第一篇：高一英语必修一期末知识点总结

高一英语必修一期末知识点总结

☆重点句型☆

1.What should a friend be like? 询问对方的看法 2.I think he / she should be„表示个人观点的词语

3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的词语

4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when"作并列连词的用法

5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 强调句的 特殊疑问句结构

6.With so many people communicating in English everyday,...“with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语

7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法 ☆重点词汇☆

1.especially v.特别地 2.imagine v.想像

3.alone adv./ adj.单独，孤独的 4.interest n.兴趣

5.everyday adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted adj.抛弃的 7.hunt v.搜寻 8.share v.分享

9.care v.在乎，关心 10.total n.总数

11.majority n.大多数

12.survive v.生存，活下来 13.adventure n.冒险 14.scared adj.吓坏的 15.admit v.承认

16.while conj.但是，而 17.boring adj.令人厌烦的 18.except prep.除„„之外 19.quality n.质量

20.favourite adj.最喜爱的 ☆重点短语☆ 1.be fond of爱好

2.treat„as„把„„看作为„„ 3.make friends with 与„„交朋友

4.argue with sb.about / over sth.与某人争论某事5.hunt for寻找 6.in order to为了

7.share„with与„„分享 8.bring in引进;赚钱

9.a great / good many许多„

第二篇：高一地理必修一期末知识点总结汇总

1.1地球的宇宙环境

1．宇宙是时间和空间的统一体，上下四方曰“宇”古往今来曰“宙”。宇宙是运动、发展和变化的物质世界。

2．天体：宇宙间物质存在形式的统称。包括星云、恒星、行星、卫星、彗星、流星体、星际物质等，其中最基本的天体是恒星和星云。彗星、流星体、太空中遨游的“神州七号”飞船、航天飞机是天体，而飞机、陨星（陨石和陨铁）、以及发射前的“神州七号”飞船不是天体。距离地球最近的恒星是太阳，距离地球最近的卫星（自然天体）是月球，这两种天体也是对地球影响最大的天体。距离地球最近的行星是金星。

3．天体系统：天体因相互吸引、相互绕转构成的系统。4．天体系统的层次：

5．太阳系：中心天体是太阳，八大行星按照距离太阳由近及远依次为水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星。小行星带位于火星与木星轨道之间。彗星的轨道扁长。

6．八大行星运动的共同特征有共面性、同向性和近圆性。类地行星有水星、金星、地球、火星；巨行星包括木星和土星；远日行星有天王星、海王星。7．日地平均距离为1．５亿千米（叫1个天文单位）。

8.太阳：是一颗炽热的气体球，太阳大气从里向外依次为光球层、色球层和日冕层。其中肉眼可见的是光球层。

9.太阳辐射对地球的影响：太阳直接为地表提供光能和热能，维持地表温度，为生物繁衍生长、大气和水体运动等提供能量。太阳能可再生、稳定、廉价、无污染。

10．太阳活动：光球层的太阳黑子（暗黑斑点——因为温度低于周围地区、周期11年，太阳活动的主要标志）；色球层的耀斑（与光球层的黑子具有相关性，周期也是11年，能量的强烈释放导致突然的增亮现象，也是太阳活动的主要标志）。

11．太阳活动的影响：⑴对无线电短波通信的影响：干扰电离层，导致无线电短波通信出现暂时中断；⑵磁暴现象：干扰地球磁场，使指南针摇摆不定；⑶对气候的影响：太阳黑子相对数与降水量的多少具有相关性，有的地方是正相关，有的地方是负相关，有的地方有时正相关、有时负相关。12．地球在太阳系中的地位——地球既是一颗普通的行星，又是一颗特殊的行星。其普通性主要是指：从运动特征来看，它与其它7大行星具有三个共性特征；从结构特征来看，它与类地行星有许多共同之处。其特殊性主要是指地球上有生命存在。

1.2地球自转的地理意义

13、经线的特点：半圆；长度都相等；所有经线都相交于两极；指示南北方

向。

14、纬线的特点：圆圈；长度从赤道向两极递减；所有纬线都平行；指示东西方向。

15、经度：国际上规定，通过英国伦敦格林尼治天文台旧址的经线为0°经线（又叫本初子午线）；从0°经线向东的180°为东经（E），自西向东度数由小变大；向西的180°为西经（W），自西向东度数由大变小。

16、纬度：赤道是最大的纬线圈，为0°纬线，从赤道向北的90°为北纬（N），自南向北度数由小变大；向南的90°为南纬（S），自北向南度数由小变大。

17、南北半球的划分：赤道以北为北半球，赤道以南为南半球。

18、东西半球的划分：以20°W和160°E的经线圈划分东半球和西半球，20°W以东、160°E以西以东经度为主，为东半球；160°E以东、20°W以西以西经度为主，为西半球。

19、高、中、低纬度的划分：0°～30°为低纬度，30°～60°为中纬度，60°～90°为高纬度。

20．地球的自转：周期（1个恒星日，为23时56分4秒），方向为自西向东（从北极上空看逆时针，从南极上空看是顺时针），角速度和线速度的变化规律：角速度除了两个极点为0以外，其余各地相等，为15°/h；线速度是赤道最大，自赤道向两极递减，两极点为0（纬度60°为赤道的一半）。同纬度地区，海拔越高，线速度越大。

21．地球自转的地理意义：产生昼夜交替、产生时差和使地表水平运动物体方向发生偏转。

22．昼夜的形成原因：地球是一个不发光不透明的球体，任何时刻，太阳只能照亮地球的一半。

23、昼夜交替的原因：地球的自转。昼夜交替的周期为1个太阳日，时间为24小时。

24．晨昏线：晨昏线是指昼半球与夜半球的分界线，晨昏线总是平分地球并垂直于太阳光。晨昏线分为晨线和昏线，判断方法：按照地球自转的方向，由夜半球到昼半球的线为晨线，由昼半球到夜半球的线为昏线。

25、晨昏线上的信息：①根据晨线和昏线的判断方法，可知晨线、昏线与地球自转方向、昼半球和夜半球、南北极。②晨线与昏线（晨昏线）只有在春分或秋分日与经线（经线圈）重合（即经过极点），但晨昏圈总是平分赤道。③晨线上各地正在日出，昏线上各地正在日落，晨线与赤道的交点（及其所在的经线）的地方时是6：00，昏线与赤道的交点（及其在的经线）的地方时是18：00。④晨昏线上各点的太阳高度都是0°。⑤晨昏线如果与极圈相切，说明极昼或极夜的范围达到最大，也即是夏至或冬至。⑥根据晨昏线判断太阳直射点的纬度：太阳直射点的纬度＝90°－与晨昏线相切的纬度。26．地方时：因经度不同而不同的时刻，较东的地方时刻较早。经度相同地方时相同，经度每差15°地方时相差1小时，经度每差1°地方时相差4分钟。

27地方时的计算：所求地方时＝已知地方时±两地经度差×4分钟（东加西减）。

28．区时：一般采取中央经线的地方时为该时区的区时，如：北京时间不是北京的地方时，而是东八区的区时，即东经120°的地方时。相邻两个时区的区时相差1小时。

29．地表水平运动物体的偏向：赤道上不偏转，北半球向右偏，南半球向左偏（面向运动方向）。

1.3地球公转的地理意义

30.地球的公转：周期为恒星年（365日6时9分10秒）；方向自西向东；轨道为黄道（太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上；地球1月初在近日点，公转速度最快；7月初在远日点，公转速度最慢）；黄赤交角是地球公转轨道面与赤道面的夹角，目前为23°26′。

31．太阳直射点的移动规律：太阳直射点的回归运动周期是365日5时48分46秒，叫做1回归年。移动规律如图所示

31．正午太阳高度变化规律：同一时刻，自太阳直射点所在纬度向南北两侧递减。同一地点①夏至日时，北回归线及其以北地区正午太阳高度达到一年中的最大值；南半球的各地达到一年中的最小值。②冬至日时，南回归线及其以南地区正午太阳高度达到一年中的最大值；

北半球的各地达到一年中的最小值。③春分日和秋分日时，除赤道上正午太阳高度达到一年中最大值，其他地区正午太阳高度介于最大值和最小值之间。32．昼夜长短：有极昼、昼长夜短、昼夜平分、昼短夜长、极夜等5种情况。同一地点昼夜长短随着太阳直射点位置移动而变化的，只有赤道上昼夜终年等长，其他地点只有在春分日或秋分日昼夜等长。根据昼长可以计算出日出和日落时刻：日出时刻=12：00－昼长×1/2，日落时刻=12：00＋昼长×1/2。同一纬线上各点当日的昼长是相等的。南北半球纬度相同的两条纬线，昼夜长短是相反的关系，即北半球的昼长＝南半球的夜长。

33．昼夜长短的变化规律：北半球在夏半年（春分日至秋分日，即太阳直射北半球）昼长夜短，且纬度越高，昼越长，北极附近出现极昼。夏至日北半球各地昼长达一年中最大值，极昼范围也达最大（整个北极圈以内）。北半球在冬半年（秋分日至次年春分日，太阳直南半球）昼短夜长，且纬度越高，昼越短，北极附近出现极夜。冬至日北半球各地夜长达一年中最大值，极夜范围也达最大（整个北极圈以内）。南半球与北半球相反。34．四季的更替：气候上，夏季是一年中最热的季节，冬季是一年中最冷的季节，春、秋二季温暖宜人。天文上：夏季是一年中白昼最长、太阳最高的季节，冬季是一年中白昼最短、太阳最低的季节，春、秋二季介于冬夏之间。

单元活动辨别地理方向

35．地图上辨别方向：①一般地图上北下南，左西右东；②有指向标的地图，指向标的箭头指示北；③有经纬网的地图，经线指示南北方向，纬线指示东西方向。

36．使用罗盘的步骤：照准——保持仪器水平——读数，如果记作NW则表示西北方向、NE则表示东北方向、SE则表示东南方向、SW则表示西南方向。

37．利用手表定方向：在北半球，把手表平置，时针指向太阳，时针与12点刻度线之间所成较小夹角的角平分线方向为南方（要注意时针应是指的当地的地方时时间）。

38．利用北极星定方向：北极星位于正北方。北极星属于小熊座，可以利用大熊座（北斗七星——勺子形）或者仙后座（W形）来找出北极星。

2．1 岩石圈与地表形态

39．地球的圈层结构：自外向里依次为：外部圈层（大气圈、生物圈、水圈）和内部圈层（地壳、地幔、地核）。人类生存的地理环境包括大气圈、生物圈、水圈和岩石圈。

40．地壳：是地球表面莫霍面（平均深度17Km）以上、由岩石组成的坚硬外壳，厚度不均（大陆地壳比大洋地壳厚，高山地区比平原地壳厚）。

41.地幔：介于莫霍面和古登堡面（地下2900Km）之间，其上部有一个由塑性物质组成的软流层，一般认为是岩浆的发源地。

42.地核：位于古登堡面一下的地球内部，温度很高，压力和密度很大。43．岩石圈：是地球表面由岩石组成的圈层，包括地壳的全部和软流层以上的上地幔顶部（不含软流层）。岩石圈中的岩石有三类：岩浆岩（又叫火成岩）、沉积岩和变质岩。

44.岩浆岩：岩浆上升或喷出地表冷凝形成的岩石，包括侵入岩（花岗岩）和喷出岩（玄武岩）。

45．沉积岩：岩石经过外力风化、侵蚀、搬运、堆积和固结成岩作用形成。如石灰岩。沉积岩中含有化石（包括生物的遗体和遗迹），被称为记录地球历史的“文字”。

46．变质岩：岩石在高温高压下发生变质作用形成。如：石灰岩→大理岩。47．地壳内部物质循环：从岩浆到各类岩石，再从各类岩石到新的岩浆的物质循环过程。如右图。根据右图判断各类岩石和岩浆的方法是：先判断岩浆 岩，即来向只有一个箭头的是岩浆岩，因为岩浆岩只能由岩浆冷凝而成；而沉积岩可以由岩浆岩和变质岩转化而来，变质岩可以由岩浆岩和沉积岩转化而来，岩浆可以由岩浆岩、变质岩、沉积岩转化而来。

48．内力作用：能量来自地球内部。主要表现为地壳运动、岩浆活动、变质作用和地震。内力作用使地表变得高低起伏。

49、外力作用：能量来自地球外部，主要是太阳辐射能和重力能。主要作用要素有温度、流水、风化、海浪、冰川等，主要表现为风化作用、侵蚀作用、搬运作用、堆积作用、固结成岩作用。外力作用削高填低，使得地表趋于平坦。

50．地质构造：地壳运动引起岩层的变形和变位。主要有褶皱和断层。51.褶皱：是因为岩层受到水平挤压力而形成一系列弯曲变形，分为背斜和向斜。背斜的岩层向上拱起、向斜的岩层向下弯曲；前期背斜形成山岭、向斜形成谷地；后期，在外力作用下，背斜顶部因受张力，裂隙发育，易被侵蚀反而形成谷地；向斜槽部因受挤压，岩层紧实，不易被侵蚀反而形成山岭。52.断层：岩层受到压力或者张力作用，使岩层发生断裂，出现断裂面，并且在断裂面两侧的岩层有错动和位移。岩层下降会形成谷地（如我国的渭河平原和汾河谷地），岩层上升则会形成断块山，通常伴有陡崖（如我国的华山、庐山和泰山）。

53．研究地质构造对找矿、找水和大型工程建设的指导意义：石油和天然气多储存于背斜构造中，地下水往往储藏在向斜盆地中，隧道、水库、铁路等工程建设应尽量避开断层，隧道还要避免建在向斜内部，应选在背斜构造中部。

54．重要外力作用：流水侵蚀作用常常形成沟谷（v型）、瀑布和峡谷；流水堆积作用常常在山前形成冲积扇或洪积扇、在河流中下游形成冲积平原、在河口形成三角洲（一般在河流的上中游主要表现为侵蚀和搬运，在下游表现为堆积）。风力侵蚀作用形成风蚀蘑菇和风蚀洼地；风力堆积作用形成沙丘和沙垅（风力作用一般在干旱半干旱地区表现显著）。冰川地貌常有冰川谷（U型谷）、刃脊、冰斗和角蜂（欧洲的地貌大多受到冰川的作用），海蚀地貌常有海蚀崖、海蚀穴、海蚀柱、海蚀平台和海蚀拱桥。（特别注意：黄土高原的形成是风力堆积作用，黄土高原的地表千沟万壑的形态是流水侵蚀作用）。人类活动对地表形态也很大影响。

2．2 大气圈与天气、气候

55．低层大气的组成：干洁空气（氮气、氧气、二氧化碳——吸收红外线、臭氧——吸收紫外线、氧原子――吸收紫外线）、水汽和固体杂质。

56、大气的垂直分层：根据大气在垂直方向上的温度、密度及运动状况自下而上分为对流层、平流层和高层大气。对流层集中了整个大气质量的3/4和几乎全部的水汽和固体杂质，与人类关系最为密切。特点：对流层温度随着高度的增加而降低（对流层依靠二氧化碳和水汽吸收地面长波辐射）、对流运动显著、天气现象复杂多变。平流层温度随着高度的增加而增加（臭氧吸收紫外线保护生物）、大气以水平运动为主、天气晴朗（适于飞机高空飞行）。高层大气空气密度很小，其中的电离层能反射无线电短波，对无线电短波通信有主要意义。

57．太阳辐射：太阳辐射是地球上最主要的能量源泉，是地面的直接热源。包括紫外线（波长小于0.4um）、可见光（波长0.4—0.76um）和红外线（波长大于0.76um），能量主要集中在可见光部分，属于短波辐射。

58．大气的受热过程：太阳辐射到达地球大气层后，高层大气中的氧原子和平流层中的臭氧吸收紫外线，对流层中的二氧化碳和水汽吸收红外线，对能量集中的可见光吸收很少；地面吸收太阳辐射后增温，通过地面辐射（红外线）向外放射能量，绝大部分被大气吸收。因而，地面是对流层大气的直接热源。

59．大气逆辐射：大气受热后以大气辐射（红外线）的形式向四面八方释放能量，射向地面的大气辐射与地面辐射方向相反，称为大气逆辐射。

60.大气对地面的保温作用：两个条件缺一不可，一是二氧化碳强烈吸收地面长波辐射，储存能量；二是大气逆辐射将能量传给地面，对地面辐射损失的热量起到补偿作用。

61．温室效应原理：太阳辐射是短波辐射，可以绝大部分透过玻璃或塑料薄膜到达温室地面，使温室地面增温，而温室地面产生的长波辐射很少能透过玻璃或塑料薄膜，使大部分的热量保留在温室内。62．大气的运动：分为上升和下沉的垂直运动（对流运动）和水平运动（风）。63．气压：单位面积空气柱的质量。同一地方，海拔越高气压越低。近地面，气温越高气压越低、气温越低气压越高（冷高压、热低压），高空相反。64.等压线和等压面：气压相同各点的连线叫等压线。气压相同各点连成的面叫等压面。在气温相同的情况下，等压面与地面平行。

65．热力环流：大气运动最简单、最基本的形式。地面受热，气流上升，近地面气压降低，高空气压升高；地面受冷，气流下沉，近地面气压升高，高空气压降低。在同一水平面上了气压差异，引起大气从高压向低压的水平运动，从而形成热力环流。

66．常见局部地区的热力环流：①城市热岛效应：城区人口集中、工厂林立、车流密集，气温高，气流上升，近地面气压降低；郊区气温低，气流下沉，近地面气压升高；近地面吹郊区风。②海陆风：海水的热容量大、升温降温慢，陆地的热容量小、升温降温快。白天，陆地气温高，气流上升，气压降低；海洋气温低，气流下沉，气压升高；近地面吹海风。夜间，陆地气温低，气流下沉，气压升高；海洋气温高，气流上升，气压降低；近地面吹陆风。湖岸风（河岸风）与之相似，白天吹湖风（河风），夜间吹岸风。

67．水平气压梯度力：水平面上单位距离间的气压差叫水平气压梯度力，等压线越密集，水平气压梯度力越大，风速越大。是形成风的直接原因（原动力）。方向是垂直于等压线从高压指向低压。

68．地转偏向力：地球自转引起地表水平运动偏向的力。方向始终垂直于风向，南左北右（赤道不偏）。

69．摩擦力：风与地面摩擦产生的反作用力。方向与风向相反。

70、风向：高空，风向在水平气压梯度力和地转偏向力的作用下，平行于等压线。近地面，风向受到水平气压梯度力、地转偏向力和摩擦力三个力的共同作用，风向与等压线斜交。风向判断：面向水平气压梯度力方向，北半球向右偏、南半球向左偏，高空偏90°，近地面偏40°-50°

71．三圈环流与气压带、风带：赤道地区受热多，气流上升，近地面形成赤道低气压带；极地地区受冷，气流下沉，近地面形成极地高气压带； 高空气流由赤道上空流向两极，在地转偏向力的作用下，在纬度30°上空偏转成与等压线（纬线）平行，不断堆积，产生下沉气流，在纬度30°附近的近地 面形成了副热带高气压带，近地面的气流从副热带 高气压带向赤道和极地流动，流向赤道的气流补偿 赤道上升气流形成低纬环流。流向极地的气流在纬度60°附近与从极地流过来的较冷气流相遇抬升，在近地面形成了相对的低气压带，即副极地低气 压带，在纬度60°附近的高空，气压相对较高，气流流向极地和30°上空，形成高纬环流和中纬环流，这样在南北半球各形成了三个环流圈，即低纬环流、中纬环流和高纬环流。在近地面各形成四个气压带和三个风带。如右图。

72．气压带和风带的季节移动：气压带和风带随着太阳直射点的移动而移动，北半球夏季北移、冬季南移。但气压带和风带的移动幅度没有太阳直射点移动幅度大。

73．海陆分布对气压带、风带的影响：北半球的海陆对比显著，1月，亚洲高压（蒙古高压）切断了副极地低气压带，使副极地低气压带仅存在于大洋中（北太平洋中的阿留申低压）；

7月，亚洲低压（印度低压）切断了副热带高压带，使副热带高压带仅存在于大洋中（太平洋中的夏威夷高压）。南半球海洋占绝对优势，气压带基本保持带状分布。

74．季风：在海陆热力性质差异和气压带、风带的季节移动的共同作用下冬夏风向相反。

75．气团的分类：按照气团温度与到达地区的温度对比分冷气团和暖气团。冷气团性质是冷干，通常从高纬地区吹向低纬地区；暖气团性质是暖湿，通常是从低纬地区吹向高纬地区。

76．锋面系统：锋面是冷暖气团交界的面，有冷锋、暖锋、准静止锋。77．气旋与反气旋：

78．锋面气旋：锋面与气旋一般联系在一起形成锋面气旋。锋面出现在气旋的低压槽线上。

2．3 水圈和水循环

79．水圈的组成：地球表面大约71%被水覆盖，有“水的行星”之称；水圈的主体是海洋水（占）。淡水仅占2.526%，其中冰川占68.72%，人类可以直接利用的淡水资源主要是指河流水、淡水湖泊水和浅层地下淡水，比重很小。80．水循环的概念：自然界的水在地球表层通过各个环节连续运动的过程。按发生的领域分为海陆间循环、海上内循环和陆上内循环。81.水循环的环节：蒸发（含植物蒸腾）、水汽输送、降水、径流（含地表径流、下渗、地下径流）。只有海陆间循环环节齐全。

82、水循环的意义：联系大气圈、生物圈、水圈和岩石圈四大圈层；对全球的热量传输起着重要的调节作用；促进地球上各种水体的更新（特别是海陆间循环使陆地上的淡水资源得以再生），维持了全球水的动态平衡；流水侵蚀作用塑造了地表的形态，使岩石圈的化学物质发生迁移。

83．河流的补给方式：以雨水补给为主的河流，径流量随降水量的变化而变化；以冰雪融水补给为主的河流，径流量随气温的变化而变化；河流中下游的湖泊对河流径流有调节作用。

84.洋流的概念：海洋水沿相对稳定的方向作大规模运动的现象。潮汐、海浪不是洋流。

85.洋流的类型：根据洋流的水温与流经海区水温的对比把洋流分为暖流和寒流。暖流一般从低纬度流向高纬度，寒流通常从高纬度流向低纬度。根据成因把洋流分为风海流、密度流和补偿流（水平补偿流和垂直补偿流，其中垂直补偿流又可以分为上升流和下降流）。

86．洋流的分布规律：中低纬度海区形成以副热带为中心的大洋环流（北半球顺时针、南半球逆时针）；北半球中高纬度海区形成以副极地为中心的大洋环流（逆时针）；南纬400附近海域形成环球性西风漂流。

87．洋流的地理意义：对气候的影响——暖流起到增温增湿，寒流起到降温减湿的作用（实例：北大西洋暖流使西欧温带海洋性气候最为典型、俄罗斯北冰洋沿岸的摩尔曼斯克海港终年不冻；秘鲁寒流使秘鲁沿岸荒漠带直逼海岸并向赤道延伸）。对海洋生物的影响——寒暖流交汇的海域形成著名渔场（北海渔场，北海道渔场，纽芬兰渔场），上升流海域也形成著名渔场（秘鲁渔场）。对海洋污染的影响——加快了污染海域的净化，扩大了污染范围。对海洋运输的影响——顺流快，逆流慢。

单元活动：分析判断气候类型

88．分析气候类型成因的方法：对比不同纬度的不同气候类型，差异主要是气温，得出太阳辐射是形成气候的基本因素；对比同一纬度的不同气候类型，差异主要是降水量和季节分配，得出气压带和风带的分布及其季节移动是形成气候的重要因素；对比同一纬度、同一气压带和风带的不同地区，气温和降水都有差异，得出下垫面状况也是影响气候的重要因素。89.气压带、风带的分布及其季节移动对气候的影响：（1）单一气压带或风带控制下的气候类型

（2）在两种气压带或风带交替控制下的气候类型 90．根据气候资料判断气候类型：（1）根据气温判断气候带：最冷月平均气温＞15℃为热带、>0℃为亚热带（含温带海洋性气候）、<0℃且最热月平均气温>15℃为温带。（2）根据降水量的季节分配判断雨型：年雨型――热带雨林气候、温带海洋性气候，冬雨型――地中海气候，夏雨型――热带季风气候、热带草原气候、亚热带季风气候、温带季风气候，少雨型――热带沙漠气候、温带大陆性气候、极地气候。（3）综合考虑气温和降水→气候类型。

3．1 地理环境的差异性

91．自然带：是地理环境各要素及其组合的差异形成的呈带状分布的景观。纬度位置、海陆位置、海拔位置不同→水热状况及其组合不同→植被和土壤不同→景观不同。其中，自然植被能较明显地体现自然环境特征，因而用植被类型命名自然带。

92.气候类型与自然带的对应关系： 93．地理环境的地域分异规律：

94、影响山地垂直自然带带谱的主要因素：山体的纬度位置—垂直地域分异与从赤道到两极的地域分异非常相似，纬度越低，自然带越多。山体的相对高度—相对高度越大，自然带越多。山体的海拔高度—海拔高度应足够高才会导致水热差异足够大，从而形成地域分异。

3．2 地理环境的整体性

95．地理环境的组成要素：地貌、气候、水文、生物、土壤。各个要素相互联系、相互影响形成一个有机整体。

96．厄尔尼诺现象是指圣诞节前后发生于秘鲁太平洋沿岸海水异常增温的现象。在厄尔尼诺年，来自赤道附近海区的暖水大量向南入侵，抑制了上升流，导致表层海水温度升高，造成海洋表层营养物质减少，致使浮游生物和鱼类大量死亡，进而造成海鸟饥饿致死。同时，沿岸荒漠洪水泛滥，全球各地气候异常。97．地理环境整体性的表现：①地理环境各要素与环境总体特征的协调一致；

②“牵一发而动全身”，即某一个要素发生改变，将会导致其它要素的改变；

③全球地理环境也是一个整体，某一区域的环境发生改变，也会影响到其它区域的环境。

98．地球圈层间的能量交换（以海洋水与大气之间为例）：①海洋水与大气之间在一刻不停地进行热能和动能的交换，海洋水把热能输送给大气引起大气运动，大气运动带动海洋水运动；②大气和海洋水之间还存在着势能的传输与交换，在高压控制下海平面降低、在低压控制下海平面升高

99．地球圈层间的物质运动：如光合作用与呼吸作用在水圈、岩石圈和大气圈间的碳循环、氧循环和水循环。

100.生物在地理环境形成和演变过程中的作用：光合作用和呼吸作用（生物循环）促使物质和能量在大气圈、岩石圈、水圈和生物圈四大圈层间迁移和流动，联系无机界和有机界。改变地球原始大气的成分：CO2、CH4、H2、NH3、H2O→N2、O2。改变陆地水的化学成分，绿色植物参与水循环，改善陆地的水分状况。参与沉积岩的形成，加快了岩石的风化，促成了土壤的形成。

3．3 圈层相互作用案例分析——剖析桂林“山水”的成因

101．喀斯特作用的实质：含有二氧化碳的水对可溶性岩石的溶蚀和淀积作用，即 溶蚀作用：CaCO3+CO2+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2 淀积作用：Ca(HCO3)2= CaCO3↓+CO2↑+H2O

102．喀斯特地貌的类型：分为地面喀斯特地貌和地下喀斯特地貌。地面喀斯特地貌主要有峰林、峰丛、孤峰，以及溶蚀洼地和落水洞（主要是化学溶蚀作用形成）；地下喀斯特地貌主要有地下河和溶洞（溶蚀），溶洞内有石钟乳、石笋和石柱（淀积作用）。

103．桂林“山水”的原因：

单元活动3 学会应用地形图

104．等高线：海拔相同各点的连线。同一条等高线上各点海拔相同。不同的等高线不能相交，在陡崖处可以重合。105．等高线地形图：同一等高线地形图上，相邻两条等高线之间的海拔差（等高距）相等。等高线密集――坡度陡，稀疏――坡度缓。一组等高线弯曲突出表示山脊或山谷。

106．地形剖面图：直观显示地貌的起伏情况。横轴为地面上的点，比例尺一般与等高线地形图一致；纵轴为海拔，要根据高差选择适当的垂直比例尺。107．地形剖面图的绘制步骤：①绘剖面图的水平基线，一般将等高线图上的剖面线平移。②确定适当的垂直比例尺，画出纵坐标，规定剖面基线所代表的高程。③从等高线图上的剖面线与等高线相交的点分别向水平基线作垂线，根据各点对应的高度对照剖面图的纵坐标，标出各点的高程。④将这些点用平滑的曲线连接起来。

108.地表形态对聚落分布的影响：山区的聚落规模小、密度小，多呈条带状散布在河谷、山前冲积扇；平原地区聚落规模大、密度大，在河流较密的地区沿河分布，在河流较少的地区多呈团块状。

109.地表形态对交通线路分布的影响：山区地表起伏大，铁路、公路等多选建在地势相对和缓的山间盆地或河谷地带，且要迂回前进，弯曲度较平原地区大。山区交通线路的密度较平原地区小。

4．1 自然资源与人类

110．自然资源的概念：人类可以直接从自然界获得，并用于生产和生活的物质与能量。它具备两个属性，即自然性（直接从自然界中获得）和经济性（在现有技术条件下对人类生产和生活有用）。常见种类有：矿产资源、土地资源、水资源、生物资源和气候资源。

111．自然资源的性质分类：不可再生资源和可再生资源。矿产资源属于不可再生资源，不可再生性是指其形成需要漫长的地质时期，相对于人类的历史来说是不可更新的，也即人类对它的消耗速度远远大于其更新速度。土地资源、水资源、生物资源、气候资源均是可再生资源，它们或可再生、或可更新、或可循环。112．自然资源的共性特征：①分布的不平衡性：自然资源的分布存在着时间和空间上的不平衡性，也存在着数量和质量的不平衡性。通常可再生资源受水热影响明显；而不可再生资源受地质作用的制约，例如金、银、铜、铁等内生矿多分布于岩浆岩地区，煤、石油等外生矿多分布于沉积岩地区。②资源间的联系性：各种可再生资源之间往往是相互联系的。因此我们在资源开发利用中要注意资源的保护和综合开发利用。③数量的有限性：在一定时间和一定地区内，资源的数量总是有限的，即使是可再生资源因为它们的再生、更新或循环是需要一定的周期，所以数量在一定时间和地区内也是有限的。不能认为可再生资源就取之不竭、用之不尽，在开发利用中要合理规划、适度开发和循环利用。④利用的发展性：随着科技进步和社会发展，人类对资源的利用范围和途径将进一步拓展、对资源的利用率也不断提高。因此，在对资源的开发利用中，对那些还没有完全清楚其用途和开发利用途径的不可再生资源，最好不要开发，以免造成浪费或为今后开发利用带来困难。

113．不同生产力条件下自然资源的开发利用

114．实现自然资源可持续利用的途径：适度开发—对资源的开发利用不能超过资源的再生能力；利益兼顾—兼顾眼前利益与长远利益、局部利益与整体利益；保护环境—实现科学利用和保护的统一；公众参与—充分调动广大公众的积极性主动性。

4．2 自然灾害与人类

115．自然灾害的概念：在自然界发生的，对人类生命和财产造成危害的事件。包括气象灾害--台风、寒潮、洪水、干旱等，地质灾害--地震、火山、泥石流、滑坡等。自然灾害必须同时具备两个属性：自然性（自然界的事件）和灾害性（对人类构成危害）。

116．洪水：河流水位超过河滩地面出现的溢流现象。原因有：①径流量陡增，如强降水、大量冰雪快速融化；②河道堵塞，如冰凌、滑坡、泥石流；③堤坝溃决，如自然或人为因素；④流域的汇水速度大于排水速度，流域汇水速度取决于地面坡度、土壤的含水率和植被的覆盖率；排水速度取决于河谷顺直程度、通畅程度和纵向坡度。人类的不合理活动会诱发或加剧洪水：植被破坏不仅加快了流域的汇水速度，而且还加剧了水土流失和河道的淤积，使河流水位升高、河床坡度减小，导致排水速度变慢。围湖造田使湖泊对洪水的调节作用减弱。占据河道的物体降低了河道排水的速度。分洪区的占用给分洪带来困难。

117.洪灾的形成：包括两个基本环节，即洪水的形成和对人类造成损害。如果洪水发生在无人区，不会给人类带来损害，就不会形成洪灾。洪水发生的区域，人口越密集，致灾的可能性越大；经济越发达，损失就可能越严重。118.洪水的危害：直接损害—冲毁房屋、道路和桥梁，淹没农田、村镇和工厂，造成人畜伤亡，甚至引起瘟疫和传染病等，间接损害—造成水、电力、交通、能源等供应中断及城乡商业活动停止和生活秩序紊乱等。

119．洪灾的防治措施：包括工程措施和非工程措施。工程措施主要包括：兴建水库，退耕还湖；修筑堤坝，防止洪水漫溢；疏浚河道，加快泄洪速度；开辟分洪区，开挖分洪道，降低洪水水位等。非工程措施主要包括：做好对洪水的监测和预报；增强防灾减灾的意识；严控乱砍滥伐，提高森林覆盖率，减少水土流失；建立统一的减灾防灾管理体制，将减灾防灾纳入国家和地方政府的发展计划；建立统一的抗洪抢险指挥管理系统，拟定居民的应急撤离计划，设置防洪保险基金和加强洪泛区土地管理；加强灾前水利建设投入与减灾科研投入等。

4．3 全球气候变化及其对人类的影响

120．全球气候变化：从地质时期的气候变化看，当前正处在温暖的间冰期；从人类历史时期的气候变化看，当前正处在温暖时期；从仪器观测时期的气候变化看，从20世纪70年代开始，气温又逐步回升，并呈现加速态势。121．全球气候变暖的原因：一方面，大量燃烧矿物燃料，排放温室气体（CO2和CH4），另一方面，乱砍滥伐导致森林面积锐减，吸收CO2的能力大减，使大气中CO2浓度逐年增加。121．全球气候变暖的影响：①导致生态系统的调整和某些脆弱性物种的灭绝。②导致海平面的上升，造成沿海低地被淹。③可能导致干旱、洪涝、暴雨等灾害性事件的增加。④对人类健康的威胁会增加。

122．缓解全球气候变暖的措施：①减少燃烧化石燃料，降低CO2的排放量；②大面积植树造林，降低CO2浓度；③开发新能源，改善能源结构；④发展技术，提高燃料的燃烧效率；⑤加强国际合作，全球共同行动。

单元活动4 遥感技术及其应用

123．地理信息技术：是对地理信息进行获取。分析和应用的一门综合性技术。其核心技术包括遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统。

124.遥感：在离地球较远的飞机、飞船、卫星上，使用光学仪器和电子仪器，接收地面物体发射或反射的电磁波信号，以图像胶片或数据磁带形式记录下来，传送到地面，通过分析，揭示出物体的特征。最重要的仪器设备是传感器，它接收并记录电磁波信号。

125．遥感的优点：探测范围大、获取资料快、受地面条件限制少、获取信息量多。

126．遥感影像的判读：直接解译标志--湖泊的边界圆滑，人工建筑工程的边界棱角明显；道路的宽度不变，河流的宽度从上游到下游逐渐变宽。间接解译标志—与湖泊相连的线状地物多为河流、河渠，与村庄相连的线状地物则多为道路。

人类历史时期的气候变化看，当前正处在温暖时期；从仪器观测时期的气候变化看，从20世纪70年代开始，气温又逐步回升，并呈现加速态势。121．全球气候变暖的原因：一方面，大量燃烧矿物燃料，排放温室气体（CO2和CH4），另一方面，乱砍滥伐导致森林面积锐减，吸收CO2的能力大减，使大气中CO2浓度逐年增加。

第三篇：高一必修一知识点总结

高一物理必修一知识点总结、高一物理必修知识点：第一章、定义：力是物体之间的相互作用。理解要点：(1)力具有物质性：力不能离开物体而存在。

高一物理必修一知识点总结：力是物体之间的相互作用

力是物体之间的相互作用。

理解要点：

(1)力具有物质性：力不能离开物体而存在。

说明：①对某一物体而言，可能有一个或多个施力物体。

②并非先有施力物体,后有受力物体

(2)力具有相互性：一个力总是关联着两个物体，施力物体同时也是受力物体，受力物体同时也是施力物体。

说明：①相互作用的物体可以直接接触，也可以不接触。

②力的大小用测力计测量。

(3)力具有矢量性：力不仅有大小，也有方向。

(4)力的作用效果：使物体的形状发生改变;使物体的运动状态发生变化。

(5)力的种类：

①根据力的性质命名：如重力、弹力、摩擦力、分子力、电磁力、核力等。

②根据效果命名：如压力、拉力、动力、阻力、向心力、回复力等。

说明：根据效果命名的，不同名称的力，性质可以相同;同一名称的力，性质可以不同。

第四篇：高一英语必修一知识点总结(家教)

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit1-2 ☆重点句型☆

1.What should a friend be like? 询问对方的看法 2.I think he / she should be„表示个人观点的词语

3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的词语 4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when“作并列连词的用法

5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 强调句的 特殊疑问句结构

6.With so many people communicating in English everyday，...“with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语

7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词

(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法 ☆重点词汇☆ 1.especially v.特别地 2.imagine v.想像

3.alone adv./ adj.单独，孤独的 4.interest n.兴趣

5.everyday adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted adj.抛弃的 7.hunt v.搜寻 8.share v.分享

9.care v.在乎，关心 10.total n.总数

11.majority n.大多数 12.survive v.生存，活下来 13.adventure n.冒险 14.scared adj.吓坏的 15.admit v.承认

16.while conj.但是，而 17.boring adj.令人厌烦的 18.except prep.除„„之外 19.quality n.质量

20.favourite adj.最喜爱的 ☆重点短语☆ 1.be fond of爱好

2.treat„as„把„„看作为„„

3.make friends with 与„„交朋友

4.argue with sb.about / over sth.与某人争论某事 5.hunt for寻找 6.in order to为了

7.share„with与„„分享 8.bring in引进；赚钱

9.a great / good many许多„ 10.have difficulty(in)doing做„„有困难 11.end up with以„„结束 12.except for除„„之外 13.come about发生 14.make(a)fire生火

15.make yourself at home别拘束 16.the majority of大多数 17.drop sb.a line给某人写短信 18.for the first time第一次 19.at all根本；竟然

20.have a(good)knowledge of„精通„„ ☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填人一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.be fond ____ 喜欢，爱好 of 2.hunt ____

搜索。追寻，寻找 for 3.in to ____ 为了 order

4.care ____ 担心，关心 about 5.such ____ 例如，诸如 as

6.drop sb a ____ 给某人写信(通常指写短信)line 7.make oneself at ____ 别客气 home 8.____ total 总共 in

9.except ____ 除了„„之外 for 10.stay ____

不睡，熬夜 up 11.____ about 发生 come 12.end ____ with 以„„告终 up 13.bring ____ 引进，引来 in

14.a great ____

许许多多，极多 many 15.be ____

对„„深感兴趣，深深迷上„„ into 16.____ the Internet 上网 surf 17.____ classes 逃学，逃课 skip 18.get ____

聚会，相聚，聚集 together 19.be proud ____

为„„感到骄傲 of 20.keep an ____ on

照看，注意 eye 21.be curious ____

对„„感到好奇 about 22.shut ____

(使)住口 up 23.joke ____

开玩笑 about 24.____ the name of 以„„名义 in 25.____ the time 总是，一直 all ☆交际用语☆ 1.I think…

I like / love / hate...I enjoy...My interests are...2.Did you have a good flight?

You must be very tired.Just make yourself at home.I beg your pardon?

Can you tell me how to pronounce...?

Get it.☆单词聚焦☆

1.argue v.的用法

▲构词：argument n.1.[C]争论 2.[U]讨论．辩论3.[C]论据 ▲搭配：

① argue with / against sb.over / on / about sth.与某人争论某事 ② argue for / against sth.辩论赞成／反对某事

③ argue that...主张，认为，争辩说

④ argue sb into / out of doing sth.说服某人做／不做某事

▲友情提示：“说服某人做／不做某事”还可表达为：talk / persuade / reason sb.into / out of doing sth.⑤ settle the argument 解决争端

▲友情提示：an argument with sb about / over sth.为某事和某人而发生的争执

【考例】What laughing ____ we had about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti(意大利式细面条)from plate to mouth.(2004全国卷I)

A.speeches

B.lessons C.sayings D.arguments [考查目标] argue名词形式的词义。

[答案与解析] D argument的词义是“争辩，辩论”。2.compare v.的用法

▲构词：comparison n.比较

▲搭配：① compare...to...比拟；比作② compare...with / to...将„„和„„相比较③ compare notes 对笔记；交换意见

【考例】 ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004湖北)

A.Compare

B.When comparing

C.Comparing

D.When compared [考查目标] compare的用法。

[答案与解析] D 本句compare用在句首作状语，并有“被比较”的意思。3.consider v.的用法

▲构词：consideration n.考虑，思考；体谅，顾及

▲搭配：① consider doing sth.考虑做某事② consider sb(to be / as)...认为／觉得某人„„③ consider that-clause 认为„„④ take sth into consideration 考虑⑤ under consideration 在考虑中

【考例】Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.(NMET 1993)

A.to invent

B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented [考查目标] consider的几种常见用法。

[答案与解析] C consider本身是被动语态时，后接不定式的各种结构。如果表示已经发生的事情．用不定式的完成形式。4.deserted adj.空无一人的；被遗弃的；被抛弃的

(1)空无一人的a deserted street / area空无一人的街道，地区；The office was quite deserted.办公室里空无一人。

(2)被遗弃的a deserted child 被遗弃的孩子(3)desert ['dezot] n.沙漠

desert [dI'zo:t] vt.丢弃；遗弃

He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.5.difficulty n.(1)difficulty(通常作复数)难事，难点，难题She met with many difficulties when travelling.(2)在以下句型中，difficulty是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。have(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.干某事有困难

there is(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.have(some)difficulty with sth.在某事上有困难

there is(some)difficulty with sth.do sth.with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事

We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.Do you have any difficulty with your English? 【注意】

(1)以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰

(2)以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。6.favourite = favorite(A.E)最喜爱的；最喜爱的人或事物

(1)adj.最喜爱的My favorite sport is playing football.(2)n.[C] 最喜爱的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.7.fun的用法

▲构词：funny adj.有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的

▲搭配：

① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；开某人的玩笑

②(just)for / in fun =(just)for the fun of it 取乐，非认真地，说／做着玩的 ③ be full of fun„„很好玩

④ have fun with sb.和某人开一个玩笑

⑤ have(some)fun 玩得(很)高兴，玩得(很)开心

⑥ It's(great)fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真开心 ⑦ What fun(it is)to do sth!干某事多么有趣呀!⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很开心

【考例】(200上海春招)This is not a match.We're play-ing chess just for ____.A.habit

B.hobby

C.fun

D.game [考查目标] fun构成的短语for fun的意思。

[答案与解析]C，for fun 常在句中用作状语，意思是“说／做着玩的”。8.imagine的用法

▲构词：① imagination n.[C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物② imaginative adj.富有想像力的

▲搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond(all)imagination(完全)出乎意料地 【考例】 I can hardly imagine Peter ___across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET 1991)

A.sail

B.to sail

C.sailing

D.to have sailed [考查目标] imagine的基本用法。

[答案与解析] C imagine后接动词的-ing形式，本句的Peter是这个动名词的逻辑主语。9.interest的用法

interest vt.使„„感兴趣 n.兴趣，爱好 [U] 利息；利润 He has a great interest in politics.他对政治极感兴趣。/ a broad interest 广泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 极强的兴趣

▲构词：① interesting 令人感兴趣的(事物)② interested(某人对某事)有兴趣的

▲搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，关心或参入某事；使某人对某事感兴趣② be interested in 对„„感兴趣(关心)③have an interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面有兴趣(关心)；在„„中有股份、权益等④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的兴趣⑤ in the interest(s)of 为„„利益；为„„起见；对„„有利⑥ lose interest in 对„„不再感兴趣⑦ show / take(an)interest in / in doing sth.对„„表示关心(有兴趣)⑧ have / take / feel no interest in 对„„不(不太)感兴趣⑨ with interest 有兴趣地，津津有味地⑩develop / find / feel interest in sth./ in doing sth.在某方面培养／有兴趣 ? lose interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面失去兴趣

有时interest可与不定冠词连用。He developed an interest in science.另外：interest作“爱好”解时，是可数名词。His interests include reading and tennis.【考例】____, they immediately suggested that she put them together to make a single one long story and paid Tracy a $50,000 advance.(2004全国卷 II)

A.Interested

B.Anxiously

C.Seriously

D.Encouraged [考查目标] interest派生词的词义和用法。

[答案与解析] A interested指(出版商)对这件事有兴趣。10.prove的用法

▲构词：① proof n.证据。试验，考验，(印刷)校样

▲搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人证实„„② prove to sb that 从句向某人证实„„③ prove(oneself)to be 证明(自己)是，表现出

【考例】It was in the neighboring country — United States that such resistance to spray was first ____.(05长春模拟)

A.proved

B.killed

C.thought

D.discussed [考查目标] 考查prove的意思。

[答案与解析] A 本题was proved的意思是“得到证实”，有被动意味。

11.provide的用法

▲构词：① provider n.供给者，供应者，养家者② provided / providing conj.倘若 ▲搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 给„„提供；以„„装备

【考例】His son ____ the old man with all the food and the money he needed.A.provided

B.fed

C.afforded

D.charred [考查目标]考查provide的词义。

[答案与解析]A provide与with搭配，意思是“向某人提供某物”。

12.share的用法 ▲搭配：① share(in)sth.with sth.和某人分享、分担、共用某物② share sth(out)between / among...将某物分配、分给„„③ share joys / happiness and sorrows(with sb)(和某人)同甘共苦④ share one's opinion 同意某人的意见

【考例】Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare — you must learn to ____.(NMET 2000)

A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share [考查目标] 此题主要考查在语境中选择动词的能力。

[答案与解析] D 四个选项的含义分别为：support 支持；care 在意，关心；spare 挤出(时间)，匀出某物；share分享，分担，与某人合用。根据语境可知说话者是想让Clare学会与人共享——把玩具(拿出来)和Harry一起玩，share在此意为“合用玩具”，解此题的关键是信息play with your toys as well。故D为最佳答案。13.solve的用法

▲构词：solution n.1.[C](问题的)解答；(困难的)解决方法 2.[U] 解答，解决 3.[U] 溶解 ▲搭配：the solution to 解决„„的办法

【考例3】In the end, one suggestion seems to be the solution ____ the problem.(2001北京春招)

A.with

B.into C.for

D.to [考查目标] solve名词solution的相关搭配。[答案与解析] D “对于„„的解决办法”，介词用to。

14.total n./ adj.全部(的)

(1)in total 加起来In total, there must have been 20000 people there.(2)a total of 总共His expenses(支出)reached a total of $100.(3)the total of...„„的总数 The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.15.when conj.when并列连词，= and then，表示“就在那时，突然”，常见以下句型中：

(1)be doing...when...正在做„„突然„„I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.(2)had done...when...刚做了„„突然„„I had just sat down when the light went out.(3)be about to do...when...刚要做„„突然„„I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.16.while conj.(1)while从属连词，引导时间状语从句，从句动词用延续性动词，主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.(2)并列连词，表前后两个分句意义相反或相对，意为“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.(3)放在句首，表示“尽管；虽然”，相当于although。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(compare，interest，fun，solve，argue，consider，share)1.All the novels are considered ____ the young readers in the 1980s.(to have interested)2.Bob thought it ____ to solve maths problems while others hated it.(fun)

3.The headmaster ignored the ____ between Mrs.Wang and his nephew.(argument)4.We can't decide.The plan needs to be ____.(considered)5.____ with Class Two, ours has more boy students.(Compared)6.I find a better way ____ this problem.(to solve)7.Nearly half of the companies ____ the same opinion with the government.(share / shared)【词语比较】 1.especially, specially especially adv.特殊地；尤其是

(1)侧重于多种事物或人中比较突出的。I like all the subjects at school, especially English.(尤其是英语)

(2)especially 后可接介词短语或从句。I like the Yuelu Mountains, especially in spring.(尤其是在春天)Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.specially 侧重特意地、专门地做某事(后面常接for sb.或to do sth.)I made a chocolate cake specially for you.2.boring, bored, bore boring adj.令人厌烦的 The book is very boring.bored adj.感到厌烦的 I'm bored with the book.bore vt.令人厌烦

This book bores me.有些表示情感的及物动词，有与bore类似的用法。如：interest, excite, surprise, amaze, frighten, astonish, move, inspire, touch, scare, disappoint, puzzle, worry 这类词的现在分词形式，为“令人„„”；过去分词形式，为“感到„„”。3.except for, except, but, besides 表示“除了”的词或短语有：except;but;except for;besides;except that(when...)等。

(1)except 和 but 都表示“除了„„之外。没有”，二者大多数情况下可以互换；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等词后多用 but。No one knows our teacher's address except / but him.(排除him)

(2)besides 除„„之外，还„„，有附加性。What other foreign languages do you know besides English?(English与other languages都属于know的范围)

(3)except for 只不过„„，整体肯定，部分修正，用于排除非同类事物，for表示细节上的修正。Your article is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.4.know, know of, know about

(1)know 用作动词，意思是“(直接地)获知，懂得，认识，熟悉”。I don't know whether he is here or not./ I know him to be honest.(2)know of和know about的意思都是“(间接地)获知”，指听别人说到或从书报上看到，二者没有什么区别。5.for example;such as

(1)for example“例如”，用来举例说明某一论点或情况。一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。可用for instance替换。For example, air is invisible./ His spelling is terrible!Look at this word, for example.(2)such as “例如”，用来列举事物，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。Some of the European Languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.[注意]如把前面所述情况全部举出，用that is或namely。☆短语归纳☆ 1.含all的短语

1)first of all 首先(强调顺序)2)in all(=in total=altogether)总共 3)after all 毕竟，终究 4)at all 到底，根本

5)above all 最重要的是(强调重要性)6)not(...)at all(= not(...)in the least)根本不，一点也不 7)all the time 始终，一直

8)all of a sudden(=suddenly)突然，冷不防 9)all right 行，可以

10)all at once 立刘，马上 11)all day and all night 日日夜夜 12)all over 遍及

13)all alone 独个儿，独立地 14)all but 几乎，差一点 15)all in all 总的说来

16)all together 一道，同时，总共 17)for all 尽管

[例句] I woke up and didn't hear him at all.我醒了，一点儿也没有听到他说话。/ He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了很多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块的。/ You shouldn't scold her.After all, she is only five years old.你不应该责怪他，毕竟，她只有五岁。/ Children need many things, but above all, they need love.孩子需要许多东西，最重要的是，需要爱。/ You must have known it all the time.你一定一直知道这事。

【考例】 People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her.____, she is a great musician.(2004甘肃、青海)

A.After all B.As a result C.In other words D.As usual [考查目标] 主要考查四个短语的用法。

[答案与解析] A after all意为“毕竟．终究”；as a result意为“结果”；in other words意为“换句话说”；as usual意为“像往常一样”。本句意思是：虽然人们对她看法不一。但我还是佩服她。因为她毕竟是一个伟大的音乐家。

【考例】I'd like to buy a house--modern, comfortable, and ____ in a quiet neighborhood.(2004福建)

A.in all

B.above all

C.after all

D.at all [考查目标] 主要考查all构成的四个短语。[答案与解析] B

in all意为“总共”；above all意为“最重要的是”； after all 意为“毕竟”；at all 意为“到底”。本句话意思是：我想买一个房子，现代的、舒服的，但最重要的是在一个安静的地区。2.at all

(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.(2)用在否定句中，“一点也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.(3)用在疑问句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?

(4)用在条件句中，“真的，确实” If you do it at all, do it well.3.含“be + 形容词 + 介词”的短语 1)be good at 擅长于

2)be interested in 对„„感兴趣

3)be pleased / satisfied / content with 对„„满意 4)be famous for 因„„而出名 5)be kind / good to 对„„好 6)be lost in 沉湎于

7)be active in 在某方面积极 8)be sure about / of 确信 9)be afraid of 害怕 10)be full of 充满 11)be filled with 充满

12)be made of / from 由„„组成 13)be generous to 对„„慷慨 14)be popular with 受欢迎 15)be confident of 确信 16)be fond of 喜欢，喜爱

17)be angry with / at 对„„发脾气 18)be late for 迟到

19)be amazed / surprised / astonished / shocked at 对„„感到惊讶 20)be busy doing 忙着做„„

21)be excited about 对„„感到兴奋 22)be worried about 担心 23)be used for / as 用于

24)be curious about 对„„好奇

[例句] Lin Lin is confident of his ability to get work for himself.林林确信自己有能力做这活。He was generous to everybody with money, as a result, he saved little.他对谁花钱都很慷慨，结果没有攒到多少钱。She is very active in helping the poor.在帮助穷人方面，她很热心。Pop music is popular with the young generation.流行歌曲受年轻一代的欢迎。Lost in thought, he didn't realize that I came in.他陷入思考之中，没有意识到我进来了。I was amazed at the sight so that I didn't know what to do.看到这一幕我非常惊讶，不知道该做什么。Students in Senior 3 are busy preparing for the coming final exam.高三学生在忙于准备即将到来的期末考试。【考例l】(2005重庆)--You know, Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so...--So I have to be patient ____ him.A.in;with

B.on;with

C.in;to

D.at;for [考查目标] 同定搭配中介词的选择。

[答案与解析] A

be slow in 意为“在„„方面反应迟钝”，be patient with 意为“对„„有耐心”。

4.end up with...以„„结束

(1)end up with + n.以„„结束

The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.(2)end up as...最后成为„He will end up as a president some day.(3)end up + 地点状语最后(有„„结局)If you drive your car like that, you'll end(up)in hospital.5.“make + 名词”短语 ① make a noise 吵闹

② make faces 做鬼脸，做苦脸 ③ make room for 给„„腾出地方 ④ make the bed 整理床铺 ⑤ make phone calls 打电话 ⑥ make friends with 交朋友 ⑦ make money 赚钱

⑧ make use of 利用

⑨ make a decision 做出决定 ⑩ make a mistake 犯错误

[例句] The boy made a face at his teacher when she turned her back.老师转身时，男孩朝老师做了个鬼脸。

Working in the kitchen made the boy into a good cook.在厨房里干活使男孩成为一位优秀厨师。

They were moved out to a nearby hotel, to make room for more important persons.为了给更重要的人物腾出

地方，他们被搬到了附近的一家旅店。

【考例】 The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to ____.(2003北京春招)

A.make it out

B.make it off

C.make it up

D.make it over [考查目标] 主要考查make短语。

[答案与解析] A make out意为“领悟、弄明白、发现真相” make off 意为“连忙跑掉”；make up 意为“弥补、打扮、组成”；make over 意为“转让、改造”。因为受到迷惑，所以应该是试图发现真相。【考例】

--When shall we start?--Let's ____ it at 8:30.Is that all right?(2002北京)

A.set

B.meet

C.make

D.take [考查目标] 此题主要考查 make 短语。

[答案与解析] C make it“规定时间”为固定短语。本句话意思是“把出发的时间定在8点半”。set意思是“对时间”、“调时间”。6.make fire点火

有以下fire(n.)短语: be on fire 着火了(表示状态)/ catch fire 燃着；着火(表示动作)/ play with fire 玩火；干冒险的事 / Set sth.on fire = set fire to sth.放火烧„„ / make(a)fire 点火；生火 / start(cause)a fire引起火灾

[注意] fire作“火灾”“一堆火”解时，为可数名词。7.a great / good many许多

(1)a great / good many + 名词复数，中间无“of”。A great many people have seen the film.(2)a great / good many + of + the / these / those / one's + 名词复数 A great many of the people have seen the film.8.make yourself at home 别拘束

(1)make yourself at home 别拘束(主人对客人说的委婉语)--Good evening, Jim.--Good evening, Mary.Come in and make yourself at home.(2)(all)by oneself 独自(没有别人帮助)You can't possibly do it all by yourself.(3)enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高兴 Please enjoy yourself while you're spending your holiday in Hawaii.(4)for oneself 亲自;为自己The student wants to think it for himself./ One should not live for oneself alone.(5)of oneself 自动地The door closed of itself suddenly.(6)be oneself 身体或情绪好 I am not myself today.(7)help oneself to + n./ pron.随便„„ Please help yourself to the fish．

(8)in oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself.(9)come to oneself 苏醒The injured man came to him-self in five minutes.(10)between ourselves 私下说的话 All this is between ourselves.9.the majority of...大多数的„„

(1)a / the majority of + 名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词多用复数。the majority 单独作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可。The majority of people seem to prefer watching games to playing games./ The majority were(was)in favour of the proposal.(2)by a majority of + 数字，以超过„„票的多数She won the election by a majority of 900 votes.10.treat „ as „把„看做„ The kind lady treated me as her own daughter.【比较】表示“认为”的短语还有：

regard…as…

consider…(as)…

think of…as…

look on / upon…as…

take…for…

[注意] 在consider„as„短语中as可省略，其他短语中不可。

[牛刀小试2] 1.If you are ____ about Australian cities, just read the book written by Dr.Johnson.A.interested

B.anxious

C.upset

D.curious 2.Her son, ____ whom she was so ____, went abroad 10 years ago.A.of;loved

B.for;cared C.to;devoted

D.on;affected 3.In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must ____ learn how to study in the school now.A.in all

B.after all

C.above all

D.at all 4.--I am sorry I didn't do a good job.--Never mind.____, you have tried your best.A.Above all

B.In all

C.At all

D.After all 5.Since we can't find a bigger apartment, we'll have to ____ what we have.A.hope for the best

B.make room for C.make the best of

D.lay our hope on(DCCDC)【句型归纳】

1.I don't enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.我不喜欢唱歌，也不喜欢电脑。/ Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.摇滚音乐还可以，滑雪也行。

这两句中nor与so用于倒装结构。例如：I don't know, nor do I care.我不知道，也不关心。so的常见句型有：

(1)so + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也„„”)(2)neither / nor + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也不„„”)(3)so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth(意为“主语也„„”)(用在前文有两个或以上的从句，而且分句有不同的谓语或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系动词义有行为动词的情况)(4)so + 主语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词(意为“主讲确实如此”)，表示进一步肯定。(5)主语 + did + so(意为“主语按照吩咐做了”)。

【考例】 Mary never does any reading in the evening, ____.(2005全国 III)A.so does John

B.John does too C.John doesn't too

D.nor does John [考查目标] nor表示“也不”引导的倒装结构。

[答案与解析] D 由never可以判断该句为否定句。空格处句意为“约翰也没读书”。nor, so, neither可引起倒装句。

2.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是个生意人，他总是那么忙，几乎没有时间和朋友在一起。

该句中so...that...和such...that...都能连接结果状讲从句，但要注意词序不同。例如：Joan is such a lonely girl that all of us like her.= She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.常见句型：

(1)such + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that clause(2)such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that clause(3)such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that clause(4)so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that clause(5)so + 形容词 / 副词 + that clause(6)so + many / few + 复数可数名词 + that clause(7)so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that clause 注意：①当little不表示数量“少”而表示“小”的意思时，仍然要用such。②当so + adj./ adv.或 such + n.位于句首时，主句需要倒装。

【考例】 So difficult ____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English.(2001上海)A.I have felt

B.have I felt

C.I did feel

D.did I feel [考查目标] so + adj.位于句首时，主句倒装。

[答案与解析] D A、C语序不对，排除。B时态不对。

3.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克在飞越太平洋时．他的飞机突然坠毁了。该句中的“when”表示“正在这时”，相当于and just或and at that time.这时不能用while / as 替换。

常见句型：(1)be about to do sth when...(2)be doing sth when...(3)be on the point of doing sth when...【考例】We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.(2004北京春招)A.when

B.while

C.until

D.before [考查目标] ”when“ 作连词，表示“正在这时”。

[答案与解析] A 意为“我正在湖中游泳，突然暴风雨来了。”只有when才能用于这种句型。4.He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.他不得不学会收集淡水．寻找食物，生火什么的。

该句中的“how I to collect...”为动词不定式短语作宾语。例如：We must decide which one to buy.疑问词which, what, how, when, where等与小定式构成不定式短语。

【考例】 I've worked with children before, so I knew what ____ in my new job.(NMET 2000)A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects [考查目标] what to do sth 不定式短语作宾语。[答案与解析] B 该句需要填非谓语动词。排除A、D。句意为“以前我与孩子在一块儿工作过。因此我知道我的新工作需要什么。”C不表示进行，排除C。

5.In order to survive, Chuck developed a friendship with an unusual friend — a volleyball he called Wilson.为了生存下去，查克和一位不寻常的朋友--“排球”建立了友谊，查克叫他威尔森。

1.该句中的”in order to“，意思为“为了，以便”，作目的状语。在句子中作同的状语的常见句型有五种结构：to do sth / in order to do sth / so as to do sth / in order that clause / so that clause 注意：(1)so as to do sth 不能位于句首。(2)如果主句与从句的主语一致时，四个结构可以相互转换。(3)在in order that / so that 引导的从句中，谓语动词常与can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。

【考例】(2005北京)I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early ____ I can have time for a cup of tea.A.as soon as B.as a result

C.in case D.so that [考查目标] 目的状语。

[答案与解析]D as soon as “一„就„”；as a result“结果是”；in case “万一”；so that“以便，为的是”。句意：“我想提前二十分钟到以便有时间喝杯茶”。2.该句子中 volleyball 是作同位语。例如：He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best color.注意：这种同位语(不是同位语从句)与非限制性定语从句的区别。

【考例】(NMET 2002)Meeting my uncle after these years was an unforgotten moment, ____ I will always treasure.A.that

B.one

C.it

D.what [考查目标] one作同位语，指代a moment。

[答案与解析] B that不能引导非限制性定语从句，排除A；if不能作同位语，排除C；what既不能引导非限制定语从句，也不能作同位语。可以填which，这样就成了非限制性定语从句。

6.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.长期以来，美国英语保持不变，但英国英语变化了。1.该句中的“while”用作并列连词．表示前后对比，意为“然而”。“while“充当连词，还能引导时间状语从句。意为“during the time that„”；引导让步状语从句，意为“although„”。2.该句中的 ”stay“ 为系动词。后接表语(the same)。除了stay外，常见的系动词还有: become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall, keep, stay, remain。

【考例】(NMET 2003)Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ____ fresh for several days.A.be stayed

B.stay C.be staying

D.have stayed [考查目标] 系动词的用法。

[答案与解析] B 系动词没有被动语态，一般不用进行

时态，排除A、C；句意不是表示完成，排除D。系动词表示状态。7.for the first time 第一次

(1)for the first time 第一次，后面不加从句，在句中作状语 They came to Beijing for the first time.(2)the first time 名词短语，在从句中充当连词，后接时间状语从句，不接that，when等连词。有同样用法的短语还有：every time;next time;the last time They liked Beijing the first time they went there.(3)It's / This is the first time that + 从句(用现在完成时)这是„„的第一次 It's the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.8.What is it that...? 是什么„„? 强调句的用法：

(1)结构：It is / It was(过去时间)+ 被强调部分 + that / who(专指人)+ 其他部分

(2)用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。

Jim met the student in the street last week.主语宾语地点状语时间状语

强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.强调宾语：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week.强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.(3)注意点：

一般疑问句的强调句：

Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now? 特殊疑问句的强凋句：

Who is it that will visit our class?

Where is it that he has gone?

When was it that she went?

not „ until „用于强调句：

It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.[牛刀小试3] 1.--I would never ever come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible!

--____.(2004广西)A.Nor am I

B.Neither would I

C.Same with me

D.So do I

2.We can't imagine ____ little mice can eat up ____ many crops every year.A.so;so

B.such;so C.such;such D.so;so 3.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.when

B.while

C.since

D.once 4.It is said in Australia there is more land than the govern-ment knows ____.(NMET 2002)A.it what to do with

B.what to do it with C.what to do with it

D.to do what with it

5.Roses need special care ___they can live through winter.(2004 天津)A.because B.so that C.even if

D.as(BBACB)【交际速成】

1.Talking about likes and dislikes.谈论喜欢和不喜欢--I enjoy Chinese food very much.--____.(03东北三校)A.Please taste quickly

B.Have more, please C.Help yourself

D.Eat slowly while it is hot [答案与解析]C本题主要考查具体语境下“对事物喜好”的表达及应答。A项不礼貌，B、D两项属汉语习惯，C项符合此时英语语境。

【归纳】英语中常见表达喜欢和不喜欢态度的用语有：(1)This book is very interesting.(2)I like / love the movie(very much).(3)I like / love to play computer games.(4)I like taking photos.(5)I enjoy listening to music.(6)I'm interested in science.My hobbies / interests are...(7)He is fond of music.(8)This song is bad / awful.(9)I don't like the movie very much / at all.(10)I don't enjoy collecting stamps.(11)I hate to do homework.I hate dancing,(12)I'm not into classic music.(13)I think that classic music is terrible / boring.2.Making apologies 道歉

--I'm sorry I'm calling you so late.--____ Okay.(2003北京春招)A.This is

B.You're

C.That's

D.I'm [答案与解析] C 本题主要考查英语中道歉及应答用语。A、B、D三项不符合交际英语的习惯，故C项正确。

【归纳】英语中常见道歉用语有：

(1)I'm very sorry.I didn't mean to(hurt your feelings).(2)I'm terribly sorry about that.(3)I'm afraid I've brought you too much trouble.(4)Please excuse me coming late.(5)Please forgive me.(6)Excuse me, please.(7)I beg your pardon.应答表达有：(1)That's / It's all right.(2)That's / It's OK.(3)Never mind.(4)It doesn't matter.(5)It's nothing.(6)Forget it.(7)Don't worry about that.(8)Don't mention it.3.Talking about language difficulties in communication 谈论语言交际困难--I'm sorry.I can't catch you.____--OK, it's B—L—A—C—K.A.Would you please walk slowly?

B.I don't understand you．

C.What's the meaning of this word?

D.Would you please repeat it more slowly? [答案与解析] D本题主要考查语言交际困难的功能意念。catch 在整个语境中是“听见，听清”的意思，A项错误理解了catch 在此处的意思，B、C两项语义不连贯，故正确答案是D。【归纳】英语中常见的谈论语言交际困难的用语有：(1)Pardon? / I beg your pardon.(2)Sorry, I can't follow you.(3)Can you speak more slowly, please?(4)How do you say...in English.'?(5)I don't know how to say that in English.(6)I don't know the word in English.(7)How do you spell it, please?(8)I'm sorry I only know a little English.(9)Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that again, please?(10)What do you mean by killing time? [牛刀小试4] 1.--____ I didn't hear you clearly.It's too noisy here.--I was saying that the party was great.A.Repeat.B.Once again.C.Sorry?

D.So what? 2.--Do you like a house with no garden?--____.But anyhow, it's better to have one than none.A.Not a bit

B.Not a little C.Not really

D.Not specially 3.--I'm sorry for stepping on your foot?--____.A.It's OK

B.You are welcome C.It's your fault

D.Never you mind 4.--What you said at the meeting hurt me badly!--Sorry.But ____.A.I didn't mean it

B.I didn't mean to C.I don't mean it

D.I don't mean to 5.--You seem to show interest in cooking.--____? On the contrary, I'm tired of it.A.Really

B.Pardon

C.OK

D.What(CCABD)【精典题例】

1.--David has made great progress recently.--____, and ____.A.So he has;so have you

B.So has he;so have you

C.So he has;so you have

D.So has he;so you have 【解析】选A 答句中的he指David，不倒装。“So have you”意为“你也一样(取得了进步)”。2.Little ____ what others think.A.does he care about

B.care he about C.about he eared

D.about cared he 【解析】选A little为否定副词，置于句首时，句子使用部分倒装。

3.At school, what he enjoys ____ football.A.playing B.to play C.is playing D.played 【解析】选C what he enjoys为主语从句，谓语动词为be，表语为playing football。不要误以为playing是enjoy的宾语而误选A。

4.At the ____news, all the women present burst out crying.A.unexpecting

B.disappointing

C.disappointed

D.interesting 【解析】选B联系语境，所有在场的妇女都哭了，因此为disappointing”令人失望的(消息)”。5.He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.A.as

B.until

C.while

D.when 【解析】选D “when”表示“就在这时，突然”。6.The wolf said in a ____ voice and the scholar felt ____.A.frightening;frightened

B.frightened;frightened C.frightened;frightening

D.frightening;frightening 【解析】选A frightening“令人害怕”；frightened“感 到害怕”。

7.In our ____ life, English is ____ used.A.everyday;wide

B.everyday;widely C.every day;wide

D.every day;widely 【解析】选B everyday“日常的，每天的”；widely“广泛地”。8.--Hello, Mary.I've got a girlfriend.--What's she like?--____.A.I don't know

B.She's like her mother, not father C.She likes music D.Not had!Quite pretty 【解析】选D表外表给人的印象。

9.The fire ____ for half an hour before the fire fighters arrived.A.had put out

B.was put out C.had been out

D.had broken out 【解析】选C be out“火熄灭”，表示状态。

10.It has been suggested that the land ____ equally among the peasants.A.be shared

B.should be spared C.saved

D.be spent

【解析】选A suggest后用虚拟语气。be shared前可 省略should。

11.She took ____ in physics and read ____ on the subject.A.interest;as books many as she could B.an interest;as many books as she could C.interested;as many books as she can D.interests;as books as she could 【解析】选B根据短语搭配和时态一致可知。12.--How's the young man?--____.A.He's twenty

B.He's a doctor C.He is much better

D.He's David 【解析】选C how is sb.“某人身体如何”。

13.Let Harry play with your toys as well.Clare, you must learn to ____.A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share 【解析】选D share“分享”；support“支持”；care“在意”；spare“抽出(时间)。节余”。14.The new dress looks wonderful on you ____ the collar.A.besides B.except C.beside D.except for 【解析】选D“美中不足的是领子”，表示部分修正。15.--What about your classmate, Susan?--Our teacher ____ her a good and clever student.A.regards

B.believes C.suggests

D.considers 【解析】选D consider as„“认为„„是„„”，as可省略。

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit3-4 ☆重点句型☆

1.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus,...you may want to try hiking.Instead和instead 0f的用法

2.Say ”Hi“ / ”Hello“ / ”Thanks“ to sb.(for me)问候的句型 3.Is anybody seeing you off? 进行时表将来

4.She struggled and struggled, and could not get on her feet.(= keep struggling)

5.You should not go rafting unless you know...unless引导条件状语从句，相当于if...not 6.By staying at..., tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the fiver and the birds.目的状语从句

7.She was so surprised that she couldn't move.结果状语从句 8.Tree after tree went down, cut down by water.过去分词作状语

9.The next moment, the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.现在分词作状语 10.However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.It didn't take long before the building was destroyed.before的用法 ☆重点词汇☆

1.means n.方法；途径 2.experience n.经验 3.equipment n.设备 4.successful adj.成功的 5.protect v.保护 6.handle v.处理 7.consider v.考虑 8.benefit n.利益 9.particular adj.特别的 10.effect n.效果 11.combine v.合并

12.unforgettable adj.不会忘记的 13.advance v.前进 14.seize v.抓住 15.struggle v.奋斗 16.fear v.& n.害怕 17.strike v.敲打 18.destroy v.毁掉 19.publish v.出版

20.naughty adj.调皮的 ☆重点短语☆

1.get away from 逃离

2.watch / look out 注意，当心

3.go for a hike / go hiking 去徒步旅游 4.as with 正如„„一样 5.see off 为某人送行

6.on the other hand 在另一方面 7.take care of 照顾

8.get close / near to 接近，凑近9.tree after tree 一棵又一棵的树 10.as wall as 也，和„„一样(好)11.protect„from 保护„„不受„„的伤害 12.be surprised at 因„„而吃惊

13.be caught / trapped / struck in 被„„困住 14.take place 发生

15.go through 通过，经过；经历(痛苦的事)16.be upon 临近，逼近17.hold on to 紧紧抓住

18.refer to 提到，说到；查询(信息)19.look into 注视„„的内部；检查，调查 20.for fear of(doing)sth.惟恐„„ ☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关．做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.get ____ from 逃离

away

2.watch ____ 注意，当心 out 3.protect sb / sth ____ 保护／保卫某人(某事物)from 4.see sb ____ 到火车站、飞机场等某处为某人送行 off 5.on the other ____ 另一方面 hand 6.as ____ as也，还，而且 well 7.____ place发生，产生 take 8.____ fire失火 on 9.pull sb ____ 把„„往上拽 up 10.get ____ one's feet站立起来；站起身来 on 11.go ____ 通过，经受。仔细检查 through 12.____ holiday在度假 on 13.travel ____ 旅行社代理人 agent 14.be ____ 逼近，临近upon 15.____ exercise 进行体育锻炼 take 16.____ ”Hi“ to sb for / from sb 代某人向某人问候 say 17.come ____ with提出 up 18.go ____ a hike 去远足 for 19.be caught ____ 受困于„„，陷于„„ in 20.____ a second 马上，一会儿 in 21.look ____ 往„„里面看，调查 into 22.refer ____ 提到．涉及；参考 to 23.hold ____ 抓住，握住 onto 24.sweep ____ 冲走，刮走 away 25.sweep ____ 冲倒，吹倒 down ☆交际用语☆

1.Where would you prefer going...? 2.How would you like to go to...? 3.Have a nice / pleasant trip!4.Well, I must be off.5.It's all right． 6.I'm afraid.7.Come on!8.It scares me.9.Don't worry.10.First..., next..., then..., finally...☆单词聚焦☆ 1.advance的用法

▲构词：advanced adj.高等的．先进的，高深的 ▲搭配：

① in advance 在前头，预先，事先

② in advance of 在„„前面；比„„进步；超过

③ on the advance(物价)在上涨

【考例】It is said that Miss White had some difficulty in studying the ____ maths.A.improved B.developed C.advanced D.increased [考查目标] 本题考查形容词advanced与近义词的区别。

[答案与解析]C “高等数学”的英译是advanced maths，advanced意思是“先进的。高级的”。

2.before 的特殊用法

(1)He had run out of the room before I could stop him.我还没来得及拦住他，他就跑出了屋子。

(2)Three weeks went by before We knew it.三周过去了，我们才意识到。(或：时间不知不觉已过三周了。)

(3)It wasn't / didn't take long before he returned.他没过多久就回来了。

It won't be long before we graduate.不要过多久我们就要毕业了。3.chance的用法

▲搭配：

① by any chance 万一，碰巧，或许 ② by chance 偶然，意外地 ③ take a / one's chance 冒一冒险，碰碰运气，利用一下机会

【考例6】(2005南京模拟)Most of the ___are in seasonal work, mainly connected with tourism and agriculture.A.work

B.luck

C.chances

D.services [考查目标] chance的词义。

[答案与解析] C

chance在本句的词义是“机会”。4.consider v.(1)考虑

A)consider + n./ doing

I consider going abroad.B)consider + 疑问词 + to do

You have to consider what to do next.(2)认为

A)consider + n.(+as / to be)+ n./ adj.I consider Mary as / to be my best friend.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.B)consider + n.+ to have done

I consider him to have acted disgracefully.除了consider„as„表认为外，还有regard„as „，look on„as„，take„as„，think of„as„ 5.cost的用法

▲构词：costly adj.昂贵的，贵重的 ▲搭配：

① cost sb.sth.花费某人(多少钱)；让某人付出(代价)／牺牲„„ ② at all costs 不惜任何代价．无论如何 ③ at any cost 不惜任何代价，无论如何 ④ at cost(price)按成本价格，按原价

⑤ at the cost of 以„„为代价，用„„换来的；丧失；牺牲

【考例】They wondered how much this kind of car would ____ them.A.pay

B.spend

C.cost

D.waste [考查目标] 本题考查cost和它的几个近义词的区别。[答案与解析] C cost的意思是“耗费”，主语是指物的 名词．而pay和spend等的主语是指人的名词。6.effect n.效果；作用

have an effect on sth.His words had a great pushing effect on his students.(1)be of no effect 无效

(2)come into effect 开始生效；开始实行

[比较] affect vt.影响 The climate affected the amount of the rainfall.7.experience的用法

▲构词: experienced adj.有经验的，熟练的 ▲搭配: ① by experience 凭经验；从经验中 ② from experience 凭经验；从经验中 ③ gain experience in„获得„„经验

④ be experienced in„某方面有经验

▲友情提示: experience这个词作为可数名词用时，解释为“经历”，作为不可数名词用时解释为“经验”。

【考例】(2005山西模拟)____teaches that he was right.Good friendship is just not easily formed.A.Knowledge B.Teachers C.Experience D.Parents [考查目标] experience的意思。

[答案与解析] C

experience常为不可数名词，意思是“经验”。8.fear n.& vt.(1)n.恐惧(多作不可数名词)

His face was growing pale with fear.忧虑；担心的事(可数)

There is no reason for your fears.for fear of 由于怕„„，以防

He left an hour earlier for fear of missing his train.for fear(that)惟恐；怕的是；以防

She worried for fear that the child would be hurt.in fear of 害怕；担心

The thief was in fear of the police.(2)v.恐惧；害怕，接 n./ pron.Cats fear big dogs.恐惧；害怕，接to do

Don't fear to tell the truth.恐怕；担心，接从句

She feared that she might not find him in his room.▲构词：fearful adj.可怕的，严重的；惧怕的，胆怯的；担心的，忧虑的 fearless adj.不怕的，大胆的，勇敢的，无畏的 ▲搭配：

① be in fear(of)(为„„而)提心吊胆

② for fear of 因为怕；以免，怕的是

③ for fear that-clause 生怕；为了防止(某事发生)④ have a fear that-clause 担心／怕(发生某事)⑤ with fear 吓得，怕得

⑥ fear(vi.)for...担心／忧虑„„

【考例】(2004江苏)He got to the station early, ____ missing his train.A.in case of

B.instead of

C.for fear of

D.in search [考查目标] fear构成的短语的用法和意思。

[答案与解析]C

for fear of 常在句中作状语，意思是“怕的是„„。担心„„”。9.fun n.高兴；乐趣；有趣的人或事

(1)for fun 为了高兴；为着好玩

I only did it for fun.(2)make fun of 开„„的玩笑；取笑

It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.[比较]

(1)laugh at 笑(某人)；嘲笑

It's unkind to laugh at a person who is in trouble.(2)play a joke on 开(某人的)玩笑 10.means n.手段；办法

(1)by means of 用„„；依靠„„

The water may be carried by means of a pipe.(2)by all means 一定；务必；(表示同意)当然可以，没问题：务必，无论如何，千方百计地

Try by all / every means to persuade him to come.(3)by no means 完全不是；一点也不；决不

This is by no means the first time you have been late.还有： by this means 用这种方法； by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段 【考例】(MET 1991)Students sometimes support them-selves by ____ of evening job.A.ways

B.offers

C.means

D．helps [考查目标] by means of 短语的意思。

[答案与解析] C by means of 的意思是“通过某种手段”。11.normal adj.正常的；正规的 the normal temperature, normal behavior

(1)regular 规则的；有规律的

keep regular hours 生活有规律；按时作息

(2)common普通的；常见的

Tom is a common name in Britain.共有的；共同的 have a common interest 有着共同爱好

(3)usual 惯常的；惯例的

It's usual with him to go to the office on foot.(4)ordinary平凡的；普通的in ordinary dress 12.once的用法 ▲搭配：

① all at once 突然；同时 ② at once 立刻，马上；同时

③(every)once in a while 偶尔，有时，间或

④ for this once(= for once，just for once)就这一次；破例一回 ⑤ more than once 不止一次，多次 ⑥ not once 一次也不 ⑦ once again / more再一次

⑧once and again一再，再三

⑨ once or twice 一两次；有时，偶尔 ⑩ once too often又(多了)一次 ? once upon a time从前

【考例】(2004上海)____ we have learned something, additional learning increases the length of time we will remember it.A.Before

B.Once

C.Until

D.Unless [考查目标] 连词once的用法和词义。

[答案与解析] B once在作连词使用时意思是“一旦”。13.prefer v.宁愿；更喜欢

(1)prefer + n./ pron.The boy preferred a detective story.(2)prefer + v.-ing

Do you prefer living abroad?

(3)prefer + to do

She prefers to live among the working people.(4)prefer sb.to do sth.She preferred him to stay at home.(5)prefer + n./ pron./ doing + to + n./ pron./ doing 喜欢„„而不喜欢

I prefer the town to the country./ While he was in the office he preferred doing something to doing nothing.(6)prefer to do...rather than do = would rather do...than do...宁愿„„而不愿 I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.(7)prefer + 从句(谓语动词用should do，should可省略)She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.14.protect的用法

▲构词：protection n.保护(者/物)，防御

▲搭配：protect sb from / against 防止„„遭受„„；使„„免于，保护„„使不受 【考例】(MET 1992)Clarke was greatly admired at the club for the successful ____.A.self-satisfaction

B.self-protection

C.self-respect

D.self-service [考查目标] protect及其派生词的词义。

[答案与解析]B self-protection是名词，意思是“自我保护”。15.separate的用法

▲构词：separation n.[U]分开，分离

▲搭配：

① separate A from B 把A和B分开

② A is separated from B by„ A和B为„„所分开／阻隔 ③ separate sth(up)into„把„„分成(几分)▲辨析：separate;pide;part 都含“分开”的意思。

separate 指“把原来在一起的人或物分开”。例如: Separate those two boys who are fighting, will you?(你)把那两个打架的孩子拉开，好吗? pide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整体分成若干部分”。part指“把密切相关的人或物分开”，还有“分手”之意。【考例】(NMET 2001)As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.A.separated

B.spared

C.lost

D.missed [考查目标] 动词separate的词义。

[答案与解析] A separated和get搭配有被动意义，表 示“被隔开；被分隔”。[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(advance, means, cost, protect, fear, separate)1.The teacher improved the students' English by ____ of dictation and recitation.(means)2.All the goods ___me almost half a million dollars.(cost)3.We must ____ the wild animals from the hunting.(protect)4.Every baby should be ____ after he is horn.(separated)5.None of them ____ death when the enemy came into the village.(feared)6.There are too many people, so you should have bought a ticket in ____.(advance)☆词语比较☆

1.wear, put on, have on, dress, be in, try on

(1)wear v.穿着；戴；蓄须(发)；磨损；(脸容)呈现，显出 He is wearing an overcoat today.* wear out(把)穿破；(把)用坏；(使)疲乏；(使)耗尽I have worn out my shoes./ My patience wore(was worn)out.(2)put on 穿上；戴上(侧重穿着的动作)

Put on your sweater, otherwise you will feel cold.(3)dress vt.给„„穿衣服

n.衣服；连衣裙

dress sb.(in sth.)或 be dressed(in sth.)注意：穿的衣服接在in之后。Mother dressed her baby and then they went downstairs.(4)have on 表示穿着的状态，注意不能用进行时。

At the Spring Festival, all children have on new clothes.(5)be in表示穿着的状态 There was a girl in red.(6)try on 试穿

Mother was trying on a new dress.2.strike, hit, beat

(1)hit vt.①打；敲；击；击中；射中 He hit a ball over the fence./ The stone hit him on the head.②使„„受到打击 The bad news hit every one hard.(2)beat vt.&vi.①连续有节奏地打；敲

The rain heat against the window.②(心)跳动 His heart had stopped beating.③(鸟翼)扑动

The bird beat its wings rapidly as it flew on.④打败；打赢；取胜

Our champion can beat all runners in the country.(3)strike vt.&vi.①打；敲；击；砍；打中；击中

He struck me with his fist.The house was struck by lightning.②发起进攻；袭击

He moved away as the animal struck.③撞；触(礁)

His head struck the table as he fell.④擦(火柴)

I struck a match and held it to his cigarette.⑤(某种想法)忽然出现；忽然想起，相当于occur to。

A happy thought struck her.⑥给人深刻印象(常用于被动语态)

I was struck by her beauty.⑦罢工

They are striking for higher pay.⑧(钟)敲(响)We waited for the clock to strike six.3.complete, finish complete 可作形容词，表示“彻底的；全面的”。complete与finish表示“完成”时的区别。

(1)complete 作及物动词，只接 n.或 pron.，常用于完成预定的任务，工程建设等The railway is not completed yet.(2)finish vi./ vt.指完成，结束一件事情；可接 n.或doing。如：finish one's homework / middle school / writing the book ☆短语归纳☆

1.cut down

(1)砍倒 If you cut down all the trees you will rain the land.(2)减少；削减 I have decided to cut down my smoking.2.含get的短语

① get back 回来，恢复，送回

② get off下来，动身，起飞③ get up 起床，站起来 ④ get on 上(车)⑤ get on / along with 与某人相处．某事的进展 ⑥ get together 聚首，碰头⑦ get away from 逃离 ⑧ get on one's feet 站起来⑨ get down 下来 ⑩ get on well with 与„„相处融洽

? get married 结婚

? get to 到达 ? get through 通过，接通

? get down to 开始着手做某事

? get across(使)通过

? get(a)round 传开，说服

? get in 进入。收获

? get out 出去，逃脱

[例句]How are you getting along with your business? 生意进展如何? / If you take Mary out for a drive you must promise to get her back for her music lesson.如果你带玛丽去兜风的话，你必须答应带她回来上音乐课。/ I can't get my boots off, for they are too tight.我脱不掉靴子，它太紧了。/ We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time.在圣诞期间我们尽量一年至少聚会一次。/ When one has business on hand it is hard to get away from home.如果一个人手头有事，离开家很难。

【考例】(2004辽宁)The final examination is coming up soon.It's time for us to ____ our studies．

A.get down to B.get out C.get back for D.get over [考查目标] 此题主要考查get短语。

[答案与解析]A get down to 意为“开始着手做某事”；get out 意为“离开，摆脱”；get back for 意为“回去拿”；get over意为“克服，渡过”。本句话意思是：期末考试就要到了，我们该开始学习了。

【考例】(NMET 1993)Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.A.get over B.get in C.get along D.get through [考查目标]此题主要考查get短语。[答案与解析]C

get over 意为“痊愈，克服”；get in 意为“插话”；get along 意为“进展．继续”；gel through 意为“接通。办完”。本句话意思是：读者不必准确知道每个词的意思就能继续下去。3.get away(from)

(1)摆脱 Ways must be found to get away from poverty.(2)走开；离开 She didn't get away until nine last night.(3)逃走，使离开The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.(4)拿走 Get all thee party dishes away!4.get close to

(1)close adj.靠近；接近

The church is close to the shops.亲密；密切

Are you a close friend of theirs?

(2)close adv.靠近；接近

He was standing close to the door.(3)close v.关上；关闭(不开发)；结束

She closed her eyes./ Her eyes closed.(闭上)

(4)closely adv.紧密地；仔细地；密切地

He got closely in touch with the magazines of today.The little baby was closely looked after by her.[比较]

(1)close 与 closely 作副词时，close含具体之意，closely 含抽象之意。

(2)类似的词组有 high(高)--highly(高度地)，deep(深深地)--deeply(深入地)，wide(很开，宽)--widely(广泛地)，low(低的)--lowly(低贱的)(作形容词)5.hand in 交上去(给老师或上级)；交来(hand v.)

Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.[比较]

(1)hand down 传下来；传给 Our father handed down these customs to us.(2)hand on„to„传给，传递They will hand the photograph to those who have not seen it.(3)hand out 发给大家；散发 The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson．

6.instead of 代替„„

(1)instead of + n./ pron.Give me the red one instead 0f the green one.(2)instead of + doing

We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.(3)instead of + 介词短语

He studies in the evening instead of during the day.[比较]

(1)instead adv.作为替代(„„而)，代替 If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me instead.(2)rather than 而不是，与其„„宁愿 He ran rather than walked.(3)in place of 代替，„„而不用The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.7.含take的短语 ① take a picture 照相，拍照

② take a taxi / bus, etc.打的(坐公交车等)③ take away 拿走，夺取，使离去 ④ take care of 小心，照料，保管 ⑤ take off 脱，去掉，取消，起飞

⑥ take out 拿出，带„„出去

⑦ take one's place 就坐，坐某人的座位，代替某人的位置 ⑧ take place 发生，产生 ⑨ take exercise 做运动 ⑩ take a seat 坐下 ? take turns 轮流

? take an active part in 积极参加 ? take a message 捎口信 ? take on 从事，呈现 ? take the place of 取代，代替 ? take apart 拆开 ? take down 拿下，记下 ? take...for...误认为„„ ? take in 吸收，接纳

? take up 拿起．从事．占据

[例句] Father was convinced that Peter was unhappy at boarding school, and made arrangements to take him away.父亲确信彼得在寄宿学校不开心，决定把他带走。/ Will you lake care of buying the wine for tonight's party? 你负责为今晚的晚会买酒水好吗? / The boys got into the car and took off for the drug store.男孩们进到车里，开车去了药店。/ He took my place in the queue so that I could go and get something to eat.他替我排好了队，以便我能够回 去弄点儿吃的。8.used to

(1)used to do sth.过去常常„„(现在已不如此)

We used to grow beautiful roses.注意：否定句和疑问句有两种 You usedn’t to make that mistake.She didn't use(d)to do it, did she?

You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you? / use(d)n't you?

(2)be / get / become used to + n./ doing习惯于

I have always been used to hard work.He got used to living in the country.(3)be used to do 被用来做„„

This knife is used to cut bread.表示“过去常常„„”时，used to与would区别：

(1)would 只强调“过去常常„„”，used to 说明现在不是如此。

The old woman would sit there for hours doing nothing.(2)would 只接行为动词，used to 可接行为动词和表状态的词。如：be, like, know, have。There used to be a temple at the foot of the mountain.9.watch out 当心；注意

You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.(1)watch out for = look out for 提防；当心

You must always watch out for the traffic here!

(2)watch over 照看；看守；负责

The mother bird is watching over her young.10.含“动词 + out”短语

① come out 出来，出版，传出 ② go out 出去，熄灭，不时兴 ③ look out 当心，注意

④ take out 拿出，取出，带„„出去 ⑤ rush out 冲出去，匆忙大量生产 ⑥ try out 尝试，试验

⑦ watch out 小心

⑧ wear out 穿破，用坏，(使)疲乏，消磨 ⑨ find out 找出，查出

⑩ make out 填写，完成．设法应付 ? get out 出去，逃离，泄露，公布 ? pick out 看出，选出 ? think out 想出

? give out 发出，筋疲力尽 ? set out出发，陈述

[例句]Please go out and tell the children to make less noise.请出去告诉孩子们不要吵闹。/ These bicycles have been rushed out and not up to our usual standard.这些自行车匆忙大量生产，没有达到我们的正常标准。/ Watch out.The train is coming.小心，火车来了。/ Your will wear out your patience in time, my friend.朋友，最终我们会没有耐心的。

【考例】(2005湖北)This picture was taken a long time ago.I wonder if you can ____ my father.A.find out

B.pick out

C.look out

D.speak out

[考查目标]此题主要考查out构成的短语意思区别。[答案与解析]B pick out意为“挑选，辨别出”；find out意为“找出．发现”；look out意为“留神，注意”： speak out意为“大声说出”。[牛刀小试2] 请根据句意，选用所给短语的适当形式填空：

(get away，take up，take on，think out，get down to)1.--Shall we set off right now?--Sorry.I'm too busy to ____ for the moment.(get away)2.The final examination is coming: you really must ____ your studies.(get down)

3.The manager doesn't have much free time as his work ____ nearly all his spare time.(takes up)4.We also shared a number of qualities which we fell were in our favor when we ____ the task.(took on)5.He might have ___his idea about the art exhibition much better, if he had planned what he wanted to say.(thought out)☆句型归纳☆

1.You shouldn't go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.除非你会游泳，而且要一直穿着救生衣，否则就不应该去做漂流运动。该句中的unless引导状语从句。例如：One can't learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard.unless引导的条件状语从句，一般可以与if...not...互换。还要注意unless引导的从句经常可以省略。

【考例】(200l北京春招)The men will have to wait all day ____ the doctor works faster.A.if

B.unless

C.whether

D.that [考查目标]状语从句。

[答案与解析]B 句子意思是“如果医生不快点工作，这些人将不得不等一整天。”应该选unless。

2.Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people.生态游可以找到既帮助别人．又帮助动植物的途径。

该句中的as well as是连词，连接两个并列成分。例如: He can speak German as well as French.常见的用法: 1.well是副词，意思是“好，优秀”，as well as是形容词同级比较结构。

2.as well as是固定短语，意思是“和”，相当于”not only „ but also...“。

3.as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时，句子的谓语动词应该与前面那个名词或代词的人称或数保持一致。

4.as well as还可当作复杂介词用，意思是“除了„„之外，还有”；相当于”besides，apart from“。5.as well，是副词短语，意思是“也”，相当于“too / also”常位于句尾，与too位置相当。6.may / might as well do sth 表示“还是„„的好”。

【考例】(NMET 1994)John plays football ____, if not better than David.A.as well

B.as well as

C.so well

D.so well as [考查目标] as well as连接比较状语从句。

[答案与解析]B 该句中 if not better than相当于插入语，起干扰作用，如果不予考虑，原句就变成了同级比较结构 ”John plays football as well as David“。

3.Before she could move，she heard a loud noise.她还没有来得及动弹，就听见很响的声音。However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.但还没有回过身来，洪水便逼近了她。

该两句中的before用作连词，后接时间状语从句。before用作连词，接时间状语从句时，表示“在„„之前”。但在不同的语境中，往往有比较灵活的译法。例如: He knocked me down before he saw me.他差一点把我撞倒，才看到我。

【考例】(2005广东)The American Civil War lasted four years the North won in the end.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.then [考查目标] 时间状语从句的引导词选择。

[答案与解析]B

before 表示“直到„„”。

4.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.洪水想必深达三米，树一棵接一棵地倒了，被洪水冲断了。

该句中的must have been表示推测。例如：You look so tired.You must have stayed up last night.情态动词may，might，most．can，could常用来表示推测。may，might，must多用在肯定句中，can，could多用在否定句和疑问句中。may，might，must，can，could后接动词原形表示对现在的推测；may，might，must，can，could后接have done。表示对过去的推测。例如：

You may be a professor./ She must have met a fairy.【考例】(2005辽宁)This cake is very sweet.You ____ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put

B.could have put

C.might put

D.must have put [考查目标] 情态动词表示推测。

[答案与解析] D 前文说蛋糕很甜，由此可知一定是糖 放多了。对于过去的动作的推测应使用have done的 结构，所以应在B、D之间做选择，又因为could have done表示本可以做而没有做，所以选择D。

5....she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar.„„她听见了很响的声音，接着就变成了可怕的隆隆轰鸣声。

该句中的which引导非限制性定语从句。例如：He bought some reference books, which were all about science.他买了许多的参考资料．都是有关理科的。

which 作为关系代词．既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。例如：The train which left for Beijing pulled in on time.前往北京的火车按时进站了。His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.他的狗，现在老了，生病死了。

【考例】(2005浙江)Jim passed the driving test, ____ surprised everybody in the office.A.which

B.that

C.this

D.it [考查目标]非限制性定语从句。

[答案与解析]A which引导非限制性定语从句。指代 前面整个句子。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。☆句型诠释☆

现在进行时的用法(is / am / are + doing)1.表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。Look!The monkey is climbing the banana tree.2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。(说话时动作不一定正在进行。)We are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.3.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹、惊讶、厌恶等。(常与always, constantly, continually, all the time, forever 等副词连用)，表反复的动作。He is always think-ing of others.(表赞许)She is always asking the same question.(表厌恶)You are always changing your mind.(表抱怨)4.表示在最近计划或安排要进行的动作。常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, stay 等表移动、方向的动词。He is starting the work in a few minutes./ He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.[注意]

1.不用进行时的词有:

(1)系动词: feel, sound, smell, taste, look, appear, seem, remain, prove 等。(2)表结果的感官动词: see, notice, hear 等。

(3)非延续性的动词，此动作开始即是结束：enter, accept, receive等。

(4)表心理状态，存在状态，拥有的动词：love, like, hate, care, dislike, respect, prefer, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, wish, hope, mind, agree, belong to, depend on, own, have等。

2.用进行时的特殊词有系动词get, turn, grow, become, go, come, fall 等表由一种状态转入另一种状态时，用进行时表示渐近。Today, many rivers that were polluted are getting cleaner and cleaner.当今，许多过去遭污染的河流又变得越来越清澈了。[比较] 现在进行时表将来的用法与一般将来时的区别：(1)现在进行时表近期的，事先已经计划安排好的--How are you getting to the airport?--By taxi.Bob is coming with me to the airport.(2)will do 和 shall do ①表客观将来。shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。I will / shall finish middle school next month.②表有科学根据的预测。The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.③表客观必然。Man will make mistakes.(3)be going to ①表现在打算在近期或将来要做某事。I'm going to finish my homework tonight.②表根据已有迹象的预测。It's so dark outside, I think it's going to rain.③ be going to不与come, go连用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.[注意] 表计划、安排、规定要做的事，用“be + to do”。此外，表示按时刻表运行的动作常用一般现在时表将来。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m./ Our plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..[牛刀小试3] 1.____ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(2004 吉林)A.Though

B.Whether C.Until

D.Unless 2.Now that you've got a chance, you ____ make full use of it.(NMET 1999)A.had better to

B.might as well C.might as well as

D.would rather 3.It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.(2004 天津)A.that

B.until C.since

D.before 4.There is no light in the dormitory.They must have gone to the lecture, ____?(2004 上海春招)A.didn't they

B.don't they C.mustn't they

D.haven't they 5.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected.(2000 北京春招)A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what DBDDC ☆交际速成☆

【考点1】Talking about intentions and plans.谈论意愿和打算(2004江苏)

--How long are you staying?--I don't know.____.A.That's OK

B.Never mind

C.It depends

D.It doesn't matter [答案与解析]C 本题考查具体语境下被询问打算时的应答。A项用于回答感谢和道歉，B、D两项用于回答道歉，C 项表示“看情况而定”。【归纳】英语中常见表达意愿和打算的用语有： ① I'll go with you.② I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.③ I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.④ I want / hope to find an English pen friend.⑤ I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.⑥ We are ready to move to a new house.⑦ Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.⑧ I'm thinking of driving to Beijing.⑨ Where would you prefer going...? ⑩ How would you like to go to...? ? When are you going off to...? ? How are you going to...? 【考点2】Expressing good wishes祝愿(2005广东)

Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend.I'm sure we will win.Mike: ____!A.Congratulations

B.Cheers

C.Best wishes

D.Good luck [答案与解析]D 考查祝愿用语。在比赛前表示祝愿的话用Good luck。Congratulations用于成功之后的祝贺。Cheers意为“干杯”。Best wishes多用于书面语，表示“万事如意”的意思。

【归纳】英语中常见表达祝愿的用语有： ① Have a good day / time!② Have a good journey / trip!③ Good luck!④ Enjoy yourself!⑤ Best wishes to you!⑥ Happy New Year!⑦ Happy birthday!⑧ Merry Christmas!应答语有： ① Thank you.② You, too.③ The same to you.【考点3】Describing emotions 描述人物的情感(2001上海春招)--I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week.--____.A.Please go ahead

B.That's all right

C.Not at all

D.Take your time [答案与解析]D 本题考查时表示遗憾情感的应答。A项表示“请吧，说吧”，用于回答许可或让对方先行。B、C两项是感谢或道歉的答语，D项表示“别着急，慢慢来”，符合语境。【归纳】中学英语中描述人物情感的用语有：

①(恐惧)Help!/ How terrible!/ I'm afraid of.../ I'm afraid to.../ You scared me!/ It scares me!②(高兴)(It's)well done!/ How wonderful!/ That's great!/ I'm pleased to...③(惊奇)Really!/ Oh dear!/ Is that so? / What a surprise!/ How surprising!④(忧虑)What's wrong? / what's the matter? / Anything wrong? / What should we do? ⑤(安慰)There, there./ Don't be afraid.／Don't worry./ It's(quite)all right./ It'll be OK / all right.⑥(满意)Good!/ Well done!／ Perfect!/ That's fine./ That's better.⑦(遗憾)I'm so sorry!/ It's a great pity!/ What a shame!/ That's too bad!⑧(同情)I'm so sorry!/ I'm so sorry(about your illness)./ I'm sorry to hear that.⑨(愤怒)Damn!/ How annoying!⑩(鼓励)Well done!/ Come on!/ Keep trying./ You can do it![牛刀小试4] 1.--I'd like to take a week's holiday.--____, we're too busy.A.Don't worry

B.Don't mention it C.Forget it

D.Pardon me 2.--I was so sure that our experiment was going to succeed, but something went wrong at the last moment.--____, but don't give it up.A.Find out the reason

B.Never mind C.I'm sorry to hear that

D.You don't 'mean that 3.--I just heard that the tickets for tonight's show have been sold out.--Oh no!____.A.I was looking forward to that B.It doesn't matter C.I knew it already D.It's not at all interesting 4.--We are going to travel to Italy.--____.A.Good bye

B.Go ahead C.I like to go, too

D.Have a good time 5.--I'd rather have some tea, if you don't mind.--____.A.Thank you very much B.Yes, I like so C.No, it's nothing

D.Of course, anything you want

CCADD ☆精典题例☆

1.Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.(NMET 2002春上海)

A.cut B.are cut C.are being cut D.had been cut 【解析】选C 本题是在语境中考查现在进行时的被动语态。本句意为“雨林以这样的速度被砍伐和焚烧，会导致它在不久的将来从地球上消失。”体会语境和句意便知此处选择C项，表示现阶段在进行的动作。

2.Twenty-three hours has passed after the explosion in the mine, but rescue efforts to recover the missing ____ carried out.A.are still being

B.have already been

C.are always

D.will soon be 【解析】选A本句意为“矿井爆炸已过23小时了，但对失踪人员的搜索还在进行中。” 3.--When are you leaving?--My plane ____ at 10:45.A.takes off

B.took off

C.is about to take off

D.will take off 【解析】选A飞机是按时刻表运行的。4.--Excuse me, what time is it now?

--Sorry, my watch ____.It ____ at the shop.A.isn't working;is being repaired

B.doesn't work;is being repaired

C.isn't working;is repaired

D.doesn't work;is repaired 【解析】选B doesn't work说明“手表不工作”的状态，而不只是现在才坏了。后句意为“手表正在商店里修理”，故应用is being repaired。

5.John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble.A.to be;to help

B.to be;helping C.being;to help

D.being;helping

【解析】选B be considered to be “被认为是„„”；consider doing “考虑做某事”。6.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.A.until

B.when

C.before

D.as 【解析】选C意思是“在事情还未变得更糟之前及 时纠正错误”。

7.--There is something wrong with my bike.--It doesn't matter.I ____ lend you mine.A.am to B.am going to C.was going to

D.will 【解析】选D be to表示按计划安排将来的动作，be going to 表示最近打算做某事，will 在此是情态动词，表示“意志；意愿”。如：I will tell you all about it.8.Children at the beginning of this century ____ a lot and ____ themselves greatly even without television.A.used to read;enjoying

B.used to read;enjoyed C.were used to reading;enjoy D.were used to read;enjoying 【解析】选B 前后时态要保持一致。

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit5-6 ☆重点句型☆

1.While still a student, she played roles in many plays.连词 + 名词做时间状语

2.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said„连词+过去分词做时间状语

3.When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses.连词 + 现在分词做时间状语 4.It's a custom in China to have some tea before the meal is served.It 做形式主语 5.Many people like this film not just because..., but also because...并列连词

6.Having good table manners means knowing...动名词做主宾语 ☆重点词汇☆ 1.comment v.评论 2.marry v.结婚 3.create v.创造 4.attack v.进攻 5.cruelty n.残酷 6.escape v.逃跑

7.advice n.忠告；建议

8.afford v.花得起(钱、时间)9.encourage v.鼓励 10.research n.研究 11.interrupt v.打断；打扰 12.apologize v.道歉 13.pray v.请求；祈祷 14.forgive v.原谅；宽恕 15.match v.相配；相适应 16.manners n.礼貌 17.impression n.印象

18.live adj.& adv.活的；直播的(地)19.custom n.习惯；风俗 20.introduce vt.介绍；引进 ☆重点短语☆

1.take off 脱掉；起飞；成功 2.go wrong 出错；出问题

3.can't help doing 情不自禁做某事 4.take one's place 代替某人 5.run after 追逐；追踪

6.win a prize 获奖

7.think highly of 赞扬„„；对„„高度评价

8.call for 需要；索取 9.in all 总共

10.play a role 扮演角色(作用)11.make money 挣钱 12.win over 争取过来 13.work on 从事，致力于

14.owe success to 把成功归功于某人 15.start with 以„„开始 16.run away from school逃学 17.on the air 正在播出的 18.do research 进行调查 19.speed up 加速

20.follow the fashion 追随时尚

☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据 汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才 能过关。你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我 们就开始吧? l.____ screen 银幕，电影(业)2.take ____ 成功；成名；脱掉(衣服)；(飞机)起飞 3.____ wrong 走错路；误入歧途；不对头；出毛病 4.owe sth ____ sb 把„„归功于某人 5.____ all 总共；总之 6.stay ____ 不在家，外出 7.____ school 小学

8.lock sb ____ 将某人锁于某处不得进出；将某人监禁起来 9.run ____ 追赶

10.bring sb ____ 送回某人 11.____ the air正在播出的

12.think highly ____ 对„„高度评价 13.leave ____ 省去；遗漏；不考虑 14.stare ____ 盯着

15.make ____ about sb 以某人为笑柄

16.drink(a toast)____ 为„„祝酒；为„„干杯 17.win ____ 战胜

18.____ comments on对„„加以评论

19.look sb ____ 看望，拜访某人

20.____ a role in 在„„中扮演角色；在„„方面起作用 21.____ a prize获奖

22.to sb for(doing)sth因某事向某人道歉

23.make a good impression ____ 给„„留下好印象 24.____ silent 保持沉默 25.pay a visit ____ 拜访 ☆交际用语☆

1.What do you think has happened? 2.What do you know about…?

3.How do you like…? / What do you think of…? / What db you feel...? 4.May I interrupt you for a moment? 5.Excuse me / Forgive me for.../ I apologize for… 6.I'm(very / so / terribly)sorry.It's all my fault.7.That's all right./ That's OK./ No problem.8.I wish you all the best.9.I'm sorry.I didn't mean to...10.Let's drink(a toast)to...!☆单词聚焦☆ 1.afford

(1)(和can，could，be able to连用)有(时间、经济等)条件(做某事)+ to do

We can't afford to pay such a price.afford + n./ pron.(出得起；买得起等)

They donot consider whether they can afford it or not.(2)经得起(做某事或发生某事)(多+to do)

He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely.2.apologize的用法

▲构词：apology n.辩解，道歉 ▲搭配：

① apologize to sb for(doing)sth = make an apology的 sb for(doing)sth向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉

② apologize for oneself 为自己辩解或辩护

【考例】[NMET 1993]The captain ____ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.A.made

B.said

C.put

D.passed [考查目标] apologize及其名词的用法和搭配。[答案与解析]A make an apology的意思是“道歉”。3.choice的用法 ▲搭配：

① make a choice 选择

② make choice of 挑选，选择，选定 ③ make / take one's choice 任意挑选

④ have no choice but to do sth 非„„不可，除„„之外别无他法

【考例】[MET 1993] We've missed the last bus, I'm afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.A.way

B.choice C.possibility

D.selection [考查目标] choice的意思和习惯搭配。

[答案与解析]B choice是choose的名词形式．意思是 “选择”，在本句中构成固定搭配have no choice but to do sth“不得不干„„”。4.determine的用法

▲构词：determination n.决心，决断，决意；决定，确定 ▲搭配：

① determine to do sth 决定做某事 ② determine on / upon(doing)sth 决定 ③ a man of determination 有决断力的人

▲辨析：decide；determine这两个词都有“决定”的意思。decide的含义是“不再迟疑不定”，而

determine含义是“把某件事确定下来”。在be determined to do„这个固定的结构中。过去分词determined的词义为“下定了决心”。decide的名词为decision，determine的名词为determination。例如：At first，she decided to go to the police，„起初，她决定去找警察„„

▲友情提示: decide后跟宾语从句时，其含义有时是“断

定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。

注：在determine to do...，determine on(upon)...和determine that...。(宾语从句)三个搭配中，determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异。He determined / decided to learn medicine.他决定学医。

注：decide sb to do sth 决定使某人做某事What decided you to give up your job? 什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作? 【考例】[2001京皖春招] Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work.For example, he must ____ the parts that are wrong.A.check

B.determine

C.correct

D.recover [考查目标]determine的用法。

[答案与解析]B determine和decide在一般情况下意思相同。5.encourage的用法 ▲构词：

① encouraging adj.鼓励的，给予希望的，振奋人心的。令人欢欣鼓舞的 ② encouraged adj.被激励的，受到鼓舞的 ③ encouragement n.鼓励，激励 ④ discourage v.使泄气；劝阻

▲搭配：① encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事② be encouraged by 受„„鼓励／鼓舞 【考例】 [2004北京]My advisor encouraged ___a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me taking

B.me taking

C.for me to take

D.me to take [考查目标] encourage的用法。

[答案与解析]D encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人干某事。句意为：我的导师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技巧。

6.escape(vi, vt)escaped, escaping

(1)逃走；跑掉 + from / out of = run away from

The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.(2)逃脱；逃避 + n./ doing

He narrowly escaped death / being killed.There's no way to escape doing the work.escape还可表示： ①（液体等）漏出 gas escaping from the pipe 煤气从管中漏出Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.水从排水管中迅速流出。

②避免escaped death 免于一死There is no escaping him.怎么也避不开他。③疏忽，忽略 Nothing escaped his attention.什么也逃不过他的注意。You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher's attention.你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。escape n

①逃走The thief made his escape.小偷逃走了。

②（气体）漏出，泄出；解闷She reads love stories as an escape.她读爱情小说解闷。7.hunt的用法

▲构词：hunter n.猎人，搜寻者 ▲搭配：

① hunt for / after追猎；寻找，搜寻 ② hunt out 找出；调查出

【考例】He wandered in the street, ____ a new jacket for his nephew.A.hunting for

B.waiting for

C.shooting for

D.aiming for [考查目标]本题考查hunt for的意思。

[答案与解析]A hunt for原来是“猎取”的意思，引中为“搜寻，寻找”。

8.impression n.印象

(1)impression(on sb.)(给某人)印象His speech made a strong impression on his audience.(2)impression(of sth.)(对某事物)印象；想法That's my first impression of the new college.(3)impress sb.with sth.给予某人深刻印象 = impress sth.on sb.使某人铭记 The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking.= The teacher impre-ssed his students with the importance of speaking.9.interrupt的用法vt, vi ①阻断；中断 Don't interrupt me.别打断我。Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.市内交通被暴风雪所阻断。

②打岔；插嘴 It is rude to interrupt.打断别人的话，是不礼貌的。“Don't interrupt,” he said.“别插话, ”他说。▲构词：

① interrupter n.打岔者，打断者

② interruption n.打岔．打断，使中断的事物

【考例】[2005山西模拟] Be quiet!It's rude to ____ people when they are talking.A.stop

B.introduce

C.prevent

D.interrupt [考查目标] interrupt的词义。

[答案与解析]D interrupt的意思是“打断；使中断”． 后接指人或指物的各种名词。

10.marry

(1)vi.结婚

He didn't marry until he was fifty.(2)vt.和„„结婚

Jean is going to marry Hubert.(3)vt.(父母)嫁(女儿)He married his daughter to a businessman.(4)vt.(教士等)为„„主持结婚仪式 We've come to ask if you will marry them.[比较]

(1)get married(to sb.)强调动作

His oldest girl got married last month.(2)be married(to sb.)强调状态

How long have you been married? 11.moment的用法 n.①片刻；瞬间 He will be here in a moment.他一会儿就来。At the moment I am working.此刻我正在工作。

②时机；机遇；时宜 Choose your moment to visit him.你选个合适的时机去拜访他。③重要性 a matter of great moment 一件极重要的事情

▲搭配：

① at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上 ② at the last moment 在最后关头 ③ at the moment 此刻；(正当)那时 ④ every moment 时时刻刻

⑤ for a moment 片刻

⑥ in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上

⑦ the moment(that)...一„„就„„

【考例】[NMET 2004 II] ”Can I? I don't think I can,“ Racy said with a laugh.”But I do have ____ when things come to me for no reason.“

A.events B.chances

C.feelings

D.moments [考查目标] moment的词义。[答案与解析] D moment可以指“时刻”，在本句中用了复数，意思是“一些次”。12.owe的用法owed, owing ▲搭配：

①（常与for连用）欠，欠债I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。(也可以是owe sth.或owe sb.sth)The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1.食品要4英镑，可我只付了3英镑，因此我还欠1英镑。I owe you an apology.我该向你道歉。☆ owe sb sth for sth 或 owe sth to sb for sth 为„欠某人„

②对„负有义务；感恩；感激We owe our parents a lot.我们十分感激父母。

③（常与to连用）归功于；由于She owes her success to good luck.她把成功归功于幸运。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement.年轻作家把自己的成功归于他老师的鼓励。

【考例】[2004湖北] ”How much do I ____ you?“ ”Oh, no,“ Paul said.A.Owe

B.lend

C.give

D.offer [考查目标]考查owe的词义和用法。

[答案与解析]A owe表示“欠”的时候是及物动词，可以接双宾语。13.reason n.原因；理由

(1)+ to do sth.You haven't any reason to leave me.(2)+ for sth./ doing People must have a reason for saying such things.(3)+ 从句；从句用why / for which引导 That is the reason why you should leave.(4)for + reason，为了某种原因He is retiring for reasons of health.[比较] cause“原因；起因”

the cause of the fire 火灾的起因(引起某种后果的起因)the reason for being late 迟到的理由(做某件事的理由)14.role

(1)(戏剧中的)角色Oliver played(acted)the role / part of Hamlet.(2)(现实生活中的)身份；作用

What is your role on the Committee?(3)play a...role in...= play a...part in在„„中扮演„„角色或作用The headmaster plays an important role / part in the good running of a school.15.serve v.(1)为„„服务／工作 A slave serves his master.(2)接待(顾客)The shop assistant is serving a customer.(3)侍候吃饭，端(菜)；供应(饭菜)Lunch is served now.(4)serve as 充任(某职务)作„„用 She served as a model for several painters./ This box will serve as / for a seat.16.speed的用法 ▲搭配：

① at a high speed 以很大的速度

② at full / top speed 用全速，开足马力，尽力(快)地； ③ with great / an speed 用全速，开足马力 ④ speed up 加速，快点

【考例】We had tried our best but the boss still shouted, ” ____!“

A.Speed up

B.No hurry

C.Wait a minute

D.Slow down [考查目标]本题考查speed及其构成的短语的意思。

[答案与解析]A speed up意思是“加速，快点”的意思。17.stare的用法 vi, vt--stared, staring 凝视，注视

He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.他盯着这个单词，努力想记起它的意思。

[习惯用语] stare one in the face近在眼前；摆在眼前

▲辨析：gaze；stare；glare这组动词的一般含义是“凝视”。

gaze表示“目不转睛地看”，并含有“惊叹”、“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思。例如：She gazed at the carpet for some time, and then added, ”You don't need bookcases at all.“ 她对地毯凝视了一会儿，然后补充说：“你根本不需要书柜。”

stare 特别表示“睁大眼睛凝视”，并含有“惊奇”、“傲慢”或“茫然”的意思。例如：The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.那位贵族对那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。glare 表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性的瞪眼睛”的意思。例如：The trapped eagle glared at his captors.被诱捕到的雄鹰凶狠地瞪着捕获它的人。

【考例】[NMET 1999] ____ him and then try to copy what he does.A.Mind

B.Glance at

C.Stare at

D.Watch [考查目标] stare 等近义词辨别。[答案与解析]D watch意思是“观察”，是长时问关注；而stare at却是“盯着”。含有惊奇、傲慢的感情色彩。

18.trouble

(1)麻烦；烦恼；烦心的事(可数，不可数)It is a pity to give you so much trouble./ Life is full of troubles.(2)困难；费事(不可数)have trouble with sth./ have trouble(in)doing sth.(= difficulty)Did you have much trouble in finding the post office? / I hope you won't have any trouble with the work.[相关短语]

(1)ask for trouble 自寻烦恼；自找麻烦 What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.(2)(be)in trouble 有烦事；有困难；出事；惹麻烦 He never came except when he was in trouble.(3)put sb.to trouble 给某人造成麻烦；增添麻烦 I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.(4)take trouble to do sth.费心做某事；费心 It was good of you to take the trouble to help us.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：(speed，owe，encourage，decide，moment，apologize)1.will never forget the ____ given by Mr.Wang, which helped me overcome a lot difficulty.2.I have made a ___that every department in our company should buy a computer of this kind.3.I recognized the man the ____ I saw him at the corner.4.Since it was a bit later，we had to ____ up.5.We must ____ our success to our parents and teachers.6.The parents came from the far-away village, making an ____ for their naughty son.☆词语比较☆

1.win, beat, defeat 表示获胜、取胜的词语

(1)win v.赢„„，获胜，接比赛或奖项 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race./ Our team won the game 8 to 7./ He won by five points./ He won her love at last./ He won the first place in the competition.(2)beat + 对手，表打败(尤指体育比赛)I can easily beat him at golf.(3)defeat 表战胜，接对手The enemy was defeated in the battle.2.in the end, finally, at last 三者均可表示“(经过周折、等待、耽误)最后，终于”之意。不同的是：

finally 一般用在句中动词前面，而 at last 与 in the end 的位置则较为灵活；

三者中at last 语气最为强烈，且可单独作为感叹句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian./ At last he knew the meaning of life./ At last!Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.另外，finally还可用在列举事项时，引出最后一个内容，相当于lastly。Firstly, we should make a plan;secondly, we should carry it out;finally we should make a conclu-sion.3.by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

(1)by sea “走海路，乘船”，用来表示交通方式，同 by ship 同义。These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.(2)by the sea “在海边”，相当于 by(at)the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.(3)in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.(4)on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸边”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.(5)at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.4.be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of(doing)sth.(1)be afraid 意为“担心，害怕”，多用于口语，常用来表示一种歉意，或遗憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 从句。I'm afraid(that)其语意相当于 I'm sorry, but...。

--Are we on time? 我们准时吗?--I'm afraid not.恐怕不准时。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.(2)be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于胆小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone./ He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.(3)be afraid of(doing)sth.常表示“担心或害怕某事(发生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.5.live, living, alive, lively

(1)live adj.①活的；活生生的；(只修饰生物；只作前置定语)The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.②实况直播的(不是录音)It wasn't a recorded show.It was live.③带电的；燃着的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.(2)living adj.活着的，有生命的(作表语或定语)She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England./ The old man is still living.(或alive)

(3)alive adj.①活着的；②有活力的；有生气 作后置定语：Who's the greatest man alive? 作表语：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.作补语：Let's keep the fish alive.(4)lively adj.活泼的；有生气的；活跃的(作表语或定语)The music is bright and lively.6.take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

(1)take off ①(飞机)起飞 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.②脱下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes./ Who took the knob off the door? ③休假；请假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.④(指观念、产品)大受欢迎；(事业)突然发达，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off./ His business began to take off when he was in his forties.(2)take down ①拿下来；取下来 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.②记下来 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.(3)take in ①接受(房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.②理解；领会；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.④使上当；欺骗We were completely taken in by her story.(4)take on ①接受；从事(某工作)After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.②雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis-tant? ③具有(新面貌、意思等)The city has taken on a new look.(5)take up ①从事某项活动；发展某种爱好 So many young men want to take up writing.②开始做(某项工作)；开始学习(某个课程)Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast./ He dropped medicine and took up physics.③占去(时间或空间)The meeting took up the whole morning./ The table takes up too much room.④接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.7.call for, call on, call up

(1)call for ①来找(某人)；来取(某物)I'll call for you at your house.②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.(2)call on ① call on / upon sb.拜访；去会(某人)I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.② call on / upon sb.to do sth.请／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.③号召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.(3)call up

①给„„打电话(英 ring up)I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.②征召入役；调用(后备部队)Three boys in our street were called up last week.8.too much, much too

(1)too much “太多”之意，可以作形容词，修饰不可数名词，也可作副词，修饰动词。There is too much rain here in spring./ She talked too much at the meeting.(2)much too “简直太，过于”，只能作副词，用来修饰形容词或别的副词，不能修饰动词。This book is much too difficult for me./ The old man walks much too slowly.9.custom, habit

(1)custom 指传统风俗、习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs./ It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.(2)habit 指个人生活习惯。“(有)养成„„习惯”常

用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth.句型；“戒掉„„习惯”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth.句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up./ The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.10.arise, rise, raise raise vt.“使„„上升；升起；提高”等；

rise vi.“上升；升起”； arise vi.“站起来(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都属正式用法；arise主要表示“出现、发生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger.(抬高)The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.(刮起)The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother.(=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.)(爬起)She rises before it is light.(起床)Difficulties will arise as we do the work.(出现)☆短语归纳☆

1.can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

She couldn't hep smiling.[比较]

(1)can't help but do 不得不„„；不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.(2)cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.[归纳](1)help(sb.)(to)do sth.Help me get him back to bed at once./ By helping them we are helping save ourselves.(2)help...with sth.帮助„„做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.(3)help oneself / sb.to sth.给自己 / 别人夹菜 / 拿烟 等；擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

(4)help...in sth.在„„方面帮助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.(5)help out 帮忙(做事；克服困难等)I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.2.含go的短语

① go around 到处走／跑．(疾病)流传，(谣言)传开；go after 追求；go ahead 说吧，请吧，做吧；go away 离开，出去

② go back 走网头路，翻悔改变；go bad 变坏；go boating 去划船 ③ go fishing 去钓鱼；go for a walk去散步 ④ go hiking 去徒步旅行；go home 回家 ⑤ go in for 喜爱，从事于；go into 进入，加入 ⑥ go mad 发疯

⑦ go off 离去，去世；go on 继续，进展，依据；go on doing 继续做；go out 出去，发出去，熄灭，不时兴；go over 研究，检查，搜查

⑧ go shopping 去商店；go skating 去滑冰；go straight along 沿着；go swimming 去游泳 ⑨ go through 通过，经受，仔细检查；go to bed 上床 ⑩ go up 上升 ? go wrong 走错路，误入歧途

[例句] We'll go through the items one by one.我们要逐条研究。She has gone back to her old habits.她又回到了已往的习惯。Come on Sunday by yourself-we can go over the house together.星期天你要过来．我们一起检查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.他的演讲持续很长时间，结果人们开始想睡。That expression has gone out.Nobody Uses it today.那个短语已经过时了，现在没有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong.这个年轻人还没有意识到他已经误入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr.Liu pretended to have something important to do.厌烦与妻子一起去购物，刘先生假装有重要的事情要做。

【考例2】(2004北京)I don't ____ rock' n' roll.It's much too noisy for my taste.A.go after

B.go away with

C.go into

D.go in for [考查目标] 此题主要考查四个动词短语的意思。

[答案与解析]D

go after 追求；go away with 带走；go into进入，加入；go in for 喜爱，爱好。根据句子意思“摇滚音乐太嘈杂。不合乎我的口味．所以我不喜欢”。

【考例】(NMET 1998)Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.A.be put up

B.give in

C.be turned on

D.go out [考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的意思。[答案与解析] D

put up 挂起；give in 屈服；turn on 打开；go out 熄灭。本句话意思是“没有人注意到贼溜进了屋子，因为灯碰巧熄灭了”。3.go wrong

(1)走错路；弄错方向

(2)失败；不顺利All our plans went wrong./ Everything went wrong in those days.(3)发生故障

The clock went wrong.[比较]表示“变为”的系动词

(1)go 表示由积极向消极方面变化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

(2)become / get 表示由积极向消极或消极向积极方

面变化 The weather is getting quite warm./ Gradually he became silent.(3)turn 多接表颜色的词 This ink turns black when it dries./ He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.注意：become a writer

(4)grow 侧重变化过程 The sea is growing calm.(5)fall 进入某种状态

All three children fell asleep.4.owe...to...受到恩惠；归功于„„(1)欠(钱)owe sb.money = owe money to sb.I owe ￡50 to my tailor.= I owe my tailor ￡50.(2)得过(某人的)好处；欠(某人的)人情债

We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.(3)应当给予 You owe me an apology.(4)„„应归功于；„„都亏得

We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.[拓展]表示“由于”的词组：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of 5.take one's place(1)入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please.We are about to start.(2)take one's place = take the place of sb.代替(职务或工作等)；接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.[比较](1)in place(of)代替；„„而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.(2)take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下；有时等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.6.think highly of 赞扬 表赞赏的词有：

(1)think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.表认为不好的词有：

(2)think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.7.含“动词 + away”的短语 ① do away with 去掉

② get away 逃脱，(使)离开 ③ go away 离去，出去

④ put away 放好，把„„收拾起来，存(钱)以备它日之用 ⑤ run away 逃走，离开

⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

⑦ stay away(from)不在家，外出

⑧ take away 拿走，带走，夺去，使离去 ⑨ throw away 扔掉．浪费．坐失(良机)[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance.Or you'll regret.不要放弃这么好的机会，不然的话，你会后悔 的。Put away the tools before you leave.离开前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你为什么不去上学? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away.我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我离不开。【考例】(2004重庆)Before the war broke out, many people ____ in safe places possessions they could not take with them．

A.threw away

B.put away

C.gave away

D.carried away [考查目标]此题主要考查“动词+away”四个短语的意思。[答案与解析]B throw away 扔掉；put way 放好，把 „„收拾起来；give away 分发．泄露；carry away 冲 走。本句话意思是“在战争爆发以前，许多人把他们不 能带走的财产藏在了安全的地方”。8.含“动词 + off”的短语

① drop off 放下，下车 ② fall off(从„„)掉下来

③ get off(从„„)下来，动身，起飞，脱下来 ④ give off 发出，放出

⑤ jump off 跳离

⑥ put off 推迟，延期

⑦ set off 出发，引起，启程

⑧ see sb off 为某人送行，为„„送行 ⑨ switch off 关掉

⑩ take off 脱，去掉，起飞，匆匆离开，成名 ? throw off 匆忙脱掉

? turn off 关掉，避开，拐弯

[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit.在改变火线前，主干线的电力供应必须切断。Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off.Garey夫人像通常一样把他送到门口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.因为疾病的缘故，他不得不推迟了与我的约会。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off.车身适当修理前，所有外部的配件必须拿下来。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat.这炉火好像不大热。【考例】(2005广东)John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.A.send...away

B.leave...off

C.see...off

D.show...around [考查目标]此题主要考查短语see off的用法。

[答案与解析]C

see off 意为“给某人送行”；send away意为“派遣”；leave off意为“停止，不再穿”；show around意为“带领某人参观”。[牛刀小试2] 在下列句子的空白处填上适当的介词或副词。

1.My grandmother had put ____ over$50,000 when she was sixty—five years old.2.His mother had thought it would be good for his charac-ter to get ____ home and earn some money on his own.3.The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.4.--What do you think the contest?--I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.5.If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.☆句型诠释☆

1.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.他没能上电影学院是因为他的分数太低了。

该句巾的why引导一个定语从句，而that引导表语从句。

1.句中that引导的表语从句说明主语reason的具体内容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause.当主语是reason / cause时，一般不能用because或why引导表语从句，以免造成语意重复。当主语是This / That时，可以由because / why引导表语从句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.【考例】(NMET 1999)--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that ____ you had a few days off?

A.why B.when C.what D.where [考查目标] 表语从句。[答案与解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你请了几天假的原因吗?”因此可知答案为why。2.why在句中是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，同时它在定语从句中作状语，此时why = for which，但要注意：关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词that或which。

【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A.he explained

B.what he explained

C.how he explained

D.why he explained [考查目标]定语从句。

[答案与解析]A what，how不能引导定语从句，排除B、C两项；the reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

2.Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.好多看过这个片子的人一想起片中鲨鱼食人的场面．就不敢下海游泳了。

该句是一个复杂长句，从when到句子末尾是状语从句，在从句中包含一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词scenes;在前面的主句里面。包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.定语从句关系词的选择，要遵循“瞻前顾后”的原则，所谓“瞻前”即看前面的先行词指人还是指物；“顾后”即后面的定语从句，看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works.(状语)/ This is the factory(that / which)he visited.(宾语)【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.A.that

B.who

C.from whom

D.to whom [考查目标]定语从句。

[答案与解析]D “turn to sb for help”为固定短语，意思是“向某人求助”，所以选to whom。3.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.当有人问起他成功的秘诀时。史蒂文?斯皮尔伯格说起他的成功和幸福主要来自于妻子和孩子。

该句中的 ”when" 是时间状语从句的省略形式。在状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，而且从句谓语动词是be或包含be时，常常将从句主语与be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.【考例】(2003上海春招)Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited

B.inviting

C.being invited

D.having invited [考查目标]状语从句的省略现象。

[答案与解析]A unless为连词，后面省略了you are，所以选invited。

4.Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.在餐桌上，懂礼节意味着你知道如何使用刀叉，何时祝酒以及如何在用餐时举止得体。

该句中having good manners为v-ing形式作主语。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.▲友情提示：在v-ing 形式前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，构成v-ing复合结构，在句中作主语、宾语。

【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.A.he'd like to collect coins as well

B.he feels like collecting coins, too

C.to collect coins is also his hobby

D.collecting coins gives him great pleasure [考查目标]v-ing 作主语。

[答案与解析]D

A、B、C三项句法都无错误，但在and连接的并列句中，两个简单句的主语要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分别做两个简单句的主语。

5.It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need.餐盘里的东西要吃光才礼貌，所以不要多拿。

该句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to finish eating „例如：It's not right to tell lies.撒谎是不对的。

it作为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。常见的句型有： 1.It + be + adj.+ to do sth 2.It + be + n.+ to do sth 3.It + be + PP.to do sth 【考例】(2001上海)In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this

B.that

C.there

D.it [考查目标] 形式主语。

[答案与解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主语。【句型归纳】

1.When / While / Though / Unless / If + n./ adj./ 现在分词／过去分词„„ 状语从句有些成分有时可省略，一般是主语和be省略；有时it和be可以省略： He made no answer when(he is)spoken to./Though(he was)born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York./ Come back early if(it is)possible.[注意]用法详见Chapter 10语法活用“省略和插入语”。2.Not only / just„but(also)连接相同的句子成分

Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum.(连接主语时根据就近原则)/ They not only sang but(also)danced for a whole night./ Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous./ Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future.(连接句子时，not only后的句子要部分倒装)[牛刀小试3] 1.The reason ____ you failed, I think, was ____ you had turned a deaf ear to your mother's advice.A.that;because

B.why;because C.why;that

D.for that;that 2.The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.(2004 全国卷I)A.for which

B.at which C.in which

D.on which 3.When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.(2002 上海春招)A.completed

B.completing

C.being completed

D.to be completed 4.____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(2003 上海)A.The president will attend

第五篇：高一英语必修一知识点总结

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析 ☆重点句型☆

1.What should a friend be like? 询问对方的看法 2.I think he / she should be„表示个人观点的词语

3.I enjoy reading / I'm fond of singing / I like playing computer games.等表示喜好的词语 4.Chuck is on a flight when suddenly his plane crashes.“when“作并列连词的用法 5.What / Who / When / Where is it that...? 强调句的特殊疑问句结构

6.With so many people communicating in English everyday,...“with+宾语+宾补”的结构做状语 7.Can you tell me how to pronounce...? 带连接副词

(或代词)的不定式做宾补的用法 ☆重点词汇☆

1.especially

v.特别地 2.imagine

v.想像

3.alone

adv./ adj.单独，孤独的 4.interest

n.兴趣

5.everyday

adj.每天的，日常的 6.deserted

adj.抛弃的 7.hunt

v.搜寻 8.share

v.分享

9.care

v.在乎，关心 10.total

n.总数 11.majority

n.大多数

12.survive

v.生存，活下来 13.adventure

n.冒险 14.scared

adj.吓坏的 15.admit

v.承认

16.while

conj.但是，而 17.boring

adj.令人厌烦的 18.except

prep.除„„之外 19.quality

n.质量

20.favourite

adj.最喜爱的 ☆重点短语☆

1.be fond of

爱好

2.treat„as„

把„„看作为„„ 3.make friends with 与„„交朋友

4.argue with sb.about / over sth.与某人争论某事 5.hunt for

寻找 6.in order to

为了

7.share„with

与„„分享 8.bring in

引进；赚钱 9.a great / good many

许多„

10.have difficulty(in)doing

做„„有困难 11.end up with

以„„结束 12.except for

除„„之外 13.come about

发生 14.make(a)fire

生火

15.make yourself at home

别拘束 16.the majority of

大多数

17.drop sb.a line

给某人写短信 18.for the first time

第一次 19.at all

根本；竟然

20.have a(good)knowledge of„

精通„„ ☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填人一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.be fond ____

喜欢，爱好

2.hunt ____

搜索。追寻，寻找

3.in to ____

为了

4.care ____

担心，关心

5.such ____

例如，诸如

6.drop sb a ____

给某人写信(通常指写短信)

7.make oneself at ____

别客气

8.____ total

总共

9.except ____

除了„„之外

10.stay ____

不睡，熬夜

11.____ about

发生

12.end ____ with

以„„告终

13.bring ____

引进，引来

14.a great ____

许许多多，极多

15.be ____

对„„深感兴趣，深深迷上„„

16.____ the Internet

上网

17.____ classes

逃学，逃课

18.get ____

聚会，相聚，聚集

19.be proud ____

为„„感到骄傲

20.keep an ____ on

照看，注意

21.be curious ____

对„„感到好奇

22.shut ____

(使)住口

23.joke ____

开玩笑

24.____ the name of

以„„名义

25.____ the time

总是，一直

☆交际用语☆ 1.I think…

I like / love / hate...I enjoy...My interests are...2.Did you have a good flight?

You must be very tired.Just make yourself at home.I beg your pardon?

of for order about as line home

in

for up come

up in many into surf skip

together of eye about up about in all

Can you tell me how to pronounce...?

Get it.☆单词聚焦☆

1.argue v.的用法

▲构词：argument n.1.[C]争论 2.[U]讨论．辩论3.[C]论据 ▲ 搭配：

① argue with / against sb.over / on / about sth.与某人

争论某事 ② argue for / against sth.辩论赞成／反对某事 ③ argue that...主张，认为，争辩说

④ argue sb into / out of doing sth.说服某人做／不做某事

▲友情提示：“说服某人做／不做某事”还可表达为：talk / persuade / reason sb.into / out of doing sth.⑤ settle the argument 解决争端

▲友情提示：an argument with sb about / over sth.为某事和某人而发生的争执

【考例】What laughing ____ we had about the socially respectable method for moving spaghetti(意大利式细面条)from plate to mouth.(2004全国卷I)

A.speeches

B.lessons C.sayings D.arguments [考查目标] argue名词形式的词义。

[答案与解析] D argument的词义是“争辩，辩论”。2.compare v.的用法

▲构词：comparison n.比较

▲搭配：① compare...to...比拟；比作 ② compare...with / to...将„„和„„相比较 ③ compare notes 对笔记；交换意见

【考例】 ____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004湖北)

A.Compare

B.When comparing

C.Comparing

D.When compared [考查目标] compare的用法。

[答案与解析] D 本句compare用在句首作状语，并有“被比较”的意思。3.consider v.的用法

▲构词：consideration n.考虑，思考；体谅，顾及

▲搭配：① consider doing sth.考虑做某事 ② consider sb(to be / as)...认为／觉得某人„„③ consider that-clause 认为„„ ④ take sth into consideration 考虑 ⑤ under consideration 在考虑中

【考例】Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer.(NMET 1993)

A.to invent

B.inventing

C.to have invented

D.having invented [考查目标] consider的几种常见用法。

[答案与解析] C consider本身是被动语态时，后接不定式的各种结构。如果表示已经发生的事情．用不定式的完成形式。

4.deserted adj.空无一人的；被遗弃的；被抛弃的

(1)空无一人的a deserted street / area空无一人的街道，地区；The office was quite deserted.办公室里空无一人。

(2)被遗弃的a deserted child 被遗弃的孩子(3)desert ['dezot] n.沙漠 desert [dI'zo:t] vt.丢弃；遗弃

He deserted his wife and children after becoming rich.5.difficulty n.(1)difficulty(通常作复数)难事，难点，难题She met with many difficulties when travelling.(2)在以下句型中，difficulty是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。

have(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.干某事有困难 there is(some)difficulty(in)doing sth.have(some)difficulty with sth.在某事上有困难

there is(some)difficulty with sth.do sth.with difficulty / without difficulty 困难地／轻而易举地做某事

We had a lot of difficulty in finding your house.Do you have any difficulty with your English?

【注意】

(1)以上句型中，difficulty前可加some, little, much, a lot of, no, any修饰

(2)以上句型中，亦可用trouble来代替difficulty。6.favourite = favorite(A.E)最喜爱的；最喜爱的人或事物

(1)adj.最喜爱的My favorite sport is playing football.(2)n.[C] 最喜爱的人或事物He is a favorite with his uncle.7.fun的用法

▲构词：funny adj.有趣的．滑稽的，好笑的；奇特的，古怪的 ▲搭配：

① make fun of 取笑；嘲弄；开某人的玩笑

②(just)for / in fun =(just)for the fun of it 取乐，非认真地，说／做着玩的 ③ be full of fun„„ 很好玩

④ have fun with sb.和某人开一个玩笑

⑤ have(some)fun 玩得(很)高兴，玩得(很)开心

⑥ It's(great)fun to do sth干某事很有趣；干某事真是一件趣事；干某事真开心 ⑦ What fun(it is)to do sth!干某事多么有趣呀!⑧ have a lot of fun doing sth 干某事玩得很开心

【考例】(200上海春招)This is not a match.We're play-ing chess just for ____.A.habit

B.hobby

C.fun

D.game [考查目标] fun构成的短语for fun的意思。

[答案与解析]C，for fun 常在句中用作状语，意思是“说／做着玩的”。8.imagine的用法

▲构词：① imagination n.[C / U] 想像，想像力，想像的事物 ② imaginative adj.富有想像力的 ▲搭配：① imagine sth / doing sth ② beyond(all)imagination(完全)出乎意料地

【考例】 I can hardly imagine Peter ___across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.(MET 1991)

A.sail

B.to sail

C.sailing

D.to have sailed [考查目标] imagine的基本用法。

[答案与解析] C imagine后接动词的-ing形式，本句的Peter是这个动名词的逻辑主语。9.interest的用法

interest vt.使„„感兴趣 n.兴趣，爱好 [U] 利息；利润 He has a great interest in politics.他对政治极感兴趣。/ a broad interest 广泛的利益 / a common interest 共同的利益 / a strong interest 极强的兴趣

▲构词：① interesting 令人感兴趣的(事物)② interested(某人对某事)有兴趣的 ▲搭配：① interest sb in sth 使某人注意，关心或参入某事；使某人对某事感兴趣 ② be interested in 对„„感兴趣(关 心)③have an interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面有兴趣(关心)；在„„中有股份、权益等 ④ hold one's interest 吸引住某人的兴趣 ⑤ in the interest(s)of 为„„利益；为„„起见；对„„有利 ⑥ lose interest in 对„„不再感兴趣 ⑦ show / take(an)interest in / in doing sth.对„„表示关心(有兴趣)⑧ have / take / feel no interest in 对„„不(不太)感兴趣 ⑨ with interest 有兴趣地，津津有味地 ⑩develop / find / feel interest in sth./ in doing sth.在某方面培养／有兴趣 ? lose interest in sth./ in doing sth.对某方面失去兴趣 有时interest可与不定冠词连用。He developed an interest in science.另外：interest作“爱好”解时，是可数名词。His interests include reading and tennis.【考例】____, they immediately suggested that she put them together to make a single one long story and paid Tracy a $50,000 advance.(2004全国卷 II)

A.Interested

B.Anxiously

C.Seriously

D.Encouraged [考查目标] interest派生词的词义和用法。

[答案与解析] A interested指(出版商)对这件事有兴趣。10.prove的用法

▲构词：① proof n.证据。试验，考验，(印刷)校样

▲搭配：① prove sth to sb 向某人证实„„ ② prove to sb that 从句向某人证实„„ ③ prove(oneself)to be 证明(自己)是，表现出

【考例】It was in the neighboring country — United States that such resistance to spray was first ____.(05长春模拟)

A.proved

B.killed

C.thought

D.discussed [考查目标] 考查prove的意思。

[答案与解析] A 本题was proved的意思是“得到证实”，有被动意味。11.provide的用法

▲构词：① provider n.供给者，供应者，养家者 ② provided / providing conj.倘若 ▲搭配：provide sb with sth / sth to sb 给„„提供；以„„装备

【考例】His son ____ the old man with all the food and the money he needed.A.provided

B.fed

C.afforded

D.charred [考查目标]考查provide的词义。

[答案与解析]A provide与with搭配，意思是“向某人提供某物”。12.share的用法

▲搭配：① share(in)sth.with sth.和某人分享、分担、共用某物 ② share sth(out)between / among...将某物分配、分给„„ ③ share joys / happiness and sorrows(with sb)(和某人)同甘共苦 ④ share one's opinion 同意某人的意见 【考例】Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare — you must learn to ____.(NMET 2000)

A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share [考查目标] 此题主要考查在语境中选择动词的能力。

[答案与解析] D 四个选项的含义分别为：support 支持；care 在意，关心；spare 挤出(时间)，匀出某物；share分享，分担，与某人合用。根据语境可知说话者是想让Clare学会与人共享——把玩具(拿出来)和Harry一起玩，share在此意为“合用玩具”，解此题的关键是信息play with your toys as well。故D为最佳答案。13.solve的用法

▲构词：solution n.1.[C](问题的)解答；(困难的)解决方法 2.[U] 解答，解决 3.[U] 溶解 ▲搭配：the solution to 解决„„的办法

【考例3】In the end, one suggestion seems to be the solution ____ the problem.(2001北京春招)

A.with

B.into C.for

D.to [考查目标] solve名词solution的相关搭配。[答案与解析] D “对于„„的解决办法”，介词用to。14.total n./ adj.全部(的)

(1)in total 加起来In total, there must have been 20000 people there.(2)a total of 总共His expenses(支出)reached a total of $100.(3)the total of...„„的总数 The total 0f the bill is 230 dollars.15.when conj.when并列连词，= and then，表示“就在那时，突然”，常见以下句型中：

(1)be doing...when...正在做„„突然„„I was wandering through the streets when l caught sight of a tailor's shop.(2)had done...when...刚做了„„突然„„I had just sat down when the light went out.(3)be about to do...when...刚要做„„突然„„I was just about to go swimming when our guide saw me and shouted at me.16.while conj.(1)while从属连词，引导时间状语从句，从句动词用延续性动词，主句的动作发生在从句动作发生的过程之中。Come on, get these things away while I make the tea.(2)并列连词，表前后两个分句意义相反或相对，意为“然而”。Some people waste food while others haven't enough.(3)放在句首，表示“尽管；虽然”，相当于although。While we don't agree, we continue to be friendly.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(compare，interest，fun，solve，argue，consider，share)1.All the novels are considered ____ the young readers in the 1980s.(to have interested)2.Bob thought it ____ to solve maths problems while others hated it.(fun)3.The headmaster ignored the ____ between Mrs.Wang and his nephew.(argument)4.We can't decide.The plan needs to be ____.(considered)5.____ with Class Two, ours has more boy students.(Compared)6.I find a better way ____ this problem.(to solve)7.Nearly half of the companies ____ the same opinion with the government.(share / shared)【词语比较】

1.especially, specially

especially adv.特殊地；尤其是

(1)侧重于多种事物或人中比较突出的。I like all the subjects at school, especially English.(尤其是英语)

(2)especially 后可接介词短语或从句。I like the Yuelu Mountains, especially in spring.(尤其是在春天)Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.specially 侧重特意地、专门地做某事(后面常接for sb.或to do sth.)I made a chocolate cake specially for you.2.boring, bored, bore boring adj.令人厌烦的 The book is very boring.bored adj.感到厌烦的 I'm bored with the book.bore vt.令人厌烦

This book bores me.有些表示情感的及物动词，有与bore类似的用法。如：interest, excite, surprise, amaze, frighten, astonish, move, inspire, touch, scare, disappoint, puzzle, worry 这类词的现在分词形式，为“令人„„”；过去分词形式，为“感到„„”。3.except for, except, but, besides

表示“除了”的词或短语有：except;but;except for;besides;except that(when...)等。

(1)except 和 but 都表示“除了„„之外。没有”，二者大多数情况下可以互换；但在no, all, nobody, nothing, no one 等词后多用 but。No one knows our teacher's address except / but him.(排除him)

(2)besides 除„„之外，还„„，有附加性。What other foreign languages do you know besides English?(English与other languages都属于know的范围)

(3)except for 只不过„„，整体肯定，部分修正，用于排除非同类事物，for表示细节上的修正。Your article is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.4.know, know of, know about

(1)know 用作动词，意思是“(直接地)获知，懂得，认识，熟悉”。I don't know whether he is here or not./ I know him to be honest.(2)know of和know about的意思都是“(间接地)获知”，指听别人说到或从书报上看到，二者没有什么区别。5.for example;such as

(1)for example“例如”，用来举例说明某一论点或情况。一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。可用for instance替换。For example, air is invisible./ His spelling is terrible!Look at this word, for example.(2)such as “例如”，用来列举事物，一般列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不可有逗号。Some of the European Languages come from Latin, such as French, Italian and Spanish.[注意]如把前面所述情况全部举出，用that is或namely。☆短语归纳☆ 1.含all的短语

1)first of all

首先(强调顺序)2)in all(=in total=altogether)

总共 3)after all

毕竟，终究 4)at all

到底，根本

5)above all

最重要的是(强调重要性)6)not(...)at all(= not(...)in the least)

根本不，一点也不 7)all the time

始终，一直

8)all of a sudden(=suddenly)

突然，冷不防 9)all right

行，可以

10)all at once

立刘，马上

11)all day and all night

日日夜夜 12)all over

遍及

13)all alone

独个儿，独立地 14)all but

几乎，差一点 15)all in all

总的说来

16)all together

一道，同时，总共 17)for all

尽管

[例句] I woke up and didn't hear him at all.我醒了，一点儿也没有听到他说话。/ He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他摔了很多跤，以至于浑身青一块紫一块的。/ You shouldn't scold her.After all, she is only five years old.你不应该责怪他，毕竟，她只有五岁。/ Children need many things, but above all, they need love.孩子需要许多东西，最重要的是，需要爱。/ You must have known it all the time.你一定一直知道这事。【考例】 People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her.____, she is a great musician.(2004甘肃、青海)

A.After all B.As a result C.In other words D.As usual [考查目标] 主要考查四个短语的用法。

[答案与解析] A after all意为“毕竟．终究”；as a result意为“结果”；in other words意为“换句话说”；as usual意为“像往常一样”。本句意思是：虽然人们对她看法不一。但我还是佩服她。因为她毕竟是一个伟大的音乐家。【考例】I'd like to buy a house--modern, comfortable, and ____ in a quiet neighborhood.(2004福建)

A.in all

B.above all

C.after all

D.at all [考查目标] 主要考查all构成的四个短语。[答案与解析] B

in all意为“总共”；above all意为“最重要的是”； after all 意为“毕竟”；at all 意为“到底”。本句话意思是：我想买一个房子，现代的、舒服的，但最重要的是在一个安静的地区。2.at all

(1)用在肯定句中，“竟然” I'm surprised that you came at all.(2)用在否定句中，“一点也不” There was nothing to worry about at all.(3)用在疑问句中，“到底”“究竟” Have you been there at all?

(4)用在条件句中，“真的，确实” If you do it at all, do it well.3.含“be + 形容词 + 介词”的短语 1)be good at 擅长于

2)be interested in 对„„感兴趣

3)be pleased / satisfied / content with 对„„满意 4)be famous for 因„„而出名 5)be kind / good to 对„„好 6)be lost in 沉湎于

7)be active in 在某方面积极 8)be sure about / of 确信 9)be afraid of 害怕 10)be full of 充满 11)be filled with 充满

12)be made of / from 由„„组成 13)be generous to 对„„慷慨 14)be popular with 受欢迎 15)be confident of 确信 16)be fond of 喜欢，喜爱

17)be angry with / at 对„„发脾气 18)be late for 迟到

19)be amazed / surprised / astonished / shocked at 对„„感到惊讶 20)be busy doing 忙着做„„

21)be excited about 对„„感到兴奋 22)be worried about 担心 23)be used for / as 用于

24)be curious about 对„„好奇

[例句] Lin Lin is confident of his ability to get work for himself.林林确信自己有能力做这活。He was generous to everybody with money, as a result, he saved little.他对谁花钱都很慷慨，结果没有攒到多少钱。She is very active in helping the poor.在帮助穷人方面，她很热心。Pop music is popular with the young generation.流行歌曲受年轻一代的欢迎。Lost in thought, he didn't realize that I came in.他陷入思考之中，没有意识到我进来了。I was amazed at the sight so that I didn't know what to do.看到这一幕我非常惊讶，不知道该做什么。Students in Senior 3 are busy preparing for the coming final exam.高三学生在忙于准备即将到来的期末考试。【考例l】(2005重庆)--You know, Bob is a little slow ____ understanding, so...--So I have to be patient ____ him.A.in;with

B.on;with

C.in;to

D.at;for [考查目标] 同定搭配中介词的选择。

[答案与解析] A

be slow in 意为“在„„方面反应迟钝”，be patient with 意为“对„„有耐心”。4.end up with...以„„结束

(1)end up with + n.以„„结束

The party ended up with the singing of Auld Lang Syne.(2)end up as...最后成为„He will end up as a president some day.(3)end up + 地点状语最后(有„„结局)If you drive your car like that, you'll end(up)in hospital.5.“make + 名词” 短语 ① make a noise 吵闹

② make faces 做鬼脸，做苦脸 ③ make room for 给„„腾出地方 ④ make the bed 整理床铺 ⑤ make phone calls 打电话 ⑥ make friends with 交朋友 ⑦ make money 赚钱 ⑧ make use of 利用

⑨ make a decision 做出决定 ⑩ make a mistake 犯错误

[例句] The boy made a face at his teacher when she turned her back.老师转身时，男孩朝老师做了个鬼脸。Working in the kitchen made the boy into a good cook.在厨房里干活使男孩成为一位优秀厨师。

They were moved out to a nearby hotel, to make room for more important persons.为了给更重要的人物腾出 地方，他们被搬到了附近的一家旅店。

【考例】 The idea puzzled me so much that I stopped for a few seconds to try to ____.(2003北京春招)

A.make it out

B.make it off

C.make it up

D.make it over [考查目标] 主要考查make短语。

[答案与解析] A make out意为“领悟、弄明白、发现真相” make off 意为“连忙跑掉”；make up 意为“弥补、打扮、组成”；make over 意为“转让、改造”。因为受到迷惑，所以应该是试图发现真相。【考例】

--When shall we start?--Let's ____ it at 8:30.Is that all right?(2002北京)

A.set

B.meet

C.make

D.take [考查目标] 此题主要考查 make 短语。

[答案与解析] C make it“规定时间”为固定短语。本句话意思是“把出发的时间定在8点半”。set意思是“对时间”、“调时间”。6.make fire点火

有以下fire(n.)短语: be on fire 着火了(表示状态)/ catch fire 燃着；着火(表示动作)/ play with fire 玩火；干冒险的事 / Set sth.on fire = set fire to sth.放火烧„„ / make(a)fire 点火；生火 / start(cause)a fire引起火灾

[注意] fire作“火灾”“一堆火”解时，为可数名词。7.a great / good many许多

(1)a great / good many + 名词复数，中间无“of”。A great many people have seen the film.(2)a great / good many + of + the / these / those / one's + 名词复数 A great many of the people have seen the film.8.make yourself at home 别拘束

(1)make yourself at home 别拘束(主人对客人说的委婉语)--Good evening, Jim.--Good evening, Mary.Come in and make yourself at home.(2)(all)by oneself 独自(没有别人帮助)You can't possibly do it all by yourself.(3)enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高兴 Please enjoy yourself while you're spending your holiday in Hawaii.(4)for oneself 亲自;为自己The student wants to think it for himself./ One should not live for oneself alone.(5)of oneself 自动地The door closed of itself suddenly.(6)be oneself 身体或情绪好 I am not myself today.(7)help oneself to + n./ pron.随便„„ Please help yourself to the fish．

(8)in oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself.(9)come to oneself 苏醒The injured man came to him-self in five minutes.(10)between ourselves 私下说的话 All this is between ourselves.9.the majority of...大多数的„„

(1)a / the majority of + 名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词多用复数。the majority 单独作主语，谓语动词用单数或复数形式均可。The majority of people seem to prefer watching games to playing games./ The majority were(was)in favour of the proposal.(2)by a majority of + 数字，以超过„„票的多数She won the election by a majority of 900 votes.10.treat „ as „ 把„看做„ The kind lady treated me as her own daughter.【比较】 表示“认为”的短语还有：

regard…as…

consider…(as)…

think of…as… look on / upon…as…

take…for…

[注意] 在consider„as„短语中as可省略，其他短语中不可。[牛刀小试2] 1.If you are ____ about Australian cities, just read the book written by Dr.Johnson.A.interested

B.anxious

C.upset

D.curious 2.Her son, ____ whom she was so ____, went abroad 10 years ago.A.of;loved

B.for;cared C.to;devoted

D.on;affected 3.In order to continue to learn by ourselves when we have left school, we must ____ learn how to study in the school now.A.in all

B.after all

C.above all

D.at all 4.--I am sorry I didn't do a good job.--Never mind.____, you have tried your best.A.Above all

B.In all

C.At all

D.After all 5.Since we can't find a bigger apartment, we'll have to ____ what we have.A.hope for the best

B.make room for C.make the best of

D.lay our hope on(DCCDC)【句型归纳】

1.I don't enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.我不喜欢唱歌，也不喜欢电脑。/ Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.摇滚音乐还可以，滑雪也行。

这两句中nor与so用于倒装结构。例如：I don't know, nor do I care.我不知道，也不关心。so的常见句型有：(1)so + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也 „„”)(2)neither / nor + be / 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语(意为“主语也不„„”)(3)so it is / was with sb / sth和so it is / was the same with sb / sth(意为“主语也„„”)(用在前文有两个或以上的从句，而且分句有不同的谓语或既有肯定又有否定以及既有系动词义有行为动词的情况)(4)so + 主语 + be / 助动词 / 情态动词(意为“主讲确实如此”)，表示进一步肯定。(5)主语 + did + so(意为“主语按照吩咐做了”)。【考例】 Mary never does any reading in the evening, ____.(2005全国 III)A.so does John

B.John does too C.John doesn't too

D.nor does John [考查目标] nor表示“也不”引导的倒装结构。

[答案与解析] D 由never可以判断该句为否定句。空格处句意为“约翰也没读书”。nor, so, neither可引起倒装句。2.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.查克是个生意人，他总是那么忙，几乎没有时间和朋友在一起。

该句中so...that...和such...that...都能连接结果状讲从句，但要注意词序不同。例如：Joan is such a lonely girl that all of us like her.= She is so lovely a girl that we all like her.常见句型：

(1)such + a / an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that clause(2)such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 + that clause(3)such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that clause(4)so + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + that clause(5)so + 形容词 / 副词 + that clause(6)so + many / few + 复数可数名词 + that clause(7)so + much / little + 不可数名词 + that clause 注意：① 当little不表示数量“少”而表示“小”的意思时，仍然

要用such。② 当so + adj./ adv.或 such + n.位于句首时，主句需要倒装。

【考例】 So difficult ____ it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English.(2001上海)A.I have felt

B.have I felt

C.I did feel

D.did I feel [考查目标] so + adj.位于句首时，主句倒装。

[答案与解析] D A、C语序不对，排除。B时态不对。

3.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.一天，查克在飞越太平洋时．他的飞机突然坠毁了。

该句中的“when”表示“正在这时”，相当于and just或and at that time.这时不能用while / as 替换。常见句型：(1)be about to do sth when...(2)be doing sth when...(3)be on the point of doing sth when...【考例】We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started.(2004北京春招)A.when

B.while

C.until

D.before [考查目标] ”when“ 作连词，表示“正在这时”。

[答案与解析] A 意为“我正在湖中游泳，突然暴风雨来了。”只有when才能用于这种句型。

4.He has to learn how to collect water, hunt for food, and make fire.他不得不学会收集淡水．寻找食物，生火什么的。该句中的“how I to collect...”为动词不定式短语作宾语。例如：We must decide which one to buy.疑问词which, what, how, when, where等与小定式构成不定式短语。

【考例】 I've worked with children before, so I knew what ____ in my new job.(NMET 2000)A.expected B.to expect C.to be expecting D.expects [考查目标] what to do sth 不定式短语作宾语。

[答案与解析] B 该句需要填非谓语动词。排除A、D。句意为“以前我与孩子在一块儿工作过。因此我知道我的新工作需要什么。”C不表示进行，排除C。

5.In order to survive, Chuck developed a friendship with an unusual friend — a volleyball he called Wilson.为了生存下去，查克和一位不寻常的朋友--“排球”建立了友谊，查克叫他威尔森。1.该句中的”in order to“，意思为“为了，以便”，作目的状语。在句子中作同的状语的常见句型有五种结构：to do sth / in order to do sth / so as to do sth / in order that clause / so that clause 注意：(1)so as to do sth 不能位于句首。(2)如果主句与从句的主语一致时，四个结构可以相互转换。(3)在in order that / so that 引导的从句中，谓语动词常与can, could, may, might 等情态动词连用。

【考例】(2005北京)I'd like to arrive 20 minutes early ____ I can have time for a cup of tea.A.as soon as B.as a result

C.in case D.so that [考查目标] 目的状语。

[答案与解析]D as soon as “一„就„”；as a result“结果是”；in case “万一”；so that“以便，为的是”。句意：“我想提前二十分钟到以便有时间喝杯茶”。

2.该句子中 volleyball 是作同位语。例如：He advised farmers to choose the best seed-heads, the ones that had the best color.注意：这种同位语(不是同位语从句)与非限制性定语从句的区别。

【考例】(NMET 2002)Meeting my uncle after these years was an unforgotten moment, ____ I will always treasure.A.that

B.one

C.it

D.what [考查目标] one作同位语，指代a moment。

[答案与解析] B that不能引导非限制性定语从句，排除A；if不能作同位语，排除C；what既不能引导非限制定语从句，也不能作同位语。可以填which，这样就成了非限制性定语从句。

6.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.长期以来，美国英语保持不变，但英国英语变化了。

1.该句中的“while”用作并列连词．表示前后对比，意为

“然而”。“while“充当连词，还能引导时间状语从句。意为“during the time that„”；引导让步状语从句，意 为“although„”。

2.该句中的 ”stay“ 为系动词。后接表语(the same)。除了stay外，常见的系动词还有: become, get, turn, grow, go, come, run, fall, keep, stay, remain。

【考例】(NMET 2003)Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will ____ fresh for several days.A.be stayed

B.stay C.be staying

D.have stayed [考查目标] 系动词的用法。

[答案与解析] B 系动词没有被动语态，一般不用进行

时态，排除A、C；句意不是表示完成，排除D。系动词表示状态。7.for the first time 第一次

(1)for the first time 第一次，后面不加从句，在句中作状语 They came to Beijing for the first time.(2)the first time 名词短语，在从句中充当连词，后接时间状语从句，不接that，when等连词。有同样用法的短语还有：every time;next time;the last time They liked Beijing the first time they went there.(3)It's / This is the first time that + 从句(用现在完成时)这是„„的第一次 It's the first time that I have ever been abroad at all.8.What is it that...? 是什么„„? 强调句的用法：

(1)结构：It is / It was(过去时间)+ 被强调部分 + that / who(专指人)+ 其他部分

(2)用法：除了谓语动词不能强调，句子的每部分均可强调。

Jim met the student in the street last week.主语

宾语

地点状语 时间状语

强调主语：It was Jim who / that met the student in the street last week.强调宾语：It was the student whom / that Jim met in the street last week.强调地点状语：It was in the street that Jim met the student last week.强调时间状语：It was last week that Jim met the student in the street.(3)注意点：

一般疑问句的强调句：

Was it Dr Wang who spoke to you just now?

特殊疑问句的强凋句：

Who is it that will visit our class?

Where is it that he has gone?

When was it that she went?

not „ until „ 用于强调句：

It was not until then that I realized I was wrong.[牛刀小试3] 1.--I would never ever come to this restaurant again.The food is terrible!

--____.(2004广西)A.Nor am I

B.Neither would I C.Same with me

D.So do I 2.We can't imagine ____ little mice can eat up ____ many crops every year.A.so;so

B.such;so C.such;such D.so;so 3.Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.when

B.while

C.since

D.once 4.It is said in Australia there is more land than the govern-ment knows ____.(NMET 2002)A.it what to do with

B.what to do it with C.what to do with it

D.to do what with it 5.Roses need special care ___they can live through winter.(2004 天津)A.because B.so that C.even if

D.as(BBACB)【交际速成】

1.Talking about likes and dislikes.谈论喜欢和不喜欢--I enjoy Chinese food very much.--____.(03东北三校)A.Please taste quickly

B.Have more, please C.Help yourself

D.Eat slowly while it is hot [答案与解析]C本题主要考查具体语境下“对事物喜好”的表达及应答。A项不礼貌，B、D两项属汉语习惯，C项符合此时英语语境。

【归纳】英语中常见表达喜欢和不喜欢态度的用语有：(1)This book is very interesting.(2)I like / love the movie(very much).(3)I like / love to play computer games.(4)I like taking photos.(5)I enjoy listening to music.(6)I'm interested in science.My hobbies / interests are...(7)He is fond of music.(8)This song is bad / awful.(9)I don't like the movie very much / at all.(10)I don't enjoy collecting stamps.(11)I hate to do homework.I hate dancing,(12)I'm not into classic music.(13)I think that classic music is terrible / boring.2.Making apologies 道歉--I'm sorry I'm calling you so late.--____ Okay.(2003北京春招)A.This is

B.You're

C.That's

D.I'm [答案与解析] C 本题主要考查英语中道歉及应答用语。A、B、D三项不符合交际英语的习惯，故C项正确。【归纳】英语中常见道歉用语有：

(1)I'm very sorry.I didn't mean to(hurt your feelings).(2)I'm terribly sorry about that.(3)I'm afraid I've brought you too much trouble.(4)Please excuse me coming late.(5)Please forgive me.(6)Excuse me, please.(7)I beg your pardon.应答表达有：

(1)That's / It's all right.(2)That's / It's OK.(3)Never mind.(4)It doesn't matter.(5)It's nothing.(6)Forget it.(7)Don't worry about that.(8)Don't mention it.3.Talking about language difficulties in communication 谈论语言交际困难--I'm sorry.I can't catch you.____--OK, it's B—L—A—C—K.A.Would you please walk slowly?

B.I don't understand you．

C.What's the meaning of this word?

D.Would you please repeat it more slowly? [答案与解析] D本题主要考查语言交际困难的功能意念。catch 在整个语境中是“听见，听清”的意思，A项错误理解了catch 在此处的意思，B、C两项语义不连贯，故正确答案是D。【归纳】英语中常见的谈论语言交际困难的用语有：(1)Pardon? / I beg your pardon.(2)Sorry, I can't follow you.(3)Can you speak more slowly, please?(4)How do you say...in English.'?(5)I don't know how to say that in English.(6)I don't know the word in English.(7)How do you spell it, please?(8)I'm sorry I only know a little English.(9)Could you repeat that, please? Could you say that

again, please?(10)What do you mean by killing time? [牛刀小试4] 1.--____ I didn't hear you clearly.It's too noisy here.--I was saying that the party was great.A.Repeat.B.Once again.C.Sorry?

D.So what? 2.--Do you like a house with no garden?--____.But anyhow, it's better to have one than none.A.Not a bit

B.Not a little C.Not really

D.Not specially 3.--I'm sorry for stepping on your foot?--____.A.It's OK

B.You are welcome C.It's your fault

D.Never you mind 4.--What you said at the meeting hurt me badly!--Sorry.But ____.A.I didn't mean it

B.I didn't mean to C.I don't mean it

D.I don't mean to 5.--You seem to show interest in cooking.--____? On the contrary, I'm tired of it.A.Really

B.Pardon

C.OK

D.What(CCABD)【精典题例】

1.--David has made great progress recently.--____, and ____.A.So he has;so have you

B.So has he;so have you

C.So he has;so you have

D.So has he;so you have 【解析】选A 答句中的he指David，不倒装。“So have you” 意为“你也一样(取得了进步)”。2.Little ____ what others think.A.does he care about

B.care he about C.about he eared

D.about cared he 【解析】选A little为否定副词，置于句首时，句子使用部分倒装。3.At school, what he enjoys ____ football.A.playing B.to play C.is playing D.played 【解析】选C what he enjoys为主语从句，谓语动词为be，表语为playing football。不要误以为playing是enjoy的宾语而误选A。

4.At the ____news, all the women present burst out crying.A.unexpecting

B.disappointing C.disappointed

D.interesting 【解析】选B联系语境，所有在场的妇女都哭了，因此为disappointing”令人失望的(消息)”。5.He was about to tell me the secret ____ someone patted him on the shoulder.A.as

B.until

C.while

D.when 【解析】选D “when”表示“就在这时，突然”。

6.The wolf said in a ____ voice and the scholar felt ____.A.frightening;frightened

B.frightened;frightened C.frightened;frightening

D.frightening;frightening 【解析】选A frightening“令人害怕”；frightened“感 到害怕”。7.In our ____ life, English is ____ used.A.everyday;wide

B.everyday;widely C.every day;wide

D.every day;widely 【解析】选B everyday“日常的，每天的”；widely“广泛地”。8.--Hello, Mary.I've got a girlfriend.--What's she like?--____.A.I don't know

B.She's like her mother, not father C.She likes music D.Not had!Quite pretty 【解析】选D表外表给人的印象。

9.The fire ____ for half an hour before the fire fighters arrived.A.had put out

B.was put out C.had been out

D.had broken out 【解析】选C be out“火熄灭”，表示状态。

10.It has been suggested that the land ____ equally among the peasants.A.be shared

B.should be spared C.saved

D.be spent 【解析】选A suggest后用虚拟语气。be shared前可 省略should。

11.She took ____ in physics and read ____ on the subject.A.interest;as books many as she could B.an interest;as many books as she could C.interested;as many books as she can D.interests;as books as she could 【解析】选B根据短语搭配和时态一致可知。12.--How's the young man?--____.A.He's twenty

B.He's a doctor C.He is much better

D.He's David 【解析】选C how is sb.“某人身体如何”。

13.Let Harry play with your toys as well.Clare, you must learn to ____.A.support

B.care

C.spare

D.share 【解析】选D share“分享”；support“支持”；care“在意”；spare“抽出(时间)。节余”。14.The new dress looks wonderful on you ____ the collar.A.besides B.except C.beside D.except for 【解析】选D“美中不足的是领子”，表示部分修正。15.--What about your classmate, Susan?--Our teacher ____ her a good and clever student.A.regards

B.believes C.suggests

D.considers 【解析】选D consider as„“认为„„是„„”，as可省略。

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit3-4 ☆重点句型☆

1.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus,...you may want to try hiking.Instead和instead 0f的用法 2.Say ”Hi“ / ”Hello“ / ”Thanks“ to sb.(for me)问候的句型 3.Is anybody seeing you off? 进行时表将来 4.She struggled and struggled, and could not get on her feet.(= keep struggling)5.You should not go rafting unless you know...unless引导条件状语从句，相当于if...not 6.By staying at..., tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the fiver and the birds.目的状语从句

7.She was so surprised that she couldn't move.结果状语从句 8.Tree after tree went down, cut down by water.过去分词作状语

9.The next moment, the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.现在分词作状语

10.However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.It didn't take long before the building was destroyed.before的用法 ☆重点词汇☆

1.means n.方法；途径 2.experience n.经验 3.equipment n.设备 4.successful adj.成功的 5.protect v.保护 6.handle v.处理 7.consider v.考虑 8.benefit n.利益

9.particular adj.特别的 10.effect n.效果 11.combine v.合并

12.unforgettable adj.不会忘记的 13.advance v.前进 14.seize v.抓住 15.struggle v.奋斗 16.fear v.& n.害怕 17.strike v.敲打 18.destroy v.毁掉 19.publish v.出版

20.naughty adj.调皮的 ☆重点短语☆

1.get away from 逃离

2.watch / look out 注意，当心

3.go for a hike / go hiking 去徒步旅游 4.as with 正如„„一样 5.see off 为某人送行

6.on the other hand 在另一方面 7.take care of 照顾

8.get close / near to 接近，凑近9.tree after tree 一棵又一棵的树 10.as wall as 也，和„„一样(好)11.protect„from 保护„„不受„„的伤害 12.be surprised at 因„„而吃惊 13.be caught / trapped / struck in 被„„困住 14.take place 发生

15.go through 通过，经过；经历(痛苦的事)16.be upon 临近，逼近17.hold on to 紧紧抓住

18.refer to 提到，说到；查询(信息)19.look into 注视„„的内部；检查，调查 20.for fear of(doing)sth.惟恐„„ ☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才能过关，你一定能过关．做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我们就开始吧? l.get ____ from 逃离

away 2.watch ____ 注意，当心 out 3.protect sb / sth ____ 保护／保卫某人(某事物)from 4.see sb ____ 到火车站、飞机场等某处为某人送行 off 5.on the other ____ 另一方面 hand 6.as ____ as也，还，而且 well 7.____ place发生，产生 take 8.____ fire失火 on 9.pull sb ____ 把„„往上拽 up 10.get ____ one's feet站立起来；站起身来 on 11.go ____ 通过，经受。仔细检查 through 12.____ holiday在度假 on 13.travel ____ 旅行社代理人 agent 14.be ____ 逼近，临近upon 15.____ exercise 进行体育锻炼 take 16.____ ”Hi“ to sb for / from sb 代某人向某人问候 say 17.come ____ with提出 up 18.go ____ a hike 去远足 for 19.be caught ____ 受困于„„，陷于„„ in 20.____ a second 马上，一会儿 in 21.look ____ 往„„里面看，调查 into 22.refer ____ 提到．涉及；参考 to 23.hold ____ 抓住，握住 onto 24.sweep ____ 冲走，刮走 away 25.sweep ____ 冲倒，吹倒 down ☆交际用语☆

1.Where would you prefer going...? 2.How would you like to go to...? 3.Have a nice / pleasant trip!4.Well, I must be off.5.It's all right． 6.I'm afraid.7.Come on!8.It scares me.9.Don't worry.10.First..., next..., then..., finally...☆单词聚焦☆ 1.advance的用法

▲构词：advanced adj.高等的．先进的，高深的 ▲搭配：

① in advance 在前头，预先，事先

② in advance of 在„„前面；比„„进步；超过 ③ on the advance(物价)在上涨

【考例】It is said that Miss White had some difficulty in studying the ____ maths.A.improved B.developed C.advanced D.increased [考查目标] 本题考查形容词advanced与近义词的区别。

[答案与解析]C “高等数学”的英译是advanced maths，advanced意思是“先进的。高级的”。2.before 的特殊用法

(1)He had run out of the room before I could stop him.我还没来得及拦住他，他就跑出了屋子。

(2)Three weeks went by before We knew it.三周过去了，我们才意识到。(或：时间不知不觉已过三周了。)

(3)It wasn't / didn't take long before he returned.他没过多久就回来了。

It won't be long before we graduate.不要过多久我们就要毕业了。3.chance的用法 ▲搭配：

① by any chance 万一，碰巧，或许 ② by chance 偶然，意外地

③ take a / one's chance 冒一冒险，碰碰运气，利用一下机会

【考例6】(2005南京模拟)Most of the ___are in seasonal work, mainly connected with tourism and agriculture.A.work

B.luck

C.chances

D.services [考查目标] chance的词义。

[答案与解析] C

chance在本句的词义是“机会”。4.consider v.(1)考虑

A)consider + n./ doing

I consider going abroad.B)consider + 疑问词 + to do

You have to consider what to do next.(2)认为

A)consider + n.(+as / to be)+ n./ adj.I consider Mary as / to be my best friend.They considered Paris the brain and heart of the country.B)consider + n.+ to have done

I consider him to have acted disgracefully.除了consider„as„表认为外，还有regard„as

„，look on„as„，take„as„，think of„as„ 5.cost的用法

▲ 构词：costly adj.昂贵的，贵重的 ▲ 搭配：

① cost sb.sth.花费某人(多少钱)；让某人付出(代价)／牺牲„„ ② at all costs 不惜任何代价．无论如何 ③ at any cost 不惜任何代价，无论如何 ④ at cost(price)按成本价格，按原价

⑤ at the cost of 以„„为代价，用„„换来的；丧失；牺牲

【考例】They wondered how much this kind of car would ____ them.A.pay

B.spend

C.cost

D.waste [考查目标] 本题考查cost和它的几个近义词的区别。[答案与解析] C cost的意思是“耗费”，主语是指物的 名词．而pay和spend等的主语是指人的名词。6.effect n.效果；作用 have an effect on sth.His words had a great pushing effect on his students.(1)be of no effect 无效

(2)come into effect 开始生效；开始实行

[比较] affect vt.影响 The climate affected the amount of the rainfall.7.experience的用法

▲构词: experienced adj.有经验的，熟练的 ▲搭配: ① by experience 凭经验；从经验中 ② from experience 凭经验；从经验中 ③ gain experience in„ 获得„„经验 ④ be experienced in„ 某方面有经验

▲友情提示: experience这个词作为可数名词用时，解释为“经历”，作为不可数名词用时解释为“经验”。【考例】(2005山西模拟)____teaches that he was right.Good friendship is just not easily formed.A.Knowledge B.Teachers C.Experience D.Parents [考查目标] experience的意思。

[答案与解析] C

experience常为不可数名词，意思是“经验”。8.fear n.& vt.(1)n.恐惧(多作不可数名词)

His face was growing pale with fear.忧虑；担心的事(可数)

There is no reason for your fears.for fear of 由于怕„„，以防

He left an hour earlier for fear of missing his train.for fear(that)惟恐；怕的是；以防

She worried for fear that the child would be hurt.in fear of 害怕；担心

The thief was in fear of the police.(2)v.恐惧；害怕，接 n./ pron.Cats fear big dogs.恐惧；害怕，接to do

Don't fear to tell the truth.恐怕；担心，接从句

She feared that she might not find him in his room.▲构词：fearful adj.可怕的，严重的；惧怕的，胆怯的；担心的，忧虑的 fearless adj.不怕的，大胆的，勇敢的，无畏的 ▲搭配：

① be in fear(of)(为„„而)提心吊胆 ② for fear of 因为怕；以免，怕的是

③ for fear that-clause 生怕；为了防止(某事发生)④ have a fear that-clause 担心／怕(发生某事)⑤ with fear 吓得，怕得

⑥ fear(vi.)for...担心／忧虑„„

【考例】(2004江苏)He got to the station early, ____ missing his train.A.in case of

B.instead of

C.for fear of

D.in search [考查目标] fear构成的短语的用法和意思。

[答案与解析]C

for fear of 常在句中作状语，意思是 “怕的是„„。担心„„”。9.fun n.高兴；乐趣；有趣的人或事

(1)for fun 为了高兴；为着好玩

I only did it for fun.(2)make fun of 开„„的玩笑；取笑

It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.[比较]

(1)laugh at 笑(某人)；嘲笑

It's unkind to laugh at a person who is in trouble.(2)play a joke on 开(某人的)玩笑 10.means n.手段；办法

(1)by means of 用„„；依靠„„

The water may be carried by means of a pipe.(2)by all means 一定；务必；(表示同意)当然可以，没问题：务必，无论如何，千方百计地

Try by all / every means to persuade him to come.(3)by no means 完全不是；一点也不；决不

This is by no means the first time you have been late.还有： by this means 用这种方法； by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段 【考例】(MET 1991)Students sometimes support them-selves by ____ of evening job.A.ways

B.offers

C.means

D．helps [考查目标] by means of 短语的意思。

[答案与解析] C by means of 的意思是“通过某种手段”。11.normal adj.正常的；正规的

the normal temperature, normal behavior

(1)regular 规则的；有规律的

keep regular hours 生活有规律；按时作息

(2)common普通的；常见的

Tom is a common name in Britain.共有的；共同的 have a common interest 有着共同爱好

(3)usual 惯常的；惯例的

It's usual with him to go to the office on foot.(4)ordinary平凡的；普通的in ordinary dress 12.once的用法 ▲ 搭配：

① all at once 突然；同时

② at once 立刻，马上；同时

③(every)once in a while 偶尔，有时，间或

④ for this once(= for once，just for once)就这一次；

破例一回 ⑤ more than once 不止一次，多次 ⑥ not once 一次也不

⑦ once again / more再一次 ⑧once and again一再，再三

⑨ once or twice 一两次；有时，偶尔 ⑩ once too often又(多了)一次 ? once upon a time从前

【考例】(2004上海)____ we have learned something, additional learning increases the length of time we will remember it.A.Before

B.Once

C.Until

D.Unless [考查目标] 连词once的用法和词义。

[答案与解析] B once在作连词使用时意思是“一旦”。13.prefer v.宁愿；更喜欢

(1)prefer + n./ pron.The boy preferred a detective story.(2)prefer + v.-ing

Do you prefer living abroad?

(3)prefer + to do

She prefers to live among the working people.(4)prefer sb.to do sth.She preferred him to stay at home.(5)prefer + n./ pron./ doing + to + n./ pron./ doing 喜欢„„而不喜欢

I prefer the town to the country./ While he was in the office he preferred doing something to doing nothing.(6)prefer to do...rather than do = would rather do...than do...宁愿„„而不愿 I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.(7)prefer + 从句(谓语动词用should do，should可省略)She preferred that he should do it in the kitchen.14.protect的用法

▲ 构词：protection n.保护(者/物)，防御

▲ 搭配：protect sb from / against 防止„„遭受„„；使„„免于，保护„„使不受 【考例】(MET 1992)Clarke was greatly admired at the club for the successful ____.A.self-satisfaction

B.self-protection

C.self-respect

D.self-service [考查目标] protect及其派生词的词义。

[答案与解析]B self-protection是名词，意思是“自我保护”。15.separate的用法

▲ 构词：separation n.[U]分开，分离 ▲ 搭配：

① separate A from B 把A和B分开

② A is separated from B by„ A和B为„„所分开／阻隔 ③ separate sth(up)into„ 把„„分成(几分)▲辨析：separate;pide;part 都含“分开”的意思。separate 指“把原来在一起的人或物分开”。例如: Separate those two boys who are fighting, will you?(你)把那两个打架的孩子拉开，好吗? pide 指“施加外力或自然地把某人或某物由整体分成若干部分”。part指“把密切相关的人或物分开”，还有“分手”之意。

【考例】(NMET 2001)As we joined the big crowd I got ____ from my friends.A.separated

B.spared

C.lost

D.missed [考查目标] 动词separate的词义。

[答案与解析] A separated和get搭配有被动意义，表 示“被隔开；被分隔”。[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：

(advance, means, cost, protect, fear, separate)1.The teacher improved the students' English by ____ of dictation and recitation.(means)2.All the goods ___me almost half a million dollars.(cost)3.We must ____ the wild animals from the hunting.(protect)4.Every baby should be ____ after he is horn.(separated)5.None of them ____ death when the enemy came into the village.(feared)6.There are too many people, so you should have bought a ticket in ____.(advance)☆词语比较☆

1.wear, put on, have on, dress, be in, try on

(1)wear v.穿着；戴；蓄须(发)；磨损；(脸容)呈现，显出 He is wearing an overcoat today.* wear out(把)穿破；(把)用坏；(使)疲乏；(使)耗尽I have worn out my shoes./ My patience wore(was worn)out.(2)put on 穿上；戴上(侧重穿着的动作)

Put on your sweater, otherwise you will feel cold.(3)dress vt.给„„穿衣服

n.衣服；连衣裙

dress sb.(in sth.)或 be dressed(in sth.)注意：穿的衣服接在in之后。Mother dressed her baby and then they went downstairs.(4)have on 表示穿着的状态，注意不能用进行时。

At the Spring Festival, all children have on new clothes.(5)be in表示穿着的状态 There was a girl in red.(6)try on 试穿

Mother was trying on a new dress.2.strike, hit, beat

(1)hit vt.① 打；敲；击；击中；射中 He hit a ball over the fence./ The stone hit him on the head.② 使„„受到打击 The bad news hit every one hard.(2)beat vt.& vi.① 连续有节奏地打；敲

The rain heat against the window.②(心)跳动 His heart had stopped beating.③(鸟翼)扑动

The bird beat its wings rapidly as it flew on.④ 打败；打赢；取胜

Our champion can beat all runners in the country.(3)strike vt.& vi.① 打；敲；击；砍；打中；击中

He struck me with his fist.The house was struck by lightning.② 发起进攻；袭击

He moved away as the animal struck.③ 撞；触(礁)

His head struck the table as he fell.④ 擦(火柴)

I struck a match and held it to his cigarette.⑤(某种想法)忽然出现；忽然想起，相当于occur to。

A happy thought struck her.⑥ 给人深刻印象(常用于被动语态)

I was struck by her beauty.⑦ 罢工

They are striking for higher pay.⑧(钟)敲(响)We waited for the clock to strike six.3.complete, finish complete 可作形容词，表示“彻底的；全面的”。complete与finish表示“完成”时的区别。

(1)complete 作及物动词，只接 n.或 pron.，常用于完成预定的任务，工程建设等The railway is not completed yet.(2)finish vi./ vt.指完成，结束一件事情；可接 n.或doing。如：finish one's homework / middle school / writing the book ☆短语归纳☆ 1.cut down

(1)砍倒 If you cut down all the trees you will rain the land.(2)减少；削减 I have decided to cut down my smoking.2.含get的短语

① get back 回来，恢复，送回

② get off下来，动身，起飞

③ get up 起床，站起来 ④ get on 上(车)⑤ get on / along with 与某人相处．某事的进展

⑥ get together 聚首，碰头

⑦ get away from 逃离 ⑧ get on one's feet 站起来

⑨ get down 下来 ⑩ get on well with 与„„相处融洽

? get married 结婚

? get to 到达 ? get through 通过，接通

? get down to 开始着手做某事

? get across(使)通过

? get(a)round 传开，说服 ? get in 进入。收获

? get out 出去，逃脱

[例句]How are you getting along with your business? 生意进展如何? / If you take Mary out for a drive you must promise to get her back for her music lesson.如果你带玛丽去兜风的话，你必须答应带她回来上音乐课。/ I can't get my boots off, for they are too tight.我脱不掉靴子，它太紧了。/ We all try to get together at least once a year at Christmas time.在圣诞期间我们尽量一年至少聚会一次。/ When one has business on hand it is hard to get away from home.如果一个人手头有事，离开家很难。

【考例】(2004辽宁)The final examination is coming up soon.It's time for us to ____ our studies．

A.get down to B.get out C.get back for D.get over [考查目标] 此题主要考查get短语。

[答案与解析]A get down to 意为“开始着手做某事”；get out 意为“离开，摆脱”；get back for 意为“回去拿”；get over意为“克服，渡过”。本句话意思是：期末考试就要到了，我们该开始学习了。

【考例】(NMET 1993)Readers can ____ quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.A.get over B.get in C.get along D.get through [考查目标]此题主要考查get短语。

[答案与解析]C

get over 意为“痊愈，克服”；get in 意为“插话”；get along 意为“进展．继续”；gel through 意为“接通。办完”。本句话意思是：读者不必准确知道每个词的意思就能继续下去。3.get away(from)

(1)摆脱 Ways must be found to get away from poverty.(2)走开；离开 She didn't get away until nine last night.(3)逃走，使离开The bank robbers used a stolen car to get away.(4)拿走 Get all thee party dishes away!4.get close to

(1)close adj.靠近；接近

The church is close to the shops.亲密；密切

Are you a close friend of theirs?

(2)close adv.靠近；接近

He was standing close to the door.(3)close v.关上；关闭(不开发)；结束

She closed her eyes./ Her eyes closed.(闭上)

(4)closely adv.紧密地；仔细地；密切地

He got closely in touch with the magazines of today.The little baby was closely looked after by her.[比较]

(1)close 与 closely 作副词时，close含具体之意，closely 含抽象之意。

(2)类似的词组有 high(高)--highly(高度地)，deep(深深地)--deeply(深入地)，wide(很开，宽)--widely(广

泛地)，low(低的)--lowly(低贱的)(作形容词)5.hand in 交上去(给老师或上级)；交来(hand v.)

Each student has to hand in a composition once a week.[比较]

(1)hand down 传下来；传给 Our father handed down these customs to us.(2)hand on„to„传给，传递They will hand the photograph to those who have not seen it.(3)hand out 发给大家；散发 The teacher handed out the books at the beginning of the lesson． 6.instead of 代替„„

(1)instead of + n./ pron.Give me the red one instead 0f the green one.(2)instead of + doing

We walked down the stairs instead of taking the elevator.(3)instead of + 介词短语

He studies in the evening instead of during the day.[比较]

(1)instead adv.作为替代(„„而)，代替 If Harry is not well enough to go with you, take me instead.(2)rather than 而不是，与其„„宁愿 He ran rather than walked.(3)in place of 代替，„„而不用The Chinese use chopsticks in place of knives and forks.7.含take的短语

① take a picture 照相，拍照

② take a taxi / bus, etc.打的(坐公交车等)③ take away 拿走，夺取，使离去 ④ take care of 小心，照料，保管 ⑤ take off 脱，去掉，取消，起飞 ⑥ take out 拿出，带„„出去

⑦ take one's place 就坐，坐某人的座位，代替某人的位置 ⑧ take place 发生，产生 ⑨ take exercise 做运动 ⑩ take a seat 坐下 ? take turns 轮流

? take an active part in 积极参加 ? take a message 捎口信 ? take on 从事，呈现

? take the place of 取代，代替 ? take apart 拆开

? take down 拿下，记下 ? take...for...误认为„„ ? take in 吸收，接纳

? take up 拿起．从事．占据

[例句] Father was convinced that Peter was unhappy at boarding school, and made arrangements to take him away.父亲确信彼得在寄宿学校不开心，决定把他带走。/ Will you lake care of buying the wine for tonight's party? 你负责为今晚的晚会买酒水好吗? / The boys got into the car and took off for the drug store.男孩们进到车里，开车去了药店。/ He took my place in the queue so that I could go and get something to eat.他替我排好了队，以便我能够回 去弄点儿吃的。8.used to

(1)used to do sth.过去常常„„(现在已不如此)

We used to grow beautiful roses.注意：否定句和疑问句有两种

You usedn’t to make that mistake.She didn't use(d)to do it, did she?

You used to smoke a pipe, didn't you? / use(d)n't you?

(2)be / get / become used to + n./ doing习惯于

I have always been used to hard work.He got used to living in the country.(3)be used to do 被用来做„„

This knife is used to cut bread.表示“过去常常„„”时，used to与would区别：

(1)would 只强调“过去常常„„”，used to 说明现在不是如此。

The old woman would sit there for hours doing nothing.(2)would 只接行为动词，used to 可接行为动词和表状态的词。如：be, like, know, have。There used to be a temple at the foot of the mountain.9.watch out 当心；注意

You'll be cheated if you don't watch out.(1)watch out for = look out for 提防；当心

You must always watch out for the traffic here!

(2)watch over 照看；看守；负责

The mother bird is watching over her young.10.含“动词 + out”短语

① come out 出来，出版，传出 ② go out 出去，熄灭，不时兴 ③ look out 当心，注意

④ take out 拿出，取出，带„„出去 ⑤ rush out 冲出去，匆忙大量生产 ⑥ try out 尝试，试验 ⑦ watch out 小心

⑧ wear out 穿破，用坏，(使)疲乏，消磨 ⑨ find out 找出，查出

⑩ make out 填写，完成．设法应付 ? get out 出去，逃离，泄露，公布 ? pick out 看出，选出 ? think out 想出

? give out 发出，筋疲力尽 ? set out出发，陈述

[例句]Please go out and tell the children to make less noise.请出去告诉孩子们不要吵闹。/ These bicycles have been rushed out and not up to our usual standard.这些自行车匆忙大量生产，没有达到我们的正常标准。/ Watch out.The train is coming.小心，火车来了。/ Your will wear out your patience in time, my friend.朋友，最终我们会没有耐心的。【考例】(2005湖北)This picture was taken a long time ago.I wonder if you can ____ my father.A.find out

B.pick out

C.look out

D.speak out [考查目标]此题主要考查out构成的短语意思区别。[答案与解析]B pick out意为“挑选，辨别出”；find out意为“找出．发现”；look out意为“留神，注意”： speak out意为“大声说出”。[牛刀小试2] 请根据句意，选用所给短语的适当形式填空：

(get away，take up，take on，think out，get down to)1.--Shall we set off right now?--Sorry.I'm too busy to ____ for the moment.(get away)2.The final examination is coming: you really must ____ your studies.(get down)3.The manager doesn't have much free time as his work ____ nearly all his spare time.(takes up)4.We also shared a number of qualities which we fell were in our favor when we ____ the task.(took on)5.He might have ___his idea about the art exhibition much better, if he had planned what he wanted to say.(thought out)☆句型归纳☆

1.You shouldn't go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket.除非你会游泳，而且要一直穿着救生衣，否则就不应该去做漂流运动。

该句中的unless引导状语从句。例如：One can't learn a foreign language well unless he studies hard.unless引导的条件状语从句，一般可以与if...not...互换。还要注意unless引导的从句经常可以省略。【考例】(200l北京春招)The men will have to wait all day ____ the doctor works faster.A.if

B.unless

C.whether

D.that [考查目标]状语从句。

[答案与解析]B 句子意思是“如果医生不快点工作，这些人将不得不等一整天。”应该选unless。

2.Eco-travel is a way to find out what can be done to help animals and plants as well as people.生态游可以找到既帮助别人．又帮助动植物的途径。

该句中的as well as是连词，连接两个并列成分。例如: He can speak German as well as French.常见的用法: 1.well是副词，意思是“好，优秀”，as well as是形容词

同级比较结构。2.as well as是固定短语，意思是“和”，相当于”not only „ but also...“。

3.as well as连接两个并列成分作主语时，句子的谓语动词应该与前面那个名词或代词的人称或数保持一致。4.as well as还可当作复杂介词用，意思是“除了„„之外，还有”；相当于”besides，apart from“。5.as well，是副词短语，意思是“也”，相当于“too / also”常位于句尾，与too位置相当。6.may / might as well do sth 表示“还是„„的好”。

【考例】(NMET 1994)John plays football ____, if not better than David.A.as well

B.as well as

C.so well

D.so well as [考查目标] as well as连接比较状语从句。

[答案与解析]B 该句中 if not better than相当于插入语，起干扰作用，如果不予考虑，原句就变成了同级比较结构 ”John plays football as well as David“。

3.Before she could move，she heard a loud noise.她还没有来得及动弹，就听见很响的声音。

However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.但还没有回过身来，洪水便逼近了她。

该两句中的before用作连词，后接时间状语从句。before用作连词，接时间状语从句时，表示“在„„之前”。但在不同的语境中，往往有比较灵活的译法。例如: He knocked me down before he saw me.他差一点把我撞倒，才看到我。【考例】(2005广东)The American Civil War lasted four years the North won in the end.A.after

B.before

C.when

D.then [考查目标] 时间状语从句的引导词选择。[答案与解析]B

before 表示“直到„„”。

4.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.洪水想必深达三米，树一棵接一棵地倒了，被洪水冲断了。

该句中的must have been表示推测。例如：You look so tired.You must have stayed up last night.情态动词may，might，most．can，could常用来表示推测。may，might，must多用在肯定句中，can，could多用在否定句和疑问句中。may，might，must，can，could后接动词原形表示对现在的推测；may，might，must，can，could后接have done。表示对过去的推测。例如： You may be a professor./ She must have met a fairy.【考例】(2005辽宁)This cake is very sweet.You ____ a lot of sugar in it.A.should put

B.could have put

C.might put

D.must have put [考查目标] 情态动词表示推测。

[答案与解析] D 前文说蛋糕很甜，由此可知一定是糖 放多了。对于过去的动作的推测应使用have done的 结构，所以应在B、D之间做选择，又因为could have done表示本可以做而没有做，所以选择D。

5....she heard a loud noise，which grew to a terrible roar.„„她听见了很响的声音，接着就变成了可怕的隆隆轰鸣声。该句中的which引导非限制性定语从句。例如：He bought some reference books, which were all about science.他买了许多的参考资料．都是有关理科的。which 作为关系代词．既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。例如：The train which left for Beijing pulled in on time.前往北京的火车按时进站了。His dog, which was now very old, became ill and died.他的狗，现在老了，生病死了。

【考例】(2005浙江)Jim passed the driving test, ____ surprised everybody in the office.A.which

B.that

C.this

D.it [考查目标]非限制性定语从句。

[答案与解析]A which引导非限制性定语从句。指代 前面整个句子。that不能引导非限制性定语从句。☆句型诠释☆

现在进行时的用法(is / am / are + doing)1.表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。Look!The monkey is climbing the banana tree.2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。(说话时动作不一定正在进行。)We are preparing for the meeting to be held next Friday now.3.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹、惊讶、厌恶等。(常与always, constantly, continually, all the time, forever 等副词连用)，表反复的动作。He is always think-ing of others.(表赞许)She is always asking the same question.(表厌恶)You are always changing your mind.(表抱怨)4.表示在最近计划或安排要进行的动作。常用于go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, stay 等表移动、方向的动词。He is starting the work in a few minutes./ He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.[注意]

1.不用进行时的词有:

(1)系动词: feel, sound, smell, taste, look, appear, seem, remain, prove 等。(2)表结果的感官动词: see, notice, hear 等。

(3)非延续性的动词，此动作开始即是结束：enter, accept, receive等。(4)表心理状态，存在状态，拥有的动词：love, like, hate, care, dislike, respect, prefer, know, understand, forget, remember, believe, want, wish, hope, mind, agree, belong to, depend on, own, have等。

2.用进行时的特殊词有系动词get, turn, grow, become, go, come, fall 等表由一种状态转入另一种状态时，用进行时表示渐近。Today, many rivers that were polluted are getting cleaner and cleaner.当今，许多过去遭污染的河流又变得越来越清澈了。[比较] 现在进行时表将来的用法与一般将来时的区别：(1)现在进行时表近期的，事先已经计划安排好的--How are you getting to the airport?--By taxi.Bob is coming with me to the airport.(2)will do 和 shall do ① 表客观将来。shall用于第一人称，will用于第一、二、三人称。I will / shall finish middle school next month.② 表有科学根据的预测。The weather report says it will rain tomorrow.③ 表客观必然。Man will make mistakes.(3)be going to ① 表现在打算在近期或将来要做某事。I'm going to finish my homework tonight.② 表根据已有迹象的预测。It's so dark outside, I think it's going to rain.③ be going to不与come, go连用，而用be coming, be going 形式。Mary is coming here this evening.[注意] 表计划、安排、规定要做的事，用“be + to do”。此外，表示按时刻表运行的动作常用一般现在时表将来。The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m./ Our plane leaves at 6:00 a.m..[牛刀小试3] 1.____ you call me to say you're not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.(2004 吉林)A.Though

B.Whether C.Until

D.Unless 2.Now that you've got a chance, you ____ make full use of it.(NMET 1999)A.had better to

B.might as well C.might as well as

D.would rather 3.It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.(2004 天津)A.that

B.until C.since

D.before 4.There is no light in the dormitory.They must have gone to the lecture, ____?(2004 上海春招)A.didn't they

B.don't they C.mustn't they

D.haven't they 5.The result of the experiment was very good, ____ we hadn't expected.(2000 北京春招)A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what DBDDC ☆交际速成☆

【考点1】Talking about intentions and plans.谈论意愿和打算(2004江苏)

--How long are you staying?--I don't know.____.A.That's OK

B.Never mind

C.It depends

D.It doesn't matter [答案与解析]C 本题考查具体语境下被询问打算时的应答。A项用于回答感谢和道歉，B、D两项用于回答道歉，C 项表示“看情况而定”。

【归纳】英语中常见表达意愿和打算的用语有： ① I'll go with you.② I'm going to see my head teacher this afternoon.③ I'd like to make a phone call to her after class.④ I want / hope to find an English pen friend.⑤ I plan to go to Hangzhou this summer.⑥ We are ready to move to a new house.⑦ Bill intends to spend his vocation in California.⑧ I'm thinking of driving to Beijing.⑨ Where would you prefer going...? ⑩ How would you like to go to...? ? When are you going off to...? ? How are you going to...? 【考点2】Expressing good wishes祝愿(2005广东)

Tom: Mike, our team will play against the Rockets this weekend.I'm sure we will win.Mike: ____!A.Congratulations

B.Cheers

C.Best wishes

D.Good luck [答案与解析]D 考查祝愿用语。在比赛前表示祝愿的话用Good luck。Congratulations用于成功之后的祝贺。Cheers意为“干杯”。Best wishes多用于书面语，表示“万事如意”的意思。【归纳】英语中常见表达祝愿的用语有： ① Have a good day / time!② Have a good journey / trip!③ Good luck!④ Enjoy yourself!⑤ Best wishes to you!⑥ Happy New Year!⑦ Happy birthday!⑧ Merry Christmas!应答语有： ① Thank you.② You, too.③ The same to you.【考点3】Describing emotions 描述人物的情感(2001上海春招)--I'm afraid I can't finish the book within this week.--____.A.Please go ahead

B.That's all right

C.Not at all

D.Take your time [答案与解析]D 本题考查时表示遗憾情感的应答。A项表示“请吧，说吧”，用于回答许可或让对方先行。B、C两项是感谢或道歉的答语，D项表示“别着急，慢慢来”，符合语境。【归纳】中学英语中描述人物情感的用语有：

①(恐惧)Help!/ How terrible!/ I'm afraid of.../ I'm afraid to.../ You scared me!/ It scares me!②(高兴)(It's)well done!/ How wonderful!/ That's great!/ I'm pleased to...③(惊奇)Really!/ Oh dear!/ Is that so? / What a surprise!/ How surprising!④(忧虑)What's wrong? / what's the matter? / Anything wrong? / What should we do? ⑤(安慰)There, there./ Don't be afraid.／Don't worry./ It's(quite)all right./ It'll be OK / all right.⑥(满意)Good!/ Well done!／ Perfect!/ That's fine./ That's better.⑦(遗憾)I'm so sorry!/ It's a great pity!/ What a shame!/ That's too bad!⑧(同情)I'm so sorry!/ I'm so sorry(about your illness)./ I'm sorry to hear that.⑨(愤怒)Damn!/ How annoying!⑩(鼓励)Well done!/ Come on!/ Keep trying./ You can do it![牛刀小试4] 1.--I'd like to take a week's holiday.--____, we're too busy.A.Don't worry

B.Don't mention it C.Forget it

D.Pardon me

2.--I was so sure that our experiment was going to succeed, but something went wrong at the last moment.--____, but don't give it up.A.Find out the reason

B.Never mind C.I'm sorry to hear that

D.You don't 'mean that 3.--I just heard that the tickets for tonight's show have been sold out.--Oh no!____.A.I was looking forward to that B.It doesn't matter C.I knew it already D.It's not at all interesting 4.--We are going to travel to Italy.--____.A.Good bye

B.Go ahead C.I like to go, too

D.Have a good time 5.--I'd rather have some tea, if you don't mind.--____.A.Thank you very much B.Yes, I like so C.No, it's nothing

D.Of course, anything you want

CCADD ☆精典题例☆

1.Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.(NMET 2002春上海)

A.cut B.are cut C.are being cut D.had been cut 【解析】选C 本题是在语境中考查现在进行时的被动语态。本句意为“雨林以这样的速度被砍伐和焚烧，会导致它在不久的将来从地球上消失。”体会语境和句意便知此处选择C项，表示现阶段在进行的动作。

2.Twenty-three hours has passed after the explosion in the mine, but rescue efforts to recover the missing ____ carried out.A.are still being

B.have already been

C.are always

D.will soon be 【解析】选A本句意为“矿井爆炸已过23小时了，但对失踪人员的搜索还在进行中。” 3.--When are you leaving?--My plane ____ at 10:45.A.takes off

B.took off

C.is about to take off

D.will take off 【解析】选A飞机是按时刻表运行的。4.--Excuse me, what time is it now?

--Sorry, my watch ____.It ____ at the shop.A.isn't working;is being repaired

B.doesn't work;is being repaired

C.isn't working;is repaired

D.doesn't work;is repaired 【解析】选B doesn't work说明“手表不工作”的状态，而不只是现在才坏了。后句意为“手表正在商店里修理”，故应用is being repaired。

5.John, who is considered ____ a warm-hearted man, is considering ____ his neighbor out of trouble.A.to be;to help

B.to be;helping C.being;to help

D.being;helping 【解析】选B be considered to be “被认为是„„”；consider doing “考虑做某事”。6.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.A.until

B.when

C.before

D.as 【解析】选C意思是“在事情还未变得更糟之前及

时纠正错误”。

7.--There is something wrong with my bike.--It doesn't matter.I ____ lend you mine.A.am to B.am going to C.was going to

D.will 【解析】选D be to表示按计划安排将来的动作，be going to 表示最近打算做某事，will 在此是情态动词，表示“意志；意愿”。如：I will tell you all about it.8.Children at the beginning of this century ____ a lot and ____ themselves greatly even without television.A.used to read;enjoying

B.used to read;enjoyed C.were used to reading;enjoy D.were used to read;enjoying 【解析】选B 前后时态要保持一致。

高一英语各单元知识点总结及重难点解析Unit5-6 ☆重点句型☆

1.While still a student, she played roles in many plays.连词 + 名词做时间状语

2.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said„

连词+过去分词做时间状语 3.When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses.连词 + 现在分词做时间状语 4.It's a custom in China to have some tea before the meal is served.It 做形式主语 5.Many people like this film not just because..., but also

because...并列连词

6.Having good table manners means knowing...动名词做主宾语 ☆重点词汇☆

1.comment v.评论 2.marry v.结婚 3.create v.创造 4.attack v.进攻 5.cruelty n.残酷 6.escape v.逃跑

7.advice n.忠告；建议

8.afford v.花得起(钱、时间)9.encourage v.鼓励 10.research n.研究

11.interrupt v.打断；打扰 12.apologize v.道歉 13.pray v.请求；祈祷 14.forgive v.原谅；宽恕 15.match v.相配；相适应 16.manners n.礼貌 17.impression n.印象

18.live adj.& adv.活的；直播的(地)19.custom n.习惯；风俗 20.introduce vt.介绍；引进 ☆重点短语☆

1.take off 脱掉；起飞；成功 2.go wrong 出错；出问题

3.can't help doing 情不自禁做某事 4.take one's place 代替某人 5.run after 追逐；追踪 6.win a prize 获奖

7.think highly of 赞扬„„；对„„高度评价

8.call for 需要；索取 9.in all 总共

10.play a role 扮演角色(作用)11.make money 挣钱 12.win over 争取过来 13.work on 从事，致力于

14.owe success to 把成功归功于某人 15.start with 以„„开始 16.run away from school逃学 17.on the air 正在播出的 18.do research 进行调查 19.speed up 加速

20.follow the fashion 追随时尚 ☆短语闯关☆

下列短语都是这两个单元学过的重要短语，请你根据 汉语在横线上填入一个正确的词，每个词4分，80分才 能过关。你一定能过关，做好了闯关的准备吗?那么我 们就开始吧? l.____ screen 银幕，电影(业)2.take ____ 成功；成名；脱掉(衣服)；(飞机)起飞 3.____ wrong 走错路；误入歧途；不对头；出毛病 4.owe sth ____ sb 把„„归功于某人 5.____ all 总共；总之 6.stay ____ 不在家，外出 7.____ school 小学

8.lock sb ____ 将某人锁于某处不得进出；将某人监禁起来 9.run ____ 追赶

10.bring sb ____ 送回某人 11.____ the air正在播出的

12.think highly ____ 对„„高度评价 13.leave ____ 省去；遗漏；不考虑 14.stare ____ 盯着

15.make ____ about sb 以某人为笑柄

16.drink(a toast)____ 为„„祝酒；为„„干杯 17.win ____ 战胜

18.____ comments on对„„加以评论

19.look sb ____ 看望，拜访某人

20.____ a role in 在„„中扮演角色；在„„方面起作用 21.____ a prize获奖

22.to sb for(doing)sth因某事向某人道歉

23.make a good impression ____ 给„„留下好印象 24.____ silent 保持沉默 25.pay a visit ____ 拜访 ☆交际用语☆

1.What do you think has happened? 2.What do you know about…?

3.How do you like…? / What do you think of…? / What db you feel...? 4.May I interrupt you for a moment? 5.Excuse me / Forgive me for.../ I apologize for… 6.I'm(very / so / terribly)sorry.It's all my fault.7.That's all right./ That's OK./ No problem.8.I wish you all the best.9.I'm sorry.I didn't mean to...10.Let's drink(a toast)to...!☆单词聚焦☆ 1.afford

(1)(和can，could，be able to连用)有(时间、经济等)条件(做某事)+ to do

We can't afford to pay such a price.afford + n./ pron.(出得起；买得起等)

They donot consider whether they can afford it or not.(2)经得起(做某事或发生某事)(多+to do)

He could not afford to lose his fortune entirely.2.apologize的用法

▲ 构词：apology n.辩解，道歉 ▲ 搭配：

① apologize to sb for(doing)sth = make an apology的 sb for(doing)sth向某人为某事(为做了某事)道歉 ② apologize for oneself 为自己辩解或辩护

【考例】[NMET 1993]The captain ____ an apology to the passengers for the delay caused by bad weather.A.made

B.said

C.put

D.passed [考查目标] apologize及其名词的用法和搭配。[答案与解析]A make an apology的意思是“道歉”。3.choice的用法 ▲搭配：

① make a choice 选择

② make choice of 挑选，选择，选定 ③ make / take one's choice 任意挑选

④ have no choice but to do sth 非„„不可，除„„之外别无他法

【考例】[MET 1993] We've missed the last bus, I'm afraid we have no ____ but to take a taxi.A.way

B.choice C.possibility

D.selection [考查目标] choice的意思和习惯搭配。

[答案与解析]B choice是choose的名词形式．意思是 “选择”，在本句中构成固定搭配have no choice but to do sth“不得不干„„”。4.determine的用法

▲ 构词：determination n.决心，决断，决意；决定，确定 ▲ 搭配：

① determine to do sth 决定做某事 ② determine on / upon(doing)sth 决定 ③ a man of determination 有决断力的人

▲ 辨析：decide；determine这两个词都有“决定”的意思。decide的含义是“不再迟疑不定”，而 determine含义是“把某件事确定下来”。

在be determined to do„这个固定的结构中。过去分词determined的词义为“下定了决心”。

decide的名词为decision，determine的名词为determination。例如：At first，she decided to go to the police，„起初，她决定去找警察„„

▲ 友情提示: decide后跟宾语从句时，其含义有时是“断 定”。I decided that I must have taken a wrong turning somewhere.我断定我一定是在某处拐错弯了。The determination of the meaning of a word is often difficult without a context.脱离上下文来确定一个词的含义常常是困难的。注：在determine to do...，determine on(upon)...和determine that...。(宾语从句)三个搭配中，determine的词义和decide几乎没有多大差异。He determined / decided to learn medicine.他决定学医。

注：decide sb to do sth 决定使某人做某事What decided you to give up your job? 什么因素使你决定放弃你的工作? 【考例】[2001京皖春招] Before Sam can repair his bicycle, he must know why it does not work.For example, he must ____ the parts that are wrong.A.check

B.determine

C.correct

D.recover [考查目标]determine的用法。

[答案与解析]B determine和decide在一般情况下意思相同。5.encourage的用法 ▲ 构词：

① encouraging adj.鼓励的，给予希望的，振奋人心的。令人欢欣鼓舞的 ② encouraged adj.被激励的，受到鼓舞的 ③ encouragement n.鼓励，激励 ④ discourage v.使泄气；劝阻

▲ 搭配：① encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事 ② be encouraged by 受„„鼓励／鼓舞 【考例】 [2004北京]My advisor encouraged ___a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me taking

B.me taking

C.for me to take

D.me to take [考查目标] encourage的用法。

[答案与解析]D encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人干某事。句意为：我的导师鼓励我参加一个夏季课程来提高我的写作技巧。

6.escape(vi, vt)escaped, escaping

(1)逃走；跑掉 + from / out of = run away from

The soldier escaped from the enemy's prison.(2)逃脱；逃避 + n./ doing

He narrowly escaped death / being killed.There's no way to escape doing the work.36

escape还可表示：

①（液体等）漏出 gas escaping from the pipe 煤气从管中漏出Water escaped rapidly from the drainpipe.水从排水管中迅速流出。

② 避免escaped death 免于一死There is no escaping him.怎么也避不开他。

③ 疏忽，忽略 Nothing escaped his attention.什么也逃不过他的注意。You cannot expect that something may escape the teacher's attention.你不要奢望有什么能逃过老师的注意。escape n

① 逃走The thief made his escape.小偷逃走了。

②（气体）漏出，泄出；解闷She reads love stories as an escape.她读爱情小说解闷。7.hunt的用法

▲ 构词：hunter n.猎人，搜寻者 ▲ 搭配：

① hunt for / after追猎；寻找，搜寻 ② hunt out 找出；调查出

【考例】He wandered in the street, ____ a new jacket for his nephew.A.hunting for

B.waiting for

C.shooting for

D.aiming for [考查目标]本题考查hunt for的意思。

[答案与解析]A hunt for原来是“猎取”的意思，引中为“搜寻，寻找”。8.impression n.印象

(1)impression(on sb.)(给某人)印象His speech made a strong impression on his audience.(2)impression(of sth.)(对某事物)印象；想法That's my first impression of the new college.(3)impress sb.with sth.给予某人深刻印象 = impress sth.on sb.使某人铭记 The teacher impressed on his students the importance of speaking.= The teacher impre-ssed his students with the importance of speaking.9.interrupt的用法vt, vi ① 阻断；中断 Don't interrupt me.别打断我。Traffic in the city was interrupted by a snowstorm.市内交通被暴风雪所阻断。

② 打岔；插嘴 It is rude to interrupt.打断别人的话，是不礼貌的。“Don't interrupt,” he said.“别插话, ”他说。▲构词：

① interrupter n.打岔者，打断者

② interruption n.打岔．打断，使中断的事物

【考例】[2005山西模拟] Be quiet!It's rude to ____ people when they are talking.A.stop

B.introduce

C.prevent

D.interrupt [考查目标] interrupt的词义。

[答案与解析]D interrupt的意思是“打断；使中断”． 后接指人或指物的各种名词。10.marry

(1)vi.结婚

He didn't marry until he was fifty.(2)vt.和„„结婚

Jean is going to marry Hubert.(3)vt.(父母)嫁(女儿)He married his daughter to a businessman.(4)vt.(教士等)为„„主持结婚仪式 We've come to ask if you will marry them.[比较]

(1)get married(to sb.)强调动作

His oldest girl got married last month.37

(2)be married(to sb.)强调状态

How long have you been married? 11.moment的用法 n.① 片刻；瞬间 He will be here in a moment.他一会儿就来。At the moment I am working.此刻我正在工作。② 时机；机遇；时宜 Choose your moment to visit him.你选个合适的时机去拜访他。③ 重要性 a matter of great moment 一件极重要的事情 ▲搭配：

① at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上 ② at the last moment 在最后关头 ③ at the moment 此刻；(正当)那时 ④ every moment 时时刻刻 ⑤ for a moment 片刻

⑥ in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上 ⑦ the moment(that)...一„„就„„

【考例】[NMET 2004 II] ”Can I? I don't think I can,“ Racy said with a laugh.”But I do have ____ when things come to me for no reason.“

A.events B.chances

C.feelings

D.moments [考查目标] moment的词义。

[答案与解析] D moment可以指“时刻”，在本句中用了复数，意思是“一些次”。12.owe的用法owed, owing ▲ 搭配： ①（常与for连用）欠，欠债I owe you for your help.我感谢你的帮助。(也可以是owe sth.或owe sb.sth)The food cost ￡4 , but I only paid ￡3 so I still owe ￡1.食品要4英镑，可我只付了3英镑，因此我还欠1英镑。I owe you an apology.我该向你道歉。

☆ owe sb sth for sth 或 owe sth to sb for sth 为„欠某人„

② 对„负有义务；感恩；感激We owe our parents a lot.我们十分感激父母。

③（常与to连用）归功于；由于She owes her success to good luck.她把成功归功于幸运。The young writer owed his success to his teacher's encouragement.年轻作家把自己的成功归于他老师的鼓励。【考例】[2004湖北] ”How much do I ____ you?“ ”Oh, no,“ Paul said.A.Owe

B.lend

C.give

D.offer [考查目标]考查owe的词义和用法。

[答案与解析]A owe表示“欠”的时候是及物动词，可以接双宾语。13.reason n.原因；理由

(1)+ to do sth.You haven't any reason to leave me.(2)+ for sth./ doing People must have a reason for saying such things.(3)+ 从句；从句用why / for which引导 That is the reason why you should leave.(4)for + reason，为了某种原因He is retiring for reasons of health.[比较] cause“原因；起因”

the cause of the fire 火灾的起因(引起某种后果的起因)the reason for being late 迟到的理由(做某件事的理由)14.role

(1)(戏剧中的)角色Oliver played(acted)the role / part of Hamlet.(2)(现实生活中的)身份；作用

What is your role on the Committee?(3)play a...role in...= play a...part in在„„中扮演„„角色或作用The headmaster plays an important role / part in the good running of a school.15.serve v.(1)为„„服务／工作 A slave serves his master.(2)接待(顾客)The shop assistant is serving a customer.(3)侍候吃饭，端(菜)；供应(饭菜)Lunch is served now.(4)serve as 充任(某职务)作„„用 She served as a model for several painters./ This box will serve as / for a seat.16.speed的用法 ▲搭配：

① at a high speed 以很大的速度

② at full / top speed 用全速，开足马力，尽力(快)地； ③ with great / an speed 用全速，开足马力 ④ speed up 加速，快点

【考例】We had tried our best but the boss still shouted, ” ____!“

A.Speed up

B.No hurry

C.Wait a minute

D.Slow down [考查目标]本题考查speed及其构成的短语的意思。

[答案与解析]A speed up意思是“加速，快点”的意思。17.stare的用法 vi, vt--stared, staring 凝视，注视

He stared at the word trying to remember what it meant.他盯着这个单词，努力想记起它的意思。[习惯用语] stare one in the face近在眼前；摆在眼前

▲辨析：gaze；stare；glare这组动词的一般含义是“凝视”。gaze表示“目不转睛地看”，并含有“惊叹”、“羡慕”或“入迷”的意思。例如：She gazed at the carpet for some time, and then added, ”You don't need bookcases at all.“ 她对地毯凝视了一会儿，然后补充说：“你根本不需要书柜。” stare 特别表示“睁大眼睛凝视”，并含有“惊奇”、“傲慢” 或“茫然”的意思。例如：The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds.那位贵族对那张空白纸凝视了几秒钟。

glare 表示“凶狠而且带有威胁性的瞪眼睛”的意思。例如：The trapped eagle glared at his captors.被诱捕到的雄鹰凶狠地瞪着捕获它的人。

【考例】[NMET 1999] ____ him and then try to copy what he does.A.Mind

B.Glance at

C.Stare at

D.Watch [考查目标] stare 等近义词辨别。

[答案与解析]D watch意思是“观察”，是长时问关注；而stare at却是“盯着”。含有惊奇、傲慢的感情色彩。18.trouble

(1)麻烦；烦恼；烦心的事(可数，不可数)It is a pity to give you so much trouble./ Life is full of troubles.(2)困难；费事(不可数)have trouble with sth./ have trouble(in)doing sth.(= difficulty)Did you have much trouble in finding the post office? / I hope you won't have any trouble with the work.[相关短语]

(1)ask for trouble 自寻烦恼；自找麻烦 What made you write such a letter? It was asking for trouble.(2)(be)in trouble 有烦事；有困难；出事；惹麻烦 He never came except when he was in trouble.(3)put sb.to trouble 给某人造成麻烦；增添麻烦 I am sorry for putting you to so much trouble.(4)take trouble to do sth.费心做某事；费心 It was good of you to take the trouble to help us.[牛刀小试1] 用所给单词的适当形式填空：(speed，owe，encourage，decide，moment，apologize)1.will never forget the ____ given by Mr.Wang, which helped me overcome a lot difficulty.39 2.I have made a ___that every department in our company should buy a computer of this kind.3.I recognized the man the ____ I saw him at the corner.4.Since it was a bit later，we had to ____ up.5.We must ____ our success to our parents and teachers.6.The parents came from the far-away village, making an ____ for their naughty son.☆词语比较☆

1.win, beat, defeat 表示获胜、取胜的词语

(1)win v.赢„„，获胜，接比赛或奖项 win a game / a prize / an honor / a race./ Our team won the game 8 to 7./ He won by five points./ He won her love at last./ He won the first place in the competition.(2)beat + 对手，表打败(尤指体育比赛)I can easily beat him at golf.(3)defeat 表战胜，接对手The enemy was defeated in the battle.2.in the end, finally, at last

三者均可表示“(经过周折、等待、耽误)最后，终于”之意。不同的是： finally 一般用在句中动词前面，而 at last 与 in the end 的位置则较为灵活；

三者中at last 语气最为强烈，且可单独作为感叹句使用。After putting it off three times, we finally managed to have a holiday in Dalian./ At last he knew the meaning of life./ At last!Where on earth have you been? / But in the end he gave in.另外，finally还可用在列举事项时，引出最后一个内容，相当于lastly。Firstly, we should make a plan;secondly, we should carry it out;finally we should make a conclu-sion.3.by sea, by the sea, in the sea, on the sea, at sea

(1)by sea “走海路，乘船”，用来表示交通方式，同 by ship 同义。These heavy boxes should be sent by sea.(2)by the sea “在海边”，相当于 by(at)the seaside。The children enjoyed themselves by the sea on Children's Day.(3)in the sea “在海里，在海水中” There are many plants and animals in the sea.(4)on the sea “在海面上”，“在海岸边”。I want to live in a town with a beautiful position on the sea.(5)at sea 在海上；在航海 When he woke up, the ship was at sea.4.be afraid, be afraid to do sth., be afraid of(doing)sth.(1)be afraid 意为“担心，害怕”，多用于口语，常用来表示一种歉意，或遗憾，后可接 so 或 not，也可接 that 从句。I'm afraid(that)其语意相当于 I'm sorry, but...。

--Are we on time? 我们准时吗?--I'm afraid not.恐怕不准时。I'm afraid you'll get caught in the rain.(2)be afraid to do sth 常表示“由于胆小而不敢做某事”。She is afraid to be here alone./ He is afraid to jump into the river from the bridge.(3)be afraid of(doing)sth.常表示“担心或害怕某事(发生)”。I was afraid of hurting her feelings.5.live, living, alive, lively

(1)live adj.① 活的；活生生的；(只修饰生物；只作前置定语)The laboratory is doing experiments with several live monkeys.② 实况直播的(不是录音)It wasn't a recorded show.It was live.③ 带电的；燃着的；可爆炸的 This is a live wire.(2)living adj.活着的，有生命的(作表语或定语)She was, he thought, the best living novelist in England./ The old man is still living.(或alive)

(3)alive adj.① 活着的；② 有活力的；有生气

作后置定语：Who's the greatest man alive?

作表语：Was the snake alive or dead? / My grandmother is more alive than a lot of young people.作补语：Let's keep the fish alive.(4)lively adj.活泼的；有生气的；活跃的(作表语或定语)The music is bright and lively.6.take off, take down, take in, take on, take up

(1)take off

①(飞机)起飞 A helicopter is able to take off and land straight up or down.② 脱下(衣裳等)；取下 He took off his wet shoes./ Who took the knob off the door?

③ 休假；请假；歇工 When his wife was sick he took off from work.④(指观念、产品)大受欢迎；(事业)突然发达，成功The new type of cell phones has really taken off./ His business began to take off when he was in his forties.(2)take down

① 拿下来；取下来 He reached up to the third shelf of the bookcase and took down a dictionary.② 记下来 He read out the names and his secretary took them down.(3)take in

① 接受(房客，客人等)；收留 The farmers took in the lost travelers for the night.② 理解；领会；明白 The boys could not take in his meaning.③包括；涉及 The study of physics takes in many different subjects.④使上当；欺骗We were completely taken in by her story.(4)take on

① 接受；从事(某工作)After his father died, Bill took on the management of the factory.② 雇用Is the supermarket taking on any more assis-tant?

③ 具有(新面貌、意思等)The city has taken on a new look.(5)take up

① 从事某项活动；发展某种爱好 So many young men want to take up writing.② 开始做(某项工作)；开始学习(某个课程)Then she took up the task of getting the breakfast./ He dropped medicine and took up physics.③ 占去(时间或空间)The meeting took up the whole morning./ The table takes up too much room.④ 接受I'd like to take up your offer of a ride into town.7.call for, call on, call up

(1)call for

① 来找(某人)；来取(某物)I'll call for you at your house.②要求；需要Success in school calls for much hard work.(2)call on

① call on / upon sb.拜访；去会(某人)I hope to call on you at your office at 3 o’clock today.② call on / upon sb.to do sth.请／叫某人做某事He called upon me to speak immediately.③ 号召；呼吁；要求 The President called on his people to serve the country.(3)call up

① 给„„打电话(英 ring up)I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.② 征召入役；调用(后备部队)Three boys in our street were called up last week.8.too much, much too

(1)too much “太多”之意，可以作形容词，修饰不可数

名词，也可作副词，修饰动词。There is too much rain here in spring./ She talked too much at the meeting.(2)much too “简直太，过于”，只能作副词，用来修饰

形容词或别的副词，不能修饰动词。This book is much too difficult for me./ The old man walks much too slowly.9.custom, habit

(1)custom 指传统风俗、习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接不定式。They broke some of the old customs./ It is the custom in China to eat dumplings during the spring Festival.(2)habit 指个人生活习惯。“(有)养成„„习惯”常

用be in / fall into / get into / form / have the habit of doing sth.句型；“戒掉„„习惯”常用 give up / kick / break away from / get out of the habit of doing sth.句型。It's easy to get into a bad habit but its hard to give it up./ The drug easily get one into the habit of smoking.10.arise, rise, raise

raise vt.“使„„上升；升起；提高”等； rise vi.“上升；升起”；

arise vi.“站起来(stand up)”，“起床(get up)”，rise和arise用作站起，起床都属正式用法；arise主要表示“出现、发生”等意思。She raised her voice in anger.(抬高)The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.(刮起)The child rose from the ground and ran to his mother.(=The child raised himself from the ground and ran to his mother.)(爬起)She rises before it is light.(起床)Difficulties will arise as we do the work.(出现)☆短语归纳☆

1.can't help doing sth.禁不住做某事，不由得不做某事

She couldn't hep smiling.[比较]

(1)can't help but do 不得不„„；不能不 When the streets are full of melting snow, you can't help but get your shoes wet.(2)cannot but 不能不，只能He could not but feel disappointed.[归纳](1)help(sb.)(to)do sth.Help me get him back to bed at once./ By helping them we are helping save ourselves.(2)help...with sth.帮助„„做某事 In those days he used to help her mother with her gardening.(3)help oneself / sb.to sth.给自己 / 别人夹菜 / 拿烟

等；擅自拿用 May I help you to some more vegetables?

(4)help...in sth.在„„方面帮助某人 She offered to help Rose in the housekeeping when I am not here.(5)help out 帮忙(做事；克服困难等)I've often helped Bob out when he's been a bit short of money.2.含go的短语

① go around 到处走／跑．(疾病)流传，(谣言)传开；go after 追求；go ahead 说吧，请吧，做吧；go away 离开，出去

② go back 走网头路，翻悔改变；go bad 变坏；go boating 去划船 ③ go fishing 去钓鱼；go for a walk去 散步 ④ go hiking 去徒步旅行；go home 回家

⑤ go in for 喜爱，从事于；go into 进入，加入 ⑥ go mad 发疯

⑦ go off 离去，去世；go on 继续，进展，依据；go on doing 继续做；go out 出去，发出去，熄灭，不时兴；go over 研究，检查，搜查

⑧ go shopping 去商店；go skating 去滑冰；go straight along 沿着；go swimming 去游泳 ⑨ go through 通过，经受，仔细检查；go to bed 上床 ⑩ go up 上升

? go wrong 走错路，误入歧途

[例句] We'll go through the items one by one.我们要逐条研究。She has gone back to her old habits.她又回到了已往的习惯。Come on Sunday by yourself-we can go over the house together.星期天你要过来．我们一起检查一下房子。His speech went on for so long that people began to fall asleep.他的演讲持续很长时间，结果人们开始想睡。That expression has gone out.Nobody Uses it today.那个短语已经过时了，现在没有人在用它。The young fellow hasn't realized that he has gone wrong.这个年轻人还没有意识到他已经误入歧途。Tired of going shopping with his wife，Mr.Liu pretended to have something important to do.厌烦与妻子一起去购物，刘先生假装有重要的事情要做。

【考例2】(2004北京)I don't ____ rock' n' roll.It's much too noisy for my taste.A.go after

B.go away with

C.go into

D.go in for [考查目标] 此题主要考查四个动词短语的意思。

[答案与解析]D

go after 追求；go away with 带走；go into进入，加入；go in for 喜爱，爱好。根据句子意思“摇滚音乐太嘈杂。不合乎我的口味．所以我不喜欢”。

【考例】(NMET 1998)Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ____.A.be put up

B.give in

C.be turned on

D.go out [考查目标]此题主要考查四个短语的意思。

[答案与解析] D

put up 挂起；give in 屈服；turn on 打开；go out 熄灭。本句话意思是“没有人注意到贼溜进了屋子，因为灯碰巧熄灭了”。3.go wrong

(1)走错路；弄错方向

(2)失败；不顺利All our plans went wrong./ Everything went wrong in those days.(3)发生故障

The clock went wrong.[比较]表示“变为”的系动词

(1)go 表示由积极向消极方面变化Fish soon goes bad in hot weather.又如：go mad / pale / blind / hungry

(2)become / get 表示由积极向消极或消极向积极方

面变化 The weather is getting quite warm./ Gradually he became silent.(3)turn 多接表颜色的词 This ink turns black when it dries./ He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.注意：become a writer

(4)grow 侧重变化过程 The sea is growing calm.(5)fall 进入某种状态

All three children fell asleep.4.owe...to...受到恩惠；归功于„„

(1)欠(钱)owe sb.money = owe money to sb.I owe ￡50 to my tailor.= I owe my tailor ￡50.(2)得过(某人的)好处；欠(某人的)人情债

We owe a great deal to our parents and teachers.(3)应当给予 You owe me an apology.(4)„„应归功于；„„都亏得

We owe the general theory of relativity to Einstein.[拓展]表示“由于”的词组：owing to / because of / thanks to / due to / as a result of 5.take one's place(1)入座，站好位置，取得地位Take your places, please.We are about to start.(2)take one's place = take the place of sb.代替(职务或工作等)；接替Electric trains have now taken the place of steam trains in England.[比较](1)in place(of)代替；„„而不用The grown-ups had coffee but the children wanted milk in place of coffee.(2)take one's seat 在自己座位上坐下；有时等于 take one's place：More men entered and took their seats.6.think highly of 赞扬 表赞赏的词有：

(1)think / speak highly / well / much...of: The people think very highly of him.表认为不好的词有：

43(2)think little / badly / poorly / nothing...of: Joan thought little of walking two miles to school.7.含“动词 + away”的短语 ① do away with 去掉

② get away 逃脱，(使)离开 ③ go away 离去，出去

④ put away 放好，把„„收拾起来，存(钱)以备它日之用 ⑤ run away 逃走，离开

⑥ smooth away 去除，克服

⑦ stay away(from)不在家，外出

⑧ take away 拿走，带走，夺去，使离去 ⑨ throw away 扔掉．浪费．坐失(良机)[例句]Don't throw away such a good chance.Or you'll regret.不要放弃这么好的机会，不然的话，你会后悔 的。Put away the tools before you leave.离开前把工具收拾好。Why did you stay away from school? 你为什么不去上学? I had hoped to take a good holiday this year but I wasn't able to get away.我本打算今年好好去度假，但是我离不开。【考例】(2004重庆)Before the war broke out, many people ____ in safe places possessions they could not take with them．

A.threw away

B.put away

C.gave away

D.carried away [考查目标]此题主要考查“动词+away”四个短语的意思。[答案与解析]B throw away 扔掉；put way 放好，把 „„收拾起来；give away 分发．泄露；carry away 冲 走。本句话意思是“在战争爆发以前，许多人把他们不 能带走的财产藏在了安全的地方”。8.含“动词 + off”的短语 ① drop off 放下，下车 ② fall off(从„„)掉下来

③ get off(从„„)下来，动身，起飞，脱下来 ④ give off 发出，放出 ⑤ jump off 跳离

⑥ put off 推迟，延期

⑦ set off 出发，引起，启程

⑧ see sb off 为某人送行，为„„送行 ⑨ switch off 关掉

⑩ take off 脱，去掉，起飞，匆匆离开，成名 ? throw off 匆忙脱掉

? turn off 关掉，避开，拐弯

[例句]The electricity supply must be turned off at the mains before you change the lighting circuit.在改变火线前，主干线的电力供应必须切断。Mrs Garey as usual went to the door to see him off.Garey夫人像通常一样把他送到门口。He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.因为疾病的缘故，他不得不推迟了与我的约会。Before the body of the car can be properly repaired, all the external fittings must be taken off.车身适当修理前，所有外部的配件必须拿下来。The fire doesn't seem to be giving off much heat.这炉火好像不大热。

【考例】(2005广东)John is leaving for London tomorrow and I will ____ him ____ at the airport.A.send...away

B.leave...off

C.see...off

D.show...around [考查目标]此题主要考查短语see off的用法。[答案与解析]C

see off 意为“给某人送行”；send away意为“派遣”；leave off意为“停止，不再穿”；show around意为“带领某人参观”。[牛刀小试2] 在下列句子的空白处填上适当的介词或副词。

1.My grandmother had put ____ over$50,000 when she was sixty—five years old.2.His mother had thought it would be good for his charac-ter to get ____ home and earn some money on his own.3.The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.4.--What do you think the contest?--I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.5.If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.☆句型诠释☆

1.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.他没能上电影学院是因为他的分数太低了。该句巾的why引导一个定语从句，而that引导表语从句。

1.句中that引导的表语从句说明主语reason的具体内容，往往被看作是固定句型：The reason is / was that clause.当主语是reason / cause时，一般不能用because或why引导表语从句，以免造成语意重复。当主语是This / That时，可以由because / why引导表语从句。例如：One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.【考例】(NMET 1999)--I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.--Is that ____ you had a few days off?

A.why B.when C.what D.where [考查目标] 表语从句。

[答案与解析]A 句子的意思是“那就是你请了几天假的原因吗?”因此可知答案为why。

2.why在句中是关系副词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词reason，同时它在定语从句中作状语，此时why = for which，但要注意：关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词that或which。

【考例】(2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A.he explained

B.what he explained

C.how he explained

D.why he explained [考查目标]定语从句。

[答案与解析]A what，how不能引导定语从句，排除B、C两项；the reason在定语从句中作explained的宾语，可填that / which，或者也可以省略。

2.Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.好多看过这个片子的人一想起片中鲨鱼食人的场面．就不敢下海游泳了。该句是一个复杂长句，从when到句子末尾是状语从句，在从句中包含一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词scenes;在前面的主句里面。包含一个由who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词people。例如：Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.定语从句关系词的选择，要遵循“瞻前顾后”的原则，所谓“瞻前”即看前面的先行词指人还是指物；“顾后”即后面的定语从句，看关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。例如：This is the factory where he works.(状语)/ This is the factory(that / which)he visited.(宾语)【考例】(NMET 1992)In the dark street，there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.A.that

B.who

C.from whom

D.to whom [考查目标]定语从句。

[答案与解析]D “turn to sb for help”为固定短语，意思是“向某人求助”，所以选to whom。

3.When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his

wife and children.当有人问起他成功的秘诀时。史蒂文?斯皮尔伯格说起他的成功和幸福主要来自于妻子和孩子。该句中的 ”when" 是时间状语从句的省略形式。在状语从句中，如果从句主语与主句主语一致或从句主语是it，而且从句谓语动词是be或包含be时，常常将从句主语与be省略。例如：Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.【考例】(2003上海春招)Unless ___to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.A.invited

B.inviting

C.being invited

D.having invited [考查目标]状语从句的省略现象。

[答案与解析]A unless为连词，后面省略了you are，所以选invited。

4.Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table.在餐桌上，懂礼节意味着你知道如何使用刀叉，何时祝酒以及如何在用餐时举止得体。该句中having good manners为v-ing形式作主语。例如：Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.▲友情提示：在v-ing 形式前加形容词性物主代词或名词所有格，构成v-ing复合结构，在句中作主语、宾语。【考例5】(2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.A.he'd like to collect coins as well

B.he feels like collecting coins, too

C.to collect coins is also his hobby

D.collecting coins gives him great pleasure [考查目标]v-ing 作主语。[答案与解析]D

A、B、C三项句法都无错误，但在and连接的并列句中，两个简单句的主语要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分别做两个简单句的主语。

5.It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need.餐盘里的东西要吃光才礼貌，所以不要多拿。

该句中的it为形式主语，真正的主语为to finish eating „例如：It's not right to tell lies.撒谎是不对的。it作为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语。常见的句型有： 1.It + be + adj.+ to do sth 2.It + be + n.+ to do sth 3.It + be + PP.to do sth 【考例】(2001上海)In fact ____ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.A.this

B.that

C.there

D.it [考查目标] 形式主语。

[答案与解析]D 只有it才可以作形式主语。【句型归纳】

1.When / While / Though / Unless / If + n./ adj./ 现在分词／过去分词„„ 状语从句有些成分有时可省略，一般是主语和be省略；有时it和be可以省略： He made no answer when(he is)spoken to./Though(he was)born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York./ Come back early if(it is)possible.[注意]用法详见Chapter 10语法活用“省略和插入语”。2.Not only / just„but(also)连接相同的句子成分

Not only the teacher but all the students are going to visit the Science Museum.(连接主语时根据就近原则)/ They not only sang but(also)danced for a whole night./ Many people go to see this film not just because the film is interesting, but also the leading actors and actresses are all world famous./ Not only do we learn for our country, but we'll work for her in the future.(连接句子时，not only后的句子要部分倒装)[牛刀小试3] 1.The reason ____ you failed, I think, was ____ you had turned a deaf ear to your mother's advice.46 A.that;because

B.why;because C.why;that

D.for that;that 2.The English play ____ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.(2004 全国卷I)A.for which

B.at which C.in which

D.on which 3.When ____, the museum will be open to the public next year.(2002 上海春招)A.completed

B.completing C.being completed

D.to be completed 4.____ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.(2003 上海)A.The president will attend B.The president to attend C.The president attend D.The president's attending 5.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.(NMET 1990)A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it

【交际速成】

1.Giving opinions and Making comments 询问看法与作出评价(2003北京西城)--How do you find the talk given by Mr．Smith?--____.A.Very well B.Excited

C.Boring D.Not at an [答案与解析]C 本题考查对事物提出看法或作出评价的用语。A、B两项词法错误，若改为Very good或Exciting，就可回答提问了。D项不合语境。此句完整为：(It's)Boring.【归纳】英语中询问看法的用语有： ① How do you like / find...? ② What do you think of / about...? ③ What do you feel about...? 2.Describing sequences按次序描述事件发生的过程

Mother first did some washing and then did some cooking, ____ she had a rest.A.finally

B.in the end

C.by the end

D.at last [答案与解析] A

本题考查如何描述事情发生的顺序。finally 用于在列举一系列内容之后。要引出最后一项内容的场合；也可与at last互换，表示所盼望的事迟迟到来。in the end强调结果。有时可与口at last意义相同。【归纳】英语中常见描述事件发生次序的用语有： ① First,....Next,....Then....Finally,....例如:

First, we went to Leshan.Next, we climbed Mount Emei.Then we played with some moneys.Finally, towards evening we were on the way back to Chengdu.② What did you do next? 3.Thanks致谢

(2002北京)--It's been a wonderful evening, Thank you very much.--____.A.My pleasure

B.I'm glad to hear that

C.No, thanks

D.It's OK [答案与解析]A 本题考查英语中如何表达感谢及应答。My pleasure是回答感谢的客套话。【归纳】英语中表达感谢的用语有： ① Thank you(very much).47 ② Thanks a lot.③ Thank you for your help.④ It's very kind / nice of you.⑤ Many thanks.⑥ I appreciate your help.⑦ I can never thank you enough.⑧ I'm extremely grateful to you.应答用语有： ① It's a pleasure.② My pleasure.③ That's OK / all right.④ You're welcome.⑤ Not at all.⑥ Don't mention it.⑦ No trouble at all(没什么).⑧ At your service(愿为你效劳).⑨ Think nothing of it.[牛刀小试4] 1.--Thank you ever so much for your help.--____.A.Glad to hear that

B.Not worth thanking C.Think nothing of it

D.You're too polite 2.--How did you find your visit to the museum, Jane?--____.A.Oh, wonderful, indeed B.By taking a No.3 bus C.I went there alone D.A classmate of mine showed me the way 3.--____ the articles of Times?--I'm not sure.I glanced through them but I haven't formed an opinion yet.A.How do you think of

B.What did you like C.How did you like

D.What do you think of 4.--Thank you very much for the meal.--Not at all.____.A.I'm very glad to hear that B.I'm glad you could come C.Make yourself at home D.With pleasure ☆精典题例☆

1.Generally speaking, ____ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.(2003年上海)A.when taking

B.when taken C.when to take

D.when to be taken 【解析】选B take和drug是动宾关系，要用过去分词作状语。可看作是when it is taken的省略。2.Unless ____ to speak，you should remain silent at the conference.(2003年春季上海)A.invited B.inviting C.being invited D.having invited 【解析】选A you与invite是动宾关系，要用过去分 词invited作状语。

3.The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it.(NMET 2002)A.begins

B.having begun C.beginning

D.begun

【解析】选D once begun 在句中作状语；once这里是连词，“一旦”。

4.____ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.(2004年 湖北)A.Compare

B.When comparing C.Comparing

D.When compared 【解析】选D 相当于when it is compared。

5.____ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.(2004年 上海)A.Not only they brought

B.Not only did they bring C.Not only brought they

D.Not only they did bring 【解析】选B not only...but also引导的并列句；以not only开头的句子要部分倒装。6.____, he used to helped his father on the farm.A.When was a boy

B.As he was a boy C.As a boy

D.During a boy 【解析】选C

as在这里是连词；as a boy = when(he was)a boy。

Unit 1

1.词组：

add up

add up to

add„ to„

add to

calm… down

have got to

be concerned about / with

walk the dog

cheat … of

go through

go ahead

go by

set down

set up

set off

set out

a series of

on purpose

by accident/ chance

in order to

so as to

in order that

so as that

at dusk

at dawn

at midnight

at noon

face to face

no longer

not … any longer

settle down

suffer from

recover from

get/ be tired of

make a list of

list

pack… up

get along/ on with

fall in love

be grateful to sb.for sth.join in

take part in

join

attend

make sb/ sth

+ 宾语补足语

have something/ anything/ everything /nothing to do with

it’s because„..+原因

it’s why„.+ 结果

dare

+

(to)do(实义动词)

do

(情态动词)

a year and a half

it’s no pleasure+ doing sth

happen to do sth

have trouble with sb(in)doing sth

exactly

find it + adj.+ to do sth

make friends with

swap … with

it is / was + 序数词 + that + has done / had done „.unit 2

词组：

because of

come up

come up with

come in

come on

come out

actually

in fact

as a matter of fact

in reality

be based on

at present

make use of

make full/ good use of

such as

play a part/ role in

recognize … as

more than one + 谓语用单数

at the end of

in the end

at an end

voyage

tour

travel

journey

than ever before

even if / though

communicate with

those

+ 定语从句 用who

1600’s

1980s

in + 物主代词

+ 数字的复数

in his forties

the former

the latter

a number of

the number of

make sense

usage VS use

believe it or not

there is no such + 名词（不加冠词）

the way + in which / that /省略

especially

specially

straight

adj/ adv

unit 3