第一篇：作文驳论文的常犯错误

Fallacies of Distraction

False Dilemma: two choices are given when in fact there are three options

From Ignorance: because something is not known to be true, it is assumed to be false

Slippery Slope: a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences is drawn

Complex Question: two unrelated points are conjoined as a single proposition

Appeals to Motives in Place of Support

Appeal to Force: the reader is persuaded to agree by force

Appeal to Pity: the reader is persuaded to agree by sympathy

Consequences: the reader is warned of unacceptable consequences

Prejudicial Language: value or moral goodness is attached to believing the author

Popularity: a proposition is argued to be true because it is widely held to be true

Changing the Subject

Attacking the Person:

(1)the person's character is attacked

(2)the person's circumstances are noted

(3)the person does not practise what is preached

Appeal to Authority:

(1)the authority is not an expert in the field

(2)experts in the field disagree

(3)the authority was joking, drunk, or in some other way not being serious

Anonymous Authority: the authority in question is not named

Style Over Substance: the manner in which an argument(or arguer)is presented is felt to affect the truth of the conclusion

Inductive Fallacies

Hasty Generalization: the sample is too small to support an inductive generalization about a population

Unrepresentative Sample: the sample is unrepresentative of the sample as a whole

False Analogy: the two objects or events being compared are relevantly dissimilar

Slothful Induction: the conclusion of a strong inductive argument is denied despite the evidence to the

contrary

Fallacy of Exclusion: evidence which would change the outcome of an inductive argument is excluded from consideration

Fallacies Involving Statistical Syllogisms

Accident: a generalization is applied when circumstances suggest that there should be an exception

Converse Accident : an exception is applied in circumstances where a generalization should apply

Causal Fallacies

Post Hoc: because one thing follows another, it is held to cause the other

Joint effect: one thing is held to cause another when in fact they are both the joint

effects of an underlying cause

Insignificant: one thing is held to cause another, and it does, but it is insignificant compared to other causes of the effect

Wrong Direction: the direction between cause and effect is reversed

Complex Cause: the cause identified is only a part of the entire cause of the effect

Missing the Point

Begging the Question: the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises

Irrelevant Conclusion: an argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion

Straw Man: the author attacks an argument different from(and weaker than)the opposition's best argument

Fallacies of Ambiguity

Equivocation: the same term is used with two different meanings

Amphiboly: the structure of a sentence allows two different interpretations

Accent: the emphasis on a word or phrase suggests a meaning contrary to what the sentence actually says

Category Errors

Composition: because the attributes of the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property

Division: because the whole has a certain property, it is argued that the parts have that propertyNon Sequitur

Affirming the Consequent: any argument of the form: If A then B, B, therefore A

Denying the Antecedent: any argument of the form: If A then B, Not A, thus Not B

Inconsistency: asserting that contrary or contradictory statements are both true

Syllogistic Errors

Fallacy of Four Terms: a syllogism has four terms

Undistributed Middle: two separate categories are said to be connected because they share a common property

Illicit Major: the predicate of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the predicate

Illicit Minor: the subject of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the subject

Fallacy of Exclusive Premises: a syllogism has two negative premises

Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise: as the name implies

Existential Fallacy: a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises

Fallacies of Explanation

Subverted Support(The phenomenon being explained doesn't exist)

Non-support(Evidence for the phenomenon being explained is biased)

Untestability(The theory which explains cannot be tested)

Limited Scope(The theory which explains can only explain one thing)

Limited Depth(The theory which explains does not appeal to underlying causes)

Fallacies of Definition

Too Broad(The definition includes items which should not be included)

Too Narrow(The definition does not include all the items which shouls be included)

Failure to Elucidate(The definition is more difficult to understand than the word or

concept being defined)

Circular Definition(The definition includes the term being defined as a part of the definition)

Conflicting Conditions(The definition is self-contradictory)

References

第二篇：课程论文常犯错误总结

1.论文题目应该与任务书一致,中英文保持一致。2.多个顿号后应用“和”字或“与”“及”等字代替。3.不要四级标题，三级标题下面不要再有序号。如有四级标题，可宋体加粗即可。4.英文标点后，有一个空格。

5.中文段落中用中文符号，英文句子中用英文标点符号，当然也包括括号的使用。

1)178／2002，应写成178/2002。

6.英文缩写的使用，首字母大写，首次出现应先写中文，而后括号内写清楚英文全称和缩写。

1)危害分析和关键点控制体系(Hazard analysis critical control point，HACCP)7.表题图题放置位置，与正文空一行的距离。图表内字体与正文小一号。

8.英文和数字字体，为Times new roman。9.段首句空2个字符。10.单位的使用，如mL。

11.拉丁字母斜体，字体为Times new roman。12.线性回归系数r不能用R2代替。13.公式应有序号。

14.图表应放到文字下面，表题位于表格上方，图题位于图的下方。

15.结论和展望应逐条进行，条理清晰，展望和讨论应分标题，结合文献报道。

16.英文翻译，“信、雅、达”。表题和图题都应有英文翻译，且Table，Figure等均采用全称，其后的英文首字母大写或每个字母均大写，但小词除外，全文格式统一规范。17.破折号，只写一个长横线即可，不要有多个。18.段前段后空行或间距应合理。19.文中不得有多余空行和多余空格。20.段落对齐方式为两端对齐。

21.参考文献中，英文参考文献的标点为英文的，英文标点后，有一个空格；中文参考文献的标点为中文全角。

22.章节内容安排应合理，一页或半页内容可不单独成章，应并入其他章节。

23.中文内容不得混杂有英文单词，除非是人名或特别的专有名词。

24.正文中的英文字句，首字母大写或每个字母都大写应格式统一。

25.控制好参考文献中字母间距，可以调整字符间距或加连字符。

26.语言通顺，结构合理，长短搭配。27.大小写pH, Cl等。28.英文题目除小词外每个字母均大写。

29.文章中应是白色背景，不得有任何颜色的背景图案。30.注意标点符号的应用，英文标点后有一个空格，参考文献中中文标点应为全角。

http://lib.haust.edu.cn/haust/htmlDocument/2013-04-08/detail_78.html

noteexpress参考文献管理软件 endnote参考文献管理软件

第三篇：求职信常犯错误

常犯错误：有些人在工作数年后，会抽身全职进修，之后一年未有工作做，但当

求职时，履历表却漏写了待业的资料。

1）开始部分，包括：标题，姓名，年龄，学历，婚姻状况，健康情况，联系地址，求职目标等。

求职目标要结合自己的实际情况去选择职业目标，应该考虑的因素有：专业特长

；兴趣；待遇；能力；学历；年龄；性别；性格；爱好等。（其中兴趣与待遇最为重

要）。对于特别热门、应聘人特别多的职业，选择要谨慎行事。简历中职业目标的写

法：工作目标书写的字数简练清楚，最好不要超过四十个字。

2）中间部分，主要陈述个人的求职资格和所具备的能力。

A、专业 包括自己所学的专业和业余所学的专业及特长；具体所学的课程等；自

己所受教育的阶段；教育背景的陈述，要突出与招聘工作密切相关的内容。

B、工作经历和能力 说明工作经历，尤其是与求职目标相关的经历，一定要说出

最主要，最有说服力的资力、能力和工作经历；说明的语气要肯定、积极、有力。写

工作经验时，一般是由近及远先写近期的，然后按照年代的顺序依次写出。最近的工

作经验是很重要的。在每一项工作经历中先写工作日期，接着是单位和职务。在这个

部分需要注意的一点是，陈述个人的资格和能力经历之后，不要太提及个人的需求、理想等。

3）结尾部分，多是提供证明自己资历、能力以及工作经历的证明材料，其中也

包括自己的一些补充。例如学历证明、学术论文、获奖证明证书、专业技术职业证书、专家教授推荐信等。这些可以列在另外的附页上。

第四篇：中考作文常犯的错误

中考作文常犯的错误 中考作文占60分，是初三生复习的重点，而且作文又是最容易丢分的部分。相关老师表示，审题不清、缺乏文采、文章较“平”是初三生中考作文常犯的三种错。

审题不抓关键词。北京八中老师刘艳认为，在近几年的中考评卷中，发现相当一部分考生审题不抓关键词，这样在写作时就很难抓住重点，容易跑题。如“动力来自„„”这个作文题的关键词是“来自”，考生只有将“来自”作为重点才能写出好文章。不少考生没有审题抓关键字的意识，看一眼题目就急着动笔，有的考生考前背过一些范文，一到考场就往里套，不仔细审题，这样最容易“下笔千言，离题万里。”初三生要养成审题的习惯，对作文题目要逐字细看，明白题目的要求后再下笔。

北师大附中老师高超提醒考生，审题时还要注意文章体裁和字数要求，看看题目要求写成什么体裁的文章，字数不要超出或少于要求字数太多。

语言贫乏缺少文采。刘艳说，有的初三生写文章不会抒情议论，没有理性思辨语言，这样的作文很难拿到高分。考生在平时就要注意对语言素材的积累。一方面可以多看看名家大师的文章，看看别人的遣词造句，自己在写到相关文章时就可以参考借鉴；另一方面，初三生还可多关注同龄人的优秀文章，和同学沟通交流，互相学习。平时，考生可抽出时间阅读一些报纸杂志，如《读者》，每期都有不少亲情、励志方面的文章，对作文素材积累很有帮助。此外，初三生还要注意古诗词的积累，在文章中恰当地运用古诗词也是让文章增色的好办法。

文章较“平”缺少细节。一些考生写的文章没有细节，没有重点，记“流水账”一样洋洋洒洒一大篇。初三生在写作时要有两把剪刀，一把剪出自己最擅长的一件事，另一把在这件事中剪出要重点描写的部分。如在写跑步时，早上怎么集合、怎么准备，都可以略写甚至不写，但发令枪响时自己如何紧张，跑的过程中遇到的问题，这就需要详细描写。有细节的文章才有真情实感，才能打动人。一般来讲，一篇文章中抓住两个精彩的细节就够了，这需要考生平时苦练。

第五篇：《直销》小组长常犯错误

小组长常犯错误 1，顺拐

2，不放权 3，包庇下属

4，自己的思想不稳定 5，不带业务员进课堂 6，自己行业知识不足 7，抓兵抓的太累 8，服强不服弱 9，自己跑边

10，说一说，做一做 11，问别人网络问题 12，自以为是