第一篇：简爱essay(英语学术写作)

Alien0926210817

Jane Eyre

This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan's whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the pressure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentless infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6)The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6)They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was less than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was

always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helpless and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy!I said.You are like a murderer”.(3)Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19)When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.When Jane Eyre came to Lowood-a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthless hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste

disgusting.”(23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!”(32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every possible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Miss Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.

第二篇：留学申请ESSAY写作

Greentoxic-essay-1

I used to be immune from literature reading.I didn’t care that the boy falling into blind love in Fitzgerald’s story was called Gatsby or Bill Gates, nor I hardly knew anything about sonnet except that there were 14 rows in it.In spite that both my parents were trying to foster me to be a daughter of a cultured family with a grandfather who was addicted to literature, I used to believe that I wouldn’t be influenced by those massive words in fat books.My grandfather is a professor of literature.When I was a little girl, I often saw him sitting in his room, hugging over books as if he was hungering for words.His face, often displayed the emotions he read.Lots times he was so immersed in his own world of words and stories and he could not hear me calling him.And sometimes, it seemed that he was talking with the people and even lived with the people in the books instead of us.It was kind of scary for me.But one thing changed my mind about him or reading.I encountered a group of his students visiting him, and they talked a lot while I listened.My grandfather talked about a period when he had experienced extreme prosecution of intellectual freedom.When he said that literature should serve all mankind with humanistic care, his eyes was brimming with tears.It was the first time that I saw my grandfather’s tears.I indeed couldn’t understand and accept all my grandfather’s views.However, he

opened a door for me that day, that he showed me other things literature might bring, except pleasure.Yes, like many young teen girls, I used to be crazy about adolescence love stories published in magazines.But gradually, I did find that almost all the plots of those stories were similar.I started to wonder, what was in real great writings.I turned to my grandfather for help.He told me that eyes were the windows of soul，and so were the books.When we read them, we were reading the authors’ hearts, and re-understood ourselves.I soon started books with my grandfather’s guide.Portia in The Merchant of Venice made me want to be a woman with wisdom, courage and independent personality;the honest and independent heroine Elinor in Sense and Sensibility made my tears exhausted.Also, many Chinese classical works improved my knowledge of my own history and culture and I started to understand my own country and people better.I kept reading.After I reached high school, my grandfather encouraged me to establish a Reading Community, in which my schoolmates exchanged books and thoughts after reading, and I began to write editorial articles of book reviews for our school newspaper.I still cannot share the profound understanding of literary works as my grandfather does, but I believe what he said to his students and me: When you feel lonely, helpless or hopeless, just read.Books don’t cheat you, they won’t betray you, and they will never hurt you.They can give

you knowledge, courage, hope and power.I want to continue reading in my future, and literature is what I would like to study for my major.

第三篇：英语辩论 学术写作 - 常用词

一党制国家

One—party States 人权 Human rights 人权宣言

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工会 Trade unions

下议院 House of Commons 上议院 House of Lords 个人主义 Inpidualism 女权主义 Feminism 马列主Marxism—Leninism 马克思主义 Marxism 马基雅维里主Machiavelli 王权 Crown

无产阶级 Proletariat

无产阶专政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 无政府主义 Anarchism 专制 Despotism

专制政府/绝对专制主义 Absolute government/absolutism

中央与地方的关系 Central/Local relations 分权 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民权利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正义Justice

可审判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隶制Slavery 占统治地位的党 Dominant party 代表Delegate

代议员Representative 代议制政府

Representative government 代表制Representation 主权Sovereignty 市民社会Civil society 市（镇）长Major

立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体 Constitutional government 立法机关Legislatures 立法否决Legislative veto 立法委员会

Legislative committees 立法起草

Legislative drafting 半总统制

Semi-presidential systems 议长Speaker 议会制度

Parliamentary system 司法机构Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法审查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主党Democratic Party

民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意测验Opinion polls

共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic 机构/制度Institution 权力Power 权利Rights

权利法案Bill of rights 权威Authority 妇女选举权

Women’s suffrage 地方长官Prefect

地方政府Local government 地方政府财政

Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent

同意投票Approval voting 团体理论Group theory 邦联Confederation

邦联条例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom

自由党Liberal parties 自由裁量权Discretion 自决Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治领Dominion 行为主义Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政机关Executives

政委员Administrative board 行政法庭

Administrative tribunal 行政法院

Administrative court 州长Governor 多元主义Pluralism 多元社会Plural society 多头制Polyarchy 多数派政府

Majority government 多数统治Majority rule 决策Decision making 决策理论Decision theory 农奴制Serfdom 阶层/阶级Class

麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James 苏格拉底Socrates 极权主义Totalitarianism 否决权Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 护宪Entrenchment 财产权Property 利益Interests 利益表达与聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集团Interest group

言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社区/共同体Community 社团主义Corporatism 社会主义Socialism 社会民主主义 Social democracy

社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy 责任Responsibility 责任政府

Responsible government

直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action 杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas 欧洲议会

European Parliament 欧洲共同体

European Community 歧视Discrimination 国际法International Law 国家State

国家元首Head of state 国家消亡

Withering away of the state 国家财政危机

Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗

Civil disobedience 非暴力行为

Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委员会Commission 质询Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正当程序 Due process of law 法案，议案Bill 宗教自由

Freedom of religion 审判Adjudication 审查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 实证主义Positivism 封建主义Feudalism

革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政体Polity 政纲platform 政变Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府组成过程 Government formation process 政府首脑

Head of government 政府调查Public inquiry 政治Politics

政治义务Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的种族问题 Race in politics 政治心理学

Political psychology 政治发展

Political development

政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee 政治行为研究 Political behaviour 政治地理学

Political geography

政治权力Political power 政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通

Political communication 政治体系/政治系统 Political system 政治参与

Political participation 政治财政Political finance 政治科学Political science 政治社会化

Political socialization 政治社会学

Political sociology 政治学的定量方法

Quantitative methods in politics 政治态度Political attitudes 政治腐败

Political corruption 政治继承

Political succession 政治理论Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影响Political influence

政治整合/政治一体化Political integratio 政党分赃制Spoils system 政党认同Party identification 政党代表大会 Party convention

政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization 政党核心集团Machine 政党秘密会议Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策实施Implementation

政策输出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦国家City state 贵族/贵族制Aristocracy 思想库Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 选区Constituency 选民登记

Registration of electors 选择投票Ticket-splitting 选择领导Leadership selection 选举Elections

选举团Electoral college 选举纲领Election program 选举制度Electoral system 选票Ballot

重农主义Physiocracy 重划选区Redistribution 重商主义Mercantilism 种族灭绝Genocide 种族主义Racism 种族隔离Apartheid 顺从Deference

保守主义Conservatism 保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism 修正主义Revisionism 独立机构

Independent agency

独立宣言Declaration of Independence 独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism 独裁制Autocracy 帝国Empire

帝国主义Imperialism 美国革命

American Revolution 美国国会Congress 美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike 总督Governor-General 派别Faction 咨询和同意

Advice and consent 宣传Propaganda 宪法Constitutional law 宪法规约

Conventionofthe constitution

宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism 神权政治Theocracy 神授王权

Divine right of kings 费边主义Fabianism 绝对专制主义Absolutism 统治阶级Ruling class 统治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主义Terrorism 格劳修斯Grotius 监护Tutelage 监察专员Ombudsman 党派首领Boss 罢免Recall 恩格斯Engels

缺席投票Absence voting 特权Prerogative 特许状Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒台与政权更迭

Breakdown and regime change 候选人选择

candidate selection 爱国主义Patriotism 被保护国Protectorate

竞争性政党制度Competitive party system 竞选运动Election campaign 部门Department

部长，部Minister/Ministry 部长会议Council of Ministers 准司法Quasi-judicial 准--非政府组织Quango 资历制Seniority 资产阶级Bourgeoisie 资本主义Capitalism 浮动投票人Floating vote 浪漫主义Romanticism 宽容Toleration 家长型控制Paternalism 调查委员会Selectcommittee 预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting 陪审团Jury 理性Rationality

理性选择方法Rational choice 教权主义Clericalism 教会与国家

Church and State 基本权利Fundamental right 基层党组织

Primary party organization 职能代表

Functional representation 授权立法

Delegated legislation 授权学说Mandate theory 常设委员会

Standing committee 累计投票Cumulative vote 唯心主义Idealism 领导Leadership 第二院，上议院 Second chambers 康德Kant

混合政府Mixed government 弹劾Impeachment 隐私Privacy

殖民统治Colonial government 联合，联合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主

Consociational democracy 协商民主

联合国United Nations 联邦制Federalism 联邦党人文集 Federalist Papers 联盟，联合League 超载Overload 超国家政府

Supranational government 博爱Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯宾诺莎Spinoza 斯密，亚当Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat

最高法院Supreme court 黑格尔Hegal 辉格党与托利党 Whigs and Tories 等级Estates

集体主义Collectivism

集体行动Collective action集体领导 Collective leadership 集合理论Coalition theory 街区选举，集团投票 Block vote

普通法Common law 游说Lobbying

雇主组织Employer’s organization 强制性投票

Compulsory voting 鼓励性行动

Affirmative action 路德，马丁Luther,Martin 解散议会

Dissolution of parliament 意识形态Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal

新教政党Protestant parties 福利国家Welfare state

群众性政党Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡头制Oligarchy 寡头政治铁律

Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism 精英理论Doctrine of elites 腐败选区Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子内阁Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill

激进主义Radicalism 激进政党Radical parties 整体主义Holism 辩证法Dialectic

辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police

警察国家Police state 时事政治词汇

国内时事Domestic Affairs

中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会 17th National Congress of Communist Party of China(17th NCCPC)中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委员会 CPC Central Committee 全国人民代表大会(简称 全国人大)National People’s Congress(NPC)

九届全国人大四次会议 the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress 全国人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会主席团 the NPC Presidium 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 the NPC Standing Committee 全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会(简称全国政协)National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)

中国政协委员 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court

最高人民法院院长President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate

最高人民检察院检察长Procurator-General

国务院State Council

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

国防部Ministry of National Defense

国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission

国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission

教育部Ministry of Education

科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology

国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission

公安部Ministry of Public Security

安全部Ministry of State Security

监察部Ministry of Supervision

民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部Ministry of Justice

财政部Ministry of Finance

人事部Ministry of Personnel

劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security

国土资源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

建设部Ministry of Construction

铁道部Ministry of Railways

交通部Ministry of Communications

信息产业部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

农业部Ministry of Agriculture

对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

文化部Ministry of Culture

卫生部Ministry of Health

国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission

中国人民银行People’s Bank of China

审计署Auditing Administration

fgA中国英语学习网

中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

中央委员 Member, Central Committee

候补委员 Alternate Member

省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China

全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress

秘书长 Secretary-General

主任委员 Chairman

委员 Member

（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress

人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress

国务院总理 Premier, State Council

副总理Vice Premier

国务委员 State Councilor

秘书长 Secretary-General

（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for

（国务院各部）部长 Minister

部长助理 Assistant Minister

司长 Director

局长 Director

省长 Governor

常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor

自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government

地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture

香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor

区长 Chief Executive, District Government

县长 Chief Executive, County Government

乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government

秘书长 Secretary-General

办公厅主任 Director, General Office

（部委办）主任 Director

处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief

科长/股长 Section Chief

科员 Clerk/Officer

有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 邓小平理论 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三个代表 three represents theory(the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of “Three Represents” 坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.两大历史性课题（提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力）the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三讲教育：讲学习，讲政治，讲正气three emphases education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)新闻发布会news conference 政府工作报告government’s work report 国有企业state-owned enterprises(SOE)人均国内生产总值per-capita gross domestic product(GDP)国民生产总值gross national product(GNP)经济房low-cost housing 西部大开发 the strategy of developing the western region 西部大开发战略develop-the-west strategy 扩大住房贷款，助学贷款和大件消费品贷款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱势群体 disadvantaged groups(对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.)西电东送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快经济结构调整 accelerate economic restructuring 购买力 purchasing power 消费者物价指数Consumer Price Index(CPI)城镇社会保障体系 urban social security system 下岗职工基本生活费 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 离退休人员基本养老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行业和企业 industries and enterprises in dire straits 试点项目 pilot project 抵抗全球经济衰退 to combat the global economic slump 医疗改革 health care reform 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural workers 扩大内需，刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption 乡镇企业 township enterprises 地方保护主义local protectionism fgA中国英语学习网 不正当竞争unfair competition fgA中国英语学习网 与时俱进 advance with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 可持续发展 sustainable development 三峡工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峡移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 电视会议 televised meeting 常务委员 Standing Committee member 下岗职工 laid-off workers 再就业 re-employment 再就业下岗人员 re-employment of laid-off workers 隐形就业 hidden employment 国有企业改革 Reform of state-owned enterprises 医保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府机构改革 Reform of government institutions 现代远程教育 modern distance education 青藏铁路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 农村电网改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕还林、还草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收节支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社会 all-round well-off society 构建和谐社会to build a harmonious society 对某事予以严重关注express grave concern over sth.fgA中国英语学习网 对某事表示深切关注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中国英语学习网 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峡两岸关系cross-Strait relations 国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商，通航和通邮)three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits fgA中国英语学习网 一国两制one country, two systemsfgA中国英语学习网 反对“台独” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础

The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 国际时事International Affairs 大使，使节ambassador大使馆embassy 武装部队armed forces 逮捕arrest 当局 authorities 禁止ban 炸弹；轰炸bomb 人体炸弹body bomb 预算budget 内阁cabinet 运动，选举campaign 候选人，选手candidate 伤亡casualty 停火cease-fire 首领，长官chief 倒塌collapse 谴责condemn 腐败corruption 撞击，坠毁crash 汇市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡数death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交关系diplomatic tie 经济复苏economic recovery 选举election

少数民族ethnic groups 证据evidence 驱逐，放逐expel 世界经济global economy 有罪的guilty 劫机hijack 人质hostage 独立independence 通货膨胀inflation 投资invest 共同的joint 伊拉克战争Iraq War 多数majority 行动，步骤move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 开枪，开火open fire 推翻，颠覆overthrow 国会parliament(Britain);congress(US)维和部队peace-keeping force(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)Pentagon 方针，政策policy 投票，民意测验 poll 总统，主席 president 提议，提案proposal 抗议protest 经济萧条recession 区域的regional 收入revenue

暴动和抢劫rioting and looting 安全 security 间谍spy 战略strategy 自杀suicide

高峰会议summit meeting 生还者survivor 恐怖主义terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 台风 typhoon 协议 treaty 动荡 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence

安全理事会Security Council

联合国大会UN General Assembly

联合国教育科学文化组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

世界卫生组织World Health Organization(WHO)世界贸易组织World Trade Organization(WTO)自由贸易协定Free Trade Agreement(FTA)fgA中国英语学习网

发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

发展民族经济to develop the national economy

贩卖军火to peddle munitions

国家不分大小，应该一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal

建立正常的国家关系to establish normal state relations

求得公平合理的解决to seek a fair and reasonable solution

取长补短to make up for each other’s deficiencies

通过外交途径进行谈判to negotiate through diplomatic channels

维护国家独立和主权完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

用和平手段解决争端to solve disputes by peaceful means

维护世界和平to safeguard world peace

第四篇：学术英语范文

《学术英语》课程阶段性作业：文献综述

学生姓名：学号：专业班级：完成日期：分数：

The influence of the earthquake disaster and earthquake disaster mitigation measures analysis

There are three main reasons for the earthquake hypothesis , namely “ elastic rebound ”, “the magma shock to say” ' said phase change.“These three hypotheses have some reasonable, but what causes earthquakes, pending further study

The Characteristics of earthquake disasterissudden and strong, destructive big , serious secondary disasters , far-reaching social , defense difficult.Sudden strong make it difficult to predict and the effect of prevention becomes weak.His devastating is to see, such as the Tangshan earthquake which caused 24.2 million deaths , injuries 16.4 million.The Secondary disasters such as fires , floods , tsunamis , landslides , mudslides , gas leaks, pandemics, radioactive contamination is also very scary.2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which has razed to the ground in several cities.Due to sudden strong earthquake , suffered heavy casualties, huge economic losses , tend to produce a chain reaction , causing a huge impact on a region or even a social life and the country 's economic activity , resulting in a profound impact on society.Compared with floods, droughts, typhoons and other weather disasters , earthquake prediction is much more difficult.At the same time , improve the seismic performance of buildings , requires a lot of capital investment , this is not a short period of time can do.Although it is difficult to predict the devastating earthquake , but there is a history of China successfully predicted miracle.At 19:36 on February 4, 1975 occurred in Liaoning Haicheng earthquake prediction is accurate , which makes more than 100 million people in southern Liaoning Province promptly evacuated their homes and workplaces.This success is due to the abnormal situation in a timely manner to collect a large number of earthquake precursors , and timely induction, analyze, summarize the results , thanks to good policies of prevention group prevention and measured.Haicheng earthquake prediction can be successful, professional workers contributed to the earthquake, but it was the implementation of ”mass monitoring and prevention" approach, also played a crucial role.Generally speaking, professional workers in the earthquake, earthquake forecasting long, medium, and have a good chance, but the short-term forecasting, grasp not so big.The earthquake disaster prevention, the short-term forecasting truly decisive.References:

1, The cause of the earthquake

2, The characteristics of earthquake disasters

3, NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.4,changmengfei,Shockproof ,Please reference the historical experience[N].Procuratorate Daily, 2008-05-14.参考文献：

1, 地震灾害的成因

2,地震灾害的特点

3,新星：波浪摇动了世界——直击近日2004年的印度洋海啸的现场特别报道 4, 常梦飞，防震.请借鉴历史经验[N].检察日报, 2008-05-14.

第五篇：学术英语

1.词汇替换（这题全部出自课文后的formal words练习）

2.术语（20个的范围准备，考试考10个。学生必须自己熟悉术语的含义，考试的时候

要求考生根据描述写出术语。）

Iceberg Theory

2.Essay

3.Collective unconscious

4.Artistic merit

5.Literary theory

6.Gender studies

7.Figure of speech

8.Literary criticism

9.Genealogy

10.historical data

11.national identity

12.the pastness of the past

13.the Mandate of Heaven

14.historical consciousness

15.historiography

16.historian/historiographer

17.Paradox

18.epistemology

19.Metaphysics

20.formal developments 1.3.释义（给学生8句的范围准备，考试考2句）

1).The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize.The writer need

not even pursue it to attain it.2).The test in inpidual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, ofcourse, truth.3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also

taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’sinterpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance

to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.5).“History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past — a

study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully

worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in

courage, diligence, or constructive protest.6.The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads

philosophers to put forward some very weird views.7.8.翻译来自第六单元的A课文