有何影响？有利于世界局势的缓和及世界的和平与发展；提高了中国的国际地位；打开了中国50年代以来的外交困境，中美关系正常化后有50多个国家与我国建立了外交关系；中美关系解冻直接促进了中日关系正常化。（4）新时期的外交政策与成就：

①以联合国为中心的多边外交（与中美关系有关的部分）：2000年9月，江泽民出席在美国纽约举行的联合国千年首脑会议；在中国倡议下，联合国安理会五个常任理事国的首脑举行了首次历史性会晤，标志着中国在国际事务中发挥着独特的建设性作用。

②推进新型区域合作（与中美关系有关的部分）：1993年11月，江泽民在美国西雅图出度亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议（这次会议是自1989年11月APEC成立以来举行的最高级别的会议）；2001年10月，中国第一次举办了亚太经合组织第九次领导人非正式会议（上海）。【试题演练】

②③④

5．1958年美国人伊罗生将美国对中国的总体看法分为以下六个阶段：①尊敬时期（18世纪），②轻视时期（1840—1905），③乐善好施时期（1905—1937），④赞赏时期（1937—1944），⑤清醒时期（1944—1949），⑥敌对时期（1949——）。其中第4阶段看法的成因是中国 A．提出建立联合政府的主张 B．成为抗击法西斯的重要力量 C．成为联合国常任理事国 D．成为美苏冷战的前沿

6．美国人司徒雷登出生于中国浙江杭州，在中国生活了56年，自称“是一个中国人更甚于是一个美国人”。1949年8月作为美国驻华大使的司徒雷登被迫撤离中国后，毛泽东发表了著名的《别了，司徒雷登》一文。这篇文章发表的背景是

A．解放战争渡江战役开始 B．美国扶蒋反共政策破产 C．中华人民共和国成立 D．《中苏友好同盟条约》签订 7．1972年周恩来总理在宴请美国总统尼克松时致辞，“我们两国人民一向是友好的。由于大学都知道的原因，两国人民之间的来往中断了二十多年。现在，经过中美双方的努力，友好往来的大门终于打开了。”周恩来所说的“大家都知道的原因”应该是

A．美国实施冷战政策 B．美国深陷越南战争 C．中苏关系逐渐恶化 D．美苏冲突日益加剧 8．1970年10月1日，毛泽东邀请他在延安时期的老朋友、美国作家埃德加•斯诺登上天安门城楼参加国庆典礼。同年12月18日，毛泽东在中南海再次会见斯诺。毛泽东说：“如果尼克松愿意来，我愿意和他

材料二 25年前我们在军事上是世界第一。由于我们垄断着原子武器，甚至没有任何一个国家曾向我们挑战。当然，我们那时在经济上也远远超过别国，处于世界第一。事实上，美国当时的生产占全世界总产量的50%以上。„„从经济学角度来说，现在美国已不再是惟一的世界第一流国家，已经不再是力量超群的世界强国，世界上也不再只有两个超级大国。„„所以现在我们有三个力量中心——美国、西欧和日本。西欧和日本都是美国非常强有力的竞争对手。朋友，是的。盟国，是的。但是他们正在与我们竞争，在经济领导地位的问题上，他们在全世界同我们竞争非常激烈。

——摘自1971年美国总统尼克松的一次演说

材料三 我走完阶梯时决心伸出我的手，一边向他（周恩来）走去。当我们的手相握时，一个时代结束了，另一个时代开始了。（1972年访问中国）

——摘自《尼克松回忆录》 请回答：

（1）根据材料一回答“美国侵略政策彻底失败”指什么，“美国侵略政策彻底失败后”，对中国采取怎样的政策？对此，中华人民共和国实行了什么外交政策？（9分）

（2）根据材料二分析美国与另外两个力量中心在二战后的关系。（8分）

（3）根据材料二、三结合所学的知识，说说尼克松访问中国的背景。

事上包围威胁。（３分）中国外交政策：实行“一边倒”的政策（或与苏联结盟，对抗美国。）（2分）

（2）美国与西欧：二战后初期到20世纪70年代，美国通过马歇尔计划在各方面扶植和控制西欧，西欧依赖美国；（２分）20世纪70年代以后，西欧经济实力日益强大，逐渐摆脱美国的控制，在各方面展开了与美国的竞争。（２分）美国与日本：二战后初期到20世纪70年代，美国结束对日占领，大力扶植日本；（2分)日本经济腾飞后，开始逐渐摆脱美国的控制，加大了与美国的竞争。（2分)（3）背景：①中东石油提价引发了战后第一次重大的经济危机，导致了美国经济的衰退；②西欧和日本的崛起，有力地冲击了美国的经济霸主地位；③美国陷入了侵越战争的泥潭难以自拔；④美国在美苏争霸中处于不利地位。（８分）

（4）美国对外政策：二战后初期至20世纪70年代初美国的综合国力空前强大，成为世界霸主，控制了西欧和日本，对以苏联为首的社会主义国家发起了冷战；控制广大中间地带；发动对朝鲜，越南战争。（４分）70年代中后期，美国对苏联战略收缩，从越南撤军，中美关系正常化等。（３分）（如考生另有答案，且言之成理，可酌情给分）

第三篇：胡锦涛访美演讲全集

中美两国元首在白宫国宴上的致辞

2011年1月19日，美国总统奥巴马在白宫国宴厅为到访的中国国家主席胡锦涛举行欢迎宴会，两国元首分别致辞，以下为致辞全文

Remarks in an Exchange of Toasts at State Dinner by Barack Obama, President of the United States of America State Dining Room, White House, Washington January 19, 2011

在欢迎胡锦涛主席国宴上的致辞 美利坚合众国总统 巴拉克·奥巴马 美国华盛顿 白宫 国宴厅 2011年1月19日

Good evening, everybody.Please have a seat.On behalf of Michelle and myself, welcome to the White House.And thank you for joining us as we host President Hu and the Chinese delegation, and as we pay tribute to the bonds between two great nations and two proud peoples.大家晚上好。请坐。米歇尔和我欢迎大家光临白宫。感谢各位与我们一道欢迎胡锦涛主席和中国代表团，对中美两国和人民的紧密关系致意。

There are too many distinguished guests to mention all of you tonight.But I do want to acknowledge a few who have championed relations between our nations: First of all, President Jimmy Carter and his wonderful wife Rosalynn Carter are here.As well as President Bill Clinton and my outstanding Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton.今晚在座的有非常多的贵宾，我想特别介绍一下对我们两国关系起到关键作用的人：吉米·卡特总统和他的夫人罗萨琳·卡特，还有比尔·克林顿总统及我们出色的国务卿希拉里·克林顿。

President Hu, we have met today in a spirit of mutual respect:

the United States--the oldest democracy in the world, and China--one of the oldest civilizations in the world.And while it’s easy to focus on our differences of culture and perspective, let us never forget the values that our people share: A reverence for family;the belief that, with education and hard work and with sacrifice, the future is what we make it;and most of all, the desire to give our children a better life.胡主席，今天的聚会体现了我们相互尊重的精神，美国是世界上最悠久的民主制度国家，中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。我们很容易将注意力放在文化与观点的差别之上，但我们也不应该忘记两国人民共有的价值观——对家庭的重视，对通过教育、勤奋和牺牲创造未来的信念，更重要的，对子女提供更好生活的愿望。

Let’s also never forget that throughout our history our people have worked together for mutual progress.We’ve traded together for more than 200 years.We stood together in the Second World War.Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans have helped to build America, including many who join us here tonight.我们也不应该忘记历史上我们两国人民为了共同的进步而共同努力。我们有二百多年的贸易历史，在二战中我们并肩作战，中国的移民和华裔美国人对美国的建设做出了贡献，其中包括许多今晚在座的嘉宾。

The Chinese and American people work together and create new opportunities together every single day.Mr.President, today we’ve shown that our governments can work together as well, for our mutual benefit.And that includes this bit of news-— under a new agreement, our National Zoo will continue to dazzle children and visitors with the beloved giant pandas.中美两国人民每天都在共同努力创造新的机会。主席先生，今天我们也表明了两国政府可以同样为了共同的利益一起努力，其中也包括这条消息——根据一项新的协议，我们的国家动物园将可以继续保留吸引孩子和游客们的中国大熊猫。

I'm told that there is a Chinese proverb that says: If you want one year of prosperity, then grow grain.If you want 10 years of prosperity, then grow trees.But if you want 100 years of prosperity, then you grow people.我知道一句中国的谚语：一年树谷，十年树木，百年树人。

And so I propose a toast--to our people, the citizens of the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America.May they grow together in friendship.May they prosper together in peace.And may they realize their dream of the future for themselves, for their children, and for their grandchildren.所以我提议让我们一起举杯——为我们的人民，中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国的公民。愿两国人民加深友谊，和平繁荣，实现自己及子孙的未来的梦想！

Ganbei.干杯！

在奥巴马总统举行的欢迎国宴上的致辞 中华人民共和国主席 胡锦涛 美国华盛顿 白宫 国宴厅 2011年1月19日

Remarks in an Exchange of Toasts at State Dinner by H.E.Hu Jintao, President of the People's Republic of China State Dining Room, White House, Washington January 19, 2011

尊敬的奥巴马总统和夫人，各位来宾，女士们、先生们，朋友们，President Obama and Mrs.Obama, Distinguished guests, Ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends，晚上好！应奥巴马总统的邀请，我很高兴再次来到美国进行国事访问。一踏上这片美丽的土地，我们就受到美国政府和人民的盛情款待。今天晚上，奥巴马总统又为我们举行欢迎宴会，并发表了热情洋溢的讲话。我谨代表我的同事们，并以我个人的名义，向奥巴马总统和夫人，向在座的美国朋友们，表示衷心的感谢，并通过你们向热情友好的美国人民转达中国人民的良好祝愿，向所有关心和支持中美关系发展的美国各界人士致以诚挚的问候。

Good evening.I am delighted to once again come to the United States and pay a state visit at the invitation of President Obama.Since setting foot on this beautiful land, we have received the gracious hospitality of the U.S.government and people.This evening President Obama is hosting this welcoming dinner for us, and has just made warm remarks.On behalf of my colleagues and in my own name, I want to express heartfelt thanks to President and Mrs.Obama and other American friends present today.I also wish to convey through you the best wishes of the Chinese people to the friendly American people and extend cordial greetings to people from various sectors of the United States who have given care and support to the growth of U.S.-China relations.我这次应奥巴马总统的邀请访问美国，目的是增进互信，加强友谊，深化合作，推动二十一世纪积极、合作、全面的中美关系继续向前发展。近年来，特别是奥巴马总统就职两年来，在双方的共同努力下，中美关系得到长足发展，两国广泛领域交流合作不断扩大，双方在重大的国际和地区问题上保持密切沟通和协调，为促进亚太地区乃至世界的和平、稳定、繁荣发挥了积极作用。

The purpose of my visit is to increase mutual trust, enhance friendship, deepen cooperation and advance the positive, cooperative and comprehensive China-U.S.relationship for the 21st century.In recent years, particularly over the past two years since President Obama took office, China-U.S.relations have made strong headway, thanks to the joint efforts of both sides.We have increased exchanges in cooperation in a wide range of areas, maintained close communication and coordination on major international and regional issues, and played a positive role in promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia Pacific region and the whole world.在当前形势下，中美两国拥有的共同利益比以往任何时候都要广泛，担负的共同责任比以往任何时候都要重大，美丽的共同挑战比以往任何时候都要严峻，因而保持中美关系长期健康稳定发展也就比以往任何时候都要重要，这是中美两国面临的客观现实，应该成为我们的共识。

Under the current circumstances, our two countries share broader common interests, show their bigger common responsibilities, and face more severe common challenges than at any time in history.As a result, it is more important than ever for us to maintain the long-term, sound and steady growth of our bilateral relations.This is the reality we face, and it should be recognized by both sides.今天上午，我同奥巴马总统举行会谈，就中美关系及共同关心的国际和地区问题深入交换意见，达成重要共识，我们一致同意两国应该密切高层和各个级别的交往，加强对话和沟通，增进战略互信，深化各个领域的交流合作，密切在国际和地区问题上的沟通和协调，尊重对方主权领土完整和发展利益，妥善处理摩擦和分歧，致力于共同努力建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系。

This morning President Obama and I had an in-depth exchange of views on China-U.S.relations and international and regional issues of common interest.And we reached important agreement.We agreed that our two countries should increase contacts at the top and other levels, strengthen strategic mutual trust through dialogue and communication, intensify exchanges and cooperation in all fields, and step up communication and coordination on international and regional issues.We agreed that the two countries should respect each other’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and the development interests, properly handle differences and frictions, and work together to build a China-U.S.cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit.回顾往昔，中美建交三十二年来走过的不平凡历程表明，两国的共同利益远远大于分歧，互利合作始终是两国关系主流，这坚定了我们推动中美关系发展的信心。展望未来，中美两国都面临着保持经济平稳发展和实现经济转型的艰巨任务，都需要应对经济全球化带来的各种挑战，这增强了我们加强合作的需要和意愿。

China-U.S.relations have traveled a extraordinary journey in the past 32 years since the establishment of diplomatic ties.A review of the history of our relations shows that we have far more common interests than differences, and cooperation for mutual benefit as always being the mainstream of our relations.This has reinforced our confidence in further pushing forward our relationship.Today both China and the United States are confronted with the arduous task of sustaining steady economic growth and achieving economic transformation.And we both need to tackle the various challenges brought by economic globalization.This has added to our need and desire to enhance cooperation.我们要以更加坚定的信念，更加宽广的视野，更加积极的行动，脚踏实地，锐意进取，充分挖掘两国合作潜力，不断开创中美关系发展新局面。我相信，在双方的共同努力下，中美合作伙伴关系一定能够取得丰硕的成果，更好的造福两国人民，为世界和平与发展的崇高事业做出新的、更大的贡献。

We should pursue our relations with a stronger conviction, a broader vision and more proactive approach.We need to take solid steps and make pioneering efforts to fully tap the potential of cooperation and strive for new progress in China-U.S.relations.I am confident that with joint efforts, a China-U.S.cooperative partnership will yield bountiful fruits for the greater benefit of our people, and make new and bigger contribution to the noble cause of world peace and development.现在我提议，为奥巴马总统和夫人的健康，为在座的各位朋友的健康，为中美两国人民的友谊不断加强，为中美关系不断发展，干杯！

Now I'd like to propose a toast--

to the health of President and Mrs.Obama;to the health of all friends present here;

to the stronger friendship between the people of China and the United States;and to the steady growth of China-U.S.relations.Cheers.胡锦涛在美国友好团体欢迎宴会上的讲话

2011年1月20日，国家主席胡锦涛在华盛顿出席美国友好团体举行的欢迎宴会，并发表题为《建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系》的重要演讲。演讲全文如下：

Chinese President Hu Jintao addressed a welcome luncheon Thursday hosted by friendly organizations in the United States.The following is the full text of his speech:

建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系 ——在美国友好团体欢迎宴会上的讲话 中华人民共和国主席 胡锦涛 2011年1月20日，华盛顿

Building a China-U.S.Cooperative Partnership Based on Mutual Respect and Mutual Benefit--Speech at Welcome Luncheon by U.S.Friendly Organizations by H.E.Hu Jintao, President of People's Republic of China January 20, 2011

Washington

尊敬的基辛格博士，尊敬的骆家辉部长、拉胡德部长，尊敬的柯克贸易代表、洪博培大使，尊敬的美中贸易全国委员会主席穆泰康先生、美中关系全国委员会主席希尔斯女士，女士们，先生们，朋友们：

Ladies and gentlemen, Dear friends，首先，感谢美中贸易全国委员会、美中关系全国委员会等友好团体共同举办这场欢迎宴会，使我有机会同各位新老朋友再次相聚、畅叙友情、共话未来。同时，我也要向在座各位和所有关心和支持中美关系发展的美国各界人士，表示诚挚问候和良好祝愿！

I wish to begin by thanking the U.S.-China Business Council, the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations and other friendly organizations for hosting this welcoming luncheon.I am delighted to have this opportunity to meet friends, old and new, to renew friendship and plan for the future.I would like to extend cordial greetings and best wishes to you and to people from various sectors of the United States who have long cared for and supported the growth of China-U.S.relations.74年前的今天，罗斯福总统发表了题为《通往持续进步之路》的就职演说，号召刚刚从严重经济危机中走出来的美国人民团结一致，加倍努力，沿着持续进步的道路勇往直前。当前，国际金融危机导致的急剧动荡逐渐缓解，世界经济正在恢复增长，但不稳定不确定因素仍然较多，世界经济复苏进程仍将艰难曲折。包括中美两国在内的世界各国都希望尽快彻底摆脱国际金融危机影响、推动世界经济全面复苏。面对复杂多变的国际形势，面对各种风险和挑战，中美两国人民应该加强合作，同各国人民一道，共同分享机遇、应对挑战，共同开创人类发展更加美好的未来。

On this day 74 years ago, President Franklin Roosevelt made his inaugural speech “The Road of Enduring Progress.” He called on the American people who were coming out of the depression to unite as one and redouble their efforts to forge ahead along the road of enduring progress.Today, the turbulence caused by the international financial crisis is receding and the world economy is returning to growth.Yet there still exist many uncertainties and destabilizing factors, making the world economic recovery a tortuous process.All countries in the world, including China and the United States, want to fully emerge from the crisis as soon as possible and achieve a full recovery of the world economy.In the face of the complex and fluid international situation and various risks and challenges, the people of our two countries should step up cooperation and work with people across the world to share opportunities, meet challenges and build a better future for mankind.女士们、先生们！

Ladies and gentlemen，32年前，中国改革开放的总设计师邓小平先生对美国进行了历史性访问。邓小平先生说，太平洋再也不应该是隔开我们的障碍，而应该是联系我们的纽带。历史已经验证了邓小平先生的这个重要断言。

Thirty-two years ago, Mr.Deng Xiaoping, chief architect of China's reform and opening-up, paid a historic visit to the United States.He said during the visit that the Pacific Ocean should no longer be an obstacle that sets us apart.Rather, it should be a bond that links us together.History has proved the correctness of this important statement.在刚刚过去的21世纪第一个十年，中美两国共同努力，推动21世纪积极合作全面的中美关系不断向前发展，中美关系发展达到从未有过的广度和深度。在国际格局和中美两国不断发展变化的新形势下，怎样才能把健康稳定的中美关系带入下一个十年？

In the first decade of this century, China and the United States worked together and made steady progress in building a positive, cooperative and comprehensive relationship for the 21st century.China-U.S.relations have reached unprecedented breadth and depth.Given the ever changing circumstances in the world and in our respective countries, what should we do to take a sound and steady China-U.S.relationship into the new decade?

回答这个问题，首先要明确中美关系发展的基础是什么。应该说，中美两国从未像今天这样拥有如此广泛的共同利益、负有如此重大的共同责任。

To answer this question, one must, first and foremost, identify the basis for the development of China-U.S.relations.It is fair to say our two countries have never enjoyed such broad common interests and shouldered such important common responsibilities as we do today.——中美两国都致力于维护世界和平稳定、推动国际体系改革。中国和美国分别作为世界上最大发展中国家和最大发达国家，两国关系稳定发展本身就是对世界和平稳定的重大贡献。中美两国在一系列地区热点问题上开展协调和合作，在传统和非传统安全领域保持密切沟通和协作，推动国际社会共同应对气候变化、防止核扩散的努力取得重要进展，推动二十国集团领导人峰会等取得积极成果，同国际社会一道维护国际秩序总体稳定，推动国际体系改革和建设。

--Both China and the United States are committed to upholding world peace and stability and reforming the international system.China is the largest developing country while the United States the largest developed one.The steady growth of our relations is, in itself, a major contribution to world peace and stability.Our two countries have engaged in coordination and cooperation on a range of regional hotspot issues and maintained close communication and coordination in both the traditional and non-traditional security fields.Together, we pushed for major progress in the international efforts on climate change and non-proliferation, and facilitated positive outcomes at the G20 summits and other meetings.We have joined the rest of the international community in a common effort to safeguard overall stability in the international order and advance the reform and development of the international system.——中美两国都致力于推动亚太地区发展、促进亚太地区发展繁荣。亚太地区是中美两国利益交汇最集中的地区。中美两国在亚太地区实现合作共处，对地区形势和中美关系发展都至关重要。中美两国在朝鲜半岛、阿富汗、南亚等地区热点问题上保持密切沟通和协调，共同为促进地区和平发展、睦邻互信、互利合作发挥建设性作用。

--Both China and the United States are committed to the development and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region.The Asia-Pacific region is where China and the United States have the most overlapping interests.Cooperation between our two countries in the region is crucial to the regional situation and the growth of our bilateral relations.China and the United States have maintained close communication and coordination on regional hotspot issues such as the Korean nuclear issue, Afghanistan and South Asia and played a constructive role in promoting peace, development, good-neighborliness, mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation in the region.——中美两国都致力于加强双边各领域合作、造福两国人民。目前，美国是中国第二大出口市场和主要投资来源地，中国是美国第三大出口市场，也是美国增长最快的出口市场。据不完全统计，过去10年，物美价廉的中国商品为美国消费者节省了6000多亿美元。中国已成为许多美国企业全球利润的最大贡献者。即使在国际金融危机最严重的2008年和2009年，仍有超过70%的美国在华企业实现盈利。目前，两国年跨境旅游人数达300万人次。中美两国人民友好交流、相互学习，不仅促进了各自人文领域发展，而且促进了东西方文明交流互鉴，有力推动了人类文明进步。

--Both China and the United States are committed to stronger bilateral cooperation in all fields to the benefit of the two peoples.The United States is China's second largest export market and main source of investment.China is the United States' third largest export market and also the fastest growing one.Preliminary statistics show that, over the past 10 years, quality yet inexpensive Chinese products have saved American consumers over 600 billion U.S.dollars.For many American companies, their businesses in China have become the biggest source of profits in their global operations.Even in 2008 and 2009 when the international financial crisis was most severe, over 70 percent of American companies in China remained profitable.Today, some 3 million tourists travel between the two countries every year.The friendly exchanges between the Chinese and American people have contributed not only to their own cultural progress, but also to the exchanges and mutual learning between the Eastern and the Western civilizations.And they have given a strong boost to the overall progress of human civilization.展望未来，我们对中美关系发展前景充满信心。在这里，我愿就推动中美关系更加健康稳定地向前发展提出如下主张。

Looking ahead, we are fully confident about the prospects of China-U.S.relations.Here I would like to propose that we take the following steps to advance the sound and steady growth of our relations.第一，着眼大局，立足长远，积极推进中美伙伴合作。中美关系不是你输我赢、你兴我衰的关系，而应该是相互尊重、增强双方战略互信的关系，是突出共同利益、加强全方位合作的关系。双方应该以更加广阔的全球视野和与时俱进的思维方式看待和处理中美关系，走出一条相互尊重、平等互信、互利共赢、共同发展之路。为此，中美两国应该继续密切高层往来，加深和扩大各级别各层次沟通，加深对对方战略走向、发展道路的了解，不断增信释疑、凝聚共识。

First, bear in mind the overall interests, take a long-term perspective and make active efforts to advance China-U.S.cooperative partnership.The China-U.S.relationship is not one in which one side's gain means the other side's loss.Rather, it should be a relationship in which the two sides respect each other and endeavor to deepen strategic mutual trust.It should be a relationship that highlights common interests and stronger cooperation in all fields.The two sides should view and handle the bilateral relations from a global perspective and in keeping with the trend of the times.We should keep our relations on the path of equality, mutual respect, mutual trust, mutual benefit and common development.And to do that, we should increase high-level exchanges, deepen and expand communication at all levels, better appreciate each other's strategic intentions and development paths, and further increase mutual trust, dispel misgivings and build consensus.第二，抓住机遇，开拓创新，努力构建互利双赢的中美经济合作新格局。当前，中美两国都在推进经济结构调整，加大对环保、新能源、科技创新的投入，加强医疗、教育等事业发展。这些为寻求两国经济合作新的增长点提供了新的机遇。中方愿同美方一道，推动建立两国更加全面积极的经济合作框架，开展更大规模的财政、金融、经贸合作，扩大能源、环保、农业、卫生等方面交流合作，拓展航空航天、基础设施建设、智能电网等新领域合作，使中美经贸合作纽带更加紧密，为两国人民创造更多就业机会和财富。

Second, seize opportunities and take innovative steps to build a new pattern of mutually beneficial economic cooperation.Both China and the United States are advancing economic restructuring, increasing inputs in environmental protection, new energy and technological innovation, and promoting the development of health, education and other social programs.All this presents new opportunities for us to foster new areas of economic cooperation.China wants to work with the United States to forge a framework of broader and stronger economic cooperation.We can carry out fiscal, financial, and business cooperation on a larger scale, expand exchanges and cooperation in energy, the environment, agriculture, health and other fields, and broaden cooperation in new areas such as aviation and space, infrastructure and smart power grids.In this way, we will make our business ties even stronger and create more jobs and wealth for our people.第三，加强沟通，密切磋商，深化应对全球性挑战及国际和地区热点问题的协调和合作。中美两国应该开展共担责任、共迎挑战的全球伙伴合作，通过双边渠道和各种多边机制，加强在多哈回合谈判、气候变化、能源资源安全、粮食安全、公共卫生安全等全球性问题上的磋商和协调，继续在地区安全、区域合作和热点问题上保持沟通和交流，努力推动国际体系朝着更加公平、公正、包容、有序的方向发展。要继续致力于促进亚太地区和平、稳定、繁荣，推进开放包容的地区合作，让亚太地区成为中美两国相互尊重、密切合作的重要地区。

Third, intensify communication and consultation and deepen coordination and cooperation in addressing global challenges and international and regional hotspot issues.China and the United States should pursue global cooperation as partners to fulfill common responsibilities and meet common challenges.We should enhance consultation and coordination on global issues such as the Doha Round negotiations, climate change, energy and resources security, food security and public health security through bilateral and multilateral channels, maintain dialogue and exchanges on regional security, regional cooperation and hotspot issues, and work together for a more equitable, just, inclusive and better-managed international system.We should stay committed to promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region, engage in open and inclusive regional cooperation, and turn the Asia Pacific into an important region where China and the United States work closely with each other on the basis of mutual respect.第四，加深友谊，面向未来，积极促进社会各界友好交流。中美关系发展归根结底要靠两国人民和各界人士广泛支持和积极参与。要加强对两国文化、教育、科技等领域交流合作规划，促进两国立法机关、地方、工商、学术、媒体等社会各界的对话和交流，让更多人成为中美关系发展的支持者和参与者。尤其要积极促进两国青年交往，开展更丰富多彩的青年交流活动，让中美友谊后继有人。

Fourth, deepen friendship, be forward-looking, and vigorously promote friendly exchanges between various sectors of our two countries.The development of China-U.S.relations, in the final analysis, hinges on the broad support and active involvement of people from all walks of life in the two countries.We should draw up a good plan for our exchanges and cooperation in culture, education, science and technology and other fields, and encourage more dialogue and exchanges between the legislatures, local authorities, business communities, academic institutions, media organizations and other sectors so that more and more people will become supporters of stronger China-U.S.relations and get actively involved in this worthy cause.We need to put in extra efforts to boost exchanges between our young people and carry out perse forms of youth exchange to ensure that the younger generation will carry forward China-U.S.friendship.第五，相互尊重，平等相待，妥善处理重大敏感问题。中美关系发展的历史表明，两国在涉及对方重大利益问题上处理得比较好时，中美关系发展往往比较顺畅和稳定；反之，两国关系就会麻烦不断，甚至出现紧张。台湾、涉藏等问题事关中国主权和领土完整，是中国核心利益所在，牵动着13亿中国人民的民族感情。中方希望美方恪守承诺，同中方一道共同维护两国关系来之不易的良好局面。

Fifth, treat each other with respect and as equals, and handle major, sensitive issues in a proper manner.A review of the history of our relations tells us that China-U.S.relations will enjoy smooth and steady growth when the two countries handle well issues involving each other's major interests.Otherwise, our relations will suffer constant trouble or even tension.Taiwan and Tibet-related issues concern China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and they represents China's core interests.They touch upon the national sentiments of the 1.3 billion Chinese.We hope that the U.S.side will honor its commitments and work with us to preserve the hard-won progress of our relations.诚然，由于历史文化、社会制度、发展水平不同，中美两国之间存在一些分歧和摩擦是正常的，我们应该从战略高度和长远角度出发，本着对历史和未来负责的态度看待和处理双边关系，不受一时一事影响，不受偶然事件羁绊，增进互信，排除障碍，共同努力建设相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系。

China and the United States are different in history, culture, social system and development level.It is thus only normal that we have some disagreements and frictions.We should view and handle bilateral relations from a strategic and long-term perspective and with a sense of responsibility to history and to the future.We should prevent our relations from being affected or held back by any inpidual incident at any particular time.We should increase mutual trust, remove obstacles and work together to build a China-U.S.cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit.女士们、先生们！

Ladies and gentlemen，21世纪第一个十年刚刚过去。这是中国改革发展取得新的显著成就的10年，也是中国同世界的关系显著增强的10年。10年间，中国经济保持年均11%左右的增长，人民生活显著改善。10年间，中国平均每年进口6870亿美元商品，为相关国家和地区创造了1400多万个就业岗位。中国同国际社会一道积极应对国际金融危机，推动国际经济体系改革，推动和平解决国际争端和热点问题，积极参加应对全球性问题的国际合作，同世界各国一道维护世界和平、促进共同发展。

The first decade of the 21st century has just passed.It is a decade when China made remarkable achievements in its reform and development endeavor and its relations with the rest of the world notably strengthened.The Chinese economy grew at an average annual rate of around 11 percent.And the Chinese people's livelihood markedly improved.During these 10 years, China imported 687 billion U.S.dollars worth of goods on average every year and created more than 14 million jobs in the relevant countries and regions.China joined the international community in an active effort to counter the international financial crisis, advance the reform of the international economic system, and promote the peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues.China took an active part in the international cooperation in addressing global issues and worked with countries around the world to safeguard world peace and promote common development.同时，我们也清醒地认识到，尽管我们取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，但中国仍然是世界上最大发展中国家的属性没有变，实现国家发展目标需要继续进行艰苦努力。发展是解决中国所有问题的关键，同时发展必须是科学发展，更加注重以人为本，更加注重全面协调可持续发展，更加注重统筹兼顾，更加注重保障和改善民生，促进社会公平正义。中国已经确定了未来5年经济社会发展的指导思想、战略目标和主要任务。我们将继续深化改革开放，全面推进经济体制、政治体制、文化体制、社会体制改革，完善社会主义市场经济体制，发展社会主义民主政治，建设社会主义法治国家，推动文化大发展大繁荣，促进社会和谐，全面提升开放型经济水平，朝着建设富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家的目标不断迈进。

Despite the remarkable achievements in China's development, we are keenly aware that China is still the largest developing country in the world.We still have a long way to go before we can achieve our national development goals.Development holds the key to resolve all problems in China, and we must pursue scientific development that puts people first and emphasizes comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.We need to adopt a more holistic approach to development and attach greater importance to ensuring and improving people's well-being and promoting social equity and justice.China has set out the guiding principles, strategic objectives and major tasks for economic and social development in the coming five years.We will continue to deepen reform and opening-up, advance economic, political, cultural and social restructuring in an all-round way, and improve the socialist market economy.We will develop socialist democracy and build a socialist country under the rule of law.We will work for vigorous cultural development and prosperity, enhance social harmony and improve our open economy in all respects.Through these efforts, we will make continuous progress in our endeavor to build a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious modern socialist country.我们将坚持对外开放的基本国策，奉行互利共赢的开放战略，继续把中国的利益同国际社会的共同利益紧密结合起来，扩大和深化同各方利益的汇合点。中国欢迎世界各国参与中国发展、分享中国发展机遇，将不断拓展新的开放领域和空间，以自己的发展促进地区和世界共同发展。

We will stick to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world and follow a win-win strategy of opening-up.We will continue to advance China's interests in the broader context of the common interests of the international community, and expand and deepen the converging interests with others.We welcome the participation of other countries in China's development to share our development opportunities.And we will explore new areas and space for opening-up and contribute to the common development of the region and the world through our development.我们将始终不渝走和平发展道路，继续通过争取和平国际环境来发展自己，又以自身发展维护和促进世界和平。中国致力于和平解决国际争端和热点问题，奉行防御性的国防政策，不搞军备竞赛，不对任何国家构成军事威胁，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。

We will remain committed to the path of peaceful development, continue to strive for a peaceful international environment to develop ourselves, and uphold and promote world peace through our own development.China stands for peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues, and we follow a national defense policy that is defensive in nature.We do not engage in an arms race or pose a military threat to any country.China will never seek hegemony or pursue an expansionist policy.女士们、先生们！

Ladies and gentlemen，推动中美关系长期健康稳定发展，是两国人民根本利益所在，也是促进世界和平与发展的客观要求。只要中美两国人民携起手来，就一定能够建设和发展相互尊重、互利共赢的中美合作伙伴关系，更好造福中美两国人民和各国人民。

To advance the sustained, sound and steady development of China-U.S.relations serves the fundamental interests of our two peoples.It is also conducive to world peace and development.Working together hand in hand, we will build a China-U.S.cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit and deliver greater benefits to the people of our two countries and the world over.谢谢大家！

Thank you.胡锦涛与奥巴马在北京联合记者会上的讲话

2009年11月17日，中国国家主席胡锦涛在人民大会堂与首次访华的美国总统奥巴马举行会谈，随后两国元首共同会见了记者。以下是全程实录：

中美元首在联合记者会上的讲话

中国 北京

2009年11月17日

Joint Press Statement by Chinese President Hu and US.President Obama Beijing, China November 17, 2009

PRESIDENT HU:

胡锦涛主席：

Your Excellency President Obama, and dear friends from the news media, ladies and gentlemen:

尊敬的奥巴马总统，各位记者朋友，女士们，先生们：

很高兴和各位记者朋友在这里见面，首先我代表中国政府和人民，对奥巴马总统来华进行国事访问表示热烈欢迎。

I’m very happy to meet our friends from the press and media.To begin with, I would like to extend on behalf of the Chinese government and people a warm welcome to President Obama on his state visit.Welcome to China.刚才我和奥巴马总统进行了很好的会谈，双方就发展中美双边关系和共同关心的重大国际和地区问题，深入交换了意见，达成了广泛共识，会谈是坦诚的、建设性的、富有成果的。

Just now I had very good talks with President Obama.The two sides had in-depth exchange of views on how to further bilateral relationship and on major regional and international issues of shared interest.The two sides reached broad, important agreement.The talks were candid, constructive, and very fruitful.我和奥巴马总统都认为，当前国际形势继续发生复杂深刻变化，全球性的挑战不断增多，世界各国相互依存日益紧密。为此，需要加强国际合作。

Both President Obama and I believe that at present the international situation continues to undergo profound and complex changes.There are growing global challenges, and countries in today’s world have become more and more interdependent.In this context, it is necessary to step up international cooperation.在新的形势下，中美两国在事关人类和平与发展的一系列重大问题上，有着广泛的共同利益和广阔的发展空间。

Against this new backdrop, China and United States share extensive common interests and broad prospect for cooperation on a series of major issue important to mankind’s peace and stability and development.我和奥巴马总统都积极评价美国新一届政府就职以来中美关系的发展，一致同意坚持从战略的高度和长远的角度出发，加强对话、交流、合作，共同努力建设21世界积极合作全面的中美关系。并将采取切实行动，稳固建立应对共同挑战的中美关系，为促进世界的和平稳定和繁荣而努力。

President Obama and I spoke positively of the progress made in the China-U.S.relationship since the new American administration took office.We both agreed to continue to adopt a strategic and long-term perspective, increase the dialogue exchanges and cooperation, and work together to build a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive China-U.S.relationship for the 21st century.We also agreed to take concrete actions to steadily grow a partnership between the two countries to meet our common challenges in order to contribute to world peace, stability, and prosperity.我们都认为，保持两国高层的密切交往，和其他各个级别的对话蹉商，对中美关系的发展至关重要，双方同意两国领导人继续通过互访、通话、通信，或在多边场合会晤等方式，保持密切沟通。

We both believe and maintain close high-level exchanges and dialogue and consultations at various other levels are essential to the growth of China relations.The two sides agreed that the leaders of the two countries will continue to stay in close touch through mutual visits, telephone conversations, correspondence, and meetings of multilateral fora.双方高度评价中美战略与经济对话机制在加强两国互信合作方面发挥的重要作用，双方将继续落实好今年七月首轮对话的成果，并且尽早着手为明年夏天在北京举行的第二轮对话作准备。

The two sides spoke positively of the important role of the China-U.S.strategic and economic dialogues mechanism in enhancing the mutual trust and cooperation between the two countries.The two sides will continue to follow through on the outcomes of the first round of the China-U.S.strategic and economic dialogues held in July this year.And we will start as early as possible to make preparations for the second round to be held in summer next year in Beijing.我们就当前的国际经济、金融形势交换了看法，认为当前的世界经济出现了企稳回升的积极迹象，但复苏的基础并不牢固。双方重申将继续在宏观经济政策领域加强对话和合作，坚持通过平等协商妥善处理两国经贸摩擦问题，共同维护双边经贸关系健康稳定发展。

We also exchanged views on the current international economic and financial situation, and we believed that now the world economy has shown some positive signs of stabilizing and recovery.But the foundation for this recovery is not firmly established.The two sides reiterated that they will continue to increase dialogue and cooperation in macroeconomic and financial policies, and they will continue to have consultations on an equal footing to properly resolve and address the economic and trade frictions in a joint effort to uphold the sound and steady growth of their business ties and trade.我向奥巴马总统强调，当前形势下，我们两国应该有更加坚决的态度，反对和抵制各种形式的保护主义。

I stressed to President Obama that under the current circumstances, our two countries need to oppose and reject protectionism in all its manifestations in an even stronger stand.我们都积极评价二十国集团领导人峰会在应对国际金融危机方面发挥的重要作用，我们两国将与其他成员一道，全面落实这次峰会的成果，不断加强二十国集团在全球经济治理当中的作用，推进国际金融体系改革，完善全球经济治理，以防范和应对未来的危机。

We both positively spoke of the important role of the G20 summit in tackling the international financial crisis.Our two countries will work with other members and comprehensively follow through on the outcomes of the various summits.We will also work together to continuously strengthen the role of G20 in global economic governance, advance the reform of international financial system, and improve the global economic governance to ward off and guard against future financial or economic crisis.我们同意扩大两国在气侯变化、能源、环境领域的合作，在共同但有区别的原则和各自能力的基础上，同有关各方一道推动哥本哈根大会取得积极成果。

We agreed to expand our cooperation on climate change, energy, and environment.We also agreed to act on the basis of the principle of the common but differentiated responsibilities and consistent with our respective capabilities to work with other parties concerned to help produce positive outcomes out of the Copenhagen conference.中美两国的有关部门已签署中美关于加强气候变化、能源和环境合作的谅解备忘备等合作文件，并且正式启动了中美清洁能源联合研究中心。

The complementing departments of China and the United States have already signed a number of cooperation agreements, including the MOU to enhanced cooperation on climate change, energy and environment.The two sides have also officially launched the initiative of developing a China-U.S.clean energy research center.我和奥巴马总统都表示，愿意在双向互利的基础上，深化两国反恐、执法、科技、航天、民用航空、高速铁路基础设施建设、农业、卫生等领域的合作，并继续推动两军关系取得更大的进展。

Both President Obama and I said that we are willing to act on the basis of mutual benefit and reciprocity to deepen our cooperation on counterterrorism, law enforcement, science, technology, outer space, civil aviation, and engage in cooperation in space exploration, high-speed railway infrastructure, in agriculture, health, and other fields.And we also agreed to work together to continue to promote even greater progress in the growth of military-to-military ties.我们还就扩大两国的人文交流，特别是青年交流进行了探讨，支持双方建立人文交流机制，并且加强互派留学生合作。

We also discussed how to expand people-to-people and cultural exchanges between the two countries, particularly the youth exchanges.And we are supportive of the establishment of a people-to-people and cultural exchange mechanism, and we agreed to strengthen our cooperation in exchanging students.我们都表示坚持通过对话协商，解决朝鲜半岛核问题。符合包括中美两国在内的有关各方的共同利益，双方将同有关各方一道，坚持半岛无核化和六方会谈进程，维护东北亚和平稳定。

Both of us said that we will remain committed to dialogue and consultations in resolving the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue.And such approach serves the common interests of China, the United States, and other parties concerned.The two sides will work with other parties concerned to continue the denuclearization process of the Korean Peninsula and six-party talks process in a bid to uphold the peace and stability in Northeast Asia.我们强调维护国际核不扩散体系，通过对话谈判，妥善解决伊朗核问题，对维护中东和海湾地区的稳定十分重要。

We both stressed that to uphold the international nuclear nonproliferation regime and to appropriately resolve the Iranian nuclear issue through dialogue and negotiations is very important to stability in the Middle East and in the Gulf region.在会谈中，我向奥巴马总统强调，中美两国国情不同，双方存在一些分歧是正常的，关键是要尊重和照顾对方的核心利益和重大关切。

During the talks, I underlined to President Obama that given our differences in national conditions, it is only normal that our two sides may disagree on some issues.What is important is to respect and accommodate each other’s core interests and major concerns.中方赞赏奥巴马总统多次重申坚持一个中国政策，遵守中美三个联合公报，在台湾等问题上尊重中国主权和领土完整。

President Obama on various occasions has reiterated that the U.S.side adheres to the one-China policy, abides by the three Sino-U.S.joint communiqués, and respects China’s sovereignty and the territorial integrity when it comes to the Taiwan question and other matters.The Chinese side appreciates his statements.双方重申互相尊重主权和领导完整这一根本原则，双方均不支持任何势力破坏这一原则的任何活动。我们将继续本着平等、相互尊重、互不干涉内政的精神，就人权和宗教等问题开展对话交流，以增进了解，减少分歧，扩大共识。

The two sides reaffirmed the fundamental principle of respecting each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity.Neither side supports any attempts by any force to undermine this principle.We will continue to act in the spirit of equality, mutual respect, and a noninterference in each other’s internal affairs, and engage in dialogue and exchanges on such issues as human rights and religion in order to enhance understanding, reduce differences, and broaden common ground.女士们，先生们，Ladies and gentlemen，中美关系十分重要，维护和促进中美关系是双方的共同责任。中方愿意同美方一道，推动中美关系持续健康稳定发展，以更好地造福于两国人民和世界人民。

The China-U.S.relationship is very important.To preserve and promote the growth of this relationship is a shared responsibility for both China and the United States.The Chinese side is willing to work with the U.S.side to ensure the sustained, sound, and steady growth of this relationship to the greater benefits of peoples of our two countries and people throughout the world.谢谢大家！现在请奥巴马总统讲话。

Thank you all.Now we would like to give the microphone to President Obama.PRESIDENT OBAMA:

奥巴马总统：

Good afternoon.I want to start by thanking President Hu and the Chinese people for the warmth and hospitality that they have shown myself and our delegation since we arrived.We had a wonderful day in Shanghai yesterday, a wonderful discussion with China’s young men and women, and I’m looking forward to the conversations we’ll have and the sights that we’ll see here in Beijing over the next two days.下午好。首先我要感谢胡主席和中国人民从我们到来后给予我和代表团的热情款待。昨天，我们在上海度过了非常愉快的一天，同中国男女青年进行了一次十分愉快的讨论。我期待着我们今明两天将在北京进行的会谈和景点参观。

We meet here at a time when the relationship between the United States and China has never been more important to our collective future.The major challenges of the 21st century, from climate change to nuclear proliferation to economic recovery, are challenges that touch both our nations, and challenges that neither of our nations can solve by acting alone.我们是在美中关系对我们的共同未来具有前所未有的重要性的时刻在这里举行会晤。21世纪的各项重大挑战，无论是气候变化、核扩散还是经济复苏，都与我们两个国家相关，而且哪个国家都不能通过单独行动来对付这些挑战。

That’s why the United States welcomes China’s efforts in playing a greater role on the world stage--a role in which a growing economy is joined by growing responsibilities.And that’s why President Hu and I talked about continuing to build a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive relationship between our nations.这就是为什么美国欢迎中国努力在世界舞台上发挥更大的作用——这个作用意味着伴随经济发展而增长的责任。这也就是为什么胡主席和我都谈到要继续建立积极合作全面的美中关系。

As President Hu indicated, we discussed what’s required to sustain this economic recovery so that economic growth is followed by the creation of new jobs and lasting prosperity.So far China’s partnership has proved critical in our effort to pull ourselves out of the worst recession in generations.如胡主席所说，我们讨论了要使经济复苏持续所必须采取的措施，以便使经济增长带来新的就业机会，实现持久繁荣。迄今，与中国的伙伴关系被证明在我们为摆脱几代人以来最严重的衰退所作的努力中至关重要。

Going forward, we agreed to advance the pledge made at the G20 summit in Pittsburgh and pursue a strategy of more balanced economic growth--a strategy where America saves more, spends less, reduces our long-term debt, and where China makes adjustments across a broad range of policies to rebalance its economy and spur domestic demand.This will lead to increased U.S.exports and jobs, on the one hand, and higher living standards in China on the other.展望未来，我们同意推进我们在匹兹堡20国集团峰会上所作的保证，实施经济更平衡增长的策略。根据这一策略，美国要增加储蓄，降低消费，减少长期债务，而中国则要进行各项政策调整以平衡经济，刺激内需。这样，将一方面增加美国的出口和就业机会，另一方面提高中国的生活水平。

As President Hu indicated, we also agreed that maintaining open market and free flows of commerce in both our nations will contribute to our shared prosperity.And I was pleased to note the Chinese commitment, made in past statements, to move toward a more market-oriented exchange rate over time.I emphasized in our discussions, and have others in the region, that doing so based on economic fundamentals would make an essential contribution to the global rebalancing effort.如胡主席所说，我们还一致认为，保持我们两国市场的开放和商贸的自由流通将能增进我们的共同繁荣。我很高兴地注意到，中国多次表示了对逐步实现在更大程度上由市场决定汇率的承诺。我在双方以及在与地区其他各方的讨论中强调，这样按照基本经济原理行事将是对全球经济的重新平衡的重大贡献。

President Hu and I also made progress on the issue of climate change.As the two largest consumers and producers of energy, there can be no solution to this challenge without the efforts of both China and the United States.That’s why we’ve agreed to a series of important new initiatives in this area.As President Hu indicated, we are creating a joint clean energy research center, and have achieved agreements on energy efficiency, renewable energy, cleaner uses of coal, electric vehicles, and shale gas.胡主席和我在气候变化问题上也取得了进展。作为能源的最大消费国和生产国，没有中美两国的共同努力就无法成功地应对这一挑战。因此我们同意在这一领域采取一系列新的重要行动。胡主席已说明，我们将设立一个清洁能源联合研究中心，我们还就能效、可再生能源、清洁使用煤炭、电动车辆和页岩气等问题达成一致。

We also agreed to work toward a successful outcome in Copenhagen.Our aim there, in support of what Prime Minister Rasmussen of Denmark is trying to achieve, is not a partial accord or a political declaration, but rather an accord that covers all of the issues in the negotiations, and one that has immediate operational effect.This kind of comprehensive agreement would be an important step forward in the effort to rally the world around a solution to our climate challenge.And we agreed that each of us would take significant mitigation actions and stand behind these commitments.我们还同意为哥本哈根会议取得成果而努力。为支持丹麦首相拉斯穆森所争取实现的目标，我们将不是致力于一项局部性的协议，也不是一份政治宣言，而是一项包含谈判涉及的所有问题的协议，一项可立即运作的协议。这样的全面协议将使动员全世界共同应对气候挑战的努力向前跨出重要一步。我们同意，双方都将采取重大的减缓行动，坚定地履行这些承诺。

On the issue of nonproliferation, President Hu and I discussed our shared commitment to stop the spread of nuclear weapons, and I told him how appreciative I am of China’s support for the global nonproliferation regime as well as the verifiable elimination of North Korea’s nuclear weapons program.在防扩散问题上，胡主席和我讨论了制止核武器扩散的共同承诺，我向胡主席表示了我对中国支持全球防扩散制度和可验证地消除北韩核武器项目的极大赞赏。

We agreed on the importance of resuming the six-party talks as soon as possible.As I said in Tokyo, North Korea has a choice: It can continue down the path of confrontation and provocation that has led to less security, less prosperity, and more isolation from the global community, or it can choose to become a full member of the international community, which will give a better life to its people by living up to international obligations and foregoing nuclear weapons.我们一致认为尽快恢复六方会谈是重要的。正如我在东京说过的，北韩面临一个选择：它可以继续沿着对峙挑衅的道路走下去，结果只会是安全更少，繁荣更小，在全球社会中更加孤立；它也可以选择成为国际社会的正式成员，恪守国际义务，放弃核武器，让自己的人民过上更好的生活。

In the same way, we agreed that the Islamic Republic of Iran must provide assurances to the international community that its nuclear program is peaceful and transparent.On this point, our two nations and the rest of our P5-plus-1 partners are unified.Iran has an opportunity to present and demonstrate its peaceful intentions, but if it fails to take this opportunity there will be consequences.同样地，我们也一致认为伊朗伊斯兰共和国必须向国际社会提供保证，保证其核项目是和平而且透明的。在这一点上，我们两国和五常加一的其他伙伴国意见一致。伊朗有此机会展示和表明其和平的目的，但如果它没能利用这次机会，则将面临后果。

President Hu and I also discussed our mutual interest in security and stability of Afghanistan and Pakistan.And neither country can or should be used as a base for terrorism, and we agreed to cooperate more on meeting this goal, including bringing about more stable, peaceful relations in all of South Asia.胡锦涛主席和我还讨论了我们对阿富汗和巴基斯坦的安全和稳定的共同利益。这两个国家都不能也不应该成为恐怖分子的基地。我们同意为达到这个目标加深合作，包括在整个南亚建设更稳定、和平的关系。

Finally, as I did yesterday in Shanghai, I spoke to President Hu about America’s bedrock beliefs that all men and women possess certain fundamental human rights.We do not believe these principles are unique to America, but rather they are universal rights and that they should be available to all peoples, to all ethnic and religious minorities.And our two countries agreed to continue to move this discussion forward in a human rights dialogue that is scheduled for early next year.最后，如同我昨天在上海时一样，我向胡锦涛主席谈了美国的基本信念，即人人都有某些最基本的人权。我们不认为这些原则是美国特有的，它们是普遍的权利。各国人民，各个少数民族和宗教少数派都应该享有。我们两国同意在定于明年年初举行的人权对话中继续推动这种讨论。

As President Hu indicated, the United States respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China.And once again, we have reaffirmed our strong commitment to a one-China policy.正如胡锦涛主席指出的那样，美国尊重中国的主权和领土完整。我们再次重申对一个中国政策的承诺。

We did note that while we recognize that Tibet is part of the People’s Republic of China, the United States supports the early resumption of dialogue between the Chinese government and representatives of the Dalai Lama to resolve any concerns and differences that the two sides may have.We also applauded the steps that the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan have already taken to relax tensions and build ties across the Taiwan Strait.我们的确指出，尽管我们承认西藏是中华人民共和国的一部分，但美国支持中国政府与**喇嘛的代表早日恢复对话，以解决双方存在的担忧和分歧。我们也对中华人民共和国和台湾已经采取的缓和紧张局势和建立海峡两岸联系的步骤表示赞赏。

Our own policy, based on the three U.S.-China communiqués and the Taiwan Relations Act, supports the further development of these ties--ties that are in the interest of both sides, as well as the broader region and the United States.基于美中三个联合公报和《台湾关系法》，我们自身的政策是支持继续发展这些关系——这些关系有利于双方，有利于更广大的地区和美国。

These are just some of the issues that President Hu and I discussed.But we also know that the relationship between our two nations goes far beyond any single issue.In this young century, the jobs we do, the prosperity we build, the environment we protect, the security that we seek, all these things are shared.这些只是胡锦涛主席和我讨论的问题的一部分。但是，我们也知道，我们两国的关系远远超出任何单一问题。置身这个世纪的初期，我们所做的工作，所创建的繁荣，所保护的环境，所寻求的安全——所有这一切都是共同分享的。

Given that interconnection, I do not believe that one country’s success must come at the expense of another.That’s why the United States welcomes China as a strong, prosperous and successful member of the community of nations.鉴于这种相互关联，我不认为一个国家的成功必须以牺牲另一个国家的利益为代价。这就是为什么美国欢迎中国成为国际社会中一个强大、繁荣和成功的成员。

Our relationship going forward will not be without disagreement or difficulty.But because of our cooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and secure.We’ve seen what’s possible when we build upon our mutual interests and engage on the basis of equality and mutual respect.And I very much look forward to deepening that engagement and understanding during this trip and in the months and years to come.我们未来的关系不会没有分歧和困难。但由于我们的合作，美国和中国都更繁荣、更安全。我们已经看到，当我们在互利的基础上发展、在平等和相互尊重的基础上往来时能够取得什么样的成果。我非常期待在这次访问中和在未来的岁月里，加深这种交往和理解。

主持人：这次记者见面会就到这里，谢谢大家！

MODERATOR: This concludes the meeting with the news media.Thank you.

第四篇：胡锦涛访美--英汉口译

胡锦涛访美，奥巴马欢迎晚宴双方翻译PK 奥巴马发言：

Good evening everybody, please have a seat!On behalf of Michel and myself, welcome to the White House.And thank you for joining us as we host President Hu and the Chinese delegation.And we pay tribute to the bonds between the two great nations and two proud peoples.美方译文：当我们欢迎胡主席和中国代表团的时候，在我们对我们两个伟大国家和自豪人民表示敬意的时候，欢迎！

There are too many distinguished guests to mention all of you tonight but I do want to acknowledge a few who have champion relations with our nations.First of all, Jimmy Carter and his wonderful wife Rosalyn Carter are here, and President Bill Clinton and my outstanding Secretary of State Hilary Clinton.美方译文：今天在场这么多贵宾，我不能一个一个的介绍，但是我想提到其中几位为两国关

系做出很多促进工作。吉米卡特总统和他的伟大夫人罗莎琳。还有比尔克林顿总统和我的出色的国务部长希拉里克林顿。

President Hu, we met here today in the spirit of mutual respect, the United States the oldest democracy in the world and China one of the oldest civilizations.美方译文：胡主席，今天我们在这里是本着互相尊敬的精神而会见。美国，世界上最古老的民主制，而中国，是世界上拥有最古老文明之一的国家。

And while it’s easy to focus on our differences of culture and perspective, let us never forget the values our peoples share, our reverence for family, the belief that with education and hard work, and with sacrifice, the future is what we make it, and most of all our desire to give our children a better life.美方译文：虽然我们很容易把焦点放在我们文化上的差别或者观点上的差别。我们永远不应该忘记我们两国人民共同的价值观，像对家庭的崇敬，有一个共同的信念就是通过教育、辛苦工作和牺牲，未来是我们自己所创造的。最重要的是我们的一个共同愿望，让我们的孩子更好地生活。Let’s also not forget that throughout our history, our peoples have worked together for mutual progress.We traded together for more than 200 years;we stood together in the Second World War;the Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans have helped to build America, including many of us who joined us tonight.美方译文：让我们不要忘记在历史上，我们两国人民为了共同的进步而共同努力。我们有两百多年的贸易历史；我们在第二次世界大战的时候曾经站在一起；而且中国的移民和华裔美国人对美国的建设做出过贡献，其中包括许多今天晚上在座的那些。

Chinese and American people work together and create new opportunities together every single day.Mr.President, today, we have shown our governments can work together as well for our mutual benefit.And this include this bit of news that under a new agreement, our national zoo will continue to dazzle children and visitor with the beloved giant pandas.美方译文：中国人民和美国人民每天都在共同努力，共同创造新的机会。主席先生，今天我们也表明了我们两国人民同样也能努力为了共同的利益。其中也包括了这样的一条消息，根据一项新的协议，我们国家动物园让我们的孩子们和访问者看到他们所喜爱的中国大熊猫。

I’m told that there is a Chinese proverb that says, if you want one year of prosperity, then you go green;if you want ten years of prosperity, then you grow trees;if you want one hundred years of prosperity, then you grow people.And so I propose a toast, 美方译文：提到中国有一个谚语，听说它的意思是说：一年树谷，十年树木，百年树人。所以我提议，我们一起举杯，（原文及白话解释：一年之计，莫如树谷；十年之计，莫如树木；终身之计，莫如树人。一树一获者，谷也；一树十获者，木也；一树百获者，人也。

白话译：（做）一年的打算，只不过像种种庄稼；（做）十年的打算，只不过像栽栽树木；（做）一生的打算，就像培养人才。培植以后一年就有收获的，是庄稼；培植以后十年才有收获的是树木；培育以后百年才有收获的，是人才。出自《管子·权修 第三》）

to our people, the citizens of People’s Republic of China and the United States of America.May they grow together in friendship;may they prosper together in peace;may they realize their dreams of future for themselves, for their children and their grandchildren.美方译文：为中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国的公民，让他们在友谊中共同成长，在和平中共同繁荣，也希望他们实现他们未来，为他们自己，为他们孩子，为他们孙子的梦想。

胡主席的发言：

尊敬的奥巴马总统和夫人，各位来宾，女士们，先生们，朋友们，晚上好！应奥巴马总统的邀请，我很高兴再次来到美国进行国事访问。一踏上这片美丽的土地，我们就受到了美国政府和人民的盛情款待。今天晚上，奥巴马总统又为我们举行了欢迎宴会，并发表了热情洋溢的讲话。我谨代表我的同事们，并以我个人的名义，向奥巴马总统和夫人，向在座的美国朋友们表示衷心的感谢，并通过你们向热情洋溢的美国人民转达中国人民的良好祝愿。向所有关心和支持中美关系发展的各界人士致以诚挚的问候！

中方译文：President Obama and Mrs.Obama, distinguished guest, ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, good evening!I’m delighted to once again came to the United States and pay a state visit at the invitation of President Obama.Since setting foot on this beautiful land, we have received the gracious hospitality of the U.S.people.This evening, President Obama is hosting this welcoming dinner for us and has just made warm remarks.On behalf of my colleagues and in my own name, I want to express heartfelt thanks to President and Mrs.Obama, and other American friends present today.I also wish to convey through you the best wishes from the Chinese people to the friendly American people and extend cordial greetings to friends from various sectors of the United States who have given care and support to the growth of the China-U.S.relations!我这次应奥巴马总统的邀请访问美国，目的是增进互信，加强友谊，深化合作，推动21世纪积极合作的全面的中美关系继续向前发展。近年来，特别是奥巴马总统就职两年来，在双方的共同努力下，中美关系得到了长足发展，两国广泛领域交流合作不断扩大，双方在重大国际和地区问题上保持密切沟通和协调，为促进亚太地区乃至世界的和平、稳定和繁荣发挥了积极作用。

中方译文：The purpose of my visit is to increase mutual trust, enhance friendship, deepen cooperation and advance the positive, cooperative and comprehensive China-U.S.relations for the 21st century.In recent years, particularly the past two years, since President Obama took office, China-U.S.relations have made strong headway thanks to the joint efforts of both sides.We have increased exchanges and cooperation in a wide range of areas, maintained close communication and coordination on major international and regional issues and played a positive role in promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the whole world.在当前形势下，中美两国拥有的共同利益比以往任何时候都要广泛，担负的共同责任比以往任何时候都要重大，面临的共同挑战比以往任何时候都要严峻。因而保持中美关系长期健康稳定发展也就比以往任何时候都要重要，这是中美两国面对的客观现实，应该成为我们的共识。

中方译文：Under the current circumstances, our two countries share broader common interests, shoulder bigger common responsibilities, and face more severe common challenges than any time in history.As a result, it is more important than ever for us to maintain the long term, sound and steady growth of our bilateral relations.It is the reality we face and it should be recognized by both sides.今天上午，我同奥巴马总统举行会谈，就中美关系及共同关心的国际和地区问题深入交换意见，达成重要共识，我们一致同意两国应该密切高层以及各个级别的交往，加强对话和沟通，增进战略互信，深化各个领域的交流合作，密切在国际和地区问题上的沟通和协调，尊重对方主权领土完整和发展利益，妥善处理摩擦和分歧，致力于共同努力建设相互尊重，互利共赢的合作伙伴关系。

中方译文：This morning, President Obama and I had a in-depth exchange of views on China-U.S.relations and international and regional issues of common interest, and we reached important agreement.We agreed that our two countries should increase contacts at the top and other levels, strengthen strategic mutual trust through dialogue and communication, intensify exchanges and cooperation in all fields, and step up communication and cooperation on international and regional issues.We agreed that our two countries should respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and development interests, properly handle differences and frictions, and work together to build a China-U.S.cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit.回顾往昔，中美建交32年来走过的不平凡历程表明，两国的共同利益远远大于分歧，互利合作始终是两国关系主流，这坚定了我们推动中美两国关系发展的信心。展望未来，中美两国都面临着保持经济平稳发展和实现经济转型的艰巨任务，都需要应对经济全球化带来的各种挑战，这增强了我们需要加强合作的意愿。中方译文：China-U.S.relations have traveled an extraordinary journey in the past 32 years since the establishment of the diplomatic ties.The review of the history of our two nations, we have far more common interests than differences, and cooperation for mutual benefit has always been the main stream of our relations.This has reinforced our confidence in further pushing forward our relations.Today, both China and the United States have confronted with the arduous task of sustaining steady economic growth and achieving economic transformation.We both need to tackle the various challenges brought by the economic globalization.This has added to our need and desire to enhance cooperation.我们要以更加坚定的信念，更加宽广的视野，更加积极的行动，脚踏实地，锐意进取，充分挖掘两国合作潜力，不断开创中美关系发展新局面。我相信，在双方的共同努力下，中美合作伙伴关系一定能取得丰硕的成果，更好的造福两国人民，为世界的和平与发展的崇高事业做出新的更大的贡献。

中方译文：We should pursue our relations with a stronger conviction of broader vision and more proactive approach.We need to take solid steps and make pioneering efforts to fully tap the potential of cooperation and strive for new progress in China-U.S.relations.I am confident that with joint efforts, China-U.S.cooperative partnership will yield bountiful fruits for greater benefits of our people and make new and bigger contribution to the noble cause of world peace and development.现在我提议，为奥巴马总统和夫人的健康，为在座的所有朋友们的健康，为中美两国人民的友谊不断加强，为中美关系不断发展，干杯！

中方译文：Now I propose a toast, To the health of President and Mrs.Obama, To the health of all friends presented here, To the stronger relationship between the people of China and the United States, And to the steady growth of the China-U.S.relations, Cheers!

第五篇：2011高考历史热点-胡锦涛会见英国首相卡梅伦

胡锦涛会见英国首相卡梅伦

编者：scnchjw@163.com

【背景资料】

中国国家主席胡锦涛于2010年11月10日上午在人民大会堂会见了英国首相卡梅伦。胡锦涛表示，在新形势下，中英双方应该从21世纪全球视角和战略高度规划好两国关系，重点做好以下三方面工作。一是运用好彼此发展机遇。双方应该把强烈的合作意愿落到实处，找准合作新的增长点，在新能源、新材料、节能环保、高端制造业等领域加强合作，实现共同发展。二是扩大在国际事务中的合作。双方在反对保护主义、推动多哈回合谈判、建立国际金融新秩序等问题上立场相近、共识突出，应该加强沟通和协调，对外发出共同声音，推动建设良好的国际贸易环境和合理的国际金融秩序。三是提升政治互信水平。双方应该始终本着相互尊重的原则，通过高层互访和战略对话等机制，加强相互了解，深化战略互信，妥善处理双边关系中的敏感问题，使中英关系始终沿着正确方向发展。

【知识链接】

关键词：历史上的中英关系（仅限高中课本）1．大纲版

（1）中国近现代史

①半殖半封建开始时期：第一次鸦片战争（根本原因、直接原因、战争起止时间；鸦片战争的影响（《南京条约》内容、《南京条约》内容、鸦片战争总体影响）；第二次鸦片战争（根本目的、战争借口、英法联军占领天津和北京、1858年中英《天津条约》和1860年中英《北京条约》）；太平天国运动（西方列强一度伪装“中立”，英国人戈登接替美国人华尔，改“洋枪队”为“常胜军”，中外勾结绞杀太平军）。

②半殖半封建形成时期：洋务运动（中国海军重要舰船向英、德两国购买）；甲午战争前（英国希望通过日本牵制俄国，对日本侵华采取纵容态度）；瓜分狂潮（英国通过1898年《中英展拓香港界址专条》，强租“新界”，又强租威海卫，划长江流域为势力范围）；八国联军侵华战争（英国人西摩尔率八国联军侵略中国，战后参与签订了《辛丑条约》）。

③资产阶级民主革命时期：英国等列强扶植袁世凯掌握清政府统治大权并篡夺辛亥革命果实。④国民革命运动时期：五卅运动（省港大罢工是世界历史上历时最长的罢工）；北伐战争（英国先后制造了“万县惨案”、“一三惨案”和“南京惨案”等惨案，汉口、九江英租界被中国收回）。

⑤国共对峙及抗日战争时期：九一八事变后，由英法控制的国际联盟派出李顿调查团，企图把中国东北变为列强共管的殖民地。1943年英美等国与中国签订协议，废除了治外法权（领事裁判权）。

⑥向社会主义过渡时期：英国追随美国，对新中国采取敌视、孤立政策。

⑦社会主义建设新时期：撒切尔夫人访华；中关关于和平解决香港问题的《联合声明》；香港实现顺利回归；香港问题的和平解决的影响；香港回归的意义。（2）世界近现代史

①自由资本主义时期：亚洲革命风暴（中国太平天国运动的世界意义）。

②垄断资本主义时期：亚洲觉醒（戊戌变法的失败原因、义和团运动的历史意义、辛亥革命的世界意义）。第一次世界大战（“一战”第三阶段，中英两国同为协约国成员）。③两次世界大战之间的世界：“一战”后英、法、美“三巨头”控制的巴黎和会拒绝中国代表

团关于收回山东权益的要求。④世界人民反法西斯战争（二战）：二战期间，国民政府组织远征军开入缅甸，配合英军共同打击日本侵略者。

⑤二战后，中英两国都是联合国安理会常任理事国。2．新课程版

（1）列强入侵与民族危机：英国参与的列强侵华主要战争（鸦片战争、第二次鸦片战争、八国联军侵华战争）；1842年至1901年英国强加给中国的主要不平等条约（中英《南京条约》、中英《南京条约》附件、中英《天津条约》、中英《北京条约》、《辛丑条约》）；列强强占租借地，划分势力范围（英国强占香港“新界”地区和山东威海卫为租借地，划长江流域、云南、广东为势力范围）。

（2）中国军民维护国家主权的斗争：三元里抗英（背景、经过、意义）；左宗棠收复新疆的背景包括（第二次鸦片战争以后，英、俄都力图在新疆扩张势力；中亚地区浩罕国军事头目阿古柏侵入新疆并与英、俄勾结）。

（3）伟大的抗日战争：1942年1月，世界反法西斯阵营正式形成，中国战区盟军最高统帅部成立，中国远征军进入缅甸，和英军并肩抗日。（4）“一国两制”伟大构想及其实践：香港回归——“一国两制”构想首次成功运用（香港问题的由来；解决香港问题的有利条件；香港回归的历程；港澳回归的历史意义）。

（5）自然经济的逐渐解体：鸦片战争后，洋纱首先涌入中国东南沿海的市场，因其质优价廉，取代土纱，使中国家庭棉纺织业的“纺”与“织”分离。洋布输入，取代土布，使中国农家的“织”与“耕”分离，自然经济开始解体。但在中国大部分农村，自然经济仍占统治地位。中国丝、茶等农产品大量出口，减少了它们在农业经济上自给自足的成分，在客观上促进了中国商品经济的发展，也同时瓦解着中国社会的自然经济。

（6）巴黎和会：英国等列强在中国山东问题上的勾结（日本希望把在战争期间从德国手中夺来的山东据为己有，中国则要求收回山东主权，英法支持日本对山东的要求，美国由于私利的考虑没有坚定地支持中国的合理要求。帝国主义的行径激怒了中国人民，引发了中国的五四运动爆发。参加和会的中国代表，最终拒绝在和约上签字）。

（7）华盛顿会议：中国山东问题（在英美压力下，日、中在会外签订《解决山东问题悬案条约》及《附件》）；《九国公约》（有英国参加签字，使中国又回到了几个帝国主义国家共同支配的局面）。

【试题演练】

1．美国历史学家费正清在《伟大的中国革命》一书中，表达了这样的观点“鸦片战争的发生意味着中国拒绝在外交平等和对等贸易的基础上参加国际大家庭，结果导致英国使用武力。”费正清的上述观点

A．揭示了鸦片战争的根源

B．抹杀了鸦片战争的实质

C．肯定了中国抗击英国侵略的正义性

D．从全球化的角度正确分析了鸦片战争的原因 2．《中国近代史稿》：（鸦片战争后，中国社会呈现）“清政府站在人民头上发号施令，外国资产阶级却站在它的头上发号施令”的状况，这表明

A.清政府沦为外国控制中国的工具

B.人民革命的根本原因是清政府的反动统治 C.中国是半殖地半封建社会

D.中国革命进入民主主义革命时期

3．1860年《北京条约》签定后，咸丰皇帝躲在避暑山庄，一不痛心割让九龙，二不吝惜巨额的赔款，却认为外国派员驻京“最为中国之害”。对咸丰皇帝这一认识分析正确的是

A．把维护国家的尊严放在第一位

B．认识到列强侵华的本质

C．极力维护封建专制统治

D．认识到列强派员驻京给中国带来的危害最大

4．图为“1927年1月国民革命军开入汉口英租界维持秩序”的照片，造成这一事件的直接原因是

A．北伐战争的胜利进军

B．英帝国主义屠杀中国军民 国民革命军开入汉口英租界维C．国民党右派与帝国主义勾结

持秩序，武汉人民收回英租界 D．广州革命政府的决定

5．1943年1月，中美在华盛顿签署《关于取消美国在华治外法权及处理有关问题之条约》，中英在重庆签署《关于取消英国在华治外法权及其有关特权之条约》。之所以能废除不平等条约，主要是因为

A．国民政府的积极争取

B．美英迫于国际舆论而作出的决定 C．世界反法西斯同盟的建立

D．中国的抗日战争支援了美英的反法西斯战争 6．在香港回归祖国10周年的日子里，《香港商报》发表了题为《十载不凡路，香江书华章》的社评。其中有这样的评论“如果说十年前无论是国际社会，还是在香港本地，都有不少人对‘一国两制’、‘港人治港’心存怀疑，今天，所有的疑虑都已经烟消云散了„„”，请你给该评论加一个合适的标题

A．“一国两制”的实践日益丰富

B．一国两制”——香港繁荣稳定的制度 C．“一国两制”能够解决台湾问题

D．“一国两制”——走向中华民族的伟大复兴 7．斯塔夫里阿诺斯在《全球通史》中写道：“当凡尔赛的调停人没有将这个丢失的省份归还给中国时，在北京的学生和知识分子中间爆发了声势浩大的示威游行。„„事实证明，这场运动是中国历史上民族感情的最强烈、最普遍的表露。”材料中提及的这场运动是

A．武昌起义

B．五四运动

C．五卅运动

D．一二•九运动

8．近现代史上，英国曾经是最早侵略中国的西方资本主义列强国家；但在二战中和二战后，中英两国有更多的合作与共赢。阅读材料，回答问题：

材料一

请君莫畏大炮子，百炮才闻几个死？请君莫畏火箭烧，彻夜才烧二三里。我所畏者鸦片烟，杀人不计亿万千。„„

——《炮子谣》 材料二

“若犹泄泄视之，是使数十年后，中原几无可以御敌之兵，且无可以充饷之银。” “若鸦片一日不绝，本大臣一日不回，誓与此事相始终，断无终止之理。” 材料三

第二次鸦片战争以后，“洋棉每百斤需三十三元，印度棉亦在三十元内外，而华棉每百斤仅需十二三元，多至十七八元而止。故近年洋船回国，多购中国棉花，压载出口”。

――《续富国策》

材料四

1942年1月1日，26个国家在华盛顿签署了《联合国家宣言》„„1945年10月，联合国在美国纽约正式成立时，中国和英国都是创始会员国，也都是安理会常任理事国„„ 材料五

1997年7月1日，中国恢复了对香港行使主权。这是中英两国关系史上的重大事件。请回答：

（1）据材料一，最早向中国走私鸦片的国家，其走私的目的是什么？

（2）据材料二，林则徐向道光帝上书的目的是什么？道光帝为什么会接受他的建议？（3）你认材料三反映了什么现象？中国社会经济发生了怎样的巨大变化？

（4）二战期间和二战后，中国和英国都加强了合作。分别指出这两次合作的主要目的。（5）20世纪90年代，香港回归中国。请简述回答香港回归的历史条件。

答案要点及简析：

1．B 从题中材料可知，作者是把鸦片战争爆发的责任归于中国，抹杀了英国侵华的实质。2．C 从透过现象看本质的原理看，C项最能体现当时中国的社会性质。3．C 从咸丰帝强调外国派员驻京危害最大这一点思考。

4．B 北伐战争期间中国人民收回汉口、九江英租界的直接原因是英国制造一系列屠杀中国人民的惨案。

5．D 题中，中国这一外交胜利主要是由于中国在世界反法西斯战争中的作用决定的。6．B 疑虑消除是因为“一国两制”构想在事实上保障了香港的繁荣稳定。7．B 题中所述正好是五四运动的导火线。8．答案要点：：

（1）国家：英国。走私鸦片目的：扭转对华贸易逆差。

（2）目的：请求严禁鸦片。原因：道光帝意识到鸦片的输入严重威胁到了清政府的统治。（3）现象：第二次鸦片战争后，列强利用特权压低中国原材料出口的价格，大肆掠夺中国的原材料。巨大变化：中国自给自足的自然经济受到冲击并逐步解体，中国已被卷入资本主义世界市场。

（4）目的：二战中合作的目的是打败法西斯侵略。二战后合作的目的是在联合国框架下维护世界和平，促进各国间的合作与发展。

（5）历史条件：改革开放使中国的综合国力增强，国际地位提高（根本原因）；“一国两制”构想切实可行（关键因素）；香港同胞回归祖国的强烈愿望（群众基础）；中英联合声明及香港特别行政区基本法（法律依据）。