第一篇：如何制作论文中的Table和Figures

西 南 交 通 大 学

如何制作论文中的Table和Figures

1.如何制作科技论文中的Tables： 科技研究资料经过整理和计算各种必要的统计指标后，所得的结果除了使用适当的文字表达外，常常还需用统计表进行表达分析。统计表主要以列的形式展示分析结果，具有避免冗繁文字叙述，便于阅读、分析比较等优点。在制作统计表时，除了要求内容简明，重点突出，能正确表达统计结果，便于分析比较外，在标题（Caption）、标目（Heading）、分割线（Lines）、表格主体的数字（Data）、脚注（Footnotes）及其位置（Placement）和正文引述（Describe）也有一定的要求。

2.统计图（Figure）是用图形将统计资料形象化，利用线条高低、面积大小代表数量，通俗易懂，比文本与统计表更便于理解和比较。

统计图种类较多，常用的包括直条图、百分直条图、直方图、线图和点图等。在科技论文中，应根据资料的类型及表达目的选用合适的统计图。例如，对 不同性质分组资料进行对比时可选用直条图，说明事物各组成部分的构成情况可用圆形图或百分直条图，用于表达连续性资料频数分布可用直方图，为表明一事物随 另一事物而变化的情况选用线图，表达两种事物的相关性和趋势可用点图。

统计图在绘制过程中对其结构组成［包括标题（Legend）、轴标（Axis Label）、数轴（Axis）、图例（Symbol and Key to Symbols）、误差棒（error bar）］、和正文引述（Describe）有一定的要求，以下就这几部分进行阐述，同时列举四种常用统计图［直条图（Bar Graph），频率直方图（Frequency Histogram），XY散点图（X,Y Scatterplot），XY线图（X,Y Line Graph）］的用法，希望对大家有所帮助。

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下面两个示例图是典型的直条图和线图，红色字体标记了各组成部分。

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图表要告诉读者尽可能多的信息，比如：

（1）图表反映的结果，包括扼要的统计描述；

（2）如果可以应注明实验的研究对象；

（3）得出该结果的条件背景，如：采用的处理方法或显示的相互关系等；

（4）实验地点（仅室外实验时需要）；

（5）需要详细的图解对图表反映的结果做出解释（许多杂志都强调图表需成为独立的部分，即读者可以不阅读正文章节而通过检视图表本身而理解论文结果，这一点经常被许多中国作者忽视）；

（6）如果可以应注明培养或处理的参数或条件(温度、媒介等)；（7）实验的样本大小和统计检验结果；

（8）不要在两坐标轴标签之间用“versus”对其简单重述。

一、结构组成 1.标题（Legend）

标题一般位于表的下方。Figure可简写为“Fig.”，按照图在文章中出现的顺序用阿拉伯数字依次排列（如Fig.1，Fig.2……）。

对于复合图，往往多个图公用一个标题，但每个图都必须明确标明大写字母（A，B，C等），在正文中叙述时可表明为“Fig.1A”。

复合图的标题也必须区分出每一个图并用字母标出各自反映的数据信息。

例如：

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2.轴标（Axis Label）

对于含有横轴、纵轴的统计图，两轴应有相应的轴标，同时注明单位。

3.数轴（Number axis）

数轴刻度应等距或具有一定规律性（如对数尺度），并标明数值。横轴刻度自左至右，纵轴刻度自下而上，数值一律由小到大。一般纵轴刻度必须从“0”点开始（对数图、点图等除外）。

4.图标（Symbol and Key to Symbols）

图中用不同线条、图像或色调代表不同事物时，应该用图标说明，图标应该清晰易分辨。

二、正文引述（Describe）

论文中每一个图都必须在正文中提及，并对统计图所反映的事物关系或趋势做出解释或得出

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结论。

例如：Germination rates were significantly higher after 24h in running water than in controls（Fig.4）

三、常用的统计图

下面列举四种常用统计图【直条图（Bar Graph），频率直方图（Frequency Histogram），XY散点图（X,Y Scatterplot），XY线图（X,Y Line Graph）】的用法。1.直条图（Bar Graph）

直条图是利用直条的长短来代表分类资料各组别的数值，表示它们之间的对比关系。可分为单式和复式两种。

单式直条图：

（1）标题（Figure 1）位于图下方。标题含有丰富的信息量，包括处理方法、统计学检验及显著水平的解释等。

（2）Y轴标表示测量值（Stem Length），标注单位（mm）；X轴为不同的处理组。

（3）各直条图均标记了误差范围，并在标题中做出解释。

（4）在误差条上面用横线表示处理组间的统计学差异，并在标题

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复式直条图

（1）横轴为基线，表示各个类别，纵轴表示其检测数值，刻度从0开始。

（2）同一类型中两个亚组用不同颜色表示，并有图例说明，表示不同年份。

（3）各直条宽度一致，各类型之间间隙相等。

（4）如以上单式直条图，标记了误差范围，并在标题中做出统计学解释。

2.频率直方图（Frequency Histogram）

直方图是以不同直方形面积代表数量，各直方形面积与各组的数量多少呈正比。用于表达连续性资料的频数分布。Y轴可以是绝对数（如计量）也可以是相对数（如百分比）。例如：

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西 南 交 通 大 学

Figure 2.Histogram of the frequency distribution of chicken weights from Table 1.从上图我们看到：

（1）直方图的Y轴用于表示频数（一般用“%”表示），纵轴有主刻度和次刻度，刻度从0开始

（2）X轴用于表示检测变量【体重（Weight）】的测量值，将其分割成多个组以显示不同体重范围的频数分布情况。要注意每组间距应该合适，避免过宽或过窄

（3）直方图各直条间不留间隙，各直条间可用直线间隔，也可不用直线形成一个多边形图（4）从标题中可以看到，该图信息来源于“表1”，有时结合统计表可以弥补统计图丢失精确数据的缺点

3.XY散点图（X,Y Scatterplot）

散点图用于表示两种事物的相关性和趋势。根据点的散布情况推测两事物有无相关。例如：

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（1）图中含有两个变量，一般X轴表示自变量，Y轴表示因变量。有时候并没有明确指出哪个是自变量，哪个是因变量，仅仅要表达两个变量间的相关关系，这时候哪个变量值设置在X轴/Y轴没区别。

（2）以确保更能准确地绘制点，两轴刻度包含主刻度和次刻度。各轴刻度不一定从0开始，并且数值的范围应该包含所有点。

（3）根据点的分布情况，推测两变量间是否相关。如果数据通过统计学分析证实变量间存在关系，如图中可以绘制出回归直线，并可计算出回归方程等信息。

4.XY线图（X,Y Line Graph）

线图适用于连续性资料，用于表明一事物随另一事物而变动的情况。例1，如图：

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（1）横轴表示连续变量，纵轴表示频数，纵轴刻度从0开始。

（2）按照时间先后及其频数确定并绘制各个点，再用线段连接起来。（3）绘制不同组别的点使用不同的图例，并有图例说明。

例2，如图：

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（1）每一组用不同的图例表示，图例清晰便于辨认。

（2）每个点表示均数，并且在标题中注明，同时在图中显示每个点的误差范围。（3）同例1，同一组中的各个点用线段按顺序连接起来，以表示随时间的变化趋势。

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第二篇：如何制作论文中的三线表的制作

WORD2007 三线表的制作

比业论文里有很多要用三线表，经常有人问我怎么作其实很单，学会了，你两分钟就能做出来，下面我用WORD2007 做一下，不会的就来看看：

1选择 插入→插入表格，并单击表格左上角的十字箭头选中整个表格 我这里插入一个5行10列的表格如图

2.单击开始→边框和底纹，并设置边框为无 如图：

此时表格变成如下样子：

3.再先中整个表格→单击开始→边框和底纹，在边框标签下选择线的宽度为1.5磅 如图

在预览区点击表格的上边框和下边框 如图

确定后表格变成如下的样子：

我们要做三线表，此时表格变成了二线表，没关系，再往下看, 单击设计→绘制表格，此时光标变成笔形 ：如图

然后在表格的第二行人左到右画一条线，当然这条线的粗细你可以根据自已的需要来调整，最后的结果如图所示：

三线表到这里就做完了，简单吧？做完表格，该干嘛干嘛去。

第三篇：Figures of Speech

Figures of Speech

1.Simile 明喻

明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:

1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻

隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.例如:

1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻

借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.I.以容器代替内容,例如:

1>.The kettle boils.水开了.2>.The room sat silent.全屋人安静地坐着.II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:

Lend me your ears, please.请听我说.III.以作者代替作品,例如:

a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集

VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:

I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.4.Synecdoche 提喻

提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.例如:

1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体)

他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般)

他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分）

这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉

这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。

通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与 变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。

例如:

1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音.2>.Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）

品尝Mozart的音乐.6.Personification 拟人

拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.例如:

1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化）

2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化）

7.Hyperbole 夸张

夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..例如:

1>.I beg a thousand pardons.2>.Love you.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.3>.When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.8.Parallelism 排比,平行

这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.例如:

1>.No one can be perfectly free till all are free;no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral;no one can be perfectly happytill all are happy.2>.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them.In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.9.Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法

婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.例如:

1>.He is out visiting the necessary.他出去方便一下.2>.His relation with his wife has not been fortunate.他与妻子关系不融洽.3>.Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997.（去世）

10.Allegory 讽喻,比方（原意“寓言”）

建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。英文解释：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances;an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书

这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为“换个方式的说法”.它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事.例如:

1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草

真正意味：趁热打铁

2>.It's time to turn plough into sword.表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑

11.Irony 反语

反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:

1>.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念）

2>“Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you.”the waiter said to the beggar.12.Pun 双关

双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.例如:

1>.She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.2>.An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.3>.If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.13.Parody 仿拟

这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.例如:

1>.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.2>.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.3>.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.14.Rhetorical question 修辞疑问（反问）

它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.例如:

1>.How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?

2>.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?

15.Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶

这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.例如:

1>.Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Rome more.2>.You are staying;I am going.3>.Give me liberty, or give me death.16.Paradox 隽语(Epigram)

这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..例如:

1>.More haste, less speed.欲速则不达

2>.The child is the father to the man.（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。3> A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.-----Oscar wild(1854----1900)

一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格，却不知道他们的价值。

17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻

这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.例如:

1>.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见

2>.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.18.Climax 渐进法,层进法

这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.例如:

1>.I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.2>.Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.19.Anticlimax 渐降法

与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.例如:

1>.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2>.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.

第四篇：figures of speech

Test 1

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.Beware of little expenses.A small leak will sink a great ship.2.Only the knife can save him.3.Brutus.… As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it;as he was valiant, I honour him;but, as he was ambitious, I slew him.4.The sun smiled down on the green meadows.5.O, my luve is like a red red rose

That newly sprung in June:

O, my luve is like the melodie

That’s sweetly played in tune.6.That murderer has been put into the condemned cell.7.My car was stolen, my house burned down, and I forgot to tie my shoes.8.For many are called, but few are chosen.9.You could shave with the razor-sharp crease in his trousers.10.Who does not love his country?

Key to test 1

1.metaphor2.metonymy3.parallelism4.personification5.simile

6.transferred epithet 7.anticlimax8.antithesis 9.exaggeration(hyperbole)

10.rhetorical question

Test 2

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.She sells sea-shells on the seashore.2.Holding the muleta, with the sword in his left hand widening it in front of him, he called to the bull.The bull looked at him.He leaned back insultingly and shook the widespread flannel.The bull saw the muleta ….3.Didn’t I tell you he would forget?

4.The more haste, the less speed.5.Edna.… My feet are absolutely killing me.6.It was the ruin of the family, the uprooting of morals, the destruction of Germany.7.And then with his next words he achieved rank(as his thoughts ran)with either the great crowd of the world’s sympathizers or the little crowd of its great financiers.8.He is now again seated in his usual sleepy corner.9.He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.10.The wind whistled through the trees.Key to Test 2

1.alliteration2.repetition3.rhetorical question4.paradox5.hyperbole

6.climax7.antithesis8.transferred epithet 9.simile 10.personification

Test 3.V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.Sons are the anchors of a mother’s life.2.The press is becoming more and more the vehicle of opinion.3.He pulled his head back into the bedroom, looked around, saw his jacket, picked it up and put

it on.4.Dawn was beginning to prowl about the sky and put out the stars.5.The full green hills are round and soft as breasts.6.He passed many an anxious hour in the train.7.Alas!Alas!What shall I do? I’ve lost my wife and best hat, too.8.A miser grows rich by seeming poor.An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich.9.I’ve told you hundreds of times not to leave the door open.10.Predictably the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy.Key to test 3

1.metaphor 2.metonymy3.parallelism4.personification5.simile

6.transferred epithet 7.anticlimax 8.antithesis 9.hyperbole10.alliteration

test 4

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.He sat on a log, the invisible compass in his invisible hand, …

2.The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of mystery.3.The trumpet of a prophecy!O, Wind,If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

4.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the

world is taken for granted.5.She told him he was cold and selfish and ungrateful.6.The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what

they did here.7.Above us hung a sullen sky.8.As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.9.Can’t you just see Success, Health, and Happiness beckoning to you?

10.He was too fond of the bottle.Key to test 4

1.repetition2.alliteration3.rhetorical question 4.paradox 5.climax

6.antithesis7.transferred epithet 8.simile9.personification 10.metonymy

test 5

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.Military glory is a bubble blown from blood.2.He remembered the bitterness of his life at school, the humiliation which he had endured, the

banter which had made him morbidly afraid of making himself ridiculous;…

3.The ancient wilderness dreamed, stretched itself all open to the sun, and seemed to sigh with

immeasurable content.4.He crashed down on a protesting chair.5.She fears thunder and lightning, she fears dogs and cats, she fears moths and caterpillars.6.Brutus.… If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer:

---Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more…

7.All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than other.8.Is that a reason for despair?

9.The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,The furrow followed free;

We were the first that ever burst

10.There she stretched, growing warmer and warmer, sleepier and sleepier.Key to test 5

1.metaphor2.parallelism3.personification4.transferred epithet 5.anticlimax

6.antithesis7.paradox8.rhetorical question 9.alliteration10.repetition

test 6

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink;

Water, water, everywhere

Nor any drop to drink.2.Holofernes.…

The preyful princess pierc’d and prick’d pretty pleasing pricket;

Some say a sore;but not a sore, till now made sore with shooting.…

3.What difference does it make?

4.In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they

teach grammar so well.5.Smooth flow the waves, the zephyrs gently play, Belinda smiled, and the world was gay.6.Social position, friends, reputation, life itself, had no longer any attraction for him.7.I know not what course others may take: but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death.8.No footmarks could be found on the virgin snow.9.It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or

seven floors.10.She was taken with his good looks, his well-cut clothes, his voice, his gaiety.Key to test 6

1.repetition2.alliteration3.rhetorical question4.paradox 5.hyperbole

6.climax7.antithesis8.transferred epithet 9.simile10.parallelism

test 7

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to a stop.2.She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper.3.The fly does not care whether it is king or clown whom he teases.4.Clad in his nightshirt, his neck poked forward, his back rounded, he resembled some long

white bird.5.On his sick bed he summoned his sons and daughters into his presence.6.At one fell swoop, he lost his wife, his child, his household goods and his dog.7.Travel in the young sort, is a part of education: in the elder, a part of experience.8.Come, for all the vales

Await thee, azure pillars of the hearth

Arise to thee.…

9.Break, break, break

At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!

But the tender grace of a day that is dead

Will never come back to me.10.The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.Key to test 7

1.metaphor2.parallelism3.personification4.simile5.transferred epithet

6.anticlimax 7.antithesis8.alliteration9.repetition 10.paradox

test 8

V.Identify the figures of speech in the following sentences and give the correct terms in English for each of the italicized parts.(10 points)

1.He has the microwave smile that warms another person without heat.2.Give every man thine ear, but few thy voice.3.Their powers of conversation were considerable.They could describe an entertainment with

accuracy, relate an anecdote with humour, and laugh at their acquaintance with spirit.4.The little goose, delighted that people were again kind and respectful to her, waddled down to

the gate, making happy noise.5.Huddled in her grey fur against the sofa cushions, she had a strange resemblance to a captive

owl, bunched in its soft feathers against the wires of a cage.6.An awed hush fell upon the bystanders.7.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor

power to add or detract.8.The cruelest lies are often told in silence.9.Wild Mushrooms: Mysterious Menacing---Magnificent.10.You’ve got us into a nice mess.1.metaphor2.metonymy

6.transferred epithet 7.antithesisKey to test 8 3.parallelism8.paradox4.personification 9.alliteration5.simile 10.irony

第五篇：论文中测井技术论文中

3,.s，,《测井技术》论文中、英摘要的撰写

世界上任何一件事都有其固有的、内在的客观规律，了解掌握并按此规律办事，事情就会办得好一些或比较好一些。写摘要也是一样的。摘要是摘录出一篇论文的要点。摘要分为中文摘要和英文摘要2种。它是论文的浓缩与精华，源于文章，又高于文章。从编辑学角度讲，摘要乃是一篇论文中相对独立的编辑单元。

为了保证《测井技术》论文的质量，需要一块探讨3个方面的内容，①Current abstract(摘要现状)；②How to write an abstract(如何撰写摘要)；③Translation of the abstract(摘要的翻译)。

1． Current 现状

总体来说，21世纪这5年的摘要水平明显好于20世纪。这是大家努力的结果，值得一同分享。

1.1中文摘要

约1/5的摘要符合要求；2/5属中等；其余的还需要改进和提高。主要问题是要素不全，有的只有一两句套话；有的是“老三句”，科技口号式的句子较多等。

1.2英文摘要

少数英文摘要比较好，多数明显差些；个别作者可能由于英文水平限制，目前仍不会翻译。

1.3实例

（1）优秀摘要

双源距碳氧比测井技术研究*

(作者及单位省略)

摘要：井眼效应限制了单源距C/O测井的应用，为此开发了双源距C/O测井仪器DDCO及相应解释模块。利用蒙特卡洛模拟结果，合理设计了仪器外径、屏蔽体材料与尺寸、源距以及晶体体积比例。通过改变中子管安装与供电方式，实现了理想屏蔽长度与短源距的设计。为减小伽马射线计数的涨落，采用了高性能大尺寸BGO晶体。通过缩短脉冲幅度分析器的模数转换时间，在一定程度上解决了近探测器电路中信号堆累问题。在数据处理方面，通过能谱漂移校正和减氢峰法生成更准确的非弹净谱，采用虚拟探测器技术提高了曲线统计性，通过反褶积提高了测井曲线的纵向分辨率。根据模拟和刻度结果建立了解释模型，通过自补偿消除了井眼效应。结果是，在35%孔隙度砂岩条件下测量地层含油饱和度精度达到8%。该技术已经应用于多个油田，测井资料为制定稳油控水方案提供了准确的依据，由于测井前不需洗井、刮蜡等作业，受到普遍欢迎

关键词：含油饱和度；碳氧比；双源距；测井仪器；解释

中图分类号：P631.829P631.84文献标识码：A

On Dual Detector Carbon/Oxygen Logging

(作者及单位省略)

Abstract: An innovative dual-spaced C/O tool, DDCO, and related interpretation module are developed to correct borehole effect, which has been a pullback of using single-spaced C/O log.Tool structure, including outside diameter, shield material and thickness, spacing, as well as size ratio of detector crystals, is optimized through considering Monte Carlo simulation results.The designs of shield thickness and short spacing are implemented by altering build-in and power supply of the neutron tube.High performance large-size BGO crystal is adopted to reduce fluctuation of gamma-ray count.Shortening analogue-digital-converting time of pulse height analyzer solves the problem of signal pile-up in the circuit for near detector.In data processing, more accurate net inelastic spectra are obtained through the energy correction for spectral drift and subtracting capture spectrum from total inelastic

spectrum according to the areas of Hydrogen peak in these spectra, and statistic is increased by utilizing virtual detector technique.Vertical resolution of logging curve is enhanced by deconvolution.Based on the results of simulation and pit-test, a novel interpretation model is set up, and the borehole effect is eliminated therein by self-compensation.The outcome of these innovations is that the precision of oil saturation reaches 8% under the condition of 35% porosity sandstone.Oil companies generally accept this technique, as no well cleanout or paraffin cutting is needed before logging.It is applied to several oil fields, and the logs provide good bases for stabilizing oil production and controlling water production.Key Words:oil saturation;carbon/oxygen;dual spacing;logging tool;interpretation

（2）原摘要

测井数据打印集成化技术（新投稿）

（作者、单位略）

摘要：本文论述了测井成果图中图头、刻度、曲线数据的集成化打印方法。指出设置绘图仪为自定义方式是解决问题的根本所在。在此基础上，讨论了三种集成打印实现的方法，并加以比较。最终指出灵活应用三种方法的组合可以使集成打印功能更加强大。

关键字：测井，集成化打印，自定义方式

中图文分类号：

Plotting integration technique on well logging datas

(作者、单位略)

Abstract: The thesis demonstrates plotting integration method on well logging datas: Head、Calibrator、Curve.Point out that the key is to set plot into self-definef type.Based that, discuss three method to implement plotting integration and compared each other.At last note that the combination of three method can make great function for plotting integration.Key words: well logging, plotting integration, self-defined type

（3）编辑加工后的摘要

文章编号：1004-1338（202_）02-0000-00

测井数据打印集成化技术

（作者、单位略）

摘要：论述了测井成果图中图头、刻度、曲线数据的集成化打印方法。指出设置绘图仪为自定义方式是解决问题的根本所在。在此基础上，讨论了平板方法、按需方法及多作业输出方法集成打印的实现。平板方法、按需打印方法只有一个打印作业，且打印时页大小是固定的，而多作业输出方法可根据内容划分为多个打印作业，且每个打印作业的页大小不一定是相同的，是可变的。灵活应用3种方法的组合可以使集成打印功能更加强大。

关键词：测井； 集成化打印； 自定义方式

中图分类号：TE19文献标识码：A

A Plotting Integration Technique on Well Logging Data

(作者、单位略)

Abstract: Demonstrates an integration plotting method for plot head, calibration and curves in log data diagram.Points out that the key is to set the plotter into self-defined type.Based on that, discusses three method to implement plotting integration jobs such as the plate-plotting, the only-required content plotting and multi-plotting method.The first two have only one printing job, and each printing page size is fixed.The multi-plotting method can be parted into multi jobs by printing content, every page size of printing job is different.An effective combination of the three methods can make function of plotting integration more powerful.Key words: well logging;plotting integration;self-defined type

2． How to write an abstract(如何撰写摘要)

要写好摘要，应做到6C。6C是一篇优秀摘要的基本衡量标准。优秀论文摘要的质量取决于科研水平与写作技巧。

2.1Creativity 创新

创新永远是科研水准及其论文学术性、技术性、权威性之所在，也就是它的影响因子值是多少，如文章的被引用频度、在学术界的启发性、记忆性及适用性等。

文章编号：1004-1338（202_）02-0000-00

远探测反射波声波测井方法实验研究进展

楚泽涵1，徐凌堂2，尹庆文3，柴细元3，赵旭东3，汪宏波3

（1.中国石油大学，北京 昌平102200；2.辽河油田纵横公司，辽宁 盘锦 124011；3.大港油田集团测井公司，天津 300280）摘要：在井下发射低频声波信号，按地震勘探工作方式接收反射波已经从理论和实际测井资料解释中得到确认。本文通过实验室考察证明，用大幅度（4000v）的窄脉冲激发声学探头，可以得到频率接近10KHz的、可用于远探测反射波声波测井的低频声波信号。为接收低频反射波信号，应该选择谐振频率较低的接收探头。在模拟井中按上述思路组装的声系可以测量记录到距离井壁约7~10m处声学界面的反射波信号。本文的实验结果，可作为远探测反射波声波测井声系设计的依据。

关键词：声波测井；远探测；反射波；方法研究；实验研究

中图分类号：P631.11;P315.3文献标识码：A

Progress of Lab Study on Remote Exploration Acoustic Reflection Logging Methods

CHU Ze-han1, XU Ling-tang2, YIN Qing-wen3, CAI Xi-yuan3, ZHAO Xu-dong3, WANG Hong-bo3

(1.China University of Petroleum, Changping, Beijing 102200,China;2.Zongheng Company, Liaohe Oilfield, Panjin, Liaoning 124011,China;3.Well Logging

Company, Dagang Oilfield Group Corporation, Tianjin 300280,China)

Abstract: It has been confirmed in theoretical study and practical well logging data interpretation that reflection wave can be obtained by using seismic exploration working pattern and emitting low frequency acoustic signal in borehole.In this article, it is proved by experiments that, low frequency acoustic signal whose frequency is about 10KHz can be obtained by using huge amplitude(4000V)narrow pulse to stimulate the transmitter and this kind of signal can be used in remote exploration acoustic reflection well logging.To receive such low frequency signals, receivers of low resonance frequency should be chosen.In simulation wells, acoustic sonde designed under this idea could detect and record reflection signal from interface 7~10m away from borehole surface.The experimental results of this article could be the basis for designing of the remote exploration acoustic reflection well logging sonde.Key words: acoustic well logging;remote exploration;reflection wave;method study;experimental

investigation

2.2Concreteness 具体

摘要的具体内容大体包括以下几个方面。

(1)What（什么）——测井、钻井、随钻测井、试井、采油、射孔等？

(2)Which（具体哪一类）——在上述What大系之中，具体指哪个细节，概述、综述与评论、实验研究、方法探讨、测井解释、测井应用、仪器更新等？

(3)Where(何地)——室内实验、理论推导、现场应用、国内国外等？

(4)When（何时）——过去完成、现在进行、将来完成？

(5)Who（谁）——前人研究结果、引用他人观点、自己动手做？

(6)How（如何做、做得怎样）——成果辉煌、观点正确、成熟与否、价值几何、数据确切？

2.3Concision 简洁

一般摘要字数是200～300字，稍长论文的摘要字数250～400字左右。摘要虽短，但内容丰满，每个字都有其价值。用字要朴实得体，千万不要借题发挥。

2.4Completeness 完整

完整就是要全面反映论文的主要内容。祥见前面几个例子。

2.5Comparison 比较

有比较才能辨别。与他人同类研究相比，自己的技术成果有何优势，能解决科研、生产、应用、教学中的什么难题？国内领先还是世界领先？

2.6Conclusion 结论

结论是在完成上述几项之后得出的，如认识、建议、今后的攻关方向等。

3． Translation of the abstract(摘要的翻译)

翻译不是翻版；英汉对照是为了学术交流，对照不是对等；因为翻译是一种再创造的过程，需要具备良好的专业知识、英文水平和中文基础。

翻译的基本技巧：①词类转换；②意译为主；③短句优先；少用复杂句；④用介词短语替代句子；⑤分译/拆译与合译。