第一篇：英语教学法论文

通过拓展知识提高阅读理解能力

学生姓名： 指导老师：

摘 要：随着语言教学技术的进步，老师逐渐把教学的重点都转移到语言技能上。这是语言教学的一次锐变，正因为如此，各个技能的教学上都存在不足还有很大的提升空间。英语教学的四个技能分别是听、说、读、写。阅读理解是英语技能教学中的一个重要部分。因此，本文的主要内容就是如何提高阅读理解能力。在文中笔者将分析如何通过知识拓展来提高阅读能力。文章共有五个部分。第一部分中笔者将对文章进行简单介绍。笔者在第二部分重点分析了阅读理解能力的两个组成部分--非知识技能和知识性技能。第三部分中，笔者阐述了知识拓展的意义、方法、以及如何运用到具体教学中去。第四部分，笔者分析了在提高阅读理解能力的过程中可能会遇到的一些问题，以及相应的解决措施。最后一部分，笔者对文章进行了总结，并再次强调知识拓展对阅读能力提高的意义。

关键词：阅读理解能力；知识的拓展；

Improving Reading Comprehension Ability by

Expanding Knowledge

Undergraduate: Supervisor:

Abstract: With the advances in technology of language teaching, teachers’ teaching focus gradually has shifted to language skills.This is a sharp change in language teaching, because of this, there exist inadequacies and there is still much room for improvement of these skills.The four skills of English language teaching are respectively listening, speaking, reading and writing.Reading comprehension is an important part in them.Therefore, the main content of this paper is to improve reading comprehension skills.In this paper the author analyzes how to expand knowledge to improve reading ability.The article consists of five parts.In the first part, the author makes a brief introduction of this paper.The second part focuses on the analysis of the reading comprehension ability------non-knowledge skills and knowledge skills.In the third part, the author expounds the meaning of expanding knowledge, the methods of expanding knowledge, and how to apply to specific teaching.The fourth part, the author analyzes some problems that students may encounter in the process of improving reading comprehension ability, as well as the corresponding solutions.In the last part, the author makes a summary of the article and re-emphasizes the meaning of expanding knowledge to improve reading ability.Key words: reading comprehension ability;expansion of knowledge;

Contents

1.Introduction................................................................................................................5 2.Brief introduction of reading comprehension ability.................................................5 2.1 Basic skills of reading..........................................................................................5 2.1.1 Skimming and scanning..............................................................................6 2.1.2 Extensive reading and intensive reading.....................................................6 2.1.3 Choosing a proper skill...............................................................................7 2.1.3.1 According to reading purpose...................................................................7 2.1.3.2 According to style of reading materials....................................................7 2.2 Knowledge skills of reading.................................................................................8 2.2.1 Vocabulary and basic knowledge of grammar.............................................8 2.2.2 Psychological feelings and cognitive psychological processes...................8 2.2.3 Cultural differences and background knowledge........................................9 3.Expending knowledge..............................................................................................10 3.1 Signification of broadening knowledge.............................................................10 3.2 Expending knowledge from the teachers’ part...................................................10 3.2.1 Choosing suitable materials for students...................................................10 3.2.1.1 Materials from magazines, newspapers and novels...............................10 3.2.1.2 Materials from Internet, radios and movies............................................11 3.2.2 Cultivating students’ awareness of expanding knowledge........................12 3.2.2.1 Cultivating this kind of awareness by testing.........................................12 3.2.2.2 Cultivating this kind of awareness by knowledge contests....................12 3.2.2.3 Cultivating this kind of awareness by playing games............................13 3.2.3 Cultivating students’ good habits during expending knowledge...............13 3.2.3.1 The habit of making notes......................................................................13 3.2.3.2 The habit of asking and answering questions.........................................14 3.3.3.3 The habit of summarizing.......................................................................14 3.3 Expending knowledge from the students’ part...................................................15 3.3.1 Learning to find useful information..........................................................15 3.3.1.1 According to the style of reading materials............................................15 3.3.1.2 According to the current events..............................................................15 3.3.1.3 According to the history of English countries........................................15 3.3.2 Respecting the inpidual characteristics..................................................16 3.3.2.1 Choosing a suitable way.........................................................................16 3.3.2.2 Finding an interesting point....................................................................16 3.3.3 Cooperating with others............................................................................17 3.3.3.1 Sharing resource.....................................................................................17 3.3.3.2 Reciting the key points...........................................................................17 3.3.3.3 Checking the results by testing...............................................................18 4.Possible deficiencies and solutions during improving reading ability.....................18 4.1 Some possible problems.....................................................................................18 4.1.1 Lack of perseverance.................................................................................18 4.1.2 Lack of doing exercises.............................................................................19 4.1.3 Lack of knowledge in vocabulary and grammar.......................................19 4.2 Some proposals to solve these problems............................................................19 4.2.1 Helping students to learn...........................................................................19 4.2.2 Arranging practice tasks............................................................................20 4.2.3 Strengthening basic knowledge.................................................................20 5.Conclusion...............................................................................................................20 Bibliography................................................................................................................22 Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................23

1.Introduction Language is a necessary tool of human communication.There are about 200 languages.English is an official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories.It has become the most useful language to learn for international travel and is now the language of diplomacy.English is also the dominant language in electronic communication.English is necessary for us.The best way to improve English is to improve English skills---listening, speaking, reading, and writing.In this paper, the author will analyze the improvement of reading comprehension ability.Reading is a very important part among them and reading is very difficult for students.Firstly, this part is very important and difficult in testing.Meanwhile, the cloze also has close links with reading.When people are learning to read, many teachers or students will focus on vocabulary and grammars, ignoring the relationship among reading and knowledge.Therefore, in this paper, the author will analyze the improvement of reading comprehension ability and the expansion of knowledge.Reading comprehension ability can be pided into two parts.One is the basic reading skills.The other is knowledge skills.The knowledge is indispensable to reading.The expansion of knowledge is necessary.Sometimes, some people have enough vocabulary and a good knowledge of grammar, but they can not read smoothly and finish their exercises correctly.The reason is the lack of knowledge.The expansion of knowledge and English learning can not be separated.What’s more, when people are broadening their knowledge, they will think English learning is interesting, and they won’t feel bored.The point of the paper is how to expand knowledge to improve the reading comprehension ability.The author intends to expand knowledge from two aspects.The first one is on the teachers’ part.Teachers should help students to choose materials, and train the students reading interests, and let them develop good reading habits.The second part is on the students’ part.Students should learn to select reading materials, and to find a suitable way, and to cooperate with classmates.Then the author will analyze the possible problems during expanding knowledge.At last, the author will make a conclusion.2.Brief introduction of reading comprehension ability 2.1 Basic skills of reading Reading is to extract the required information from a written text as efficiently as possible(Zou Shen，Yang Rensheng 2005).There are different styles of reading according to different situations.The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for reading.For example, you might read for enjoyment, information, or completion for a task.If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document.If you’re searching for information, you might scan for a particular word.You need to adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purposes.In the following we will introduce four ways of reading and how to choose a reading way according to the reading purposes and the style of reading materials.2.1.1 Skimming and scanning Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text.When you read newspapers, you’re probably not reading it word-by-word, and you will scan the text.Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading.People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time.Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.There are many strategies that can be used when skimming.Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen.You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations.Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph.This technique is useful when you’re seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension.Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places.It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary.You search for key words or ideas.In most cases, you know what you’re looking for, so you’re concentrating on finding a particular answer.Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases.Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions.Once you’ve scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.When scanning, look for the author’s use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next.Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color.Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.2.1.2 Extensive reading and intensive reading

Extensive reading is a kind of reading skill which emphasizes the speed of reading and is in order to understand the main idea of the paper.Extensive reading is used for reading a long piece of paper, or for leisure reading.This approach does not require a thorough understanding of the material, only emphasizes browsing effect, and pays attention to reading fluency.For example, when people read detective novels, they are usually employed in this way of reading.Compared with extensive reading, intensive reading, which is slow, careful reading of a small amount of difficult text – it is one focusing on the language rather than the text.Intensive reading is used for reading more esoteric material.It is not the pursuit of fluency speed, but the understanding of details or comprehension accuracy.For example, when people read the argumentative, they learn to use precise manner in order to understand the point of view, arguments and conclusions；When people comment on the style of literary works, people also need to read the works by precision, in order to accurately understand the essence of works.2.1.3 Choosing a proper skill 2.1.3.1 According to reading purpose Reading is regarded to be important because it can be entertaining and educational, can open up new worlds and enrich people’s life, and can improve hand-eye co-ordination and enhance social skills.People read for different purposes.Skimming and Scanning help students pick out specific information quickly, training them to tailor their reading rate depending on their purpose.(Edward B.Fry 1989)In this part, the author will introduce three purposes of reading and how to choose a suitable skill according to these purposes.1.Reading for survival.The type of reading is to satisfy a certain demand.For example, read the product price list, in order to make purchase decisions;read the road signs, in order to find the nearest metro station.In this kind of reading people need to find out some useful information, so we can scan.2.Reading for pleasure---reading relaxation in one’s spare time.For example, reading a novel on weekends.This kind of reading is just for fun or to pass the time.Therefore, people can skim or use intensive reading skill and extensive reading skill.3.Reading for learning.This type of reading is aimed at obtaining information and knowledge, broadening one’s vision, and enlarging one’s knowledge scales.This type of reading material can be professional or mass style.The purpose of reading is recent or long-term.Such reading is also included in order to master a foreign language.So this kind of reading needs intensive reading.2.1.3.2 According to style of reading materials There are three kinds of reading materials and they are expository, narrative, argumentative.Now the author will introduce how to choose a skill to analyze them.Firstly, Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse.Different kinds of narration are categorized by each one’s primary grammatical stance.People should find out the narrator is in the story or not.What’s more, the narrative is the article which is used to describe things.Time, characters, locations, causes, through, the result is six elements of narrative.Therefore, people should scan when they are reading narratives.Secondly, the function of an argumentative essay is to show that one’s assertion(opinion, theory, and hypothesis)about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others’.Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion.It clearly explains the process of one’s reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown.Therefore, people can use intensive reading skill to read them.Thirdly, the expository essay is a genre of essay that requires people to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.It needs a clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that appears at the beginning of the essay.Expository writing aims to tell the reader something.The reader should scan to find detailed information.2.2 Knowledge skills of reading 2.2.1 Vocabulary and the basic knowledge of grammar If the sentences, paragraphs, articles are buildings, vocabulary is the building bricks.Therefore, vocabulary plays an important role in the construction of the language system.For a foreign language learner, the lack of vocabulary will not only affect the communication with others, but also restricts the further improvement of reading ability.From the long-term teaching, small vocabulary is one of the main obstacles to students’ English learning in China.In general, the vocabulary size of students is in proportion to reading speed.If the vocabulary size of students is larger, their reading speed will be faster.Solid knowledge of language is the basis of the various language skills.Therefore, it is also important to improve reading ability.Although grammars have been taught by teachers in the classroom, but the mastery of them often varies from person to person.Especially, we can find these phenomena in reading.When some students encounter some long, difficult sentences or sentences with complex insert ingredients, they can not analyze them correctly, resulting in misunderstanding, which affects the correct rate of the reading comprehension.Conversely, if they can master the sentences, syntactic structure during reading, even meet some new words, but they can also achieve a good understanding of the materials.Therefore, to lay a good language knowledge basis is to improve reading ability.Reading practice has proved that the language factor is the fundamental obstacles in reading, and only a solid knowledge of the language can improve the reading ability.2.2.2 Psychological feelings and cognitive psychological processes Psychological emotional differences will have an important impact on reading.There are many psychological emotional factors, such as learners’ motivation, interest, self-confidence and sense of anxiety, etc.Interest is the best motivation of learners.Psychologists believe that interest can make people’s psychological activities active, so that people’s thinking is more active.Therefore, interesting reading will have the best results.In the selection of reading material, you should strive for a selection of fun, novelty and persity.Teachers by introducing knowledge in actual teaching can arouse students’ curiosity and interest in reading, and improve their reading comprehension ability.In short, a variety of content, a variety of genres and interesting reading exercises help to avoid the generation of the weary, to maintain and enhance students’ learning enthusiasm.Reading is a process of information processing, namely the acceptance, storage, conversion, extraction and use of information process.There are many different cognitive styles, leading to differences in cognitive strategies.“Bottom-up model” strategy has always been the traditional teaching of reading in China.The focus of its teaching is the smallest of the discourse composition.“Top-down mode is used in the United States.The pattern focuses on using known information to infer unknown information.Emphasis is placed on the interaction of language and thought, and the selection of the representative linguistic cues, such as the title and the main idea of the article.With the progressively understanding, these hypothesized be confirmed, denied or corrected, and finally readers understand the main idea.Practice has proved that the common defect performance of these two models of information transmission is unidirectional rather than bidirectional.Therefore, combination of these two modes can correctly understand the cognitive and is beneficial to improve the efficiency of reading.2.2.3 Cultural difference and background knowledge Language is living, is the carrier of culture.Every language has its development of soil.Reading comprehension should not only know the language itself, but also understand the development and change in the language transfer information and the implication of its deep meaning.Cultural differences between English and Chinese words mainly refer to the corresponding sense of cultural differences.The first one is the surface meaning of cultural differences;the second one is the deep meaning and background knowledge.These differences are due to cultural and historical influences.Therefore, if people want to improve the reading efficiency, they need to know the knowledge of English national history, society, culture and science.In addition, the East-West cultural psychological differences also exist.The two languages are different, so the psychological strategy taken by in reading process may be different.Chinese readers in the reading process prefer to use a decomposition strategy, while the English readers prefer to use centralized strategy.So foreign language reading teaching not only teaches a kind of knowledge and skills of communication, but also teaches a kind of deep cross-cultural language thinking training.Background knowledge and text production are related to socio-cultural and situational factors.Separated from background knowledge, foreign language teaching of reading has become a river without water.Of course, the impact of background knowledge on reading comprehension is multifaceted and multi-layered.It may affect inpidual expressions of understanding and may also affect on the overall understanding.Being not familiar with the background knowledge often leads to difficulties in understanding the main argument or central idea of the whole article or the whole book.3.Expending knowledge

3.1 Signification of broadening knowledge Language is tool which is used to communicate and each kind of language has his survival environment.For example, when a teacher teaches his/her students to learn some sentences, he/she must put these sentences in a particular situation.We call this situational teaching method.However, some people can’t make good use of this method.There are many complex words which have kinds of meanings.Such as, “compound”.Vocabulary and grammars and other important essentials of language can not leave its survival environment.The knowledge is the survival environment of language.Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which includes information, facts, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education.If a gentle man meets a beautiful lady, and he wants to get married with her.He must be familiar with her, and then he can marry her.If people want to learn English well, he must have a good knowledge of English and English countries.We can know from above that when someone’s knowledge is extended, at the same time his reading ability will be improved.3.2 Expending knowledge from the teachers’ part 3.2.1 Choosing suitable materials for students Nowadays, it is easy to find something to read but teachers should choose suitable reading materials for students.These materials can be English and Chinese, but they should have relationship with English and English countries.The school is a good place for language learning.At school, students have access to more useful learning materials, and have a better learning atmosphere.What’s more, the teacher can ask several students to buy a kind of magazine, so some students can reduce the economic pressure, and this approach can enrich the reading material.Proper extracurricular reading not only increases students’ knowledge, but also strengthens the students’ learning interest.It creates a good atmosphere for language learning.Now, the author will introduce six kinds of materials.All of them have different effects on students.3.2.1.1 Materials from magazines, newspapers and novels The three kinds of materials are made of papers and are easy to find them.However, each of them has different characteristics.Magazine: academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines.It generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles.Its sales models are various.Magazines are more interesting.They are easier to be accepted by students.Each issue of magazine has different themes.Their contents are useful.There are many useful magazines, such as Crazy English, New Oriental English and so on.A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, perse features and advertising.A wide variety of materials have been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion, entertainment features.The newspaper’s effectiveness is very strong.Most of its contents are about life.They can strengthen students’ knowledge of society, and expand the horizons of students.21st century and China Daily are good newspapers.A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose.The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella.The background of the novel has strong historical characteristics.People can understand the cultural differences between English-speaking countries and China through the novel.They can enhance the students’ cultural awareness and promote their transposition thinking.3.2.1.2 Materials from Internet, radios and movies With the development of communication technology, the network has gradually become part of people’s lives.But the network is a double-edged sword.Therefore, the teacher will play his due role, to provide students with the information site, to help students to avoid the adverse effects of bad information.The information on the internet has three benefits.First, the network information updates at a fast speed, so that students can know English national events quickly and adapt to the changes.Second, the content of network information is rich, which can broaden students’ understanding of English speaking countries.Third, the network information is easy to store.Radio is also one way for us to get information, for example, listening to air English, English night, listening to English songs.Listening to the radio has many advantages.First, students can alleviate visual fatigue and develop a variety of learning styles.Then, students can get relaxed and enjoy their learning, increasing students’ interest in learning.Thirdly, these English columns combine English learning with life, making learning closer to life Good movies are also useful to the students.Each film has a distinct theme, no matter it is the desire for freedom, or the courage to struggle, different people will have different views and harvests.Students can know more about life from movies.English films have taken their country as the background, students can learn from these films about the state of knowledge.Many movies have been made through the classic story which can increase students’ cultural accomplishment and improve the students’ ability of appreciation.The movies combine learning with amusement which is easier for students to accept.3.2.2 Cultivating students’ awareness of expending knowledge There is an old saying in China: Teachers open the door while students study by themselves.Education is not only teacher’s teaching responsibility, but also students’ learning objective.Students should be active to read.Interest is the starting point of knowledge, is thoughts and the ability to improve the inherent power.Teachers should stimulate students’ interest of expanding knowledge, and then they will actively expand their knowledge.Therefore the teacher should train them awareness of expanding knowledge.3.2.2.1 Cultivating this kind of awareness by testing The first method which can be used by the teachers is testing.Testing is the basic method for teachers or the schools to test students’ learning outcomes in the learning process.Teachers can find the problems of students in the learning process, and then teachers can change their methods in order to improve student’s ability.What’s more, students will try their best to get a better evaluation making a good atmosphere for study.The exam is also conducive for the students themselves to stimulate motivation to learn.The teacher may arrange the content of the examination according to needs.Teachers based on students’ level arrange difficult levels.First of all, teachers can arrange some questions about the English common sense.For example, “Shakespeare is a playwright or not?”

“Empire the sun never sets means the United States or United Kingdom?” “Big Ben is in London or Paris?”

Secondly, Teachers select a number of famous sentences and let students judge where the sentences come from.Such as, “To be or not to be, that’s a question?”

A Hamlet;B Uncle Tom’s Cabin;“Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”

A Edison;B Bacon Thirdly, teachers choose some English-speaking countries’ reading and ask students to finish them, so that students can expand their knowledge and improve their reading skills together.3.2.2.2 Cultivating this kind of awareness by knowledge contest In the process of teacher training students to expand knowledge awareness, English knowledge contest is a good way.Knowledge competition mainly refers to the activity whose main content is knowledge competition.Knowledge competition can make students more active in learning and increase their interest of expanding knowledge.In the teaching of reading preparation activities teachers can arrange several English knowledge contests, so that students can know their shortcomings.Therefore, in the process of learning, students will have the awareness to make up for this.In the following the author will introduce an example.If teachers want to talk about Charles Dickens and his work Oliver Twist, so they can carry out a contest about the author and his works.Firstly, students were pided into two groups, and then they can start to answer the questions.The teacher can arrange appropriate reward and punishment.The teacher can make the following questions: 1, Charles Dickens’ works? 2, What are the characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works? 3 What is the theme of Oliver Twist? Then the teacher expands the reading class based on the answers of these questions, and students will have a better understanding of the content.The students will have the awareness to expand their understanding of these writers and their works.3.2.2.3 Cultivating this kind of awareness by playing games Interest is the best teacher, and games activities are good ways to promote and stimulate the interest.By playing games, teachers can train students’ consciousness of broadening knowledge.What’s more, the games can stimulate students’ interest in learning.The teacher can arrange games according to the elements of reading.Here the author will introduce several games.The word Solitaire: each student say a word and the behind word’ first letter should be the last letter of the front word.The game can let the students learn more words.This game has some difficulty, so there may be some students who can not answer the word.Some students may fail in the game, but they will not lose their interest in learning, instead it will stimulate their competitiveness.They will study harder.Storytelling: each classmate tells a custom in western countries, for example, in the western countries, the brides will wear white, because it is a symbol of purity.Guess！Guess！Guess！: One student makes gesture and another person guesses the word.Thus, students can be more familiar with the words.3.2.3 Cultivating students’ good habits during expending knowledge In process of knowledge expansion, teachers provide students with a lot of useful materials for students to read.In fact, some students do as teachers’ require, but there is little success, and the reading speed of students is not accelerating, and their comprehensive ability has not been improved.So we can know that there is a problem in reading habits.Only to develop good reading habits can ultimately improve the reading speed and quality(Chen Shenghua.Cultivate good reading habits to improve reading efficiency 2007).3.2.3.1 The habit of making notes During the process of broadening knowledge, taking notes is essential, and taking notes is to explore new knowledge.There are a lot of benefits to take notes.(1)Taking notes can help make up for the lack of memory and effectively improve the reading efficiency.(2)Making notes can exercise the ability to think.When someone is reading a book, he/she should make notes which can exercise rational thinking, logic and analysis capacity.(3)Taking note can accumulate useful materials and broaden their horizons, and improve the language expression ability.(4)The notes will make people generate new thinking to study new problems.(5)Taking notes helps to expand knowledge.The process of taking notes is also an active process of thinking, which can mobilize the eye, brain, hand, promoting the understanding of the expanding content.(6)Taking notes helps review and memories the expanding knowledge.If you do not take notes, you will quickly forget the knowledge that you have learned.If students take notes in their own words, they can understand the knowledge better.3.2.3.2 The habit of asking and answering questions When people read an article, they will ask themselves some questions about this article.This is the purpose of reading.Increasing the purpose of reading, you will know what you want to find in the article.You will not read just for read.You will be more clearly structured.Extended knowledge also needs the direction and purpose.With a clear goal, we will not get lost.When we are broadening knowledge, asking question is the best way to help us sort out our thinking.What’s more, these problems are the important points.In the process of expanding knowledge, first of all, we have to ask ourselves some questions, “What is the main content of this knowledge?”

“What features do they have?” “What do I want to know?” Then we will solve these problems one by one.We need compare the final answer with our original idea, and then we will harvest more.In the following authors will introduce an example.Students read Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, they can ask these questions: What do the pride and arrogance referring for? Does the hero finally find happiness? The questions they raised will help them to find the important points.3.3.3.3 The habit of summarizing To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out everything that is not essential.Summarizing is more than retelling;it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from the unimportant and translating large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Fiction and nonfiction texts, media, conversations, meetings, and events can all be summarized.For example, to summarize the movie Memento, you might state: The movie Memento is a backward chronology of a man who tries to find his wife’s killer, but has short-term memory loss.He keeps track of facts by taking pictures of events and tattooing facts onto himself.Summarizing teaches students how to discern the most important ideas in a text, how to ignore irrelevant information, and how to integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way.Teaching students to summarize improves their memory for what is read.Summarization strategies can be used in almost every area.Why do students need to summarize? It helps students learn to determine essential ideas and consolidate important details that support them.It enables students to focus on key words and phrases of an assigned text that are worth noting and remembering.It teaches students how to take a large selection of text and reduces it to the main points for more concise understanding.3.3 Expending knowledge from the students’ part 3.3.1 Learning to find useful information 3.3.1.1 According to the style of reading materials In daily life, our reading material can be pided into several kinds, such as newspapers, magazines, public notices, novels, and so on.However, they can be pided into three categories in accordance with the literary style.They are expository, narrative, argumentative.What’s more, the three classifications and the reading material of examination have a close contact.So it is useful for students to collect materials according to their literary styles.The narrative is the article which is used to describe things.Time, characters, locations, causes, processes and the result is six elements of narrative.The function of an argumentative essay is to show that one’s assertion.Each argumentative essay has an argument.And the author should find some numbers, some theory, some tables… to support his/her argument.If people want to analyze an expository, they should know what the author says.Expository writing aims to tell the reader something.The authors convey the knowledge by explanation, which is the central idea of expository writing.According to the literary styles, most of the materials belong to the three categories.When a reader is familiar with the structure of the text, he/she can analyze it efficiently.3.3.1.2 According to the current events Current events refer to some important things which happened in our lives recently.With the development of communication technology, every area becomes more closely linked, and to understand current events help students be familiar with Western society.To understand current events can broaden our horizons and increase our knowledge.And current events are closely linked with reading.First of all, the reading materials of examination are related to these current problems.If students learn more about current affairs, they will improve the reading speed and increase the effectiveness of the answers.Secondly, in reading materials, the author may be combined with social practice to talk about his/her feelings.In fact, when students know the events, they has digested these materials.In the exam, we may encounter reading about the following event.Whitney Houston is one of the world’s most famous singers.Her death is the loss of the world.Although her halo shining, but her drug using experience is bad, so the author can expand the article on this point, to express their ideas.If the reader is familiar with Whitney Houston, he can easily complete the reading.3.3.1.3 According to the history of English countries The history of a country is a nation’s growing experience.To understand a person, you have to know the person about his past.To learn a foreign language you need to understand the history of this country.A country’s history not only deeply impacts the development of a country, but also impacts people psychological emotion of this country.When the students are learning English, they must understand the history of Western countries.First of all, the historical stories are very interesting, so they can increase students’ learning motivation.For example, The World’s Greatest Swordsman, The Old Cat, The City Mouse and the Country Mouse.Secondly, history creates the current culture.A country’s language and culture are based on the history of the country.Some proverbs come from the history.Such as, Like father, like son;New wine in old bottles;A fox may grow grey, but never good.Last but not the least, reading material also has a great relationship with history.The United States President Lincoln often appears in the historical theme.The Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln changed the position of slaves.Reading materials often appear on this event.3.3.2 Respecting the inpidual characteristics 3.3.2.1 Choosing a suitable way In the learning process, we should pay attention to inpiduality.Good learning method can improve the efficiency of learning.It not only can deepen the understanding of knowledge, but also improve the test scores.What’s more, our study method also established the self-confidence of learning.This shows the importance of the learning method.The way which suits the characteristics of the student is a good method of learning!Group teaching method has neglected the students’ personality.Everyone’s learning relies on memory to complete.Each person has a different type of memory.Only according to its own characteristics to expand knowledge can achieve a multiplier effect.Memory types are pided into three kinds, auditory type, intermediate type and visual type.The advantage of the first type is that they can remember the things which they hear well than what they see.Therefore, this kind of person can broaden knowledge by listening to the radio, listening to stories.Intermediate type is between the auditory and visual type.This type can use many methods to expand knowledge.Such as, reading books, watching TV, listening to the radio etc.The third person can remember the things what they see well than what they hear.This kind of person will need to learn by seeing, for example, watching movies, reading books.3.3.2.2 Finding an interesting point Interest in learning is the most realistic and most active ingredients to learning.It is an internal power which directly promotes active learning.It is the love of learning, resulting in a strong curiosity.Only when students have a strong interest in learning, they will feel excited in learning and be inspired to pursue knowledge, to explore the mysteries of science.Therefore, students who want to undertake effective learning must enhance the interest in learning.Students who find a topic of interest can be more effective to expand knowledge.This point is the starting point where students start their way to expand knowledge.Knowledge is relevant.As long as students have a correct starting point and insisting on this point for a long-term, they will be able to expand it into a surface.For example, when a student likes the lovely Cupid, then he would go back and find some of the myths, and then he would find a charm Athena in these stories, and then he might be fascinated by Greek mythology.When he knows these stories, he will find different points between the myths of the East and West.Through comparing, he would get his own opinions.He may also change the points of interest, and like food of West.But the first point opens the door for him to expand their knowledge.3.3.3 Cooperating with others 3.3.3.1 Sharing resource The 21st century is the era of information explosion and people can easily find types of information, but it requires a lot of time to sort these data.Therefore, we need to learn to share information..Resource sharing is that somebody shares his/her information which he/she collects through a number of ways with others.Resource sharing allows students to learn more things and it is more convenient and efficient to access knowledge.For students, information sharing has 3 major benefits.First of all, it can enable students to save time.Students only have a few extra-curricular times, except for college students.Resource sharing is conducive to student to arrange time, and to have enough time to relax.Secondly, the sharing of resources is conducive to the persification of resources.Students have different interests, hobbies, so they will expand their knowledge from different angles.Even though some students have the same hobby, they may look for different information.Therefore, resource sharing is helpful to enrich materials.Thirdly, the sharing of resources can help students to save money.Students are simply the consumer class, so resource sharing can reduce waste and strengthen cooperation between the students.3.3.3.2 Reciting the key points Recitation is an effective method of learning English and is an effective way of knowledge input.It not only helps students to master some English basic knowledge, but also can cultivate students’ sense of language.In the learning process, students must master the scientific methods to improve the efficiency of English text.Reciting by cooperation is an effective method.This method has five advantages.First of all, reciting can help students to increase the sense of language and to expand the knowledge and can indirectly improve the students’ ability of reading comprehension ability.Secondly, reciting with other students avoid rote recitation.We can share the recitation of tips which make the recitation more interesting.Thirdly, students can find errors by themselves.Each people recites in accordance with his own ideas, therefore, he will ignore some mistakes.Fourth, reciting the focus of knowledge is helpful for students to master the syntactic structure and to improve the students’ reading ability and is helpful for students to deepen understanding of the article.Fifth, the students’ cooperation is conducive to the persification of the reciting.3.3.3.3 Checking the results by testing Strengthening cooperation between students is conducive to expanding knowledge, but they also need an effective way to test their learning achievements.On above, the author introduces the teacher to test their learning outcomes and find students’ inadequacies by testing.Now the author will introduce the student test methods as well as the benefits of them.First of all, the author will introduce three methods of testing.（1）Students recite the expanded knowledge with each other;（2）To do a simple speech about this knowledge;（3）To make a summary about the expanded knowledge.Then, the author will introduce the benefits of these testing.First of all, the teachers usually take testing by doing exercise;however students have many methods to test their learning outcomes.These ways change tests and make the test more interesting.Secondly, these tests are not only the recognition of knowledge, also the representation of knowledge.The students can have a better understanding of knowledge and these ways are conducive to the further expansion of knowledge.Last but not the least, these tests have less pressure which creates a relaxed learning atmosphere for students.4.Possible deficiencies and solutions during improving read-ing ability

4.1 Some possible problems

4.1.1 Lack of perseverance There is an old saying in China: “learning needs persistence”.In the process of learning English, students need to continue to adhere.The expanding of Knowledge also requires long-term adherence to achieve a certain effect.However, many students lack the perseverance.Through summarizing, the author finds the following questions.First of all, there are many ways to broaden knowledge, such as, watching films, listening to music.However, in the process of learning, students will meet many problems which they can not solve, and then the students will lose confidence, and patience.Secondly, the process of learning is very hard.A lot of students don’t have enough perseverance to study.They often spend three days fishing nets, while two days drying.Last but not the least, the students’ schoolwork burden is very heavy, so they spend little time on English, or spend no time on English learning.4.1.2 Lack of doing exercise Learning is a long and complicated process.Broadening knowledge is good for improving reading ability, but there are still some problems.When some students do as teachers require, but their reading comprehension ability doesn’t get improved.In the author’s opinion, these students are lack of doing exercises.Edison said, genius is ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration.There are two reasons why students lack doing exercise.First of all, the consciousness of students to practice is not enough.The junior middle school and the high school students are not adult, they needs teacher’s supervision.Secondly, unified teaching materials are not suitable for all regions of the students.Students can find suitable materials for doing exercise.These books are not too difficult or too simple for students.4.1.3 Lack of the knowledge of vocabulary and grammar The lack of basic knowledge is a significant problem in process of expanding knowledge.And this issue makes a great deal of influence on the expanding of knowledge.When students are expanding their knowledge, they often encounter unfamiliar words or unfamiliar sentence structures, and many students will become frustrated after repeatedly blocked and then lose their interest in the expansion of knowledge.A lot of students are lack of the basic knowledge from the beginning, so they are lack of interest in expanding knowledge.They do not expand their knowledge.What’s worse, they will stay in a place for a long time, and their reading comprehension ability will not get improve, and finally they have to give up learning English.There are three reasons for these phenomena.First, students don’t start to learn English with a serious attitude, so learning loses balance.Secondly, the students do not spend enough time on the study of basic knowledge.They ignore the importance of fundamentals.Thirdly, they do not have a scientific way to learn the words and grammars.For example, they do not know how to put the words and grammar structures into a language environment.4.2 Some proposals to solve these problems

4.2.1 Helping students to learn In order to let the students to expand their knowledge, the authors propose some solutions for the problems above.In the English learning process, you will feel dull and lack confidence.At that time, you shouldn’t force yourself to learn, because your mood begin to conflict with the English learning.Then the students can relax to see some very familiar knowledge, which can train self-confidence for them.On the other hand, they can choose one thing you like to do.When you meet some problem, do not give up easily.Because you can learn from others’ experience, and through their successful experience, you can support and encourage yourself.Keep a good state of mind.Learn to learn in a proper way.Nowadays, the students’ burden is very heavy, if they want to learn each branch well, they need to arrange a reasonable learning plan for themselves.Please pay attention to cross learning, and do not put too much time on a subject.Allow the brain to relax.Learn to think and you will have a deep understanding of knowledge.4.2.2 Arranging practice tasks According to the problems, the author suggests that, teachers should give students suitable pressure to make progress.Therefore, the authors hope that teachers assign the students learning task.The task can be pided into two types.The first is the class task.The second is extracurricular task.Class task is concentrated, which is helpful for teachers to know the students’ overall situation.The teacher can be targeted for teaching, so that it can effectively improve the students’ ability of fast reading.Extracurricular task can let the students be more familiar with reading skills.Extracurricular task is not very difficult, but it is helpful for students to practice reading skills.The students also need some books to do exercises.The book which is not suitable for students’ level is an outstanding problem.Teachers should pay more attention on the problem.4.2.3 Strengthening basic knowledge If people want to build a skyscraper, he must get enough bricks and good construction techniques.If people want to have a good harvest in language learning, he must know the basic knowledge language.Basic knowledge is the foundation of language learning.However, there is a problem about the basic knowledge.Therefore, The authors identified a number of ways to solve these problems.First, learn to infer the meanings of words through context.Learn to understand the meaning of the word without a dictionary.Learn to reduce the difficult, and sometimes you can choose to read Chinese materials, and then read English materials.Second, learn to recite the basic knowledge and lay a good foundation for future learning.Third, look for some scientific approaches to learn, for example, Situational teaching method, cooperative learning, and so on.5.Conclusion With the rapid development of economy, foreign language learning is becoming more and more important.In the foreign language learning，Reading is an important part.Reading has a very important role in many exams, such as, TOEFL, IELTS, CET4, MET4, MET8 and other professional testing.Nowadays, in the examinations, reading essay number is increasing.This is a higher demand for English teaching.However, all levels of students have similar problems that reading speed is too slow, and unable to adapt to these examinations.Meanwhile, the cloze also has close links with reading.Therefore, in this paper, the author chooses reading comprehension ability to analyze.So far, there are many studies about reading, such as the speed of reading, reading methods and so on.However, people pay little attention to the improvement of reading ability and the expending of knowledge.So the author chooses this topic.From this paper, we can know the importance of expanding knowledge and the close relationship between the reading ability and the broadening of knowledge.In the paper, the author makes a little research about the improvement of reading comprehension ability by expanding knowledge.The author analyzes the theme from three parts.First of all, the author makes a brief introduce about the reading comprehension ability.Only when a person knows his enemies very well, he can defeat them.Only when a person knows reading ability very well, he can improve his reading ability.The reading ability is demanded by non-knowledge skills and knowledge skills.Secondly, the significations of expanding knowledge are shown.Reading and the expending of knowledge are inseparable.Knowledge skills have a close relationship with the knowledge which the students have mastered about English countries.When the students are more familiar with the knowledge, they can use less time to finish their reading efficiently.What’s more, the most important part of the paper is how to expand knowledge to improve the reading ability.The author analyzes the point from two parts--the teachers’ part and the students’ part.The students’ part is the key point.Third, the author proposes some possible problems and methods to solve them.Reading is not only important to students, but also important to teachers.The purpose of this article is to inspire people’s interest of learning through expending knowledge, and finally improve people’s English.Through the paper, the author hopes teachers should pay more attention to the expanding of knowledge and student’s reading ability can get improved.Bibliography

[1] Cawell, P.L.Introduction: Interactive Approaches to second language Reading [M].London: Cambridge University Press, 1998.[2] Day, Richard/R.;Bamford, Julian.Extensive Reading in the Second Language Classroom [M].U.K: Cambridge University Press, 1988.[3] Eskey, D.EA.New Technique for the Teaching of Reading to Advanced students [J].TESOL Quarterly.1940,(4): 2-6.[4] Fry, B.Edward.Skimming and Scanning [M].Jamestown: Jamestown Publishers, 1989.[5] Huang Yuefa.English Teaching Methodology [M].Beijing: HEP, 1991.[6] Joffe, L.Irwin.Reading Skills for Successful Living [M].California: Wadsworth Publishing Company Belmont, 1987.[7] Langan, John.Reading and study skills [M].London: McGraw-Hill Company, Inc., 2002:40.[8] Jossie, A.Moore.Practical Reading Pearson [M].London: Education, Inc., 2003:12-27.[9] Nuttall, C.Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language [M].Chicago: Macmillan Education of Chicago Press, 2000.[10] Zou Shen, Yang Rensheng.An introduction to English language testing [M].Beijing: Higher education press, 2005.[11] 陈胜华.养成良好习惯,提高阅读效率[J].英语知识杂志社.2007,(05).[12] 胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京: 外语教育出版社, 2009.[13] 李秉德.教学论[M].北京: 人名教育出版社, 2004.[14] 刘

继.英语阅读理解能力的培养[J].基础教育外语教学研究.2005,(05): 24-25.[15] 王笃勤.英语教学策略论[M].北京: 北外教学与研究出版社, 2006.Acknowledgment

At the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper.First of all, I’d like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor,...who has given me so much useful advices on my writing, and has tried her best to improve my paper.Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my friends who offered me references and information on time.Last but not the least, I’d like to thank those who help me.Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.论文工作时间：2011年07月至2012年04月

第二篇：英语教学法论文

“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”。让学生学会学习，学会考虑已成为当前中国教育研讨的热点。国家教委最新颁布的《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》（下简称新大纲）对中学英语教学目的、要求等方面问题作了明确的规定，培育学生的综合应用才能、加强学生的自主学习才能归入了教学目的之中，这就请求广阔的英语教育工作者改动原来注重教师“如何教”转为注重学生“如何学”这一层面上来，使学生变原来被动的“承受性”学习为主动的“发现性”学习或”探求性”学习——自主学习。

（一）讲授是学校教学最重要的传授办法。

学生学习主要是快速承受已有的文化学问，因而，讲授法最重要。但是，学习是一种被能动性的肉体活动，不能无视其心理学根底，并要催生出学习的快乐心境，所谓“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐知者”。否则，讲授必然招致学生的融会贯通，学习变得单调乏味。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来”，制度化教育同样无法逃避和超越的；学习是“被动催生能动，磨砺衍生快乐”、“并在磨砺中走向解放”的理论，它依赖教学办法的教育性。“教育性教学的办法的根本问题不是教会学习者他还不会的东西，而是如何请求学习者对学习对象停止讨论，以使这种请求的作用不是直接从这种请求中产生，而是经过这种请求所激起的对学习对象的讨论而构成的。”换言之，教师要擅长引导学生将学问探究与生成转化为学生自己的愿望意志，从“要我学”变为“我要学”。

（二）角色扮演法

在教学过程中，变以教师为中心为以学生为中心。在课堂活动中，以学生为中心，是指解说由大家一同讲，改错时大家一同改，而教师则是这一活动的组织者、指导者、参与者、协助者、谐和者和评判者。言语不是“教会”的，而是“练会”的，因而，必需强调学生的客观能动性。教师既要想方设法地调动学生的积极性，鼓舞学生参与教学，发挥他们的客观能动性，也要给予正确的指导和协助。在课堂上，教师停止必要的解说之后，能够请学生们自在组合朗诵对话，并依据所学对话的典型句型，让学生本人盘绕本单元话题编写内容类似的小对话上台扮演，再由学生选出本节课的优秀拍档，予以褒扬和鼓舞，这种做法能使他们遭到鼓舞，会有一种成就感，这样他们很快就会克制畏难、羞怯等心理障碍，大胆地用英语表达，促进英语学习兴味，进步运用言语的才能。

中学英语教学要给学生打好口头、笔头的方面的基础。学好语法有助于打好这两方面的基础。对学生进行听说训练不应视为只能听懂、会说现成的套句，要培养学生举一反三的能力。交际能力是一项包含 多方面、多层次的知识和能力在内的综合能力，在中学英语教学中不宜提倡培养学生的交际能力，应大力提倡 培养为交际初步运用英语的能力这一教学要求。我国的英语教学受制于我们的社会制度、英语的特点、教学目的、学生特点等因素。这些因素决定了我们 英语教学的特点。一 对中学英语教学目的的认识

（一）打好初步的基础新大纲对义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学目的规定为：通过听、说、读、写的训练，使学生获得英语基础知识和为交际初步运用

英语的能力，激发学生的学习兴趣，养成良好的学习习惯，为进一步学习打好初步 的基础；使学生受到思想品德、爱国主义和社会主义等方面的教育；发展学生的思维能力和自学能力。对学生进行听、说、读、写训练，培养学生为交际初步运用英语的能力都是为了打好初步的基础。打好初步的基础，应包括打好口语和书面语两方面的基础。为此，要求学生要切实掌握英语的语音、语调和拼读技巧；掌握基本句型和习语；掌握基本语法知识和一定量词汇及其用法；掌握词的变化规律和一般构成 规律；掌握阅读技巧以形成语言能力(linguistie competence)和言语能力(speechcompetence)。打好初步的基础不能简单地理解为只会说几句装配好的现成的套话这样一个简单概念上。英汉两种语言不是同族同宗语言，有各自的发生发展过程，有各自的特点。两种语言在语音、语法、词汇三方面相差甚远，两种语言的形态、结构有很大差异。这导致学生在学习英语过程中难点多，形成语言能 力和言语能力的困难多。所以，为了打好初步的基础，对中国学生来说，必须学好英语的语言结构，这样才能 形成组词成句组句成篇的能力，这样才能形成举一反三触类旁通的能力。当前初中学生学英语，由于使用新教材，学生的听说能力有很大增强。但这种增强，似有些虚假成分。如有的学生的听说能力范围只限于书本上的话，把书上的话稍加变动便听不懂说不出来。产生这种现象的原因是语法问题没有解决。语言能力源于语法知识。语言能力包括理解和表达两个层次的内容。理解在先，表达在后。语言的理解能力是语言表达能力的先决条件。没有充分的理解，便不可能产生有效的表达。掌握一

门外语的关键是弄通和 内化这门外语的结构，而掌握语法是通向这一目标的最佳途径。

听、说、读、写全面训练，不同阶段略有侧重。在中学英语教学过程中，既要重视口头训练，又要重视笔头训练，二者应有机结合，综合训练，互相促进，不可偏废。学生在学英语时，口语和书面语符合几乎同时出现。这对培养学生听、说、读、写四种能力的均衡、协调发展很有好处。语言能力和言语能力的综合训练，口语能力和书面能力的综合训练，是语言教学成功的关键。我们的中学生一般在11-12岁间上中学，17-18岁间高中毕业。在这六个年级三个阶段里，学英语的特点各不相同。在初级阶段（初中1-2年级）学生年龄较小，模仿力强，语言的羞耻感差，是重点进行听说训练的好机会。在这个阶段把听说技能培养出来，就为进入中、高级阶段打下较好的基础。反之，在这个阶段如果放弃了听说 训练，在中、高级级阶段便不容易学下去。中级阶段（初中2年级——高中1年级）是过渡阶段。这个阶段除要继续抓好听说训练外，还要引导学生开 展阅读训练。与此同时还要逐渐完善语法教学内容，丰富学生的词汇量为进入以培养阅读能力为主的高级阶段打下基础。高级阶段（高中2-3年级），由于学生心理方面的微妙变化，他们非常重视语言的客观评价，不大愿意开口，怕说错让别人笑话。经验证明，在这个阶段才开始抓听说训练为时已晚，其效果往往不完全令人满意。这个阶段的重点应放在抓阅读训练和综合技能提高这两个方面，但也要注意学生的口语训练。二 尽量使用英语，适当利用母语。在英语课堂上师生要尽量多用英语。

教师说英语即为学生提供了听的机会；师生对话、学生之间对话，也 为学生创造了听说的条件。但在教学过程中并不排除必要时可以使用汉语。有时还可以采用英汉夹杂的办法讲课。如讲抽象词、复杂 的语法规则，用英语讲学生就很难接受，用汉语讲既可节省时间、分散难点，又有助于提高教学效果。为了实现原则上用英语讲课的要求，教师可以采用非语言手段引导学生听懂英语。在学生整个学英语过程中，母语对英语的干扰和促进作用是极为明显的。排除其干扰作用，发挥其促进作用，这是教师的经常性工作。三 发挥教师的指导作用，充分调动学生的主动性和积极性。在教学过程中，教师是时刻都在起作用的因素。教师的指导作用体现在对教学内容的安排，重点、关键的 确定，教学活动的组织与实施等方面。教师本人的品德、素质，如语音语调、语言的流利程度、书写的规范程 度等方面，对学生来说就是最有说服力的教材。课堂上教师要面向全体学生，关心全体学生的全面发展，培养学生学英语的兴趣，做到既教书又育人。教师要调动学生学英语的主动性和积极权性，使学生乐于参加言语实践活动，在教师指导下积极操练语言，成为课堂的主人。

认识中学英语教学的目的和特点，会使教师在教学过程中目标更加明确，行为更加自觉，操作过程更加合理，从而促进教学质量的不断提高，对形成有中国特色的英语教学体系，有十分重要的意义。

第三篇：小学英语教学法论文

小学英语教学法论文

在小学英语教学中，常见的教学方法有“情景教学法”、“交际会话法”等众多教学方法。本人就自己从事小学英语几年以来的经验，总结小学英语教学中的一些常用方法，以下就是对这些常用方法的简朴归纳。

在小学英语教学中，常见的教学方法有“情景教学法”、“交际会话法”等众多教学方法。本人就自己从事小学英语几年以来的经验，总结小学英语教学中的一些常用方法，以下就是对这些常用方法的简朴归纳。

一、听:英语教学不仅要教学生英文的语言知识，更重要的是教学生把握英语的言语技能，因此，众多英语专家都强调“听说领先”的重要性。详细到小学英语的“听”的教学，就是：“从学生学的方面来说，要多听老师、磁带或其他声音媒体的范读，也要有针对性地对比着听听同学、自己的读音与范读的异同；从教师教的方面来说，不仅要多听学生（尤其要多听单个学生）的发音，以检验自己的教学成果，而且自己也要多听标准语音，不断提高自身的语音水平。”

二、说:此处所指的“说”不仅包括“说话”，包括“朗读”。听了范读之后，经过内部消化，再用“说”的方式将学习的成果表达出来，这才是学习英语的一大目的。详细说就是：“从学生学的方面说，认真模仿和跟读范读者所读的字母、音素、单词、句子等，并常常朗读所学内容，在尽可能的情况下，多运用英语与他人交际；从老师教的方面说，在课堂上要坚持用英语教英语，在课外也要尽可能用英语与学生交流。”

三、读:这里所指的“读”专指“阅读”，而不包括“朗读”。小学阶段学生由于所学英语词汇量少，阅读能力一般较差。但应尽量创造机会，让学生从开始学英语就培养阅读的习惯、多找一些与自己所学英语水平相匹配的英语读物来阅读，以巩固和发展所学英语知识。详细说就是：“从学生学的方面说，要常常阅读已学过的课文、对话和教师自编的小短文、小话剧、现有的简易英语读物等；从老师教的方面说，要多多阅读有关本专业和教学方面的书籍，增强自身素质，提高自编短文的水平，多看学生的习作。”

四、写：与“读”相似，小学生“写”的水平有限，但又不能完全不写。要本着学以致用、边学边用、用以促学的原则，从一开始就加紧“写”的训练。详细说就是：“从学生学的方面说，要多做连词成句、修改病句、翻译、看图写话、小日记、小短文等训练；从老师教的方面说，要常常给学生撰写可供阅读的短文、可供表演的短剧等。”

五、画：画画不仅能提高学生学习的积极性、展现部分学生特长，而且能尽可能避免本族语的干扰、让学生把英语直接与事物的形象结合起来。在教学过程中，不管学生画得象还是不象，教师都应该多表扬他，让学生大胆联想、大胆画，因为此处画画的目的只是表达学生的思想，即使不象，只要能让人看懂就行了。详细说就是：“从学的方面说，可以用图画表达所学词的意思，或用连环画的形式表达一个句子的意思；从教的方面说，要多用简笔画来辅助教学，帮助学生理解。”

六、思：虽然小学生的认识活动以感性认识为主，但若不从一开始就加以理性认识方面的指导，学生往往学得很肤浅，甚至与教师的期望大有差异。因此，充分给予学生以思索的机会将对学生学习起到“画龙点睛”的作用。具体说就是：“从学的方面说，要常常思索‘教师所教知识自己是否已听懂？’、‘自己的发音与标准音有多少差别？’、‘现在所学的知识与以前所学的知识有什么联系？’、‘怎样让学习的效果更好？’等问题；从教的方面说，要常常思索‘自己教学的方法是否得当？’‘学生的学习效果如何？’‘怎样用更好的方法达到效果？’等问题。

七、演：现行小学英语教材中每课都有情景对话，因此每一课都可以设计出一个小短剧让学生去表演。这样，可以大大提高学生上课时的爱好。具体说就是：“从学生学的方面说，每学一课对话之时，就要

第四篇：英语教学法 论文参考书目

【英语教学法】

Evaluation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995 Brown,H.D.Princioles of Language Learning and Teaching.(3rd ed.)New Jersey:Prentice Hall,1994 Ellis,R.Understanding Second Language Acquistion.Oxford:Oxfod University Press,1985 Ellis,R.The Study of Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Oxfod University Press,1994 Gardener,R.C.＆W.E.Lambert.Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning.Rowley:Mass:Newbury House,1972 Gardener,R.C.Social Psychology and Second Language Learning:The Role of Attitudes and Motivation.Longman:Edward Arnold Ltd.,1985 Hughes,A.Testing for Language Teachers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989 James,C.Errors in Language Learning and Use.New York:Longman,1998 Johnson,K.E.Understanding Communicative Language Classrooms.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995 Krashen,S.Principles and Pracrice in Second Language Acquisition.Oxford:Pergamon,1982 Lynch,B.K.Language Program Evaluation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996 Nunan,D.The Learner-Centred Curriculum.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988 Nunan,D.Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989 Nunan,D.Second Language Teaching and Learning Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992Nurrall,C.Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language.Oxford:Macmillan Education,1996 O’Malley,J.M＆A.U.Chamot.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990 Odlin,T.Language Transfer.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989 Richard,J.Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986 Richards,J.C.＆C.Lockhart.Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996 Seliger,H.W.＆Shohamy,E.Second Language Research Methods.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1989 Stern,H.H.Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1983 Ur,P.Teaching Listening Comprehension.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984 Ur,P.A Course inLanguage Teaching.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001 Wallace,M.J.Action Research for Language Teachers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998

1．蔡永强：“句法驱动的汉语口语教学模式探索”，《海外华文教育》2005年第4期。

2．程晓棠：《任务型语言教学》，高等教育出版社2004年版。3．陈远祥：“建构主义教学理论是否适合外语教学”，《外语界》2001年第3期。4．崔永华：“基础汉语教学模式的改革”，《世界汉语教学》1999年第1期。5．戴桂芙、刘德联：《对外汉语教学法研究》，北京大学出版社1996年版。6．方文礼：“外语任务型教学法纵横谈”，《外语与外语教学》2003年第9期。7．龚亚夫、罗少茜：《任务型语言教学》，人民教育出版社2003年版。

8．李 红：“可理解输出假设的理论基础”，《外语与外语教学》2002年第2期。9．李 泉：《对外汉语教学理论思考》，教育科学出版社2005年版。10．李忆民：“课堂教学的内向和外向——试论中级汉语精读课课堂教学交际化”，《语言教学与研究》1993年第3 期。

11．刘小雨：“对外汉语口语教学研究综述”，《语言教学与研究》2000年第2期。

12．刘 珣：《对外汉语教育学引论》，北京语言文化大学出版社2000年版。13．鲁子问：“任务型教学的课堂教学程序探讨”，《中小学外语教学》2002年第2期。

14．陆俭明：“卷首语”，《语言文字应用》1999年第1期。15．马箭飞：“以交际任务为基础的汉语短期教学新模式”，《世界汉语教学》2000年第4期。

16．马箭飞：“任务式大纲与汉语交际任务”，《语言教学与研究》2002年第4期。

17．马箭飞：“汉语教学的模式化研究初论”，《语言教学与研究》2004年第4期。

18．邵继荣：“任务类型和任务条件对EFL写作的影响”，《国外外语教学》2003年第2期。

27．张亚军：《对外汉语教学法》，现代出版社1990年版。

28．赵金铭：“对外汉语研究的基本框架”，《世界汉语教学》2001年第3期。29．赵金铭：《对外汉语教学概论》，商务印书馆2004年版。

30．中华人民共和国教育部：《普通高中英语课程标准（实验稿）》，人民教育出版社2003年版。

31．中华人民共和国教育部：《全日制义务教育英语课程标准（修订稿）》，北京师范大学出版社2004年版。

32．周淑清：《初中英语教学模式研究》，北京语言大学出版社2004年版。

第五篇：论文英语教学法

任务型英语教学法探析

关键词：任务型教学法英语教学法

摘要：任务型教学法是一种优势明显的教学方法，根据笔者的调研，它的实施情况因学校差异而有不同，附中的教学方式较陈旧，一中的教学方式相对先进。同时，本文根据具体情况提出了四点改进意见。

《英语课程标准》指出，教师应该避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法，尽量采用“任务型”的教学途径。当前所倡导的任务型教学途径是在交际教学法的基础上发展起来的，是以“语言习得和学习策略”为理论基础，以学生活动为课堂主体，以学生发展为教学目的的先进教学模式。由于任务型教学法是以二语习得为背景而创设的，英语在中国属于外语，非第二语言，学生除了在课堂上有机会接触，在课堂外根本没有使用环境，所以在使用任务型教学法时应根据中国的实际国情来加以改编。任务型教学法使用现状及其分析

1.1 课堂观摩时间和对象

为了中学任务型教学法的使用情况，本人对本市两所具有代表性的中学进行了为期30课时的课堂观摩，观摩对象包括初一至高三各个年级。在课堂观摩后还和任课教师进行了深入的交谈，以进一步了解班级学生水平和教师上课情况。

1.2 课堂观摩事项

在课堂观摩中主要从以下五个方面进行观察：（1）教师的教学

方法；（2）教师话语；（3）教学设计；（4）学生参与情况；（5）教学目标（包括语言知识、技能、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识五个方面）。

1.3 现状分析

附中高中教师的教学方法属于传统的语法翻译法，整堂课中教师80%是使用母语进行教学，基本上是照本宣科式教学。在教学目标完成情况方面，语言知识目标实现较好，而语言技能、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识这四个方面不合格。总体来讲，附中高中英语教学没有较好地应用《标准》所倡导的“任务型”教学。

附中初中教师的教学方法比高中教师的教学方法更灵活一些，以听说法为主，以传统的语法翻译法为辅，课中教师30%是使用母语进行教学。教学设计基本上是以锻炼学生的语言技能和语言知识为主的对话式教学，形成“教师为主导、学生为主体”的教学模式。虽然学习兴趣被激发，大部分学生积极参与其中，但未发现有关 “任务”的设计与实施的痕迹。从教学目标完成情况来看，语言技能、语言知识和情感态度这三方面实现较好，但学习策略和文化意识这两个方面尚有欠缺。总体来讲，附中初中英语教学基本体现《标准》所倡导的教育理念和内容标准，但是“任务型”教学法有待提高。同时，笔者对初高中英语教学中任务型教学法使用情况进行调研。高中教师的教学方法倾向于任务型教学法，整堂课中教师95%的时间使用英语进行教学。教学设计基本上符合任务型教学法的设计思路，以任务为中心，学生用英语来完成任务，在潜移默化中习得外语。以学生为中心的课

堂模式，学生是主动的任务完成者，教师相当于组织者和辅导者，大部分时间是师生和生生进行互动，教学内容广泛，多媒体教学生动形象，具有很强的趣味性，几乎每个人都沉浸在学习的愉悦之中。在教学目标完成方面，五个方面基本上合格。总体来讲，赣一中高中英语教学较好地体现了《标准》所倡导的教育理念、内容标准和“任务型”教学。

初中教师的教学方法则比高中教师的教学方法略为逊色，初中教学没有多媒体其初中英语教学水平与附中初中英语教学无太大差异。解决方案

现在，初中属于义务教育，在招生时都无权分级，都是通过摇号分学校分班级，故初中学生总体水平无太大差异，所以在两所中学的初中进行课堂观摩时并无发现其英语教学有太大差异。由于高中暂不属于义务教育，能否进高中或进重点高中，都由其中考分数决定的，所以在生源方面附中就已经不如一中；加之，附中不属于市重点学校，政府的经费投入大大少于一中，故师资力量逊色于一中。因此，附中高中英语教学方式陈旧落后是由多方面因素造成的。笔者根据以上因素提出以下解决方案：

（1）国家政府机构应加大欠发达城市的教育投资力度，并督促其有效实施新课程标准，使教育实现真正的公平，让欠发达城市的学生也能接受素质教育，体会新课改带来的益处。

（2）市教育局应加大对赣南师院附中的教育经费投入比重，改善

教学环境，提高师资力量。加强普通中学教师的在职培训，更新教师的教学理念。定期派教育研究人员指导附中教学工作，督促其尽早实现由传统的语法翻译法向任务型教学法的转变。

（3）学校应积极配合政府的要求，对教师实施不同的教育手段（如会议、座谈会、培训、定期教研活动等等），以提高教师素质，转变教师陈旧的教学观念，使之向新课标教学理念靠拢。

（4）教师应不断学习新的教育理念，以在职培训或继续深造的方式，不断充电，及早实现自我素养提升。在教学中，不断向学生灌输新的教学理念，培养学生终身学习和独立思考的能力，发掘学生的内在潜能，发挥学生的不同优势。

参考文献

[1]Numan, D.Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom, Cambridge University Press 1999.[2]程晓堂.任务型语言教学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.7.[3]鲁子问.任务型教学的课堂教学程序探讨[J].中小学外语教学,2002(2)