下载文档第一篇：专四作文讲义精要
专四作文讲义精要
大作文
一，作文基本框架： 开头段落3-4句
中间段落结构：观点句1+paraphrase+例证
观点句2+paraphrase+例证
观点句3+paraphrase+例证
结尾段落：结尾客套句 + 结尾总结句 + 结尾延伸句
二，各部分框架常用模板：
开头段：现象引入句 + 他人观点对比句 + 自己主题句 句型总结： 1 引入句：
Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic that… When asked about …
Recently, there is a general debate on whether…
Should …? Opinions to this attitude vary greatly from person to person.There is no denying the fact that…
The 年代
saw an unprecedented tide of ….As more people focus on … sth has begun to draw more and more attention from the public.In recent years, …… This phenomenon has become a subject of widespread controversy.他人观点对比句：
The majority of people believe that… while others regard that… A number people claim that… while some others argue that… 表明自己立场句：
Weighing up these two arguments, I am in favor of… For my part,…
As for me,…
I am in favor of the view that… Personally,…
中间段落发展句型： 1 阐释原因句型： 现象原因组合句：
The latest surveys indicate that ….There are several reasons accounting for this occurrence.For one thing,…..For another,….In addition, ….单独解释原因句：
…..for the simplest reason that … Due to ….引出理由或者论据句: The reasons for my views mainly lie in the following … aspects.There exist certain factors accounting for my views.举例论证说明句：
There are numerous examples supporting this argument.，, is a typical example of… A good case in point is …
A good example to illustrate is….For another example, …..说明好处或影响 4.1 引出好处或影响：
Undoubtedly, … can benefit a lot from No doubt, … have brought us great convenience and pleasure.It is obvious that ….is favorable to…
4.2 列举好处或影响：
It provides more people with….It/They broaden… and cultivate their….Moreover, … tends to bring some unexpected surprise, such as… Besides, it helps strengthen… and enhance… 说明危害 5.1 引出危害：
…have brought about considerable negative effects on… … bring great harm to…
However, the use of … is extremely harmful in many ways.… are likely to lead to very serious results.It suffers from the disadvantage that…
5.2 列举危害：
… puts a heaven burden on…
… too much, which is unfavorable to… … which migh mislead…
… which brings more difficulties for…
… not only work against other interests but also does harm to himself.Even worse, … might lose control of…
… have killed …, destroyed…., and wiped out ….If ….., … will suffer great losses and might lose… , which in turn influence….… are so induldged in… that….… are so addicted to….That
结尾段落句型
结尾客套句 + 结尾总结句 + 结尾延伸句
结尾客套句：
From what has been discussed above，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that….Taking into account all these factors，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that….Judging from all evidence offered，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that….结尾总结句：
对首段结尾主题句的paraphrase(略)
结尾延伸句： 说明方法或者建议句： 1.1 引出方法 But then how to….The following measures can be taken to ….Therefore, it’s high time that we took effective measures to …
Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is necessary that we college students….1.2 具体阐述方法和建议
First, …..should…., which is the precondition of….Second, ….is an effective way to…..In addition, … is indispensable to…
Besides, more….should be trained and more….should be built up so as to….To… is not an easy task.And it requires the concerted efforts of all….There is no immediate solution to the problem of….But …might be quite helpful and beneficial.No easy method can solve the prolem of….in short time.But the ….might be the first step on the right way.警示句：
If we ignore the problem, it is very likely that…
No doubt, if we can’t change/control/improve the situation, there is every chance that ….We must search for a quick action, because the current situation of …, if permitted to continue, will surely lead to the end/heavy cost of…
Therefore, … is not a necessity, but a must.便条 熟记格式和扣分点 日期写法：
• 月份写法：除五、六、七月外，均可用简写： • Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.• 日期最一般的写法是： • “月，日（基数），年 • 例Dec.15, 2003
• 若有星期则加在最前面 称呼写法：
• 对一定社会距离，不熟悉的人：
Dear Madam, Dear Sir, Dear President, Dear Mr.Smith • 对相识的人： •
Dear Shirley 结尾客套语：
• 和正文隔开1-2行 • 位置偏右 • 后加逗号 • 礼貌程度：
• 正式的：Faithfully yours, Truly yours, • 一般情况： Yours, 卷面布局：
• 向右靠：时间，结尾客套语，署名 • 向左靠：称呼
• 中心：建议段首空四个字符，两端对齐 • 结尾客套语和署名不能写在同一行 各个应用功能
2.1邀请，拒绝，建议，2.2祝贺，安慰，询问 2.3道歉，致谢，请求 2.4通知，广告，启事 2.5请假，留言，推荐
练习原则：熟练把握每种便条的固定内容和句型。不犯低级拼写错误和语法失误。
第二篇：专四作文
1.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
At present, people become more cautious when they meet strangers, let alone to help them.Trust between person is at stake.Offer your idea about such a phenomenon and your suggestions to make a change.On Aiding Strangers
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You are invited to attend a friend’s birthday party.Write a note to your friend, Mike, explaining briefly why you cannot take part in it and give him your best wishes.2.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Nowadays Internet is revolutinizing our globe and greatly facilitating our modern life.As a matter of fact, we can do almost everything on the Net, including shopping.However, people take different attitudes towards the new way of shopping.What do you think of it?
Shopping on the Net
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Emerson’s paper ranks on the top and earns fame for the English department.Write a note to him on behalf of the department, expressing the appreciation and good wishes to him.3.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
It is a popular phenomenon that nowadays some houses in China are labeled with foreign names and some traditional Chinese houses are demolished for the new foreign ones.Analyzing the possible reasons and the consequences of such a phenomenon.Foreign Names for Chinese Houses
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You just got recovered from illness.Write a note to your partner, Jason, expressing your appreciation to his care and great help.4.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Job-hunting is a tough challenge to the graduates.Someone says graduation means the coming of unemployment.Provide your opinion on such a phenomenon and give some advice for such a dilemma.Graduation, Synonym of Unemployment?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You have got in trouble in your computer installment.Write a note to your friend, Roger, describe briefly what it is and ask him to give you a hand.5.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Now many universities are asking their students to evaluate their teachers.Many students are excited at this, but some teachers seem to hold different opinions.What’s your opinion?
Should Teachers Be Evaluated by Students?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
A College English Speech Contest is to be held in the city.You want to take part in it.Write a note to Mr.Brown, inquiring the details about the contest and procedure.6.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Career planning is an important step for graduates, and it is of great importance.Offer your idea about it.Some of the tips and potential flaws must be included in your composition.Career Planning
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Your friend Steven has been enrolled by Yale University.Write a note to congratulate him, expressing your happiness and admiration for him.7.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Nowadays tourism is more and more indispensable to people’s life.But which way is a better choice: joining package tour or travelling on your own?
Which Do You Prefer: Joining Package Tours or Travelling on Your Own?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Your friend just failed in a contest and was very sad.Write a note to your friend, Allan, comforting and encouraging him not to lose heart and make further success.8.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
A scholar’s professional ethics is essential to his career and in a sense determines his contribution to the public.What does the professional ethics really mean, and what is its importance to a scholar?
My Idea of Professional Ethics for a Scholar
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You are informed that your friend Lily has failed her final examination and is very frustrated now.Write a note to Lily, offering some suggestions and try to cheer her up.9.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Some people argue that athletes, while playing games, should adhere to the principle “Friendship first, competition second”, but others are against this view.They think that “Playing a game is fun when you win.” What is your opinion?
Playing a game is fun when you win
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
You have found a book in the dining hall;write a “Lost and Found” note.10.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
More and more adult students are renting flats to live away from campus, and some of them are students lovers.Some students think it unacceptable, but others think it OK.What’s your opinion?
On Cohabitation of Student Lovers
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Write a note to Tom to invite him to see a film with you.11.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Under the one-child policy carried out in China, the “one” generation born between 1978 and 1985 has grown up.Directly affected by the family planning policy of China, whether they feel any loneliness as the only child of the families is being discussed.Does the Only Child Feel Lonely?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
Write a “Thank you” letter to Mr.Smith for his recommendation of your competence to the manager of the Medical Company.12.SECTION ACOMPOSITION
Many universities oblige the students to attend the spoken English test.What is your opinion?
Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
SECTION BNOTE-WRTITING
The heating system in the hotel where you live didn’t work well last night.Write to the manager to complain about this.
第三篇：合同法精要讲义7
第七节合同的权利义务终止
一、合同权利义务终止的概念、情形
合同的权利义务终止，也叫合同的终止，是指当事人双方终止合同关系，合同确立的当事人之间的权利义务关系消灭。合同终止也消灭了合同的附随关系，如担保关系等。但是
基于（合同履行的）诚实信用原则而产生的当事人的法定义务通知、协助、保密，尤其是保
密义务并不因合同终止而消灭。这些义务具有法定的延续性，也就是我们前面讲到的后合同
义务。并且，“合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。”（第98条）
合同法第91条规定：“有下列情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止：
（一）债务已经按照
约定履行。债务履行，合同确定的权利义务关系结束，合同目的实现，合同自然也就消灭了；
（二）合同解除；
（三）债务相互抵销；
（四）债务人依法将标的物提存；
（五）债权人免除
债务；
（六）债权债务同归于一人；
（七）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。”（这些
情形可分为两类原因，一是基于当事人的意思表示的终止。如免除债务、协议解除。二是基
于合同目的终止，如履行完毕、混同、提存等。）
二、合同解除（第93条至第98条）
（一）合同解除的概念、形式
合同解除，是指合同有效成立后，因当事人双方的协议或一方的意思表示，使合同的权利义务终止的行为。
合同的解除有两种形式，一是协议解除；二是法定解除。
1、协议解除
协议解除是指当事人通过协商一致解除合同关系。这是合同自愿原则在合同终止时的一
种体现。合同法第93条规定：“当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除合同。”
第一款规定的形式也称为事后协商解除。使用这种形式解除合同，当事人协商时，应
当就解除合同后的责任与损失的分担等内容一并协商。第二款规定的形式也称约定解除。使
用这种形式解除合同，在约定条件时，应注意与违约责任和补救措施联系在一起。
2、法定解除
法定解除是指合同成立后，在没有履行或没有完全履行之前，当事人一方行使法定解
除权而使合同权利义务终止的行为。法定解除，是法律赋予当事人一种选择权，即当守约的一方当事人认为解除合同对他有利时，即可通过行使解除权而终止合同关系。
合同法第94条规定：“有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：
（一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；
（二）在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；
（三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行（这里“主要债务”应考虑时间对合同的重要性，如季节性商品）；
（四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为，致使不能实现合同目的（其他违约行为如经修理、更换后货物仍不能符合要求）；
（五）法律规定的其他情形。”可见，只有在发生不可抗力或者一方当事人严重违约、根本违约，导致不能实现合同目的的情形下，另一方当事人才享有合同解除权。如果只是一般违约，另一方当事人并不享有合同解除权，而只能要求承担违约责任。
（二）合同解除权的行使期限
合同法第95条规定：“法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。”
合同解除权的行使期限适用于协议解除和法定解除两种情形。根据本条规定，合同解除权行使期限有三种情形：
1、法定期限。即由法律直接规定的合同解除权行使期限。（目前可能还没有这样的合同）
2、约定期限。即当事人在合同中可以约定当出现解除事由时，行使解除权的时间界限。
3、合理期限。即在法律没有规定，当事人也没有约定行使期限时，对方可以催告享有解除权的一方作出表示。若在被对方催告后一定期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。
总之，期限届满，当事人不解除的，便不能再单方解除合同。如果没有期限规定，当事人不及时行使解除权，将影响当事人权利义务关系的的确定，使经济秩序发生混乱，这样的后果不符合合同法的立法目的。
（三）合同解除的程序
合同解除的形式不一样，所需的程序也不一样。
1、协商一致。
2、通知。合同法第96条第一款规定：“当事人一方依照本法第93条第二款、第94条的规定主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除。”但当事人解除合同的行为是否正确呢？“对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。”
3、不管是协商一致解除还是通知解除，如果“法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。”也就是还要办理批准、登记等手续。
（四）合同解除的法律后果
1、合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行。
2、已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取其他补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。
①恢复原状。如返还标的物、取回货款等。
②采取补救措施。如建筑工程合同、技术开发合同无法恢复原状，当事人可以要求采取其他措施给予补偿。
③赔偿损失。合同解除后，守约的一方当事人可能会造成一定的损失。因此，当事人可以要求赔偿损失。（民法通则第115条也如此规定）
这些后果适用于合同解除的全部七种情形。
（合同法中的责任有多种，有订约过错责任；合同无效的责任；合同解除的责任；违约责任。这些责任性质不同责任形式也不同，订约过错责任的形式就是赔偿；合同无效的责任有返还财产、折价补偿、赔偿损失、追缴财产；合同解除的责任有恢复原状、采取其他补救措施、赔偿损失；违约责任有继续履行、采取补救措施、赔偿损失、支付违约金、定金罚则、价格制裁。）
三、债务的抵销
债务抵销是指在当事人相互负有债务的情况下，按照法律规定或当事人协议，在对等的前提下，都不再履行债务的行为。债务抵销分为法定抵销和协议抵销。
（一）法定抵销
法定抵销是指法律规定构成条件，当条件具备时，按照当事人一方的意思表示即可发生的抵销。合同法第99条规定：“当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者期限。”
1、法定抵销的条件
①当事人互负债务。且债务要合法。
②债务已到期。若不到期就主张抵销的话，等于是强制债务人在期限届满前履行债务。③债务的标的物种类、品质相同。这样抵销后不会影响到合同目的。若非如此，可能
会影响到当事人的某种特定目的。
④债务必须是可以用于抵销。法律规定不得抵销的，不能主张抵销。如劳动者给用人单位造成损失，用人单位可以扣工资，但扣工资不能超过20%，剩余部分不能低于最低工资。按照合同性质不得抵销的，也不得抵销。如提供劳务的债务，提供技术服务的债务。
2、法定抵销的程序
法定抵销的程序就是通知，主张抵销的一方应通知对方。通知到达对方时生效。
抵销不能附条件或期限，因为在条件成就前或期限届满前，会使债权、债务处于不稳定状态。
（二）协议抵销
合同法第100条规定：“当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可以抵销。”协议抵销的唯一条件就是“双方协商一致”。（但也要是可以抵销的，法律规定或合同约定不得抵销的，也不得抵销。）（括号里的话不一定正确，因为当事人在合同中约定是约定，到后来协议抵销也是约定，而且是反映了双方最近的意愿，这种新的意思表示应比合同中的约定优先。当然法律规定不得抵销的不得抵销。）
四、提存
（一）提存的概念、情形
提存是由于债权人的原因而使债务人无法向其交付合同标的物时，债务人将标的物交给提存机关，而使合同权利义务终止的制度。债务的履行往往需要债权人的协助和配合，如果债权人不配合、协助，就会使债务人无法向其履行债务，使债务不能消灭，债务人不得不随时准备履行，也许会无限期等待下去，从而给债务人造成不应有的损失。这显然不利于交易的进行，也违反了公平原则，法律规定提存制度，就是兼顾了债务人和债权人双方的利益。适于提存的情形有：
1、债权人无正当理由拒绝受领。即债权人不配合。如仓储合同期满，仓单持有人不提取仓储物，管理人应催告其在合理期限内提取，逾期不提取的，管理人可以提存。
2、债权人下落不明。即找不到履行对象，其财产也无人代管。
3、债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失行为能力未确定监护人。即债权人的遗产未确定新的所有人，或丧失行为能力的人的财产没有合法的管理人。债务人无法交付。
4、法律规定的其他情形。如担保法第49条、第70条、第77条、第78条、第80条规定的提存。即转让抵押物、质物、质押权利的价款可以提前清偿抵押权人、质权人，也可以向与债权人商定的第三人提存。
但提存也有一些限制，即标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。如鲜活商品即不适于提存。《提存公证规则》规定：“六个月的保管费用超过物品价值5%的，视为提存费用过高。”
合同法第101条规定：“有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：
（一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；
（二）债权人下落不明；
（三）债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人；
（四）法律规定的其他情形。标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。”
（二）提存的程序
合同法第102条规定：“标的物提存后，除债权人下落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、监护人。”因为提存并不是直接向债权人履行债务，因此需要将提存事实通知债权人，使其知道债务人已经以提存的方式履行了债务，将来债权人要实现债权应当到提存机关领取提存物。
本条规定，知道债权人下落的，应当通知债权人；债权人死亡的，通知其继承人；债权人丧失行为能力的，通知其监护人；债权人下落不明的，免除债务人的通知义务。
（三）提存的法律后果
合同法第103条规定：“标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。”
1、风险的承担。提存是债务人履行债务的一种形式，提存后，债务履行完毕，其风险，自然不能由债务人承担。提存机关虽然对提存物有妥善保管的义务，但非因提存机关的过错造成的风险，也不应由其承担。提存是因债权人的原因引起的，提存后，视为债务已经履行，标的物已交付，所有权已经转移给债权人，所以，风险应当由债权人承担。
2、孳息的归属。提存后，标的物的所有权已为债权人所有，所以其孳息自然也归债权人所有。
3、提存费用的负担。即提存并不是国家无偿替你保管标的物，而是有偿的。其费用自然应该由提存物的所有人——债权人承担。
（四）提存物的领取
合同法第104条规定：“债权人可以随时领取提存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。”
1、领取权的行使
提存即意味着债务履行，标的物所有权发生转移，即债权人已经取得标的物所有权，只是暂时未占有标的物，而是存放于提存机关。所以债权人可以随时领取提存物。
2、领取权的限制
如果债权人对债务人也负有到期债务，且未履行，那么债务人为保护自己的利益，可以要求债务人先履行债务或提供担保。否则，债务人可以通知提存机关拒绝其领取提存物。提存机关应当执行。
3、领取权的消灭
提存是国家保护合同关系的一种制度，目的是通过提存避免合同关系的不确定性。提存免除了债务人的负担，由提存机关承担保管责任。但国家提存机关也不能无限期给你保管下去。所以要求债权人尽早领取提存物。超过5年不领取的，消灭其领取权。提存物一部分作为提存费用归提存机关，其余归国家所有。
五、债务的免除
债务免除，是指债权人放弃部分或全部债权，免除债务人部分或者全部债务的一种单方法律行为。免除的意思表示是不能撤销的。债务免除了，合同关系当然终止，全部免除的全部终止，部分免除的部分终止（合同法第105条规定：“债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者全部终止。”）
一、混同
混同是指债权和债务同归于一人，自己既是债权人又是债务人。自己当然不必向自己履行债务，合同的权利义务当然终止。但这种情况涉及第三人利益的，不得终止。如债权是他人质权的标的时，为了保护质权人的利益，债权不因混同而消灭。即这时债权人仍然对自己享有债权，并且这种债权要优先用来偿还质权人。
第四篇：专四
专四范文
Tourism Does Do Harm to the Environment
Last week, I was going through The Sunday Times, when a news story caught my eye.A local government in Yunnan got rid of a forest for the building up of a tourist resort.As a result, a rare species of wood crane was rendered homeless.Despite the effort by the locals, these birds still extinguished.It is, indeed, a typical example to show that tourism does do harm to the natural balance of environment.
To begin with, over-expansion of tourism is, of course, destructive to the environment.As it brings huge tides of tourists and certainly big revenues to scenic spots, devastating pollution comes along.Such increased amount of exhaust as released from air traveling and vehicles are the worst results, not to mention other wastes brought along by tourists themselves.Secondly, too much traveling causes irreparable damages to the non-renewable resource of environmental nature.Once exhausted, these resources can be in no way reproduced.Finally, excessive tourism disturbs harmony between humans and natural environment, posing a big threat to their own existence.That is why we see, in so many resorts, polluted rivers, dirty air and “white wastes”.
To sum up, life is too short to live in one place and traveling is human nature.However, as vacations come, and we are working out a big plan to go somewhere, we should keep in our mind the risks posed by excessive traveling so that we possibly do it in a restrained way.
转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：
TV—Blessing or Curse？ ？ Few things in the modern world have so much influence on people as the television does.Being besieged with TV news，absorbing teleplays，well-masterminded programmes，one can easily conclude that TV is a real blessing to the human society，offering affluent entertainment and information.Yet，convenient and helpful as it is，the television also brings negative effects.To begin with，TV makes people more passive than before： since everything on TV is ready-made，there is no space for audience's initiatives.The news has been carefully edited，teleplays well shot，programmes rehearsed，so all you need to do—and all you can do is to sit on a comfortable sofa and look at the screen.Though a lot of people enjoy doing this，the undoubted truth is that people are becoming more passive simply because there is no interaction and no efforts on them.
Television also contributes to the fact that people nowadays are more distant to each other.Since most of our free time is taken away by the act of watching TV，we can no longer find enough time to visit friends，call on relatives or go to interesting places.This is also true within a family，parents and children and other members are less close to each other，because family get-togethers and conversations are disturbed by TV—when one member is watching TV，he would like ot
hers to keep quiet.Of course I am not denying the great conveniences and huge benefits the TV brings us，but to make it a really blessing to us，we should try to avoid its negative effects.错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。错误！未找到引用源。
To Lie or Not to Lie-----the Doctor’s Dilemma Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients, especially to the incurably（治不好地）ill and the dying? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently.Some people believe that doctors should lie for the patient’s own sake, and such lies differ from self-serving(自私的)ones.Others don’t agree.In my part, I think the doctors should not lie, and they should tell the truth to the patients.Firstly, studies show that an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when
they learn that they been misled.We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.Secondly, lies invade the autonomy of patients and render（致使）them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place.Thirdly, dying patients especially---who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark---can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery;about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time;about how they bring their affairs to a close and take leave.There is urgent need to debate this issue openly.Lies do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity 正直，（诚实）and, in the long run, to their credibility（可靠，可信）.Lies hurt the entire medical profession.
第五篇：专四作文万能开头
四大开头模板式写法
第一大模板法：
1.①引题+②一方观点+另一方观点+③我方观点
①引题：九大引题方法
一、在谈到„时，人们对这个充满争议的话题所持的观点各不相同。
① When talking about(it comes to / it refers to)_______, people’s opinion are pergent on such a controversial issue.二、最近经常辩论的一个问题是：
① A much debated issue these day is whether…
① There is a pubic(general)debate(discussion / controversy)today(nowadays)on(about/over/as to)the problem(issue)of …
三、最近„的问题已经引起了人们广泛的关注。
① Recently the problem(issue)of ______ + has drawn(aroused)public(worldwide)attention.或 + has caused(aroused)wide(general / considerable / international)concern.四、近来„的问题已经广为天下人所知。
① Recently the issue(problem)of … has been in the limelight(brought into focus / brought to public attention / posed among the general public).五、在过去的„年里，很多城市面临了„的严重问题。
① In recent(past)years, many cities(nations / people)have been faced with(plagued with / troubled with / experienced / witnessed / undergone)the(a / an)serious problem of(acute shortage of / alarming increase in)…
六、如今我们国家面临的最为紧迫的任务之一是„
① One of the burning(pressing / urgent)problems facing(confronting / troubling)our nation(society / world / community)today is that…
七、现在很多人谈论的最热门的话题之一是„
① One of the biggest issues(hottest topics / most popular things / most serous problems)many people talk(complain)about now is …
八、随着
① With the rapid(marked / amazing)development(increase / improvement / expansion / growth / decline)of _____,① With the general(growing / common)recognition(realization / acknowledgement)of ______,① With he general(growing / common)interest in(concern over / enthusiasm for)________,① With ________ playing an increasingly big role in ______,① With _______ attaching much importance to ______,九： 如今有一种…趋势。
① Nowadays(Currently / Recently), there is a growing(unhealthy)tendency to(in / that)…
②一方观点 + 另一方观点：两大表述方法一、一些人认为„,另一些人认为„.② The vast(overwhelming)majority of people say(think / believe/ maintain/ hold)that …, while other people(others)claim(argue / insist)that …
② Most(Many / Quite a few /Some)people say(think / believe / maintain / hold)that, but other people(others)claim that …
② The vast(overwhelming)majority of people say(think / believe/ maintain/ hold)that …, but others view quite differently(but others think a bit differently / but others think that the opposite is true).They argue(claim)that …,② The overwhelming majority would support that …, others, however, take the negative attitude.二、反对者认为…, 拥护者认为…
② Those who criticize(oppose / object to)… argue that ….They believe that …, but people who advocate(favor)…, on the other hand, maintain(assert)that…
③ 我方观点
一、就我个人而言，我认为„
③ However, I firmly believe(hold/maintain)…
③ From the personal perspective, I prefer A than B as my inclination.③ Personally, I am in favor of(support)the view(idea / opinion / argument)that…
二、agree / disagree型加入：我同意/不同意前/后者观点，我认为…
③ I agree /disagree with the former / latter.I hold(maintain / believe)that …
③ I approve / disapprove of the former / latter idea.I hold(maintain / believe)that…
③ I am(not)in favor of the former / latter idea.I hold(maintain / believe)that…
变体一：②一方观点+另一方观点+③我方观点一
变体二：①引题+③我方观点
第二大模板法：
④流行观点 + ③我方观点(五大表述方法)
一、如今人们普遍认为„, 他们说„ + 我方观点
④ Now, it is commonly(generally / widely)believed(thought / held / accepted / felt / recognized / acknowledged)that … They claim(believe / argue)that …+ For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
二、如今经常听到的一种批评声音是…他们说… + 我不同意这种观点，原因如下。
④ A criticism often heard these days is that … They say that … I disagree with this point of view for the following two / three reasons.三、对于公众来说… + 我方观点
④ To the general public, …For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
四、关于这个问题，多数人说… + 我方观点
④ In response(reaction / answer)to the event(phenomenon / idea / question), the majority of people say(think)… + For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
五、近来我们一直听到关于…的说法。+ 我方观点
④ These days we often hear that … + For my part, I would choose to support.(表示支持流行观点)/ For me, the viewpoint sounds biased / one-sided.After considering the issue, I hold(maintain / believe)…
第三大模板法：①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤提出质疑（四大质疑法）
一、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤但是他们没有意识到„
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型+ ⑤ But do they realize…?
二、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤但是这种做法明智么？越来越多的人，包括我对此表示质疑。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is it a fair(wise/reasonable)one? This way is now being questioned(challenged)by more people, including me.三、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤ 但是果真如此吗？仔细分析一下，就证明这种观点站不住脚。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is it true? Close examination(analysis)doesn’t bear out(证实)the claim(view/argument).四、①引题 + ④流行观点 + ⑤ 但是情况果真如此吗？我不认为,因为以下原因。
①引题句型 + ④流行观点句型 + ⑤ But is this really the case? I disagree for the following reasons.第四大模板法： ①引题 + ⑥ 让步转折句（五大转折法）
一、①引题 + ⑥ 的确„，不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It is true that …, but …
二、①引题 + ⑥ 似乎 „, 不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It seems that …, but …
三、①引题 + ⑥ 不可否认的是„, 不过„
①引题句型 + ⑥ It is undeniable that …, but … / Undeniably, …, but …
四、①引题 + ⑥ 但是尽管„, 几乎没有证据证明„
①引题句型 + ⑥ But although(Admittedly,)…, there is no(little)evidence.it is questioned(doubted)that …
五、①引题 + ⑥ 但是尽管„, 我还是认为„
①引题 + ⑥ Although …, I believe one should …
注：开头段落提出观点可以出现各种格的“我”，但之后的段落不要使用 “I” “me” “my” “we” “us” “our”!
