第一篇：2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案

2013武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案

Part I Reading Comprehension

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Part II English-Chinese Translation

1.去年秋季，罗诺克学院的市场调研课业已过半。有一天，阿里·纳齐米教授宣布课堂上禁用手机的政策。可话音刚落，他就听到了手机的铃声。

2.我们需要明白的一点是，课堂上的这个事件事先经过策划并被写成剧本。尼尔·诺兰德始终参与了这个具有伪装性质的行动。被砸的是他母亲闲置的一部手机，早就停机了。

3.所有的中学和大学都为学生提供了笔记本电脑，配备了计算机实验室，构建了无线网络，所有这些进步原本是为了促进学习，结果反而分散了学生的注意力。或许，记录学生的考勤时，应该再加上一栏：到堂但未听课。

4.“这种托词我都听腻了，”也许会长寿且成果丰硕的卜浩亚教授说，“关于课上讲授内容乏味的看法真的是相对的。相比什么它显得乏味呢？到易贝网上买鞋？事实上，我们来这里不是为了玩乐，而是为了寻求刺激。”

Part III Chinese-English Translation

As a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment.However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, huge consumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally.Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective.Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way.As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations.All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment.Part IVWriting(略)

第二篇：2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试真题

2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试

一、选择题

教育学历史内容较多（中国远古、近现代明清、民国），近现代教育理论，提出者姓名

二、辨析题

1、广义教育学涵括狭义的教育学

2、学习策略可以直接提高学习效率

3、根据加工程度，文献可以分为一次文献、二次、三次

三、简答题

1、教师劳动特点

2、《学记》中的教学论断

3、王阳明关于儿童教育的观点及意义4、5、问卷法的优缺点

四、论述题

1、建构主义教学观

2、用教育的功能分析案例：哲学教授通过给废纸带来希望，让失去信心的学生充满自信

3、柯尔伯格的道德发展理论及其教育意义

第三篇：2013年华中科技大学博士英语入学考试试题翻译和写作(真题)

2013年华中科技大学博士英语翻译和写作（真题）

翻译题目：

汉译英

1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。

2.有些老鼠被放置在夏天的光照条件下，每天有16小时的“白天”和8个小时的“黑夜”。其他老鼠则只有8个小时的“白天”，和冬天昼短夜长的光照条件类似。

3.那些在夏天的光照条件下成长起来的老鼠像往常一样作息，而那些在缺少光线的环境中成长起来的老鼠在应对这一变化时却显得吃力。

英译汉

1.A Japanese airline is taking its weight-saving efforts to new heights, asking passengers on some of its flights to visit the restroom before flying.2.The airline will also recycle paper cups and plastic bottles, and use chopsticks produced from wood from forest thinning projects, as part of its efforts to become more environmentally friendly.3.The move follows earlier steps by airlines to reduce the weight of flights by trimming the size of in-flight magazines, slimming the handles of forks and spoons and using lighter drink trolleys and porcelain.作文题目：

Is it better to set up a bridge or a wall between china and the west?

第四篇：武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试历年试题

武汉大学刑法学博士入学考试历年试题（1999－2008 2008年

一、中国刑法

1、未遂犯的成立条件

2、我国刑法中的减刑

3、我国刑法中的受贿罪

二、外国刑法

1、日本刑法中的共谋共同正犯理论

2、德日刑法中的单纯赌博罪和常习赌博罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、费尔巴哈的刑罚理论

2、威尔哲尔的目的行为论

2007年

一、中国刑法

1、论犯罪的基本特征

2、论刑罚的目的

3、结合刑法分则的规定，论述法条竞合的概念、表现形式以及法律适用的原则。

二、外国刑法

1、论述西方刑法中的不作为犯

2、论述日本刑法中的受贿罪类型

三、西方刑法学说史

1、简述李斯特的犯罪观

2、简述日本新派与旧派的刑法理论之争

3、简述团藤重光的死刑废止论

2006年

一、中国刑法

1、想象竞合犯及与法条竞合的区别

2、论我国的刑罚消灭制度

3、论绑架罪以及与非法拘禁罪的界定

二、外国刑法

1、论西方刑法中的行为理论

2、评短期自由刑

3、论日本刑法中的放火罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、西方刑法古典学派的主要观点

2、李斯特的刑罚目的观

3、新社会防卫论的主要观点

2005年

一、中国刑法

1、论中止犯

2、论罚金刑

3、诈骗罪

二、外国刑法

1、论违法性本质

2、赃物罪

三、西方刑法学说史（空）

2004年

一、中国刑法

1、论教唆犯

2、论数罪并罚原则

3、论交通肇事罪

二、外国刑法

1、论共犯的本质

2、同意杀人

三、西方刑法学说史

1、费尔巴哈的刑法思想

2、植松正的刑法思想

3、安塞尔的刑法思想

2003年

一、中国刑法

1、论犯罪对象

2、论追诉时效的计算

3、论绑架罪

二、外国刑法

1、论违法性的本质

2、论自由刑的统一化

3、论遗弃罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、比较古典学派与近代学派的异同

2、比较贝林格与小野清一郎的构成要件理论

2002年

一、中国刑法

1、论犯罪对象

2、论立功制度

3、论诬告陷害罪

二、外国刑法

1、因果关系论

2、短期自由刑以及存废

3、论背信罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、启蒙思想的刑法面前人人平等之演变

2、费尔巴哈的心理强制说

3、菲利的犯罪三原因论

4、牧野英一的犯罪征表说

5、论贝林格的构成要件理论

6、论团藤重光的人格行为论、人格责任论及构成理论

2001年

一、中国刑法

1、论防卫过当

2、论时效制度

3、论走私普通货物、物品罪

二、外国刑法

1、论原因自由行为

2、论罚金刑

3、论抢劫罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、古典学派的刑法思想

2、李斯特的刑罚观

3、宫本英修的犯罪未遂论

2000年

一、中国刑法

1、论刑法中的因果关系

2、论刑罚权的根据

3、论挪用公款罪

二、外国刑法

1、论过失学说

2、论外国刑法中刑罚权的根据学说

3、论德日刑法中的脱逃罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、论贝卡利亚的刑罚适用原则

2、牧野英一的目的刑论

3、后期古典学派的刑法理论

1999年

一、中国刑法

1、论特殊主体

2、论假释制度

3、论故意杀人罪

二、外国刑法

1、论德日刑法中的法益

2、论外国刑法中的前科消灭制度

3、论德日刑法中的强奸罪

三、西方刑法学说史

1、试论贝卡利亚的死刑废止观

2、论小野清一郎的构成要件理论

3、试述近代学派刑法理论

第五篇：2015武汉大学考博英语部分真题答案

感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）197431621”群网友热心提供题源

一、阅读理解

Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty.Because justice is regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime.Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.” That is, the inpidual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society.To make up for his offence, society must get even.This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him.This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times.It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder.This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel.He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed.The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied.To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt.The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice.The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it.It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each inpidual to realize the best that is in him.The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society.Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior.must be found.If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done.Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society.This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime.It means that justice is to heal the inpidual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered.However, the inpidual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society.His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1.The best title for this selection is（B）A.Fitting Punishment to the Crime B.Approaches to Just Punishment C.Improvement in Legal Justice D.Attaining Justice in the Courts

2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective justice is the（C）.A.type of crime that was proven B.severity for the punishment C.reason for the sentence D.outcome of the trial

3.The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（D）.A.forced brain surgery B.whipping C.solitary confinement D.the electric chair

4.The Biblical expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in order to（D）.A.prove，that equality demands just punishment B.justify the need for punishment as a part of law C.give moral backing to retributive justice D.prove that man has long been interested in justice

”In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized...In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice.Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat.“

This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far from complete.There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around their hitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubt of the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, it is supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status.In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, in India, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children.More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles in dress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions of human life.It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardly felt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes.In this rudimentary natural society men go out to hunt and fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going.Amorous initiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5.The phrase ”men's sureness of their sex role“ in the first paragraph suggests that they（C）

A.are confident in their ability to charm women.B.take the initiative in courtship.C.have a clear idea of what is considered ”manly“.D.tend to be more immoral than women are.6.The third paragraph（A）

A.generally agrees with the first paragraph B.has no connection with the first paragraph C.repeats the argument of the second paragraph D.contradicts the last paragraph

7.The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A.is based on the study of archaeology B.illustrates how people expect men to behave C.is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant joke D.proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer

8.The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and woman which the author（D）A.approves of B.argues is natural C.completely rejects D.expects to go on changing

Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations.It makes it hard to plan ahead.But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets.Farmers in Europe, the U.S.and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.Last month U.S.President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S.agricultural support close to crazy European levels.Bush said the step was necessary to ”promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations“.It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries.But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families.Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods.It's not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Uganda's Minister of Finance.”What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.“

Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete.Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output.This is no pie in the sky speculation.The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe.But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the ”least developed country“ status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products.With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose.And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing.Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets.Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago.But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed.Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers（C）receive more government subsidies than others.? A.in the developing world B.in Japan C.in Europe D.in America?

10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a（A）motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.? A.partisan B.social C.financial D.cultural?

11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that（A）? A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?

B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries? C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization? D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies

12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S.is（C）? A.favourable B.ambiguous C.critical D.reserved

Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies.As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history.Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions.First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition.Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology.These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open.Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity;he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results.For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse.Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism;does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?

In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（D）.A.emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction B.misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction C.misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction D.substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

14.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（A）.A.evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism B.comparing various critical approaches to ”a subject C.discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism D.summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

15.The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as（B）.A.pedantic and contentious B.critical but admiring C.ironic and deprecating D.argumentative but unfocused

16.It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following（C）

A.An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writers B.A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors C.A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes

D.An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history

三、汉译英

得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。

Before I fell ill, my parents doted on me a lot.I could have my way at home.Once I was isolated and confined in a chamber on the hillside of the garden, I suddenly felt I was neglected and became very depressed.One spring evening, my parents held a Banquet in the garden, where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.In no time, a crowd of their guests collected and laughter was heard all over there.I, without being noticed, lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden, and my elder sisters, brothers and my cousins, each full of the joys of spring, were shuttling among the guests.Quickly enough, I was thrown into a fist of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and discarded by the rest and could not help crying my heart out.四、作文

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