下载文档第一篇：第二学期笔译课件
一．Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:
Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text →
pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:
Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:
Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not … 二．Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation
The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles: 1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立发展贸易关系。
----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2)Necessarily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。
----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底，我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。
----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。
----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2．Choice of Predicate
1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person
快点过来吧！
Come here quickly!
安静下来！
Quiet down!
2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time
Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception 本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。
----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该机（录放机）是市场紧俏商品，既是音响又是精美的高档家具。
----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23岁。
----He is twenty-three this year.鲁迅，浙江绍兴市。
----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。
----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.总经理今天不在公司。
----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京这个地方，我认为比西安好。
----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject ＋
Predicate ＋
Precticative(2)Subject ＋ Predicate
(3)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object(4)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object ＋
Object Complement(5)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Indirect Object ＋
Direct Object
6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way
那项工作已经完成了。
----The task has already been finished.在记者招待会上，人们问了他许多问题。
----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1
C-E Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a certain difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1
一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.Generally speaking, a dictionary would spread out many explanations of a word.A translator should quickly choose an exaxt, appropriate explanation from all explanations if being able to apply a dictionary flexibly.When looking up a word from a dictionary, a translator should judge by the main idea of a sentence and by narration around a sentence and then determine whether the explanation stand to reason or not.E.G.1.经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。
The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。
The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)
特色，特性，特征，事物的特点，自然景色，面部器官，相貌，专题报道，占突出地位；
3.今天我非常高兴地宣布，我们的准备工作已经完成，协议开始生效。
Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把„„公诸于世，宣布，宣告，通报„„的到达（出席），预示，预兆，当„„播音员，当报幕员，二、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context
The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.” “加强”的译法： E.G.1．加强了政治互信，扩大了共同利益，为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。
All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.enhance v.增强，增大，使更好，加强，提供（质量）
2．我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。
We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.conduct v.管理（方式），处理（方式），经营（方式），实施（方式）3．我们应该加强基础设施建设。
We should set up infrastructure building.set up
设立，竖立，架起，升起，装配，开业，加强
4．我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设，提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。
We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.improve
v.加强 改善，改进，提高，（耕种，盖房，修路等）提高（地产价）5．我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。
We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.intensify v.加强，增强，强化，加强对„„防护力量
6．中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力，同时，也需要加强对外合作，特别是同邻居的合作。
China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.better adj.更好的，更令人满意的，更有效的，更有益的 7．我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。
We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.cement v.巩固，加强，团结，粘合，胶合
“建设”的译法 E.G.1.国家建设
national reconstruction 2．国防建设
the building of national defense build:创立，创建，创业，建设发展，营造 3．城乡建设
urban and rural development 4社会主义现代化建设
socialist modernization drive Drive:冲击，运动
5加强文化建设
strengthen cultural development efforts 6加强廉政建设
strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7加强制度建设
improve the regulatory system 8 加强军队思想政治建设
strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9．加强青少年思想道德建设
cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10．加强国防和军队建设
strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up the armed services(forces)build up:逐步建设，逐步建立，增强 11．基础设施建设成就显著
the infrastructure improved remarkably improve:改进，改善，12．交通建设空前发展
transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13．民主政治建设不断加强
Democracy has been improved steadily.Improve:改善，改进
14．国家创新体系建设积极推进
Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.establish:建立，建造，创立，确立
“意见”的译法
1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern.2．他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3．党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。
Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.Opinions:见解，观点，舆论，评价
4.大家对这一做法很有意见。
Everyone complaint against such a practice.5．他们在会上闹起了意见。
They had a dispute at the meeting.6．你应该听从医生的意见。
You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。
They reached a consensus on the issue.t
三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is: what is a good collocation in English may not be so when the collocation is translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法
1．生活水平
living standard 2．文化水平
cultural level 3．领导水平
one’s art of leadership 4．水平贸易
horizontal trade 5．水平仪
spirit level
“正式”的译法
1．正式列入记录
be officially placed on record 2.正式成员
a regular(full)member 3.正式开幕
formality opened 4．正式党员
full member of the Party 5．正式访问
official(or formal)visit 6.正式会谈
formal talks 7.正式声明
official statement
四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1．坚持以人为本
always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.绿色通道
landscaped roadways(landscaped:美化好的环境，景观)3.偷税漏税
tax evasion 4．优先安置
hiring preference(hiring:借，租用，preference:偏爱，优先选择)5.人才市场
human resources pool 6.招商
trade and investment promotion
7.奖励工资制度
a bonus wages system 8．标准汇率
DefinitiveConversionRate
（Standard Rate）
9.开始谈正题
get down to business 10．马马虎虎
after a fashion 11．擅自使用
make free with 12．崭露头角
come to the front 13．充分发挥自己的才能
to fulfill oneself(fulfill:使满意，使完整，使完备，完成)14．博得全场喝彩
bring down the gallery 15．近水楼台
a favourable position 16．举足轻重
hold the balance
Section 2
Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根据你的建议，我们应该办大厂了。
We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他们在教室打扫卫生。
They are giving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那样做，就大错特错了。
If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)
Section 3
Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is persity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “积极”的译法 E.G.1.积极利用国外资源
make effective use of overseas resources 2．积极推进大型煤矿建设
vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革
push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4．积极推进改革，扩大对外开放
press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5．积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式
energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets 6．积极的财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 7．积极支持他的事业
unfailing support of his cause “化”的译法 E.G.1．广泛使用农业信息化
to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促进政府管理信息化
to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推动社会信息化
to promote IT for social development 4．科研成果市场化,产业化
gear scientific and technological achievement to the market and apply them in production(gear:使适应，调适，使处在良好的运转状态)5．中国经济逐步市场化
continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy
二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神贯注”的译法 E.G.1．他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。
He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。
John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。
Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。
We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5．她在全神贯注地思考问题。
She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6．他全神贯注地听着。
He was all ears.7．下棋需要全神贯注。
Chess requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法 E.G.1.玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。
Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2．他听了这消息无动于衷。
He heard the news quite unmoved.3．他表面上显得无动于衷。
In appearance, he looks untouched.4．杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。
Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5．他对我的忠告无动于衷。
He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法 E.G.1.谁告诉你们了？你们这样大惊小怪的。
Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.还是随便一点吧，不必大惊小怪的。
Anything will do, don’t fuss.3．奶奶病着呢，别大惊小怪的。
Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4．大家听了说：“我当是谁呢，这样大惊小怪的，没必要吧。”
When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was someone who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”
Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1
Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions or idioms in the versions as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning in the original language in translation to express the equivalent meaning ,which is called equality translation.1.“false friend”
That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is mutually different.Translators should be good at dsguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4，P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression
Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子（n.）desk / table
房间
(n.)room
展览（v.）exhibit
开放（v.）open
改革（n.）reform
发展（v.）develop
创新（v.）renovate
不断地（adv.）successively
所以（conj.）so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山开路，遇水搭桥
cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers 有福同享，有难同当
share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)浑水摸鱼
fish in troubled water 破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat 视而不见
turn a blind eye to 称心如意
be after one’s own heart 谈虎色变
turn pale at the mention of
the tiger 天翻地覆
heaven and earth turning
upside down 甜言蜜语
sweet words and honeyed
phrases 听天由命
submit to the will of heaven 外强中干
outwardly strong but inwardly
weak 外柔内刚
soft outside but hard inside 万事大吉
everything is just fine 万般无奈
have no alternative 适者生存
survival of the fittest 骑虎难下
He who rides a tiger is a fraid to
dismount 水能载舟也能覆舟 The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光阴似箭
Time flies.时者金也
Time is money.树大招风
Tall trees catch much wind.克己恕人
Forgive others but not yourself.任重道远
a weighty mission;to have a
bumpy and rocky road ahead
欲速则不达
More hast, less speed.小巫见大巫
The moon is not seen when
the sun shines.以权谋私
to abuse one’s power for
personal gains
真金不怕火Pure gold does not fear
furnace.自信是成功的第一秘诀
Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤劳是快乐之父
Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的时间
Busiest men find the most time.Section 2
Addition Translation Addition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptable.1.Grammatical Need
There is an obvious different in morphology, syntax and grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in
Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., in English, while in Chinese a sentence element runs through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles
(1)我省第二季度的进出口贸易总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外语学院任教英语。
He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。
Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素质，科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高，形成比较完
整的现代国民教育体系，科学和文化创新体系，全民健身和医疗卫生体系。
The ideological and ethical standards，the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions
(1)我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。
We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)岁月不待人。
Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正当聚精会神看书的时候，一不速之客来访。
While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以来，国际互联网迅速普及
和广泛应用绝不是偶然的，它是“信息爆炸”时代的必然产物。
That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.(3)一个星期没有洗澡，一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任务再相见。
Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of
agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住脸，好像是为了不想见她。
He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都倾注到为所在的社区服务中去了。
He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使没有花，花瓶本身就很美。
The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object
(1)交出试卷之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩盖他的错误，就越会暴露。
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them.5)Addition of Verbs
(1)他们意气风发。
They are in high spirits.(2)他们喜形于色。
They became with joy.(3)我对他敬而远之。
I stood aloof from him.(4)这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives
(1)发展体育运动，增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我们的工作一不为名，二不为利。
We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在这里待到我工作结束时为止。
I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original
(1)要在不到10年中实现小康目标，任务是很艰难的，因为中国人口多，底子薄，各地发展不平衡„„
Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…
(2)公园里有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。
In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young gather at regular time to practise their spoken English.(3)哼！你别看我耳朵聋，----可我的心并不聋啊！
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.2)Addition of Generalization Words
(1)不管刮风下雨还是酷热严寒，都不能阻止这个工程的进展。
Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)别忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。
Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words
(1)他们俩组建了一个“丁克”家庭。
They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我们努力实现中国四个现代化。
We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3
Omission Omission means deleting unnecessary and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a
Category.Some Chinese words;“task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings translated naturally, but some categories of words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。
Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2）他担任了鲁迅作品的翻译任务。
He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3）出口物质不得超过限定范围。
The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4）中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5）会议中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the talk, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6）今年上半年进出口计划的执行情况，也是很好的。
Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1）出现问题也容易纠正和改正。
When problems emerge, they can be easily put right.2）中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the
fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Flashy Modifiers without substance E.G.1）我们需要从其他国家进口先进工艺设备。
We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2）我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。
We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3）鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。
Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.1）„„我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳定的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
…… that we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2）新世纪赋予我们美好的期待和希望，新世纪激励我们付出更多才智去建设人类更美好的家园。
The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4
Combination In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms being used together convey the same meaning, translators can combine them together to be translated
----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanings----synonym’s repetition, which is very universal in Chinese, Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions”.E.G.花言巧语
fine words
精疲力竭
exhausted
吞吞吐吐
stumbling
破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat
生动活泼
lively
光辉灿烂
brilliant
丰功伟绩
great achievements
心灰意冷
to feel disheartened
干净整洁
clean and tidy
互敬互爱
to respect each other and
love each other
断章取义
to quote out of context
植树造林
afforestation
风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
Section 5
Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentences are converted into other words according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs
Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of Chinese verbs.E.G.1）学习语言很艰苦，成为一名有名的语
言学家需要很长的时间。
The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.2）我一直得到你的帮助，心里着实感激不尽。
I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3）这首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提时代。
The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1）他的目标是要成为一个成功的小说家。
He aims to be a successful novelist.2）我们培养的学生都应该是德、智、体全面发展。
All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.3）如果旅馆都满客了，我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1）我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2）那消息很快传遍全世界。
The news quickly spread throughout the world.3）我们政府对留学国外的学生很关心。
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4）他们热烈欢迎这位著名的科学家。
They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5）独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.6）她急切地希望看到她的老师。
She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6
Translation by Changing
ExpressionWay There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies these two languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and it is a means of connecting context.1.Substitution of Nouns
E.G.1）最令人讨厌的习惯或许就是随地吐痰。
Probably the most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2）甲：请问，我能要一杯清咖啡加糖吗？
乙：也给我一杯清咖啡加糖。
A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3）这是我厂的关键车间，设备比较齐全的。这些机械设备的上方，我们还装配了冷却通风设备，供暖设备以及通讯设备。
This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.1）我同你一样不知道。
I do not know any more than you do.2）我希望周五做完作业，不过如果你忙的话，星期六完成也行。
I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3）彼得加入我们的小组，我不知道戴维是不是会加入我们组。
Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4）我答应了给他买票，我一定要买到票。
I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7
Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal, words can be categorized into “commendatary sense, derogatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some
feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1）他热衷于个人名利。
He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2）他热衷于足球。
He is fond of playing football.3）我们应该把无业人员培训成生产者。
We should train the unemployees into producers.4）我们应该加强合作。
We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5）中国的经济是一个大问题。
China’s economy is a great question.Classroom Exercises: 1.在2011年，浙江人均收入约18000元，上海人均收入约19800元。
2.中国有许多风俗习惯，在西方人看来，这些习惯是颇为费解的。
3.你既然答应来参加晚会，就应该来参加晚会。
Chapter 3
Translation of Noun’s Abstract and Concrete Translation of ideas abstract and Concrete Nouns Abstract translation means translating the concrete or the conparative concrete nouns into the abstract or the comparative abstract nouns.Generally, nouns in Chinese tend to use concrete ideas, namely, Chinese prefers to use concrete or specific words and employs a “down-to-earth”style”, expressing abstract ideas often by intaphores similes, allegories or other devices for making a thing plain, while in English, this method of abstracct diction is found in the frequent use of abstract nouns.E.G.----雨无情地下个不停，我感到厌倦。
I was fed up with the relentless determination of the rain.----管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
The singns of the time point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.Section 1
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas 1.Examples for Translation of Noun’s Abstract
1）两袖清风
clean hands
2）半斤八两
six of one and half a dozzen of the other
3）沧海一粟
a drop in the ocean
4）空中楼阁
castle in the air
5）远见卓识
far-sightedness
6）君子协定
a gentleman’s agreement
7）暴雨如注
rain cats and dogs
8）一贫如洗
as poor as a church mouse
9）试金石
touchstone 2.Examples for Translation of Idiom’s Abstract
1）沸沸扬扬
bubbling and gurgling
2）当机立断
decide quickly
3）措手不及
be caught unprepared / be caught unawares
4）初露锋芒
display one’s talent for the first time
5）倾家荡产
lose a family fortune / be reduced to poverty and ruin
6）穷山恶水
barren mountains and unruly rivers / barren hills and untamed rivers
7）声势浩大
great in strength and impotus / powerful and dynamic
8）手舞足蹈
dance for joy The abore-mentioned idioms have concrete image 3.Examples for Translation of the Abstract Nouns or Idioms in the Sentence E.G.1）他老是磨磨蹭蹭，马马虎虎，脾气又是惊人的好，我们都拿他没办法。2）他们的乐观主义精神令我们大为感动。3）目前公司的经营情况已经有所好转。
4）我国社会主义工业化建设及其成就，正在日益促进他们这种积极性。5）我们要敢于同各种无纪律，无效率的现象作斗争。6）会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权方面的问题。
1)With his tardiness, carelessness and appalling good humer, we were sorely perplexed.2)Their optimism moved us greatly.3)At present, the business in our company is turning for the better.4)Their enthusiasm is being constantly heightened by China’s socialist industrialization and its achievement.5)We should dare to combat indiscipline and inefficiency.6)During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.Section 2
Translation of Noun’s Abstract Ideas Examples for Translation of Noun’s Concrete Ideas
1）轻松的事情
a piece of cake
2）粗茶淡饭
bread and cheese
3）他出身在富贵之家
He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.4）收音机的声音
the squeaking of the radio
5）公共汽车声
the thumping of the bus
6）鸟鸣和这溪水的流水声，在春风里轻轻地回荡。
The bird-song and the babbling of the streams danced lightly in the spring breeze.Classroom Exercises: 1.目前，我国的经济情况已经有所好转。
2.会议中，两个公司集中讨论了共同利益方面的问题。3.杰克是一个很难处理的人。
Chapter 4
Translation of Verbs Section 1
Stative Translation of Dynamic Verbs Verbs have their dynamic and static characteristics, the former conveys a motion an action, and a change, while the static verbs convey a state, sense perception or a recognition.In translation, some dynamic verbs maybe translated into static verbs, when translating verbs in Chinese, translators put them into English by using nouns, adjectives, prepositions and adverbs, etc.E.G.我叫学生们立即回到教室。
----I want students back to the classroom at once.我们坚决反对美国制裁伊朗。
----We are determined to be against American government punishing Iron.33
1.Chinese Verbs Converted into English Nouns
1）希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。
2）他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。
3）这份报告虽然很长，但不切要领，我看不懂。
4）我们知道，掌握一门外语是不容易的。
1)I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into comideration.2)They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.3)Although the report is very long, it is beside the point and beyond my comprehension.4)We know that the mastery of a foreign language is not easy.2.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into English Prepositions or Preposition-phrases
English prepositions with the richmeanings have the flexible collocation with the different meanings.1）他带着好几个项目来中国投资。
2）他顶着斜雨风行走。
3）这本杂志在出版和编辑的全过程都力求完美。
1)He comes to China to invest with a few of projects.2)He walked against a slanting rain.3)The whole magazine is produced and edited in the pursuit of excellence.3.Chinese Verbs Translated into English-adverbs It means that a dynamic is changed into static verb, which the motion sentences in the original change into static sentences.1）这学期的所有课程都已经结束了。
2）这个协议作废了。
1)All courses of this term has been over.2)This agreement is off.4.Chinese Verbs Are Translated into
1）我们非常满意目前的生活。
2）他总是嫉妒别人的成就。
3）很多人都熟悉绍兴这个城市。
4）他正埋头写那本书。
1)We are very content with our life at present.2)He is always envious of the achievements other made.3)Shaoxing city is familiar to many people.4)He was engaged on that book
.34
第二篇：大学英语专业汉译英第二学期笔译课件
一． Process of Translation Process: Preparation → Working → Checking Preparation:
Read the original text several times → master the general meaning in the original text → pay attention to its detailed description or statement.Working:
Including understanding and expression(first understanding → then expression)Checking:
Translators should concentrate themselves on the versions including every used words, complement the lost contents and correct the wrong or unproper versions and check whether the version is smooth and correct or not …
二． Syntactic handling in Chinese – English translation The dominent content in Chinese sentences is the main idea, not subject,----emphasis on “parataxis”.1.Determine the subject There are five following principles:
1)Necessarily Accord with English Language Usage and Cultural Custom Nations of Using English 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立发展贸易关系。
----Customers from various regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.2)Necessarily Accord with the Westerners’ Thinking Mode 她从来没有想到他是个不诚实的人。
----It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.3)Subject Should Be a Prominent Part in a Sentence 到去年年底，我们已同有关国家签订了100多项目建设合同和协议。
----By the end of last year, contracts and agreements
were signed with countries conceming for the construction of more than 100 projects.4)Subject Must Accord with the Logical Retion in a Sentence 我们浙江还在吸引外资企业进行老企业改造、房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。
----Our zhejiang Province has also formulated a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development.我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
----We have won one victory after another for our cacuse.5)Subject Must Accord with the Need of the Context 中国的妇女今天社会地位和平等权利来之不易。
----Women did not gain their social status and their rights easily.2．Choice of Predicate
1)State of Predicate Doesn’t Change without Person
快点过来吧！
Come here quickly!
安静下来！
Quiet down!
2)Chinese Predicate Verbs Don’t Show the Time Sequence, They Can Show the Time Sequence Only the Added Words Showing Different Time Conception
本公司全体同仁竭诚为世界服务。
----This corporation will whole-heartedly serve various circles.该机（录放机）是市场紧俏商品，既是音响又是精美的高档家具。
----This product has sold well since it entered the market, not only as an exquisite sounder, but also as a piece of high-grade furniture.3)In Chinese, Nouns, Adjectives, Numerals and Preposition-phrases May Be Directly Used as Predicates 他今年23岁。
----He is twenty-three this year.鲁迅，浙江绍兴市。
----Lu Xun was from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.北京的秋天最美。
----Autumn is the most beautiful season in Beijing.总经理今天不在公司。
----The chief manager is not in company today.4)In Chinese, an Expression May Be a Predicate
他们正在谈论的那位女教师品格正直。
----The woman teacher they are now talking about is upright.南京这个地方，我认为比西安好。
----I think Nanjing is better than Xian.5)Chinese and English Have Five Patterns(1)Subject ＋
Predicate ＋
Precticative(2)Subject ＋ Predicate
(3)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object(4)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Object ＋
Object Complement(5)Subject ＋ Predicate ＋ Indirect Object ＋
Direct Object
6)Chinese Predicate Verbs Are Most Used as Active Way
那项工作已经完成了。
----The task has already been finished.在记者招待会上，人们问了他许多问题。
----He was asked a lot of questions at the press conference.7)The Chosen Predicate Must Be in Keeping with its Subject in Persons and numerals
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
----The prosperity of township enterpribes is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发
展。
----Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.Chapter 1 E-C Lexical Comparison and Translation Translation includes “understanding and conveyance”.It is very difficult to well master “the hard nut to crack”----polysemant, which brings about a very difficulty to translation and conveyance.Section 1
一、Choice of the Meaning of a Word in the Light of the Explanation in the Dictionary.E.G.1.经济问题在主席讲话中占了很大的部分。The economy featured very largely in the President speech.2.海南岛的主要特色就是它的气候和风景。The main features of Hainan Island is its climate and scenery.featre(n.v.)
特色，特性，特征，面部器官，相貌，专题报道，占突出地位；
3.今天我非常高兴地宣布，我们的准备工作已经完成，协议开始生效。
Today I am delighted to announce that our joint preparations are complete and the agreement comes into effect.announce 把„„公诸于世，宣布，宣告，通报„„的到达（出席），预示，预兆，当„„播音员，当报幕员，二、三、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to the Context
The meaning to a word is closely related with the context.The same word, when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business, law, medicine, education, politics, industry, agriculture, etc.)has different meanings.So a British Linguist, Firth said “Each word is a new word in a new context.”
“加强”的译法： E.G.1．加强了政治互信，扩大了共同利益，为亚洲经济发展增加了新的动力。
All countries have enhanced political mutual trust and expanded common interests, adding a new boost to Asia’s economic development.2．我们加强在交通、能源、电信、贸易、投资、旅游、环境、人力资源、农业等领域合作。
We have conducted cooperation in such areas as transportation, energy, telecommunications, trade, investment, tourism, environment, haman resources and agriculture, etc.3．我们应该加强基础设施建设。
We should set up infrastructure building.4．我们应该加强医疗卫生体系建设，提高人民群众健康水平是各成员面临的共同任务。
We should face the task of improving the medical system and people’s health.5．我们应该加强禽流感、艾滋病等重大传染病的防控合作。
We need to intensify cooperation on the prevention and control of avian flu HIV / AIDS and other major communicable diseases.6．中国的发展主要依靠自己的努力，同时，也需要加强对外合作，特别是同邻居的合作。
China will mainly count on itself, but it also needs better cooperation with the outside, particularly with its neighbors.7．我们应该致力于加强与周边国家的伙伴关系。
We should further commit ourselves to cementing partnership with our neighbors.“建设”的译法 E.G.1．国家建设
national reconstruction
2．国防建设
the building of national defense 3．城乡建设
urban and rural development 4．社会主义现代化建设
socialist modernization drive 5．加强文化建设
strengthen cultural development efforts 6．加强廉政建设
strengthen efforts to ensure clean government 7．加强制度建设
improve the regulatory system 8，加强军队思想政治建设
strengthen ideological and political work among servicemen 9．加强青少年思想道德建设
cultivate ideals and ethics among young people 10．加强国防和军队建设
strengthen(modernize)national defense and build up
the armed services(forces)11．基础设施建设成就显著
the infrastructure improved remarkably 12．交通建设空前发展
transport developed on an unprecedented scale 13．民主政治建设不断加强
Democracy has been improved steadily.14．国家创新体系建设积极推进
Significant progress was made in establishing China’s innovation system.“意见”的译法
1.两位领导就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。
The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations
and issues of common concern.2．他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。
They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.3．党员应该虚心听取群众的意见。
Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.4.大家对这一做法很有意见。
Everyone complaint against such a practice.5．他们在会上闹起了意见。
They had a dispute at the meeting.6．你应该听从医生的意见。
You should follow the doctor’s advice.7.他们就此问题取得了一致的意见。
They reached a consensus on the issue.四、Choice of the Appropriate Meaning of a Word According to Collocations Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation.That is, they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is that, very
often, what is good collocation in English may not be so when translated into Chinese, or vice versa, for example, it is perfectly all right in English to say “a handsome car”, but “英俊的车子”would be totally unacceptable to the Chinese readers.Thus in C – E translation a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.“水平”的译法
1．生活水平
living standard 2．文化水平
cultural level 3．领导水平
one’s art of leadership 4．水平贸易
horizontal trade 5．水平仪
spirit level
“正式”的译法
1．正式列入记录
be officially placed on record 2.正式成员
a regular(full)member 3.正式开幕
formality opened 4．正式党员
full member of the Party 5．正式访问
official(or formal)visit 6.正式会谈
formal talks 7.正式声明
official statement
四、Choice of the Meaning of a Word Conforming to the Logic Without Considering of Literal Meaning.1．坚持以人为本
always be people-oriented / Human factors come first 2.绿色通道
landscaped roadways 3.偷税漏税
tax evasion 4．优先安置
hiring preference 5.人才市场
human resources pool 6.招商
trade and investment promotion 7.奖励工资制度
a bonus wages system 8．标准汇率
Definitive Conversion Rate 9.开始谈正题
get down to business 10．马马虎虎
after a fashion 11．擅自使用
make free with 12．崭露头角
come to the front 13．充分发挥自己的才能
to fulfill oneself 14．博得全场喝彩
bring down the gallery 15．近水楼台
a favourable position 16．举足轻重
hold the balance
Section 2 Diction in Translation We should try to help Chinese students recognize the difference between Chinese and English by means of the comparative study and know the knows but the whys.一、Chioce of the Meaning of a Word According to Semantic Scope E.G.1.根据你的建议，我们应该办大厂了。
We should go in for(run)industry in a big way in accordance with your suggestion.2.他们在教室打扫卫生。
They are ghiving the classroom a good(general / spring / through)clean(ing).3.如果你那样做，就大错特错了。
If you do it like that, you’ll be completely(gravely / seriously)mistaken(be absolutely wrong / make a big mistake / make a major blunder / commit a very gross error / all wet.)
Section 3
Diversity in Translation Some sentences, expressions, idioms and words which appear repeatedly without changing their meanings are vividly translated by using language with rich and varied and appropriate form.That is persity in translation.一、Diversity in translating Chinese words “积极”的译法 E.G.1.积极利用国外资源
make effective use of overseas resources 2．积极推进大型煤矿建设
vigorously carry forward the renovation of large coal mines 3.积极推进社会公益类科研院所改革
push forward the reform of non-profit research institutes 4．积极推进改革，扩大对外开放
press ahead with reforms and open wider to the outside world 5．积极探索管理国有资产的有效形式
energetically explore effective ways to manage state assets
6．积极地财政政策
proactive fiscal policy 7．积极支持他的事业
unfailing support of his cause “化”的译法 E.G.1．广泛使用农业信息化
to apply IT extensively to agricultural development 2.促进政府管理信息化
to promote IT for gevernment administration 3.推动社会信息化
to promote IT for social development 4．科研成果市场化,产业化
gear scientific and
technological achievement in production 5．中国经济逐步市场化
continue the gradual marketization of the Chinese economy
二、Diversity in Translating Chinese Idioms “全神贯注”的译法 E.G.to the
market and apply them
1．他全神贯注地阅读英文小说。
He has concentrated his attention on reading English novel.2.约翰正在全神贯注地研究市场经济。
John has been absorbed in the market economy.3.我们小组正在全神贯注地讨论这道数学难题。
Our group members have been engrossed in discussing this mathematical question.4.我们正在全神贯注地听校长报告。
We are preoccupied with listening to the president’s report.5．她在全神贯注地思考问题。
She is thinking of a problem with rapt attention.6．他全神贯注地听着。
He was all ears.7．下棋需要全神贯注。
Chess requires great concentration.“无动于衷”的译法 E.G.1.玛丽对任何事情都是无动于衷。
Mary has been aloof and indifferent in any matters.2．他听了这消息无动于衷。
He heard the news quite unmoved.3．他表面上显得无动于衷。
In appearance, he looks untouched.4．杰克在需要帮助的人面前总是显得无动于衷。
Jack is always unconcerned about the people who need to help.5．他对我的忠告无动于衷。
He turned a deaf ear to my advice.“大惊小怪”的译法 E.G.1.谁告诉你们了？你们这样大惊小怪的。
Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? 2.还是随便一点吧，不必大惊小怪的。
Anything will do, don’t fuss.3．奶奶病着呢，别大惊小怪的。
Our grandma is ill,don’t kick up such a shindy.4．大家听了说：“我当是谁呢，这样大惊小怪的，没必要吧。”
When others heard this they commented, “We thought it was some one who mattered, but this isn’t worth making such a fuss about.”
Chapter 2 General Skills of Lexical Translation Section 1
Reciprocity Translation We will tend to find the same words and expressions from the source-language as words, expressions or idioms in the meaning from the original language, to express the equivalent meaning in translation.1.“false friend”
That is to say, “false friend” look alike, acutually it is different each other.Translators should be good at dinguishing them to avoid making mistakes in translation.Read the tables 2.1 – 4，P.35 –36.2.Reciprocity’s Expression
Translators should avoid “false friend” showing in translation.However, there exist a lot of reciprocity expressions, of which word’s reciprocity proportion is much high, while the reciprocity proportion of idioms, proverbs and expressions is relatively rare, even if there is great difference between English and Chinese.Reciprocity Words: E.G.桌子（n.）desk / table
房间
(n.)room
展览（v.）exhibit
开放（v.）open
改革（n.）reform
发展（v.）develop
创新（v.）renovate
不断地（adv.）successively
所以（conj.）so Idioms and Proverbs: E.G.逢山开路，遇水搭桥
cut paths through mountains and build bridges across rivers
有福同享，有难同当
share joys and sorrows(share weal and woe)
浑水摸鱼
fish in troubled water
破釜沉舟
burn one’s boat
视而不见
turn a blind eye to
称心如意
be after one’s own heart
谈虎色变
turn pale at the mention of the tiger
天翻地覆
heaven and earth turning
upside down
甜言蜜语
sweet words and honeyed phrases
听天由命
submit to the will of heaven
外强中干
outwardly strong but inwardly weak
外柔内刚
soft outside but hard inside
万事大吉
everything is just fine
万般无奈
have no alternative
适者生存
survival of the fittest
骑虎难下
He who rides a tiger is a fraid to dismount
水能载舟也能覆舟
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.光阴似箭
Time flies.时者金也
Time is money.树大招风
Tall trees eatch much wind.克己恕人
Forgive others but not yourself.仁者无敌于天下
No one in the world can challenge the benignant man.欲速则不达
More hast, less speed.小巫见大巫
The moon is not seen when the sun shines.三思而后行
Look before you loap.真金不怕火炼
Pure gold does not fear furnace.自信是成功的第一秘诀
Self-trust is the first secret of success.勤劳是快乐之父
Labor is often the father of pleasure.最忙的人有最多的时间
Busiest men find the most time.Section 2
Addition Translation Addition means supplying necessary words which are lack in the original text in translation due to different laws between English and Chinese in using diction and making sentences.Addition includes two aspects: grammatical need and semantic and rhetoric need, making the version grammatically correct, semantically clear, rhetorically sound, logically acceptabe.1.Grammatical Need
There is a obvious different in morphology, syntax and
grammar between English and Chinese.E.G.: There are inflections in English, while there are no inflections in Chinese.There are a lot of used connectives, prepositions and relative pronouns, etc., while in Chinese a sentence elements run through together by internal relations, not surely using connectives or prepositions and relative pronouns, or using them rarely.1)Addition of Articles
(1)我省第二季度的进出口贸易n总额有了较大幅度的增长。
There has been a big increase in the total volume of imports and exports in our province.(2)他在越秀外语学院任教英语。
He works as an English teacher at Zhejiang Yuexiu Foreign Language College.(3)今天作“国际互联网络系统”报告的人是位电脑软件工程师。
Today the report on “Internet System” is made by a computer software engineer.(4)全民族的思想道德素质，科学文化素质和健康素质明显提高，形成比较完整的现代国民教育体
系，科学和文化创新体系，全民健身和医疗卫生体系。
The idedogical and ethical standards, the scientific and cultural qualities, and the health of the whole people will be enhanced notably, which has formed a sound modern national educational system, scientific, technological and cultural innovation systems as well as nationwide fitness and medical and health systems.2)Addition of Prepositions
(1)我们为你们取得的每一个胜利感到欢欣鼓舞。
We rejoice at every victory you win.(2)岁月不待人。
Time and tide wait for no man.(3)正当聚精会神看书的时候，一不速之客来访。
While absorbed in reading, she was called on by an unexpected visitor.(4)自80年代以来，国际互联网迅速普及和广泛应用绝不是偶然的，它是“信息爆炸”时代的必然产物。
That the “Internet” has been rapidly popularized and widely used has been by no means accidental
since eighties.It is the inevitable product in the era of “information explosion”.3)Addition of Pronouns
(1)安居乐业是老百姓的共同愿望。
It is the common desire of the people to live and work in peace and contentment.(2)活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.(3)一个星期没有洗澡，一身臭汗。
I am smelling of seven-day----old sweat.(4)等完成任务再相见。
Let’s meet after we complete the task.(5)推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should push to integrate the production, processing and marketing of agricultural products.(6)他用手蒙住脸，好像是为了不想见她。
He covered his face with his hands as if not to want to see her.(7)他把全部身心都倾注到为所在的社区服务中去了。
He has devoted himself entirely to the service of his community.(8)即使没有花，花瓶本身就很美。
The vase itself is beautiful even without flowers.4)Addition of Pronouns as an Object
(1)交出试卷之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
Before handing in your examination paper, you should read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected.(2)他越是掩盖他的错误，就越会暴露。
The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revenled them.5)Addition of Verbs
(1)他们意气风发。
They are in high spirits.(2)他们喜形于色。
They became with joy.(3)我对他敬而远之。
I stood aloof from him.(4)这篇文章浅显易懂。
This article is easy to read and understand.6)Addition of Connectives
(1)发展体育运动，增强人民体质。
Promote physical culture and build up the people’s health.(2)我们的工作一不为名，二不为利。
We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.(3)我要在这里待到我工作结束时为止。
I shall stay here until I’ve completed my work.2.Addition for Semantic and Rhetorical Need 1)Addition of Semantic Meaning Implying in the Original
(1)要在不到10年中实现小康目标，任务是很艰难的，因为中国人口多，底子薄，各地发展不平衡„„
Given China’s huge population, low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country, a relatively comfortable standard of living will not be easy to reach before the next decade…
(2)„„思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到归时方始休，月明人倚楼。„„
My thought stretches endlessly，My grief wretches endlessly，So thus my husband comes to me，Alone on moon----lit balcony.…
(3)哼！你别看我耳朵聋，----可我的心并不聋啊！
Hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehesion.2)Addition of Generalization Words
(1)不管刮风下雨还是酷热严寒，都不能阻止这个工程的进展。
Wind or rain, extremely hot or bitter cold----these
can’t stop the project making good progress.(2)别忘了是你娘一把屎一把尿地把你拉扯大的。
Don’t forget it is your mother who has taken great pains to bring you up.3)Addition of Explanatory Words
(1)他们俩组建了一个“丁克”家庭。
They form a Dink family----double income, no kids.(2)我们努力实现中国四个现代化。
We strive to realize the four modernizations----of industry, agriculture, defense, science and technology.Section 3
Omission
Omission means deleting not indispensabe and self-evident elements in sentences from the original so that the version becomes presice and clear.1.Omission of Words Conveying a Category.Some Chinese words “task” “situation” “work” etc, which usually have concrete meanings,are translated naturally, but some category words without concrete meanings may be omitted.E.G.1)改革开放扭转了经济停滞不前的局面。
Reform and opening-up reserved the stagnation of national economy.2）他担任了鲁迅作品的翻译任务。
He has taken up / undertaken the translation of Luxun’s works.3）出口物质不得超过限定范围。
The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.4）中国在全国范围内开展污染防治工作和环境保护活动。
China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.5）会议中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。
During the meeting, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectural properties rights.6）今年上半年进出口计划的执行情况，也是很好的。
Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.2.Omission of the Repeated Words E.G.1）出现问题也容易纠正和改正。
When problems emerge, the can be easily put right.2）中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。
Our Party must always represent the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces;the orientation of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.3.Omission of the Modifiers Flashy and without substance E.G.1）我们需要从其他国家进口先进工艺设备。
We need to import advanced industrial equipment.2）我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。
We must carry forward and promote the spirit of practicality, truth-seeking and courage in innovation.3）鼓励国内外投资者到中西部投资。
Encourage both Chinese and overseas investments in the central and western regions.4.Adjust Syntactic Structure and Omit Some Words E.G.1）„„我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳定的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。
… That we are going in the right direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and that we have achieved tremendous success.2）新世纪赋予我们美好的期待和希望，新世纪激励我们付出更多才智去建设人类更美好的家园。
The new century has raised high hopes in our hearts, inspiring us to devote more talent and wisdom to the building of a better home.Section 4
Combination
In Chinese-English translation, now that synonyms are used togetherto convey the same meaning, translators can combined together to be translated----combination.Repetition of different words with the same meanins----synonym’s repetition, which is very
universal in Chinese.Chinese is particular about balance and seeks symmetry especially in translation of “four-character expressions” E.G.花言巧语
fine words
精疲力竭
exhausted
吞吞吐吐
stumbling
破釜沉舟
burn one’s toat
生动活泼
lively
光辉灿烂
brilliant
丰功伟绩
great achievements
心灰意懒
to feel disheartened
干净整洁
clean and tidy
互敬互爱
to respect each other and love each other
断章取义
to quote out of context 植树造林
afforestation
风调雨顺
good weather for the crops
Section 5
Conversion Conversion means that some words from the original sentence are converted into other words
according to the version’s normal way in translation, which is a basic translation.In conversion, Chinese nouns, verbs, adjectives can be used as subject, predicate, object and predicative.Generally speaking, conversion can not violate the original meaning and be conducive for the smooth version.1.Conversion of Chinese Verbs
Using verbs in Chinese is very frequent, sometimes several verbs are used together in a sentence;while in English, a verb is used in a sentence in which it is served as predicate.Therefore in translation it is very difficult to avoid the conversion of the Chinese verbs.E.G.1）学习语言很艰苦，成为一名有名的语言学家需要很长的时间。
The study of language is very hard, and it takes long time to become a famous linguist.33
2）我一直得到你的帮助，心里着实感激不尽。
I am very grateful to you for all the help you’ve given me.3）这首老歌使我想起了自己的孩提时代。
The old song is suggestive of my childhood.2.Conversion of Chinese Nouns E.G.1）他的目标是要成为一个成功的小说家。
He aims to be a successful novelist.2）我们培养的学生都应该是德、智、体全面发展。
All the students who we train should develop morally, intellectually and physically.3）如果旅馆都满客了，我们可以给你提供住处。
We can house you if the hotels are full.3.Conversion of Chinese Adjectives or Adverbs E.G.1）我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.2）那消息很快传遍全世界。
The news quickly spread throughout the world.3）我们政府对留学国外的学生很关心。
Our government shows great concern for the Chinese students abroad.4）他们热烈欢迎这位著名的科学家。
They give this famous scientist a warm welcome.5）独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.6）她急切地希望看到她的老师。
She has a strong desire to see her teacher.Section 6
Translation by Changing Embodying Way There is a great difference in cultures between Chinese and English, which surely embodies
these languages, we sometimes have to convert embodying way in translation due to their cultural and customary differences in order to accord with the custom of the target language.Substitution----substitution is a means of representing the given information in a new context, and also means changing a word in the word-meaning, and changing a sentence pattern syntactically, and avoids repetition and is a means of connecting the context.1.Substitution of Nouns
E.G.1）最令人讨厌的习惯或许就是随地吐痰。
Probably the single most upsetting habit is that of spitting.2）甲：请问，我能要一杯清咖啡加糖吗？
乙：也给我一杯清咖啡加糖。
A: Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, please.B: Give the same, please.3）这是我厂的关键车间，设备比较齐全的。这些机械设备的上方，我们还装配了冷却通风设备，供暖设备以及通讯设备。
This is the key workshop in our factory.Here we have comparativety complete equipment, cooling-fan installations, heating devices and communications facilities are also equipped over those machineries.2.Substitution of Verbs E.G.1）我同你一样不知道。
I dont know any more than you do.2）我希望周五做完作业，不过如果你忙的话，星期六完成也行。
I’d like finishing your homework by Friday, but Saturday will do if you are busy.3）彼得加入我们的小组，我不知道戴维是不是会加入我们组。
Peter is joining our group, I am not sure whether David will do so or not.4）我答应了给他买票，我一定要买到票。
I promised to get a ticket for him and I will do so.Section 7
Translation of Appraisal Some words contain the meaning of appraisal,and the words can be categoried into “commendatary sense, derogagatory sense, and neutral sense” according to the words feeling color.Appraisal is surely translated into the version with some feeling color, and pay attention to different feeling colors in words in differently cultural background.E.G.1）他热衷于个人名利。
He is always hankering after personal fame and gains.2）他热衷于足球。
He is fond of playing football.3）我们应该把无业人员培训成生产者。
We should train the unemployeesrain into producers.4）我们应该加强合作。
We should enhance our mutual cooperation.5）中国的经济是一个大问题。
China’s economy is a great question.38
第三篇：外语类英语专业笔译课件7
外语类英语专业笔译课件7.txt举得起放得下叫举重，举得起放不下叫负重。头要有勇气，抬头要有底气。学习要加，骄傲要减，机会要乘，懒惰要除。人生三难题：思，相思，单相思。本文由chiidu贡献
ppt文档可能在WAP端浏览体验不佳。建议您优先选择TXT，或下载源文件到本机查看。Translation Techniques(2)
Division, Paraphrase, Repetition
Teaching Plan
Teaching Contents: Translation skills Teaching Aims: To know more translation techniques and then put them into practice Teaching Focus: pision, paraphrase, repetition Teaching Methods: Student-centered(group work, then class work).分译法
英汉两种语言的表达方式在很多地方大相径庭。英语常常用一个词或短语表达一层意思，而汉语 一般用包含动词的小句表达一层意思。英语里状 语大多在动词后面，后置定语用的很多，有关系 代词、关系副词、分词和像that那样可以引导多种 从句的连词，因而一句话里常常是一个从句（或 短语）套一个从句（或短语），一连套许多从句（或短语），可仍然层次分明，逻辑清楚，而汉 语则往往用若干小句表达一句话的意思。
树状 VS.竹状 竹状
分译法
从句法上看，在翻译时，我们可以把英语的一句 话中的一个词、一个短语或一个从句译成汉语中 的几个词或几个短句，同时可以把这句话中的主 语、谓语、定语、状语等成分译成汉语中的不同 成分。这种译法称之为分译法（Division）。分译 法不仅可用于拆译长句，也可用于拆译短语，甚 至可以拆译单词。
分译法
▲单词分译，就是将句中的某一个单词分译开来。
这类分译又可以分为五类： 1.单词词义分译
2.单词搭配分译 2.单词搭配分译 3.灵活对等分译 3.灵活对等分译 4.突出语言重点 4.突出语言重点 5.修辞需要词语分译 5.修辞需要词语分译
分译法
1.单词词义分译 单词词义分译
英语有些单词的语义呈综合型，即一个词内 集合了几个语义成分。译成汉语时，不易找 到合适的对等词，很难将其词义一下全部表 达出来。这种情况下，汉译可采用分析型，即“扩展”型的方法分析原语，将其语义成 分分布到几个不同的词语上，例如：
分译法
1)She inspected the table for dust with her finger.她用手指抹抹桌子，看看有没有灰尘 抹抹桌子 灰尘。她用手指抹抹桌子，看看有没有灰尘。2)She twirled mechanically a ribbon of her cap around one of her fingers.老是把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来，把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来 她老是把帽子上的一条缎带在一个手指上绕过来，过去。绕过去。3)That little pink-faced chit Amelia with not half any sense, has ten thousand pounds and an establishment secure.爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿，爱米丽亚那粉红脸儿的小不点儿，还没有我一半懂 一应俱全。倒有一万镑财产，住宅家具奴仆一应俱全 事，倒有一万镑财产，住宅家具奴仆一应俱全。分译法
2.单词搭配分译 单词搭配分译
英语中有些词语间的搭配关系，汉译时要打破 原文的结构，按照汉语习惯，将有关词语
分别译 出。例如： 1)She treated that lady with every demonstration of cool respect.她对于那位夫人不冷不热，不错规矩。她对于那位夫人不冷不热，不错规矩。2)She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.她心地善良，待人和气，性格温柔，举止高雅，她心地善良，待人和气，性格温柔，举止高雅，为人大方。为人大方。
分译法
1)The town boasts a beautiful lake.镇上有个美丽的湖，人人以此为自豪。（主谓搭配分译）2）His wealth enables him to do everything.他有钱，什么事都能干。（主谓搭配分 译）3）But his armies had outrun their supplies.但是他的军队前进太快，给养供应不上。（动宾搭配分译）
分译法
4）His announcement got a mixed reaction.他的声明引起了反应，不过有好有坏。（定 语与中心词的搭配分译）5）I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch.我抚摸着白桦光滑的树表，久久爱不释手。(状语与中心词的搭配分译)6）They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see.他们见花就摘，毫不爱惜。(状语与中心词的 搭配分译)
分译法
3.灵活对等分译 灵活对等分译
英语中有些单词，如果按其在句中的位置机械地 译成汉语，往往容易造成意义不够明确，遇到这 类情况，应采用灵活对等分译，不拘泥于形式对 应，尽量使译文读者对译文的反应等值于原文读 者对原文的反应。例如： Our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself.我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。
如果逐字译成“我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着未来”，并不 能算错，但意思却不甚明了，因为“浪漫”一词在汉语里 含意较多。此处为“想入非非”，所以分译成“一脑袋幻 想”较为明确。既突出了人物性格，又避免了翻译腔。
分译法
4.突出语言重点 突出语言重点
有时逐字翻译虽然也能使语句通顺，但都不如 分译更能传达句内所含的语义重点。例如： „there was in the old library at Queen’s Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English languages„ 在女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里，有不少18世纪 的文学作品，有英文的，也有法文的，都是些 轻松的读物„„
分译法
5.修辞需要词语分译 修辞需要词语分译
有时将单词分译是为达到某种修辞效果，如： 1)And in their disputes she always returned to this point, “Get me a situation — we hate each other, and I am ready to go.”
从此以后他们每拌一次嘴，她就回到老题目，说道： “给我找个事情，我愿意走，反正咱们你恨我我嫌你。”
2)Not that the parting speech caused Amelia philosophize, or that it aimed her in any way with a calmness, the result of argument, „
倒并不是（平克顿小姐的）临别赠言使爱米丽亚想的通 丢的开，因此心平气和，镇静下来„„
重复法
重复法在英译汉中的应用 汉语有个明显的特点，也是英语所少见的，就 是同义词语的重复。这种重复在汉语修辞上称为反复，为的是突出某个意思，强调某种感情，以加强读者 的印象。但是在许多情况下，并非出自修辞需要 修辞需要，而 修辞需要 是语言本身所固有 语言本身所固有的。在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原 语言本身所固有 文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原 文意思。这种反复使用某些词语的翻译方法就叫重复 法。一般说来，重复法有三个作用：一是为了明确，重复法有三个作用： 重复法有三个作用 一是为了明确，二是为了强调，三是为了生动。二是为了强调，三是为了生动。
重复法
（一）为了明确
1．名词的重复 ．
（1）重复作宾语的名词）（2）重复作表语的名词（3）重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词
2.动词的重复 3.代词的重复 3.代词的重复
重复法
（一）为了明确
1．名词的重复（1）重复作宾语的名词
1)We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.我们应学会如何分析问题、解决问题。2)I had experienced oxygen and / or engine trouble.我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。
重复法
（2）重复作表语的名词
1)Every single woman I ever know is a puzzle to me, as, I have no doubt, she is to herself.我所认识的每一个女人对我来说都是一个谜，而且我 毫不怀疑，她自己对她本人也是一个谜。2)This has been our position — but not theirs.这一直是我们的立场――而不是他们的立场。3)Peter is your enemy as much as he is mine.彼德既是你的敌人，又是我的敌人。
重复法
（3）重复英语前置词短语中所省略的名词,重复使用前 置词是英文的一大特点，并常常将第二个，第三个前置 词前的名词省略，翻译成汉语时则往往要把此名词重复，以代替英语中的前置词。1)Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。2)A government of and by and for exploiting class cannot possibly survive.一个为剥削阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成并为 剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。
重复法
2.动词的重复 2.动词的重复 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在 英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，译文中往往要重复这个动词。译文中往往要重复这个动词。
1)People forget your face first, then your name.人们首先忘记你的容貌，接着又忘记你的名字。2)This requires care and, for difficult problems, great experience.这就需要细心，而且对许多难题来说，还需要丰富的经 验。
重复法
3)They talked of the things they longed for — of meat and of hot soup and of the richness of butter.他们谈到了他们所渴望的那些东西――谈到了肉类，谈到了热汤，谈到了黄油的丰富营养。4)He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences,nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength.他不再梦见风涛，不再梦见惊人的遭遇，也不再梦 见大鱼、搏斗和角力。
重复法
3.代词的重复 代词的重复
英文用代词替代前文所述的人或物，因此代词 在英文句子里出现频繁。汉语则不然，往往要重 复名词，代词的使用不像英文那么多。中文句子 里的代词用多了，反倒意思搞不清，这也是个有 趣的现像，例如She said she would spend her money.这个句子，倘若译成“她说她要花她的钱”，读 者就会引起误会，很可能以为她要去花另一个人 的钱，所以译文应为“她说她要花自己的钱”。因此，英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉 语习惯重复其所代替的名词。
重复法
1）Ignoring a problem does not solve it.对于一个问题置之不理，并不能解决问题。2)But there are clues, and they seem to bear out my earlier suspicion.但是有蛛丝马迹可寻的，这些蛛丝马迹似乎都足以证实 我最初的揣测。3)When her eyes looked up, they were very large, odd, and attractive.她抬起眼晴的时候，眼睛显得很大，很特别，很动人。4）He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且 藐视别人的失败。
重复法
英 语 中 强 势 关 系 代 词 或 强 势 关 系 副 词 whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译时常使用重复法处 等等，等等 理。5）Whoever works hard will be respected.谁工作努力，谁就会受到尊重。6）Wherever severe oppression existed, there would be revolution.哪里有残酷的压迫，哪里就有革命。7）Come over to see me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空，就什么时候来找我。
重复法
为了使译文明确具体，除了上面谈到的一些重复手 段外，还有一种情况：英语原文没有重复，汉译时 英语原文没有重复，英语原文没有重复 采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复手段。采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复手段。8）He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。9）He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.他既精于飞行，又善于导航。
重复法
（二）为了强调
英语句子中往往重复关键的词，以使读者留下 深刻的印象，英译汉时往往可以采用同样的重复 手段。（1）英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可 英语原文中有词的重复，以保持同样的重复（2）英文原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可 英文原文中有词的重复，以用同义词重复之
重复法
（1）如果英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时 如果英语原文中有词的重复，可以保持同样的重复 1)Work while you work, play while you play.该工作时就工作，该玩时就玩。
2)It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.生于社会，不能脱离社会。
3)Year after year and century after century the moon goes through its cycles.一年又一年，一个世纪又一个世纪，月亮盈亏变化，周而 复始。
重复法
（2）英文原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以 英文原文中有词的重复，用同义词重复之 1)Easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。2)No pains, no gains.不劳无获。3)During their stay in Beijing, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Beijing University and visited the Great Wall.他们在北京逗留期间，拜访了几个老朋友，参观了 北京大学，游览了长城。
重复法
（三）为了生动
出于译文行文上的考虑，有时虽然英文原文中 没有词的重复，但译者在推敲、校正和润饰译文行 文的过程中，有意识地采取一些重复手段，使译文 更加生动。1.运用两个四字词组 1.运用两个四字词组 2.运用词的重迭 2.运用词的重迭 3.运用四字对偶词组 3.运用四字对偶词组
重复法
1．运用两个四字词组
经常出现四字词组是汉语的一大特点。四字词组比较 精练，念起来顺口，有节奏感，如运用恰当，可使文字生 动活泼，增强修辞效果。为了使译文符合忠实、通顺的标 准，译者有时可酌情运用两个同义或近义的四字词组，这 也是一种重复。重复的词组或词语，不仅能给译文增添神 采,还会使读者倍感亲切。
重复法
1）He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。
2)The questions were evidently unexpected to the slowwitted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外，他立 刻显得张口结舌，哑口无言。
3)Instead we continued to embellish the cover story, walking blindly into his trap.而事实不然，我们却仍然对那个掩盖真相的假情况添油加 醋，大肆渲染，从而盲人骑瞎马地陷入了他布置的圈套。
重复法
2．运用词的重迭
1)The toasts were flat.祝酒辞平平淡淡。2)I wasn’t evasive in my reply.我的回答并不躲躲闪闪。3)A slanting sunlight dappled the grass.斜阳把草地照得斑斑驳驳。4)The farm buildings and the wheel-house were all dim and bluish.农场房屋和水车护架都模模糊糊，呈现着浅 蓝色。
重复法
3．运用四字对偶词组
汉语中有不少对偶词组，汉语中有不少对偶词组，在这个四字中前后两对 字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，字形成对偶，往往具有相同或类似的含义，所以 也是一种重复。也是一种重复。英译汉时我们可酌情采用此类四 字对偶词组，使译文显得生动活泼。字对偶词组，使译文显得生动活泼。
重复法
rumors calm grotesque prosperous 流言蜚语 镇定自若 奇形怪状 繁荣昌盛重复法
gratitude ingratitude vivid careless in chaos street gossip eternal glory to great contributions
感恩戴德 忘恩负义 生动活泼 粗心大意 乌烟瘴气 街谈巷议 永垂不朽 丰功伟绩重复法
1)The trial, in his opinion, was absolutely fair.据他看来，这次审判是绝对公平合理的。2)She is an awful fool of a woman.她是一个非常愚昧无知的女人。3)She told him of John’s fancy.她把约翰的胡思乱想告诉了他。
释义法
1）We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.我们决不能姑息坏人。
2)Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.不过过早乐观（真正的困难还在后头呢）。
3)His newly employed woman servant was extremely lazy and ate a lot, no more than a white elephant.他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒是不小，真是一个无 用而又累赘的东西。
4)It’s hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold.同反复无常的人没法相处。
5)By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.释义法
6）我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。
I’m not sure whether I can win the honor.It’s a birth in the bush.7)这是他们两人之间的事情，你去插一脚干嘛。
That’s a business of their own.Why should you get involved in it?
8)别人家里鸡零狗离的事你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳。
You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families.You are really well informed.9)她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。She volunteered to the teaching post in this primary school.本TXT由“文库宝”下载:http:///wenkubao
第四篇：小班第二学期教学内容安排课件资料
小班第二学期教学内容安排：2015、2
2-3月份 活动目标：
1、能围绕图片内容讲述不跑题，感受作品的情感基调以及人物特点。
2、复习空间方位：上、下、前、后，能以自身或客体为中心，辨别物体正确的运动方向。认识长方形、梯形并知道其特征，能在周围环境找出相应图形。
3、认识“〉”（渐弱符号），通过感受歌曲力度的变化，体会歌词所展示的情景；学习用线条和图案表现物体的基本结构和主要特征，提高对色彩的运用能力。
4、初步养成爱劳动，爱护环境的习惯,感受生活的美和乐趣；培养幼儿参与体育活动的兴趣，能听信号进行简单队列变化,学会做新操。
5、了解蚊子和蜗牛的基本特征及生长环境，有兴趣探索动物世界的奥秘，培养幼儿初步的环保意识。
6、认识种植的基本工具和步骤；使用小工具自由玩沙，注意安全；通过观察，对自己的手有一定的认识，养成良好的卫生习惯。
7、懂得一些自我保护方法和安全常识，提高幼儿解决问题的能力，激发自信心。
8、引导幼儿运用拼搭、收缩、错位、平铺、拓展的拼搭技能进行拼搭活动。活动内容：
语言：《逛花街》、《小猪盖房子》、《春天的电话》、《春天》、《你问我答》、《我进步了》
数学：区分向上、向下、向前、向后 认识正方形、长方形、梯形、快乐小兔、有趣的长方形、小狗拼图、音乐：《这是什么》（猜猜唱唱）<一>、《这是什么》（唱唱演演）<一>、《什么动物出来玩》（韵律活动）、《小花猫和小老鼠》（歌唱）<一>、《小花猫和小老鼠》（做做唱唱）<二>、《生日树》（画画跳跳）、《数字歌》（唱唱认认）<一>、《数字歌》（唱唱演演）<二>、《动物合唱队》（歌唱）<一>、《动物合唱队》（唱唱演演）<二>、《啤酒桶波尔卡》（欣赏）。
美术：《红包生肖—牛》（欣赏）、《七星瓢虫》(油画棒画)、《房子》（油画棒画）、《汤圆与盘子》（泥工）、《小眼睛看世界》（油画棒画）、《鸡蛋花》（棉签画）、《彩色的树》(油画棒画)、《小扇子》（折纸）、《河里的鱼》（蜡笔画）、《青蛙》（油画棒画）、《金鱼》（粘贴添画）、《地球妈妈》（主题画）、《表情》（线条画）、《菊花香》（棉签水粉画）
健康：安全教育、《小小清洁工》、《我变美了》、《小小种植角》、学新操、队形队列、玩沙、《小小消防员》、《交通安全教育》
科学：《小蚊子》、《蜗牛》、《我的手》、《鸟的嘴巴》、《可爱的蜘蛛》、社会：《独自在家时》、《动物是我们的朋友》、《大家来植树》、《拍球比赛》
积木建构游戏:结实墙（小班活动课程p10）镂空墙（小班p13）阳台上的花盆（邦宝p6）楼梯（邦宝p7）转角墙（邦宝p9）围墙（邦宝p10小班p16）
4月份 活动目标：
1、感受诗歌优美的语言韵味，学习正确运用动词、形容词进行讲述，提高幼儿语言概括的能力。
2、认读1—10，能根据提供的物品点数，粘贴数字，并正确运用1—10的正逆顺序。
3、能用回答的形式演唱歌曲，唱准附点，尝试分组选择不同乐器进行合奏练习；学习涂出渐变颜色的技巧，发展撕、粘贴的动手操作能力，巩固团圆和压扁的泥工技能。
4、教幼儿随曲线慢跑，发展幼儿跑的能力，练习双脚立定跳远，提高弹跳能力，增强身体素质。
5、了解部分动物的外部形态、特点及生活习性。
6、了解清明节的由来，感受清明节与其他节日在气氛上的不同。
7、知道树木的作用以及树林被破坏的危害，简单了解树木与人类、环境的关系。
8、能正确自我认识、评价，培养幼儿不轻易放弃、克服困难的个性。
9、学习运用对齐拼搭、加固拼搭技能构建出不同规模的梁桥。综合运用各种拼搭进行立体物构型的建构技能。
活动内容：
语言：《猜猜我有多爱你》、《动物小船》、《报花名》、《河岸上》《我们有好看的书》《小动物进城》
数学：认读1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10 音乐：《香粽子》（想想唱唱）<一>、《香粽子》（唱唱演演）<二>、《小看戏》（打击乐）、《滑稽的脚先生》（歌唱）<一>、《滑稽的脚先生》（唱唱演演）<二>、《走路》（歌唱）<一>、《走路》（唱唱演演）<二>、《音阶歌》（唱唱认认）<一>、《音阶歌》（唱唱认认）<二>、《手腕转动》（歌唱）<一>、《手腕转动》（唱唱编编）<二>、《蝴蝶找花》（韵律活动）
美术：《帆船》（意愿画）、《蜗牛》（蜡笔画）、《梅花》（手指点画）、《沙滩上的螃蟹》（油画棒画）、《水果篮子》（意愿画）、《房子与树》（蜡笔画）、《菠萝》（粘贴添画）、《小鹿》（蜡笔画）、《火车》（蜡笔画）、《菠萝叶子》（粘贴）
健康：《爱洗澡》、《不干净吃了得病》、《回家了》、《我敢说》、哑铃操、《争取胜利》、《摘星星》、《抛球和接球》、《防溺水教育》
科学：《动物避暑》、《老虎和猫》、《乌鸦喝水》、《妈妈的菜篮》、《可爱的豆芽宝宝》、《米饭哪里来》、社会：《清明时节雨纷纷》、《勇敢的孩子》、《著名的音乐家》、《碰疼别人了》
积木建构游戏: 河堤（邦宝p23）梁桥（小班p28）小汽车（邦宝P25小班P35）小龙舟（邦宝P26小班P38）5月份 活动目标：
1、能仔细观察画面细节，推测角色关系和结局；感受诗歌有趣的情感，学习故事的艺术语言。
2、初步学会图形之间的转换关系，复习图形分类，学会区分厚薄、粗细，养成良好的观察力和思维力。
3、学习从弱拍起的歌曲，感受旋律的变化，并尝试用简单的方式把自己的感觉表达出来；发展初步的构图能力，逐步养成专注细致 的绘画习惯，感受画面的明暗对比。
4、知道摔倒后保护自己的方法，懂得遵守交通规则，学会安全出行；锻炼手眼的协调能力，发展幼儿的平衡、跳跃能力，培养幼儿的创造力。
5、知道水产食物和耕种食物的概念，学会区分不同的食物，产生对食物探索的兴趣。
6、知道国旗、国徽的特征和表示的意思，激发热爱祖国的情感。
7、初步了解交通工具的演变过程。
7、综合运用及选择特殊积木进行构型的技能。让幼儿学会分析模型的构成组块采用各种技能逐层拼搭。
活动内容：
语言：《微笑》、《有趣的伞》、《门板上的画》、《悯农》、《聪明的鱼妈妈》、《它少了什么》、《一只蛤蟆一张嘴》、数学：图形关系、图形点数、比厚薄、比粗细、数图形、小小书店、看看谁最棒、接水管
音乐：《线条的音乐画》（听听做做）<一>、《线条的音乐画》（听听画画）<一>、《只怕不抵抗》（打击乐）、《凼凼转》（歌唱）<一>、《凼凼转》（唱唱演演）<二>、《谁是小熊》（韵律活动）、《建筑之歌》（歌唱）<一>、《建筑之歌》（唱唱编编）<二>、《北京的金山上》（打击乐）、《会跳舞的发条玩具》（歌唱）<一>、《会跳舞的发条玩具》（唱唱演演）<二>、《老鹰捉小鸡》（韵律活动）
美术：《中国娃娃》（线条画）、《虾》（蜡笔画）、《车》（装饰画）《小兔》（蜡笔画）、《可爱的小蜜蜂》（油画棒画）、《蜻蜓和花》（手指点画）、《萝卜》（蜡笔画）、《樱桃》（油画棒）、《荔枝》（粘贴）、《生日蛋糕》（蜡笔画）、《大公鸡》（油画棒画）、《一串红》（手指点画）、《花瓶与花》（擦画）、《愿望花》（油画棒画）、健康：《摔倒了怎么办》、《这样做对吗》、《生病以后》、《要遵守交通规则》、《送信》、《玩软管》、《老虎捉猴子》、《看谁投得高》、《防震减灾教育》、《远离噪音》、《回家了》
科学：《美丽的荷花》、《纸的秘密》、《它们吸水吗》、《水的秘密》、《观察物体》
社会：《我爱国旗、国徽》、《学做天气记录》、《城市美容师》、《从古至今话交通》
积木建构游戏:小飞机(邦宝P27小班P45)小鸭（小班p60）长颈鹿（小班P48）小鸡（小班p56）
6-7月份 活动目标：
1、感受古诗押韵简洁、朗朗上口的口语特点；独立看书时能看懂每幅图的大意，对文学作品感兴趣。
2、能按照物体的两个特征对物体进行分类，学会按照二项规则排序。
3、能用肢体动作表现对旋律与节奏的感受，分清以自我为中心的不同方向，能与舞伴的动作保持一致；感受陶瓷艺术的风格及特征，懂得用多种线条表现帽子的外形及花纹图案。
4、增加对夏天天气特征的认识，了解防暑降温的方法；养成爱劳动的好习惯，增强自我服务的意识；学习玩高跷，锻炼平衡能力和 手脚协调能力，初步学会倒退走，发展幼儿跑的能力。
5、通过观察对材料能否吸水及物体的沉浮有一定的了解，理解力的作用及摩擦力，在探究活动中喜欢思考，善于合作。
6、学习正确处理同伴间的矛盾和冲突，初步学会有意识地控制自己的情绪和愿望，知道犯错后要勇于承认。
7、学会观察物体，能区分冷热水，体验与同伴合作、交流的乐趣。
8、能正确理解“＝、≠”的含义。
9、了解岭南地区风格各异的民居及其用途。
10、学会选择材料进行逐层拼搭的建构技能。学会综合运用各种技能进行逐层建构。
活动内容：
语言：《好朋友》、《爱的礼物》、《我能飞》、《爱吃水果的牛》、《你喜欢冬天还是夏天》、《头上长西瓜》
数学：分类、二项规则排序、帽子商店、帽子商店、小熊分气球、图形迷宫、串项链、认识“＝、≠”、“＝、≠”的运用
音乐：《朋友舞》（歌唱）<一>、《朋友舞》（唱唱跳跳）<二>、《小麻雀》（编编玩玩）、《听音乐找画面》（听听找找）、《跳跳糖》（歌唱）<一>、《跳跳糖》（唱唱玩玩）<二>、《金蛇狂舞》（听听玩玩）、《理发店》（歌唱）<一>、《理发店》（唱唱编编）<二>、《悄悄话》（歌唱）<一>、《悄悄话》（唱唱演演）<二>、《小白船》（欣赏）
美术：《天气》（线条画）、《荷花》（蜡笔画）、《潮州木雕》（欣赏）、《帽子》（意愿画）、《做面条》（泥工）、《佛山陶瓷》（欣赏）、《猫咪相片》（线条画）、《熊猫》（蜡笔画）、《向日葵》（手工）、《我爱运动》（蜡笔画）、《公车》（装饰画）、《蜗牛》（撕贴）
健康：《炎热的夏天》、《剥毛豆荚》、《穿裤子》、《走高跷》、《灵活的汽车》、《塑料圈的游戏》、《捕小鱼》、《防食物中毒教育》、《下雨了》、《爱护小脚丫》、棒操、科学：《会浮的东西》、《力的作用》、《摩擦力》、《冷水和热水》、《水的净化》、《预防溺水》
社会：《端午节》、《玲玲哭了》、《不做任性的孩子》、《图书是我撕破的》、《我爱省会—广州》、《岭南民居》
积木建构游戏: 金鱼（小班p63）小乌龟（小班p67）拱桥（邦宝p34）小邮轮（邦宝p36小班p41）大型客机（邦宝p32）帆船（邦宝p31）
第五篇：新东方笔译
我们相聚在美国和穆斯林世界之间关系十分紧张的时期──这种紧张关系的历史根源远远超出了当前的任何政策辩论。伊斯兰教与西方世界之间的关系史既包括好几个世纪的共存与合作，也包括冲突和宗教战争。在近代，剥夺众多穆斯林权利和机会的殖民主义，以及穆斯林占主体的国家往往被视为傀儡、对其自身意愿鲜有顾及的冷战，加剧了这种紧张。此外，现代化和全球化带来的巨大变化致使很多穆斯林将西方视为伊斯兰传统的敌人。
We meet at a time of tension between the United States and Muslims around the worldto speak the truth as best I can, humbled by the task before us, and firm in my belief that the interests we share as human beings are far more powerful than the forces that drive us apart.作为一个研读历史的人，我还知道伊斯兰教对文明的重大贡献。正是伊斯兰教──在爱资哈尔这样的地方──让学术之光照亮了一个又一个世纪，为欧洲的文艺复兴和启蒙运动铺平了道路。穆斯林群体不断创新，发明了代数学；磁性罗盘仪和导航工具；掌握了书写与印刷术；使我们了解了疾病的传播与治疗方式。伊斯兰文化为我们创造了雄伟的拱顶和高耸的尖塔；永恒的诗篇和美妙的音乐；遒劲的书法和瞑思静想之所。纵观历史，伊斯兰教以言词和行动揭示了宗教容忍与种族平等的可能。
As a student of history, I also know civilization's debt to Islam.It was Islamthat carried the light of learning through so many centuries, paving the way for Europe's Renaissance and Enlightenment.It was innovation in Muslim communities that developed the order of algebra;our magnetic compass and tools of navigation;our mastery of pens and printing;our understanding of how disease spreads and how it can be healed.Islamic culture has given us majestic arches and soaring spires;timeless poetry and cherished music;elegant calligraphy and places of peaceful contemplation.And throughout history, Islam has demonstrated through words and deeds the possibilities of religious tolerance and racial equality.我们已经懂得，当一个国家的金融体系衰弱时，世界各地的繁荣都受损害。当一种新流感感染了一个人时，对所有人都有威胁。当一个国家寻求核武器时，所有国家都 面临核袭击的更大危险。当暴力极端分子在一个山区活动时，大洋彼岸的人受到威胁。当波斯尼亚和达尔富尔无辜的人民遭屠杀时，它给我们大家的良心留下污点。这就是在21世纪共享世界的含义。这就是我们作为人类相互具有的责任。
For we have learned from recent experience that when a financial system weakens in one country, prosperity is hurt everywhere.When a new flu infects one human being, all are at risk.When one nation pursues a nuclear weapon, the risk of nuclear attack rises for all nations.When violent extremists operate in one stretch of mountains, people are endangered across an ocean.And when innocents in Bosnia and Darfur are slaughtered, that is a stain on our collective conscience.That is what it means to share this world in the 21st century.That is the responsibility we have to one another as human beings.阿富汗的形势既说明了美国的目标，也说明我们必须进行合作。7年多前，美国在广泛的国际支持下追剿“基地”组织和塔利班。我们毫无选择的余地，因为我们必须 这样做。我知道，有人仍对
9.11事件有疑问或为其找借口。但我们必须清楚地认识到：2001年9月11日，“基地”组织杀害了将近3000人，受害者是 美国和许多其他国家的无辜男子、妇女和儿童，他们未曾伤害任何人。他们与“基地”组织政治上的嫌怨或仇恨意识形态毫不相干。然而，“基地”组织蓄意残忍地杀害了这些人，声称这一袭击行动系其所为，并一再表明打算再次进行大规模屠杀的狼子野心。他们在很多国家都有同伙，并企图扩大他们的影响。这些都不是可以 辩论的看法问题，而是必须正视的事实。
The situation in Afghanistan demonstrates America's goals, and our need to work together.Over seven years ago, the United States pursued al Qaeda and the Taliban with broad international support.We did not go by choice, we went because of necessity.I am aware that some question or justify the events of 9/11.But let us be clear: al Qaeda killed nearly 3,000 people on that day.The victims were innocent men, women and children from America and many other nations who had done nothing to harm anybody.And yet Al Qaeda chose to ruthlessly murder these people, claimed credit for the attack, and even now states their determination to kill on a massive scale.They have affiliates in many countries and are trying to expand their reach.These are not opinions to be debated;these are facts to be dealt with.不要有任何误解：我们不希望保持在阿富汗的驻军。我们不在阿富汗寻求军事基地。失去我国青年男女的生命是美国十分痛苦的事。继续这场冲突要付出昂贵的代价，在政治上也是困难的决定。一旦我们可以确定在阿富汗和巴基斯坦已经不存在要尽可能多地杀害美国 人的丧心病狂的暴力极端主义分子，我们会很高兴地撤回每一名美军士兵。但目前还不是这种情况。
Make no mistake: we do not want to keep our troops in Afghanistan.We seek no military bases there.It is agonizing for America to lose our young men and women.It is costly and politically difficult to continue this conflict.We would gladly bring every single one of our troops home if we could be confident that there were not violent extremists in Afghanistan and Pakistan determined to kill as many Americans as they possibly can.But that is not yet the case.不同于阿富汗的是，伊拉克战争是一 场可以选择不打的战争，在美国国内和国际上引起了巨大分歧。虽然我相信没有萨达姆·侯赛因的暴虐政权，伊拉克人民最终会获益良多，但我也相信，伊拉克发生 的事件提醒我们，有必要通过外交手段和建立国际共识解决我们的问题。确实，我们可以回想一下托马斯·杰斐逊曾经说过的话：“我希望我们的智慧会随我们的力 量而增长，并告诫我们，我们的力量使用得越少，它就越有力。”
Unlike Afghanistan, Iraq was a war of choice that provoked strong differences in my country and around the world.Although I believe that the Iraqi people are ultimately better off without the tyranny of Saddam Hussein, I also believe that events in Iraq have reminded America of the need to use diplomacy and build international consensus to resolve our problems whenever possible.Indeed, we can recall the words of Thomas Jefferson, who said: “I hope that our wisdom will grow with our power, and teach us that the less we use our power the greater it will be.”
同样不能否认的是，巴勒斯坦人民──穆斯林和基督徒──在寻找家园的过程中历经苦难。60多年以来，他们承受了流离失所的痛苦。许多人在西岸、加沙以及邻国土地的难民营里等待着他们从不曾过上的和平与稳定的生活。他们每天忍受着由占领带来的大大小小的羞辱。所以，毋庸置疑：巴勒斯坦人民的境况是不能容忍的。美国对巴勒斯坦人追求尊严、机会和自身国家的合理抱负不会置之不理。
It is also undeniable that the Palestinian peoplehave suffered in pursuit of a homeland.For more than sixty years they have endured the pain of dislocation.Many wait in refugee camps in the West Bank, Gaza, and neighboring lands for a life of peace and security that they have never been able to lead.They endure the daily humiliationsthat come with occupation.So let there be no doubt: the situation for the Palestinian people is intolerable.America will not turn our backs on the legitimate Palestinian aspiration for dignity, opportunity, and a state of their own.几十年来，一直存在着一种僵持局面：有着合理追求的两族人民，因各自的痛苦历史而使妥协可望不可及。相互指责并不难——巴勒斯坦人指责由以色列建国而造成的流离失所，以色列人指责贯穿其全部历史的来自境内外的敌意和袭击。然而，如果我们仅仅从一方或另一方来看待这一冲突，我们将无视事实：实现双方愿望的惟一出路是以色列人和巴勒斯坦人和平安全共存的两国解决方案。这符合以色列的利益，符合巴勒斯坦的利益，符合美国的利益，符合世界的利益。因此我将亲自致力于取得这一结果。各方根据“路线图”已同意承担的义务是 明确的。为了实现和平，现在是他们──以及我们各方──应该履行自己职责的时候了。
For decades, there has been a stalemate: two peoples with legitimate aspirations, each with a painful history that makes compromise elusive.It is easy to point fingersincluding Iranwhether it is combating malaria in Africa, or providing relief after a natural disaster.我知道对许多人来说，全球化的景象充满着矛盾。因特网和电视能传播知识和信息，但同时也会展示露骨的性行为和肆无忌惮的暴力。贸易可以带来新的财富和机会，但也会造成巨大的分化和社区的演变。在所有的国家──其中也包括美国──这种变化可以引起恐惧，担心现代化会意味着我们失去对自己的经济选择、对政治，最 重要的是对自身特征的控制──那些我们挚爱的有关我们的社区、我们的家庭和我们的宗教信仰的方方面面。
I know that for many, the face of globalization is contradictory.The Internet and television can bring knowledge and information, but also offensive sexuality and mindless violence.Trade can bring new wealth and opportunities, but also huge disruptions and changing communities.In all nationsthis change can bring fear.Fear that because of modernity we will lose of control over our economic choices, our politics, and most importantly our identitiesthat we do unto others as we would have them do unto us.This truth transcends nations and peoples-a belief that isn't new;that isn't black or white or brown;that isn't Christian, or Muslim or Jew.It's a belief that pulsed in the cradle of civilization, and that still beats in the heart of billions.It's a faith in other people, and it's what brought me here today.
